1
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Khilari N, Pooventhiran T, Koley D. Computational Assessment of the Mechanistic Journey in Chan-Lam-Based Arylation of Imidazoles. Inorg Chem 2024; 63:11531-11541. [PMID: 38865259 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.4c00416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Cu(II)-catalyzed C-N bond formation reactions remain one of most widely practiced and powerful protocols for the synthesis of value-added chemicals, bioactive molecules, and materials. Despite numerous experimental contributions, the overall mechanistic understanding of the C-N coupling reaction based on the Chan-Lam (CL) reaction methodology is still limited and underdeveloped, particularly with respect to the use of different substrates and catalytic species. Herein, we report an in-depth DFT-based study on the mechanism of N-arylation of imidazoles following Collman's experimental setup. Our findings unfold for the first time the ligand-based CL coupling catalyzed by the [Cu(II)(OH)TMEDA]2Cl2 complex. The transmetalation step with an energy span of 26.2 kcal mol-1 is rate-determining, while the subsequent disproportionation and reductive elimination are relatively facile (δE = 16.4 kcal mol-1) in comparison to the CL amination of secondary amines. The final oxidative catalyst regeneration results in the presence of O2, accompanying an energy span of 12.8 kcal mol-1, where hydrogen transfer from the coordinated water allows the reduction of superoxo linkage. Couplings performed in the presence of a combination of bidentate sp3-N ligands with single and double -(CH2)- spacer units afford a kinetically facile transformation (24.5 kcal mol-1). Furthermore, our results agree with the experimental outcomes of regioselective couplings of substituted imidazoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nripen Khilari
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur 741 246, India
| | - Thangaiyan Pooventhiran
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur 741 246, India
| | - Debasis Koley
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur 741 246, India
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2
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Pooventhiran T, Khilari N, Koley D. Mechanistic Avenues in the Chan-Lam-Based Etherification Reaction: A Computational Exploration. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202302983. [PMID: 37794822 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Ongoing advances in CuII -catalyzed aerobic oxidative coupling reactions between arylboronic esters and diverse heteroatom nucleophiles have strengthened the development of the general Chan-Lam (CL)-based reaction protocol, including C-O bond formation methodologies. In-depth mechanistic understanding of CL etherification with specific emphasis on different reaction routes and their energetics are still lacking, even though the reaction has been experimentally explored. Here, we present a DFT-guided computational study to unravel the mechanistic pathways of CL-based etherification. The computational findings provide some interesting insights into the fundamental steps of the catalytic cycle, particularly the rate-determining transmetalation event. An aryl boronic ester-coordinated, methoxide-bridged CuII intermediate that acts as resting state undergoes transmetalation with an activation barrier of 20.4 kcal mol-1 . The energy spans of the remaining fundamental steps leading to the methoxylated product are relatively low. The minor p-cresol product requires an additional 14.2 kcal mol-1 energy span to surmount in comparison to the favored route. Hammett studies for the substituted aryl boronic esters reveal higher reaction turnovers for electron-rich aryl systems. The results agree with previously reported spectroscopic and kinetic observations. For a series of alcohol substrates, it was observed that, except for cyclohexanol, moderate to high etherification turnovers are predicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thangaiyan Pooventhiran
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741 246, India
| | - Nripen Khilari
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741 246, India
| | - Debasis Koley
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur, 741 246, India
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3
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Mondal K, Mukhopadhyay N, Sengupta A, Roy T, Das P. Exploiting Coordination Behavior of 7-Azaindole for Mechanistic Investigation of Chan-Lam Coupling and Application to 7-Azaindole Based Pharmacophores. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203718. [PMID: 36511941 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Multiple spectroscopic techniques, along with single-crystal X-ray analysis, have been used to reveal the detailed structural and electronic information on reaction intermediates of a new copper(II)-DBU catalytic system for the N-arylation of 7-Azaindole. The reaction mixture of Chan-Lam cross-coupling yields two dimeric copper(II)-7-azaindole complexes, including one attached with DBU, prior to adding arylboronic acid and are confirmed structurally and spectroscopically. A suitable mechanism has been proposed using the dimeric copper(II) complex as a catalyst for the coupling reactions. The role of DBU as a base and also as an auxiliary ligand in the course of the reaction has been established. The transmetalated monomeric aryl-copper(II) species generated from the dimeric unit is oxidized by another equivalent of copper(II) to yield an aryl-copper(III) intermediate for facile N-arylation, which has been authenticated with UV-vis spectroscopy. The regeneration of the copper(II)-catalyst by aerial oxidation of colorless copper(I) species (generated via reductive elimination and disproportionation step) is confirmed by mass and absorption spectroscopy. Detailed DFT and TD-DFT calculations help to rationalize the proposed reaction intermediates and their corresponding electronic transitions. Moreover, the confirmation of copper(I)-7-azaindole intermediate via HRMS reaffirmed the involvement of Cu(II)/Cu(III)/Cu(I) species in the Chan-Lam type of coupling. A medicinally-important 7-azaindole-based SHP2 inhibitor has been synthesized via sequential arylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishanu Mondal
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, 826004, India
| | - Narottam Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Chemical Sciences I, ndian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal, 741 246, India
| | - Arunava Sengupta
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, 826004, India
| | - Tanumay Roy
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, 826004, India
| | - Parthasarathi Das
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines), Dhanbad, 826004, India
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Saikia R, Das S, Almin A, Mahanta A, Sarma B, Thakur AJ, Bora U. N, N′-Dimethylurea as an efficient ligand for the synthesis of pharma-relevant motifs through Chan–Lam cross-coupling strategy. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:3143-3155. [PMID: 36987866 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob00176h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
The combination of copper and N,N′-dimethylurea is used to showcase the Chan–Lam N-arylation of three different nitrogen nucleophiles. The synthesized catalyst is cheap, chemoselective, and also found to be effective in the N-arylation of target APIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakhee Saikia
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tezpur University, Napaam, Tezpur, Assam 784028, India.
| | - Sanghamitra Das
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tezpur University, Napaam, Tezpur, Assam 784028, India.
| | - Arzu Almin
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tezpur University, Napaam, Tezpur, Assam 784028, India.
| | - Abhijit Mahanta
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tezpur University, Napaam, Tezpur, Assam 784028, India.
- Department of Chemistry, Digboi College, Tinsukia, Assam-786171, India
| | - Bipul Sarma
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tezpur University, Napaam, Tezpur, Assam 784028, India.
| | - Ashim J Thakur
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tezpur University, Napaam, Tezpur, Assam 784028, India.
| | - Utpal Bora
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Tezpur University, Napaam, Tezpur, Assam 784028, India.
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5
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Chemoselective Chan-Lam coupling by directly using copper powders via mechanochemical metal activation for catalysis. MOLECULAR CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mcat.2022.112472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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6
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Dual Responsive Sustainable Cu2O/Cu Nanocatalyst for Sonogashira and Chan-Lam Cross-Coupling Reactions. Catal Letters 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-022-04060-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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7
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Wu F, Yan F, Wu L, Zhang C, Zeng R, Sun Y, Liu X, Cui C, Wang P. Reduction system ‘vitamin C/glycerol’ promoted copper (II)‐catalyzed
N
‐arylation. Appl Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fengtian Wu
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Polymer Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Devices, Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry East China University of Technology Nanchang China
| | - Fangming Yan
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Polymer Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Devices, Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry East China University of Technology Nanchang China
| | - Ling Wu
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Polymer Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Devices, Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry East China University of Technology Nanchang China
| | - Caihong Zhang
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Polymer Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Devices, Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry East China University of Technology Nanchang China
| | - Rong Zeng
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Polymer Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Devices, Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry East China University of Technology Nanchang China
| | - Yijia Sun
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Polymer Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Devices, Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry East China University of Technology Nanchang China
| | - Xiuping Liu
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Polymer Micro/Nano Manufacturing and Devices, Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Synthetic Chemistry East China University of Technology Nanchang China
| | - Chunna Cui
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Featured Biochemical and Chemical Materials Ningde Normal University Ningde China
| | - Peng Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan Normal University Xinxiang China
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8
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Kim KM, Kim KM. Copper Catalyzed
N
‐Arylation of Amines in Ionic Liquid Using 1‐Aryltriazenes as Aryl Surrogates. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202100180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kang M. Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Kyungsung University Busan 48434 Republic of Korea
| | - Kang Min Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology Kyungsung University Busan 48434 Republic of Korea
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9
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Vijayan A, Rao DN, Radhakrishnan KV, Lam PYS, Das P. Advances in Carbon–Element Bond Construction under Chan–Lam Cross-Coupling Conditions: A Second Decade. SYNTHESIS-STUTTGART 2020. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1705971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
AbstractCopper-mediated carbon–heteroatom bond-forming reactions involving a wide range of substrates have been in the spotlight for many organic chemists. This review highlights developments between 2010 and 2019 in both stoichiometric and catalytic copper-mediated reactions, and also examples of nickel-mediated reactions, under modified Chan–Lam cross-coupling conditions using various nucleophiles; examples include chemo- and regioselective N-arylations or O-arylations. The utilization of various nucleophiles as coupling partners together with reaction optimization (including the choice of copper source, ligands, base, and other additives), limitations, scope, and mechanisms are examined; these have benefitted the development of efficient and milder methods. The synthesis of medicinally valuable or pharmaceutically important nitrogen heterocycles, including isotope-labeled compounds, is also included. Chan–Lam coupling reaction can now form twelve different C–element bonds, making it one of the most diverse and mild reactions known in organic chemistry.1 Introduction2 Construction of C–N and C–O Bonds2.1 C–N Bond Formation2.1.1 Original Discovery via Stoichiometric Copper-Mediated C–N Bond Formation2.1.2 Copper-Catalyzed C–N Bond Formation2.1.3 Coupling with Azides, Sulfoximines, and Sulfonediimines as Nitrogen Nucleophiles2.1.4 Coupling with N,N-Dialkylhydroxylamines2.1.5 Enolate Coupling with sp3-Carbon Nucleophiles2.1.6 Nickel-Catalyzed Chan–Lam Coupling2.1.7 Coupling with Amino Acids2.1.8 Coupling with Alkylboron Reagents2.1.9 Coupling with Electron-Deficient Heteroarylamines2.1.10 Selective C–N Bond Formation for the Synthesis of Heterocycle-Containing Compounds2.1.11 Using Sulfonato-imino Copper(II) Complexes2.2 C–O Bond Formation2.2.1 Coupling with (Hetero)arylboron Reagents2.2.2 Coupling with Alkyl- and Alkenylboron Reagents3 C–Element (Element = S, P, C, F, Cl, Br, I, Se, Te, At) Bond Forma tion under Modified Chan–Lam Conditions4 Conclusions
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajesh Vijayan
- Department of Chemistry, CHRIST (Deemed to be University)
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10
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Chen JQ, Liu X, Guo J, Dong ZB. A Chemoselective and Desulfurative Chan-Lam Coupling: C-N Bond Formation between Benzimidazoline-2-Thiones and Arylboronic Acids. European J Org Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202000075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Quan Chen
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering; Wuhan Institute of Technology; 430205 Wuhan China
| | - Xing Liu
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering; Wuhan Institute of Technology; 430205 Wuhan China
| | - Jia Guo
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Process; Ministry of Education; Wuhan Institute of Technology; 430205 Wuhan China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemistry Technology; Ministry of Education; Wuhan Institute of Technology; 430205 Wuhan China
| | - Zhi-Bing Dong
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering; Wuhan Institute of Technology; 430205 Wuhan China
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Process; Ministry of Education; Wuhan Institute of Technology; 430205 Wuhan China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemistry Technology; Ministry of Education; Wuhan Institute of Technology; 430205 Wuhan China
- Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules; Ministry of Education; Hubei University; 430062 Wuhan China
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11
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Sarmah M, Dewan A, Boruah PK, Das MR, Bora U. Intercalation of copper salt to montmorillonite K‐10 and its application as a reusable catalyst for Chan–Lam cross‐coupling reaction. Appl Organomet Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.5554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Manashi Sarmah
- Department of Chemical SciencesTezpur University Tezpur 784028 Assam India
| | - Anindita Dewan
- Department of Chemical SciencesTezpur University Tezpur 784028 Assam India
| | - Purna K. Boruah
- Advanced Materials Group, Materials Sciences and Technology DivisionCSIR‐North East Institute of Science and Technology Jorhat 785006 Assam India
| | - Manash R. Das
- Advanced Materials Group, Materials Sciences and Technology DivisionCSIR‐North East Institute of Science and Technology Jorhat 785006 Assam India
| | - Utpal Bora
- Department of Chemical SciencesTezpur University Tezpur 784028 Assam India
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12
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Paul A, Chatterjee D, Banerjee S, Yadav S. Ligand and Cu free N-arylation of indoles, pyrroles and benzylamines with aryl halides catalyzed by a Pd nanocatalyst. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj02129f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Herein, the N-arylation of aromatic heterocycles like indoles and pyrroles is reported by a Pd nanocatalyst under ligand- and Cu-free conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit Paul
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology (ISM)
- Dhanbad
- India
| | | | | | - Somnath Yadav
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology (ISM)
- Dhanbad
- India
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13
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Koseki D, Aoto E, Shoji T, Watanabe K, In Y, Kita Y, Dohi T. Efficient N-arylation of azole compounds utilizing selective aryl-transfer TMP-iodonium(III) reagents. Tetrahedron Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2019.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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14
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Adam A, Mehrparvar S, Haberhauer G, Glüsenkamp KH, Wölper C. N-Aryl Imidazole Platforms - Synthesis and Structural Investigation. European J Org Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201800277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdulselam Adam
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Universität Duisburg-Essen; Universitätsstr. 7 45117 Essen Germany
| | - Saber Mehrparvar
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Universität Duisburg-Essen; Universitätsstr. 7 45117 Essen Germany
| | - Gebhard Haberhauer
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Universität Duisburg-Essen; Universitätsstr. 7 45117 Essen Germany
| | | | - Christoph Wölper
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Universität Duisburg-Essen; Universitätsstr. 7 45117 Essen Germany
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15
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Cu-doped CoFe2O4 nanoparticles as magnetically recoverable catalyst for C N cross-coupling reaction. CATAL COMMUN 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.catcom.2018.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
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16
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Bhunia S, Pawar GG, Kumar SV, Jiang Y, Ma D. Selected Copper-Based Reactions for C−N, C−O, C−S, and C−C Bond Formation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:16136-16179. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201701690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 382] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Subhajit Bhunia
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic & Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 354 Fenglin Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Govind Goroba Pawar
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic & Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 354 Fenglin Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - S. Vijay Kumar
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic & Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 354 Fenglin Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Yongwen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic & Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 354 Fenglin Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Dawei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic & Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 354 Fenglin Lu Shanghai 200032 China
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17
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Bhunia S, Pawar GG, Kumar SV, Jiang Y, Ma D. Ausgewählte Kupfer-katalysierte Reaktionen für die Bildung von C-N-, C-O-, C-S- und C-C-Bindungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201701690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Subhajit Bhunia
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic & Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 354 Fenglin Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Govind Goroba Pawar
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic & Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 354 Fenglin Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - S. Vijay Kumar
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic & Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 354 Fenglin Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Yongwen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic & Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 354 Fenglin Lu Shanghai 200032 China
| | - Dawei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic & Natural Products Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 354 Fenglin Lu Shanghai 200032 China
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18
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Nejad MS, Sheibani H. WITHDRAWN: N-Arylation of aryl amines: C–N coupling of amines with arylboronic acids using magnetically retrievable silica based nickel (II) nanocatalyst, in water. Catal Today 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2017.05.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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19
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Khosravi A, Mokhtari J, Naimi-Jamal MR, Tahmasebi S, Panahi L. Cu2(BDC)2(BPY)–MOF: an efficient and reusable heterogeneous catalyst for the aerobic Chan–Lam coupling prepared via ball-milling strategy. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra09772g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoporous Cu2(BDC)2(BPY)–MOF was used as efficient and reusable heterogeneous catalyst to effect the aerobic cross-coupling of aromatic amines and phenyl boronic acid (Chan–Lam Coupling).
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Affiliation(s)
- Armaqan Khosravi
- Department of Chemistry
- Science and Research Branch
- Islamic Azad University
- Tehran
- Iran
| | - Javad Mokhtari
- Department of Chemistry
- Science and Research Branch
- Islamic Azad University
- Tehran
- Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Naimi-Jamal
- Department of Chemistry
- Research Laboratory of Green Organic Synthesis & Polymers
- Iran University of Science and Technology
- Tehran
- Iran
| | - Sharareh Tahmasebi
- Department of Chemistry
- Science and Research Branch
- Islamic Azad University
- Tehran
- Iran
| | - Leila Panahi
- Department of Chemistry
- Research Laboratory of Green Organic Synthesis & Polymers
- Iran University of Science and Technology
- Tehran
- Iran
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20
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Chan–Lam cross-coupling reactions promoted by anionic copper(I)/iodide species with cationic methyl-((pyridinyl)-pyrazolyl)pyridin-1-ium. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Devarajan N, Suresh P. Framework-Copper-Catalyzed C−N Cross-Coupling of Arylboronic Acids with Imidazole: Convenient and Ligand-Free Synthesis of N-Arylimidazoles. ChemCatChem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201600480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nainamalai Devarajan
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry; School of Chemistry; Madurai Kamaraj University; Madurai- 625021 India
| | - Palaniswamy Suresh
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry; School of Chemistry; Madurai Kamaraj University; Madurai- 625021 India
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22
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Cui YL, Guo XN, Wang YY, Guo XY. Visible-light-driven Photocatalytic N-arylation of Imidazole Derivatives and Arylboronic Acids on Cu/graphene catalyst. Sci Rep 2015; 5:12005. [PMID: 26189944 PMCID: PMC4648406 DOI: 10.1038/srep12005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
N-aryl imidazoles play an important role as structural and functional units in many natural products and biologically active compounds. Herein, we report a photocatalytic route for the C-N cross-coupling reactions over a Cu/graphene catalyst, which can effectively catalyze N-arylation of imidazole and phenylboronic acid, and achieve a turnover frequency of 25.4 h(-1) at 25°C and the irradiation of visible light. The enhanced catalytic activity of the Cu/graphene under the light irradiation results from the localized surface plasmon resonance of copper nanoparticles. The Cu/graphene photocatalyst has a general applicability for photocatalytic C-N, C-O and C-S cross-coupling of arylboronic acids with imidazoles, phenols and thiophenols. This study provides a green photocatalytic route for the production of N-aryl imidazoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Li Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan 030001, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100039, China
| | - Xiao-Ning Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Ying-Yong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Xiang-Yun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Conversion, Institute of Coal Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Taiyuan 030001, China
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23
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Beyer A, Castanheiro T, Busca P, Prestat G. Copper(I)/Copper(II)-Assisted Tandem Catalysis: The Case Study of Ullmann/Chan-Evans-Lam N1,N3-Diarylation of 3-Aminopyrazole. ChemCatChem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201500510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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24
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Mityanov VS, Perevalov VP, Tkach II. Synthesis of 1,4- and 1,5-Diaryl-1H-Imidazoles. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-014-1621-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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25
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Wang Y, Zhang Y, Yang B, Zhang A, Yao Q. N-(1-Oxy-2-picolyl)oxalamic acids as a new type of O,O-ligands for the Cu-catalyzed N-arylation of azoles with aryl halides in water or organic solvent. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:4101-14. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob00045a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A new type of chelators was identified as efficient ligands for promoting Cu-catalyzed N-arylation of azoles with applicability to different solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbin Wang
- School of Pharmacy
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Allist Pharmaceuticals
- Inc
- Shanghai
- China
| | - Beibei Yang
- School of Pharmacy
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- China
| | - Ao Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shanghai 200000
- China
| | - Qizheng Yao
- School of Pharmacy
- China Pharmaceutical University
- Nanjing 210009
- China
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26
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Pooi B, Lee J, Choi K, Hirao H, Hong SH. Tandem Insertion–Cyclization Reaction of Isocyanides in the Synthesis of 1,4-Diaryl-1H-imidazoles: Presence of N-Arylformimidate Intermediate. J Org Chem 2014; 79:9231-45. [DOI: 10.1021/jo501652w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Pooi
- Department of Chemistry,
College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongbin Lee
- Department of Chemistry,
College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyujin Choi
- Department of Chemistry,
College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Republic of Korea
| | - Hajime Hirao
- Division
of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical
Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 637371 Singapore
| | - Soon Hyeok Hong
- Department of Chemistry,
College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Republic of Korea
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27
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Mostafalu R, Kaboudin B, Kazemi F, Yokomatsu T. N-arylation of amines: C–N coupling of amines with arylboronic acids using Fe3O4magnetic nanoparticles-supported EDTA–Cu(ii) complex in water. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra08137d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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28
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Nador F, Volpe MA, Alonso F, Radivoy G. Synthesis of N-aryl imidazoles catalyzed by copper nanoparticles on nanosized silica-coated maghemite. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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29
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Onaka T, Umemoto H, Miki Y, Nakamura A, Maegawa T. [Cu(OH)(TMEDA)]2Cl2-Catalyzed Regioselective 2-Arylation of 5-Substituted Tetrazoles with Boronic Acids under Mild Conditions. J Org Chem 2014; 79:6703-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jo500862t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Onaka
- Fujimoto Chemicals Co., Ltd., 1-2-38, Kinrakuji-cho, Amagasaki, Hyogo 660-0806, Japan
| | - Hideaki Umemoto
- Fujimoto Chemicals Co., Ltd., 1-2-38, Kinrakuji-cho, Amagasaki, Hyogo 660-0806, Japan
| | - Yasuyoshi Miki
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, 3-4-1, Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Akira Nakamura
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, 3-4-1, Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Maegawa
- School
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kinki University, 3-4-1, Kowakae, Higashi-Osaka, Osaka 577-8502, Japan
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30
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Mityanov VS, Kuz'mina LG, Perevalov VP, Tkach II. Regioselective synthesis of 2-unsubstituted 1-aryl-4- and 1-aryl-5-acylimidazoles. Tetrahedron 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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31
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Mudryk B, Zheng B, Chen K, Eastgate MD. Development of a Robust Process for the Preparation of High-Quality Dicyclopropylamine Hydrochloride. Org Process Res Dev 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/op500031z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Boguslaw Mudryk
- Chemical
Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Bin Zheng
- Chemical
Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Ke Chen
- Chemical
Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
| | - Martin D. Eastgate
- Chemical
Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, One Squibb Drive, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903, United States
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32
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Kurpet MK, Dąbrowska A, Jarosz MM, Kajewska-Kania K, Kuźnik N, Suwiński JW. Coupling of C-nitro-NH-azoles with arylboronic acids. A route to N-aryl-C-nitroazoles. Beilstein J Org Chem 2013; 9:1517-25. [PMID: 23946851 PMCID: PMC3740504 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.9.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A method for the synthesis of N-aryl-C-nitroazoles is presented. A coupling reaction between variously substituted arylboronic acids and 3(5)-nitro-1H-pyrazole catalyzed by copper salt has been carried out in methanol in the presence of sodium hydroxide to afford the desired N-aryl-C-nitroazoles in good yields. This synthetic route has also been successfully applied to obtain N-phenyl derivatives of 4-nitropyrazole, 2-nitroimidazole, 4(5)-nitroimidazole and 3-nitro-1,2,4-triazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta K Kurpet
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, Krzywoustego 4, Gliwice 44-100, Poland
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33
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Begouin A, Queiroz MJRP. Scope and Limitations of the Base-Free Copper(I) Oxide CatalyzedN-Heteroarylation of 1H-(Benz)imidazoles withB-Heteroarylboronic Acids or 2-Heteroaryl-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolanes. Helv Chim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.201200310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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34
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Mityanov VS, Perevalov VP, Tkach II. Synthesis of 2-unsubstituted 1-arylimidazoles. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-013-1210-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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35
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Chen T, Huang Q, Luo Y, Hu Y, Lu W. Cu-mediated selective O-arylation on C-6 substituted pyridin-2-ones. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.12.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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36
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Liu Y, Zhang Q, Ma X, Liu P, Xie J, Dai B, Liu Z. Salen-Cu(II) Complex Catalyzed <i>N</i>-Arylation of Imidazoles under Mild Conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/ijoc.2013.33023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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37
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Li HX, Zhao W, Li HY, Xu ZL, Wang WX, Lang JP. [Cu30I16(mtpmt)12(μ10-S4)]: an unusual 30-membered copper(i) cluster derived from the C–S bond cleavage and its use in heterogeneous catalysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:4259-61. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc36736j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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38
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39
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Beletskaya IP, Cheprakov AV. The Complementary Competitors: Palladium and Copper in C–N Cross-Coupling Reactions. Organometallics 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/om300683c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 348] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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40
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Ilies L, Matsubara T, Nakamura E. Nickel-Catalyzed Synthesis of Diarylamines via Oxidatively Induced C–N Bond Formation at Room Temperature. Org Lett 2012; 14:5570-3. [DOI: 10.1021/ol302688u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Laurean Ilies
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tatsuaki Matsubara
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Eiichi Nakamura
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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41
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42
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Inamoto K, Nozawa K, Kadokawa J, Kondo Y. Efficient use of a surfactant for copper-catalyzed coupling reaction of arylboronic acids with imidazoles in water. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2012.07.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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43
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Wang X, Jang HY. All-Purpose Copper Catalyst for Coupling of Ammonium Salts and 1° and 2° Amines with Boronic Acid. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2012. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2012.33.5.1785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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44
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45
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Ueda S, Su M, Buchwald SL. Completely N1-selective palladium-catalyzed arylation of unsymmetric imidazoles: application to the synthesis of nilotinib. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:700-6. [PMID: 22126442 PMCID: PMC3257364 DOI: 10.1021/ja2102373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The completely N(1)-selective Pd-catalyzed arylation of unsymmetric imidazoles with aryl halides and triflates is described. This study showed that imidazoles have a strong inhibitory effect on the in situ formation of the catalytically active Pd(0)-ligand complex. The efficacy of the N-arylation reaction was improved drastically by the use of a preactivated solution of Pd(2)(dba)(3) and L1. From these findings, it is clear that while imidazoles can prevent binding of L1 to Pd, once the ligand is bound to the metal, these heterocycles do not displace it. The utility of the present catalytic system was demonstrated by the regioselective synthesis of the clinically important tyrosine kinase inhibitor nilotinib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Ueda
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Mingjuan Su
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
| | - Stephen L. Buchwald
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
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46
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Benzotriazole and Its Derivatives as Ligands in Coupling Reaction. ADVANCES IN HETEROCYCLIC CHEMISTRY 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-396532-5.00003-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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47
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Kianmehr E, Baghersad MH. Copper-Catalyzed Coupling of Arylboronic Acids with Potassium Cyanate: A New Approach to the Synthesis of Aryl Carbamates. Adv Synth Catal 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201100153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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48
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Partyka DV. Transmetalation of Unsaturated Carbon Nucleophiles from Boron-Containing Species to the Mid to Late d-Block Metals of Relevance to Catalytic C−X Coupling Reactions (X = C, F, N, O, Pb, S, Se, Te). Chem Rev 2011; 111:1529-95. [DOI: 10.1021/cr1002276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David V. Partyka
- Creative Chemistry LLC, 2074 Adelbert Road, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
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49
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Fischer C, Koenig B. Palladium- and copper-mediated N-aryl bond formation reactions for the synthesis of biological active compounds. Beilstein J Org Chem 2011; 7:59-74. [PMID: 21286396 PMCID: PMC3029007 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.7.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 12/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
N-Arylated aliphatic and aromatic amines are important substituents in many biologically active compounds. In the last few years, transition-metal-mediated N-aryl bond formation has become a standard procedure for the introduction of amines into aromatic systems. While N-arylation of simple aromatic halides by simple amines works with many of the described methods in high yield, the reactions may require detailed optimization if applied to the synthesis of complex molecules with additional functional groups, such as natural products or drugs. We discuss and compare in this review the three main N-arylation methods in their application to the synthesis of biologically active compounds: Palladium-catalysed Buchwald-Hartwig-type reactions, copper-mediated Ullmann-type and Chan-Lam-type N-arylation reactions. The discussed examples show that palladium-catalysed reactions are favoured for large-scale applications and tolerate sterically demanding substituents on the coupling partners better than Chan-Lam reactions. Chan-Lam N-arylations are particularly mild and do not require additional ligands, which facilitates the work-up. However, reaction times can be very long. Ullmann- and Buchwald-Hartwig-type methods have been used in intramolecular reactions, giving access to complex ring structures. All three N-arylation methods have specific advantages and disadvantages that should be considered when selecting the reaction conditions for a desired C-N bond formation in the course of a total synthesis or drug synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Fischer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Burkhard Koenig
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstr. 31, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany
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50
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Joo JM, Touré BB, Sames D. C-H bonds as ubiquitous functionality: a general approach to complex arylated imidazoles via regioselective sequential arylation of all three C-H bonds and regioselective N-alkylation enabled by SEM-group transposition. J Org Chem 2010; 75:4911-20. [PMID: 20608749 PMCID: PMC2971672 DOI: 10.1021/jo100727j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Imidazoles are an important group of the azole family of heterocycles frequently found in pharmaceuticals, drug candidates, ligands for transition metal catalysts, and other molecular functional materials. Owing to their wide application in academia and industry, new methods and strategies for the generation of functionalized imidazole derivatives are in demand. We here describe a general and comprehensive approach for the synthesis of complex aryl imidazoles, where all three C-H bonds of the imidazole core can be arylated in a regioselective and sequential manner. We report new catalytic methods for selective C5- and C2-arylation of SEM-imidazoles and provide a mechanistic hypothesis for the observed positional selectivity based on electronic properties of C-H bonds and the heterocyclic ring. Importantly, aryl bromides and low-cost aryl chlorides can be used as arene donors under practical laboratory conditions. To circumvent the low reactivity of the C-4 position, we developed the SEM-switch that transfers the SEM-group from N-1 to N-3 nitrogen and thus enables preparation of 4-arylimidazoles and sequential C4-C5-arylation of the imidazole core. Furthermore, selective N3-alkylation followed by the SEM-group deprotection (trans-N-alkylation) allows for regioselective N-alkylation of complex imidazoles. The sequential C-arylation enabled by the SEM-switch allowed us to produce a variety of mono-, di-, and triarylimidazoles using diverse bromo- and chloroarenes. Using our approach, the synthesis of individual compounds or libraries of analogues can begin from either the parent imidazole or a substituted imidazole, providing rapid access to complex imidazole structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Min Joo
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027
| | | | - Dalibor Sames
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, 3000 Broadway, New York, New York 10027
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