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Lavinda O, Witt CH, Woerpel KA. Origin of High Diastereoselectivity in Reactions of Seven-Membered-Ring Enolates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202114183. [PMID: 35076978 PMCID: PMC8940697 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202114183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Unlike many reactions of their six-membered-ring counterparts, the reactions of chiral seven-membered-ring enolates are highly diastereoselective. Diastereoselectivity was observed for a range of substrates, including lactam, lactone, and cyclic ketone derivatives. The stereoselectivity arises from torsional and steric interactions that develop when electrophiles approach the diastereotopic π-faces of the enolates, which are distinguished by subtle differences in the orientation of nearby atoms of the ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Lavinda
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Collin H Witt
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - K A Woerpel
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, NY 10003, USA
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2
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Lavinda O, Witt CH, Woerpel KA. Origin of High Diastereoselectivity in Reactions of Seven‐Membered‐Ring Enolates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202114183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Lavinda
- Department of Chemistry New York University 100 Washington Square East New York NY 10003 USA
| | - Collin H. Witt
- Department of Chemistry New York University 100 Washington Square East New York NY 10003 USA
| | - K. A. Woerpel
- Department of Chemistry New York University 100 Washington Square East New York NY 10003 USA
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4
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Moschner J, Stulberg V, Fernandes R, Huhmann S, Leppkes J, Koksch B. Approaches to Obtaining Fluorinated α-Amino Acids. Chem Rev 2019; 119:10718-10801. [PMID: 31436087 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.9b00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Fluorine does not belong to the pool of chemical elements that nature uses to build organic matter. However, chemists have exploited the unique properties of fluorine and produced countless fluoro-organic compounds without which our everyday lives would be unimaginable. The incorporation of fluorine into amino acids established a completely new class of amino acids and their properties, and those of the biopolymers constructed from them are extremely interesting. Increasing interest in this class of amino acids caused the demand for robust and stereoselective synthetic protocols that enable straightforward access to these building blocks. Herein, we present a comprehensive account of the literature in this field going back to 1995. We place special emphasis on a particular fluorination strategy. The four main sections describe fluorinated versions of alkyl, cyclic, aromatic amino acids, and also nickel-complexes to access them. We progress by one carbon unit increments. Special cases of amino acids for which there is no natural counterpart are described at the end of each section. Synthetic access to each of the amino acids is summarized in form of a table at the end of this article with the aim to make the information easily accessible to the reader.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann Moschner
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Freie Universität Berlin , Takustr. 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Valentina Stulberg
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Freie Universität Berlin , Takustr. 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Rita Fernandes
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Freie Universität Berlin , Takustr. 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Susanne Huhmann
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Freie Universität Berlin , Takustr. 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Jakob Leppkes
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Freie Universität Berlin , Takustr. 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
| | - Beate Koksch
- Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Freie Universität Berlin , Takustr. 3 , 14195 Berlin , Germany
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Kötzler MP, Robinson K, Chen HM, Okon M, McIntosh LP, Withers SG. Modulating the Nucleophile of a Glycoside Hydrolase through Site-Specific Incorporation of Fluoroglutamic Acids. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:8268-8276. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b04235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Lee KL, Ambler CM, Anderson DR, Boscoe BP, Bree AG, Brodfuehrer JI, Chang JS, Choi C, Chung S, Curran KJ, Day JE, Dehnhardt CM, Dower K, Drozda SE, Frisbie RK, Gavrin LK, Goldberg JA, Han S, Hegen M, Hepworth D, Hope HR, Kamtekar S, Kilty IC, Lee A, Lin LL, Lovering FE, Lowe MD, Mathias JP, Morgan HM, Murphy EA, Papaioannou N, Patny A, Pierce BS, Rao VR, Saiah E, Samardjiev IJ, Samas BM, Shen MWH, Shin JH, Soutter HH, Strohbach JW, Symanowicz PT, Thomason JR, Trzupek JD, Vargas R, Vincent F, Yan J, Zapf CW, Wright SW. Discovery of Clinical Candidate 1-{[(2S,3S,4S)-3-Ethyl-4-fluoro-5-oxopyrrolidin-2-yl]methoxy}-7-methoxyisoquinoline-6-carboxamide (PF-06650833), a Potent, Selective Inhibitor of Interleukin-1 Receptor Associated Kinase 4 (IRAK4), by Fragment-Based Drug Design. J Med Chem 2017; 60:5521-5542. [PMID: 28498658 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Through fragment-based drug design focused on engaging the active site of IRAK4 and leveraging three-dimensional topology in a ligand-efficient manner, a micromolar hit identified from a screen of a Pfizer fragment library was optimized to afford IRAK4 inhibitors with nanomolar potency in cellular assays. The medicinal chemistry effort featured the judicious placement of lipophilicity, informed by co-crystal structures with IRAK4 and optimization of ADME properties to deliver clinical candidate PF-06650833 (compound 40). This compound displays a 5-unit increase in lipophilic efficiency from the fragment hit, excellent kinase selectivity, and pharmacokinetic properties suitable for oral administration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Heidi M Morgan
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Inc. , 1070 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jiangli Yan
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Inc. , 1070 Science Center Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
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Houghton MJ, Biok NA, Huck CJ, Algera RF, Keresztes I, Wright SW, Collum DB. Lithium Enolates Derived from Pyroglutaminol: Aggregation, Solvation, and Atropisomerism. J Org Chem 2016; 81:4149-57. [PMID: 27035057 PMCID: PMC5245164 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b00459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Lithium enolates derived from protected pyroglutaminols were characterized by using (6)Li, (13)C, and (19)F NMR spectroscopies in conjunction with the method of continuous variations. Mixtures of tetrasolvated dimers and tetrasolvated tetramers in different proportions depend on the steric demands of the hemiaminal protecting group, tetrahydrofuran concentration, and the presence or absence of an α-fluoro moiety. The high steric demands of the substituted bicyclo[3.3.0] ring system promote dimers to an unusual extent and allow solvents and atropisomers in cubic tetramers to be observed in the slow-exchange limit. Pyridine used as a (6)Li chemical shift reagent proved useful in assigning solvation numbers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Houghton
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853–1301
| | - Naomi A. Biok
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853–1301
| | - Christopher J. Huck
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853–1301
| | - Russell F. Algera
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853–1301
| | - Ivan Keresztes
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853–1301
| | - Stephen W. Wright
- Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340
| | - David B. Collum
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853–1301
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Mollica A, Stefanucci A, Costante R, Novellino E. Pyroglutamic Acid Derivatives: Building Blocks for Drug Discovery. HETEROCYCLES 2014. [DOI: 10.3987/rev-14-800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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9
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Zhang Z, Bi J, Liu Q, Zhang G. The synthesis of α,α-difluoroacetamides via electrophilic fluorination in the mixed-solvent of water and PEG-400. J Fluor Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2013.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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10
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Yajima T, Yamaguchi K, Hirokane R, Nogami E. Photoinduced radical hydroperfluoroalkylation and the synthesis of fluorinated amino acids and peptides. J Fluor Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2013.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Martínez-Montero S, Fernández S, Sanghvi YS, Theodorakis EA, Detorio MA, McBrayer TR, Whitaker T, Schinazi RF, Gotor V, Ferrero M. Synthesis, evaluation of anti-HIV-1 and anti-HCV activity of novel 2',3'-dideoxy-2',2'-difluoro-4'-azanucleosides. Bioorg Med Chem 2012; 20:6885-93. [PMID: 23085031 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2012.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 09/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A series of 2',3'-dideoxy-2',2'-difluoro-4'-azanucleosides of both pyrimidine and purine nucleobases were synthesized in an efficient manner starting from commercially available L-pyroglutamic acid via glycosylation of difluorinated pyrrolidine derivative 15. Several 4'-azanucleosides were prepared as a separable mixture of α- and β-anomers. The 6-chloropurine analogue was obtained as a mixture of N(7) and N(9) regioisomers and their structures were identified based on NOESY and HMBC spectral data. Among the 4'-azanucleosides tested as HIV-1 inhibitors in primary human lymphocytes, four compounds showed modest activity and the 5-fluorouracil analogue (18d) was found to be the most active compound (EC(50)=36.9μM) in this series. None of the compounds synthesized in this study demonstrated anti-HCV activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saúl Martínez-Montero
- Departamento de Química Orgánica e Inorgánica and Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo (Asturias), Spain
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12
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Liu J, Chan J, Bryant CM, Duspara PA, Lee EE, Powell D, Yang H, Liu Z, Walpole C, Roberts E, Batey RA. Effect of acid catalysis on the direct electrophilic fluorination of ketones, ketals, and enamides using Selectfluor™. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.03.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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13
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Cooper AJL, Krasnikov BF, Pinto JT, Kung HF, Li J, Ploessl K. Comparative enzymology of (2S,4R)4-fluoroglutamine and (2S,4R)4-fluoroglutamate. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2012; 163:108-20. [PMID: 22613816 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2012.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Many cancer cells have a strong requirement for glutamine. As an aid for understanding this phenomenon the (18)F-labeled 2S,4R stereoisomer of 4-fluoroglutamine [(2S,4R)4-FGln] was previously developed for in vivo positron emission tomography (PET). In the present work, comparative enzymological studies of unlabeled (2S,4R)4-FGln and its deamidated product (2S,4R)4-FGlu were conducted as an adjunct to these PET studies. Our findings are as follows: Rat kidney preparations catalyze the deamidation of (2S,4R)4-FGln. (2,4R)4-FGln and (2S,4R)4-FGlu are substrates of various aminotransferases. (2S,4R)4-FGlu is a substrate of glutamate dehydrogenase, but not of sheep brain glutamine synthetase. The compound is, however, a strong inhibitor of this enzyme. Rat liver cytosolic fractions catalyze a γ-elimination reaction with (2S,4R)4-FGlu, generating α-ketoglutarate. Coupling of a deamidase reaction with this γ-elimination reaction provides an explanation for the previous detection of (18)F(-) in tumors exposed to [(18)F](2S,4R)4-FGln. One enzyme contributing to this reaction was identified as alanine aminotransferase, which catalyzes competing γ-elimination and aminotransferase reactions with (2S,4R)4-FGlu. This appears to be the first description of an aminotransferase catalyzing a γ-elimination reaction. The present results demonstrate that (2S,4R)4-FGln and (2S,4R)4-FGlu are useful analogues for comparative studies of various glutamine- and glutamate-utilizing enzymes in normal and cancerous mammalian tissues, and suggest that tumors may metabolize (2S,4R)4-FGln in a generally similar fashion to glutamine. In plants, yeast and bacteria a major route for ammonia assimilation involves the consecutive action of glutamate synthase plus glutamine synthetase (glutamate synthase cycle). It is suggested that (2S,4R)4-FGln and (2S,4R)4-FGlu will be useful probes in studies of ammonia assimilation by the glutamate synthase pathway in these organisms. Finally, glutamine transaminases are conserved in mammals, plants and bacteria, and probably serve to close the methionine salvage pathway, thus linking nitrogen metabolism to sulfur metabolism and one-carbon metabolism. It is suggested that (2S,4R)4-FGln may be useful in studies of the methionine salvage pathway in a variety of organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur J L Cooper
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA.
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Bezdudny AV, Alekseenko AN, Mykhailiuk PK, Manoilenko OV, Shishkin OV, Pustovit YM. (5S)-5-(Trifluoromethyl)pyrrolidin-2-one as a Promising Building Block for Fluoroorganic Chemistry. European J Org Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201001362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Qu W, Zha Z, Ploessl K, Lieberman BP, Zhu L, Wise DR, Thompson CB, Kung HF. Synthesis of optically pure 4-fluoro-glutamines as potential metabolic imaging agents for tumors. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 133:1122-33. [PMID: 21190335 DOI: 10.1021/ja109203d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A versatile synthetic route to prepare all four stereoisomeric 4-fluoro-glutamines was developed by exploiting a Passerini three-component reaction. The skeleton of 4-substituted glutamine derivatives was efficiently constructed. Subsequent four-step reactions, highlighted by a "neutralized" TASF fluorination, provided the desired products with high yields and excellent optical purity. The optically pure fluorine-18 labeled 4-fluoroglutamines were also successfully prepared using either a 18-crown-6/KHCO(3) or K[222]/K(2)CO(3) catalysis system. Preliminary cell uptake and inhibition studies using the 9L tumor cells and SF188(Bcl-xL) tumor cells (a glutamine addicted tumor derived from glioblastoma) provided strong evidence for their potential application in conjunction with positron emission tomography (PET) for in vivo imaging of tumors, which use glutamine as an alternative energy source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchao Qu
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States.
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16
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Belokon YN, Maleev VI, Savel’eva TF, Moskalenko MA, Pripadchev DA, Khrustalev VN, Saghiyan AS. Asymmetric synthesis of enantiomerically and diastereoisomerically enriched 4-[F or Br]-substituted glutamic acids. Amino Acids 2010; 39:1171-6. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-010-0551-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2010] [Accepted: 02/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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García Ruano JL, Alemán J, Parra A, Alcudia A, Maya C. Synthesis and Stereoselective Halogenolysis of Optically Pure Benzylstannanes. J Org Chem 2009; 74:2145-52. [DOI: 10.1021/jo802725r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José L. García Ruano
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid, Spain, Departamento de Química Orgánica y Farmaceútica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41017 Sevilla, Spain, and Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Farmaceútica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41017 Sevilla, Spain
| | - José Alemán
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid, Spain, Departamento de Química Orgánica y Farmaceútica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41017 Sevilla, Spain, and Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Farmaceútica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41017 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Alejandro Parra
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid, Spain, Departamento de Química Orgánica y Farmaceútica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41017 Sevilla, Spain, and Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Farmaceútica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41017 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ana Alcudia
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid, Spain, Departamento de Química Orgánica y Farmaceútica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41017 Sevilla, Spain, and Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Farmaceútica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41017 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Celia Maya
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco 28049 Madrid, Spain, Departamento de Química Orgánica y Farmaceútica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41017 Sevilla, Spain, and Departamento de Química Inorgánica y Farmaceútica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, 41017 Sevilla, Spain
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Berini C, Pelloux-Léon N, Minassian F, Denis JN. From N-triisopropylsilylpyrrole to an optically active C-4 substituted pyroglutamic acid: total synthesis of penmacric acid. Org Biomol Chem 2009; 7:4512-6. [DOI: 10.1039/b911217k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Ma JA, Cahard D. Update 1 of: Asymmetric fluorination, trifluoromethylation, and perfluoroalkylation reactions. Chem Rev 2008; 108:PR1-43. [PMID: 18798358 DOI: 10.1021/cr800221v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 761] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-An Ma
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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20
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Coward JK, McGuire JJ. Mechanism‐Based Inhibitors of Folylpoly‐γ‐Glutamate Synthetase and γ‐Glutamyl Hydrolase: Control of Folylpoly‐γ‐Glutamate Homeostasis as a Drug Target. FOLIC ACID AND FOLATES 2008; 79:347-73. [DOI: 10.1016/s0083-6729(08)00412-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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21
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Sawicki M, Kwok A, Tredwell M, Gouverneur V. Single and double stereoselective fluorination of (E)-allylsilanes. Beilstein J Org Chem 2007; 3:34. [PMID: 17961218 PMCID: PMC2151074 DOI: 10.1186/1860-5397-3-34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2007] [Accepted: 10/25/2007] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Acyclic allylic monofluorides were prepared by electrophilic fluorination of branched (E)-allylsilanes with Selectfluor. These reactions proceeded with efficient transfer of chirality from the silylated to the fluorinated stereocentre. Upon double fluorination, an unsymmetrical ethyl syn-2,5-difluoroalk-3-enoic ester was prepared, the silyl group acting as an anti stereodirecting group for the two C-F bond forming events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Sawicki
- University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
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22
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Donnelly C, Murphy CD. Bacterial defluorination of 4-fluoroglutamic acid. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2007; 77:699-703. [PMID: 17901951 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-007-1200-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2007] [Revised: 09/10/2007] [Accepted: 09/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Fluorinated amino acids are used as enzyme inhibitors, mechanistic probes and in the production of pharmacologically active peptides. Because enantiomerically pure 4-fluoroglutamate is difficult to prepare, the selective degradation of the L-isomer is a potentially convenient method of obtaining D-4-fluoroglutamate from the racemate. In this paper, we describe our investigations on the degradation of 4-fluoroglutamate by bacteria. Fluoride ion was detected in resting-cell cultures of a number of bacteria that were incubated with racemic 4-fluoroglutamate. Analysis of the culture supernatants by chiral gas chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed that only the L-isomer was degraded. The degradation of 4-fluoroglutamate was also examined in cell-free extracts of Streptomyces cattleya and Proteus mirabilis, and it was observed that equimolar concentrations of fluoride ion and ammonia were generated. The activity was located in the soluble fraction of cell extracts, thus is not related to the L-2-amino-4-chloro-4-pentenoic acid dehydrochlorinase previously identified in membrane fractions of P. mirabilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clár Donnelly
- School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
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Ma JA, Cahard D. Asymmetric fluorination, trifluoromethylation, and perfluoroalkylation reactions. Chem Rev 2005; 104:6119-46. [PMID: 15584697 DOI: 10.1021/cr030143e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 755] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun-An Ma
- UMR 6014 CNRS de Institut de Recherche en Chimie Organique Fine, Université de Rouen, Rue Tesnière, F-76821 Mont Saint Aignan Cedex, France
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Ito R, Umezawa N, Higuchi T. Unique oxidation reaction of amides with pyridine-N-oxide catalyzed by ruthenium porphyrin: direct oxidative conversion of N-acyl-L-proline to N-acyl-L-glutamate. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:834-5. [PMID: 15656611 DOI: 10.1021/ja045603f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Oxidations of alkanes, alkenes, and aromatic rings with pyridine N-oxides are efficiently catalyzed by ruthenium porphyrins under mild conditions. We show here that the oxidation of N-acyl cyclic amines with RuIVtetraarylporphyrin dichloride-2,6-substituted pyridine N-oxides directly gives N-acyl amino acids in modest to good yield via oxidative C-N bond cleavage. N-Acylpyrrolidines and N-acylpiperidines were converted to N-acyl-gamma-aminobutyric acids and N-acyl-delta-aminovaleric acids, respectively. This type of reaction is a novel one in which the C-N bond is cleaved selectively at the less substituted carbon. Notably, the proline residue in proline-containing peptides was selectively converted to glutamate. A large intramolecular kinetic isotope effect (kH/kD = 9.8) was observed in the oxidation of N-benzoyl[2,2,-d2]pyrrolidine, indicating that the reaction should involve an alpha-hydrogen atom abstraction process as the rate-determining step. N-Acylcarbaldehyde, the putative intermediate ring-opened form of alpha-hydroxylated N-acyl cyclic amine, was readily oxidized with the oxidizing system to afford the corresponding N-acylamino acid in good yield. Further, lactams (1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone and 1-methyl- 2-piperidone) were also oxidized to give the corresponding imides (1-methylsuccinimide and 1-methylpiperidine-2,6-dione).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rina Ito
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University, 3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-ku, Nagoya, Japan
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25
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26
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Brenneman JB, Machauer R, Martin SF. Enantioselective synthesis of (+)-anatoxin-a via enyne metathesis. Tetrahedron 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2004.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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27
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Yin J, Zarkowsky DS, Thomas DW, Zhao MM, Huffman MA. Direct and Convenient Conversion of Alcohols to Fluorides. Org Lett 2004; 6:1465-8. [PMID: 15101768 DOI: 10.1021/ol049672a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] Directly mixing primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols with nC(4)F(9)SO(2)F-NR(3)(HF)(3)-NR(3) in THF or MeCN results in convenient conversion to the corresponding fluorides in high yields. The readily available reagents are easy to handle, and the mild, almost neutral reaction conditions allow for excellent functional group compatibility. A NR(3)(HF)(3)/NR(3) ratio of </=1:2 gives the highest reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjun Yin
- Department of Process Research, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 2000, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, USA.
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Kenda BM, Matagne AC, Talaga PE, Pasau PM, Differding E, Lallemand BI, Frycia AM, Moureau FG, Klitgaard HV, Gillard MR, Fuks B, Michel P. Discovery of 4-substituted pyrrolidone butanamides as new agents with significant antiepileptic activity. J Med Chem 2004; 47:530-49. [PMID: 14736235 DOI: 10.1021/jm030913e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
(S)-alpha-ethyl-2-oxopyrrolidine acetamide 2 (levetiracetam, Keppra, UCB S.A.), a structural analogue of piracetam, has recently been approved as an add-on treatment of refractory partial onset seizures in adults. This drug appears to combine significant efficacy and high tolerability due to a unique mechanism of action. The latter relates to a brain-specific binding site for 2 (LBS for levetiracetam binding site) that probably plays a major role in its antiepileptic properties. Using this novel molecular target, we initiated a drug-discovery program searching for ligands with significant affinity to LBS with the aim to characterize their therapeutic potential in epilepsy and other central nervous system diseases. We systematically investigated the various positions of the pyrrolidone acetamide scaffold. We found that (i) the carboxamide moiety on 2 is essential for affinity; (ii) among 100 different side chains, the preferred substitution alpha to the carboxamide is an ethyl group with the (S)-configuration; (iii) the 2-oxopyrrolidine ring is preferred over piperidine analogues or acyclic compounds; (iv) substitution of positions 3 or 5 of the lactam ring decreases the LBS affinity; and (v) 4-substitution of the lactam ring by small hydrophobic groups improves the in vitro and in vivo potency. Six interesting candidates substituted in the 4-position have been shown to be more potent antiseizure agents in vivo than 2. Further pharmacological studies from our group led to the selection of (2S)-2-[(4R)-2-oxo-4-propylpyrrolidin-1-yl]butanamide 83alpha (ucb 34714) as the most interesting candidate. It is approximately 10 times more potent than 2 as an antiseizure agent in audiogenic seizure-prone mice. A clinical phase I program has been successfully concluded and 83alpha will commence several phase II trials during 2003.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit M Kenda
- Chemical Research, Preclinical CNS Research, and In Vitro Pharmacology, UCB S.A., Pharma Sector, Chemin du Foriest, B-1420 Braine l'Alleud, Belgium.
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Sharma NK, Ganesh KN. Regioselective oxidation of N -alkylpyrrolidines to pyrrolidin-5-ones by RuCl 3 /NaIO 4. Tetrahedron Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2003.12.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Herdeis C, Kelm B. A stereoselective synthesis of 3-substituted (S)-pyroglutamic and glutamic acids via OBO ester derivatives. Tetrahedron 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(02)01490-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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31
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Hallinan EA, Kramer SW, Houdek SC, Moore WM, Jerome GM, Spangler DP, Stevens AM, Shieh HS, Manning PT, Pitzele BS. 4-Fluorinatedl-lysine analogs as selective i-NOS inhibitors: methodology for introducing fluorine into the lysine side chain. Org Biomol Chem 2003; 1:3527-34. [PMID: 14599013 DOI: 10.1039/b307563j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In the literature, the introduction of fluorine into bioactive molecules has been known to enhance the biological activity relative to the parent molecule. Described in this article is the synthesis of 4R-fluoro-L-NIL (12) and 4,4-difluoro-L-NIL (23) as part of our iNOS program. Both 12 and 23 were found to be selective iNOS inhibitors as shown in Table 2 below. Secondarily, methodology to synthesize orthogonally protected 4-fluoro-L-lysine and 4,4-difluoro-L-lysine has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Ann Hallinan
- Pharmacia, 4901 Searle Parkway, Skokie, Illinois 60077, USA.
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Qiu XL, Qing FL. Practical synthesis of Boc-protected cis-4-trifluoromethyl and cis-4-difluoromethyl-L- prolines. J Org Chem 2002; 67:7162-4. [PMID: 12354018 DOI: 10.1021/jo0257400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A short, efficient, and diastereomerically pure synthesis of N-Boc-cis-4-trifluoromethyl-L-proline (7) and N-Boc-cis-4-difluoromethyl-L-proline (9) from N-Boc-4-oxo-L-proline (4) is described. The reaction of 4 with Me(3)SiCF(3) and the conversion of the carbonyl group of 4 into the difluoromethylene group are the key steps for the synthesis of 7 and 9, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Long Qiu
- Laboratory of Organofluorine Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 354 Fenglin Lu, Shanghai 200032, China
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