1
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Filippi-Chiela EC, Vargas JE, Bueno E Silva MM, Thomé MP, Lenz G. Vincristine promotes differential levels of apoptosis, mitotic catastrophe, and senescence depending on the genetic background of glioblastoma cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2022; 85:105472. [PMID: 36116745 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2022.105472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
Vincristine (VCR) is a classical chemotherapeutic that has been revisited to treat refractory solid tumors producing encouraging results. VCR binds to tubulin and decreases the rate of microtubule dynamics, thus triggering many cellular responses and behaviors. However, the dynamics of these responses and fates are uncharacterized. This study combined systems biology approaches with acute and long-term in vitro experiments to predict key pathways and mechanisms associated with cell fates during and after VCR treatment. Glioblastoma (GBM) cells were treated with clinically relevant doses of VCR, and interconnected cell fates were explored. A correlation matrix based on experimental cell analysis reported strong negative correlations between cell number, nuclear irregularities, senescence, or apoptosis, depending on the cells' genetic makeup and treatment regimen. P53 would be essential in all analyzed processes according to topological network analysis. Furthermore, despite the high acute sensitivity, both cell lines re-growth in the long term after a single VCR treatment, especially in those populations with high levels of autophagy. These multiple responses may also be triggered in patients' exposed tumors, which should be considered to allow the rational design of VCR protocols, including modulators of the cell fates and pathways mentioned above.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Cremonese Filippi-Chiela
- Departamento de Ciências Morfológicas, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil; Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Jose Eduardo Vargas
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | - Marcos Paulo Thomé
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Guido Lenz
- Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
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2
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Affiliation(s)
- Debjani Si
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai Mumbai 400076 India
| | - Krishna P. Kaliappan
- Department of ChemistryIndian Institute of Technology Bombay Powai Mumbai 400076 India
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3
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Cao YN, Zheng LL, Wang D, Liang XX, Gao F, Zhou XL. Recent advances in microtubule-stabilizing agents. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 143:806-828. [PMID: 29223097 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.11.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Highly dynamic mitotic spindle microtubules are superb therapeutic targets for a group of chemically diverse and clinically successful anticancer drugs. Microtubule-targeted drugs disrupt microtubule dynamics in distinct ways, and they are primarily classified into two groups: microtubule destabilizing agents (MDAs), such as vinblastine, colchicine, and combretastatin-A4, and microtubule stabilizing agents (MSAs), such as paclitaxel and epothilones. Systematic discovery and development of new MSAs have been aided by extensive research on paclitaxel, yielding a large number of promising anticancer compounds. This review focuses on the natural sources, structural features, mechanisms of action, structure-activity relationship (SAR) and chemical synthesis of MSAs. These MSAs mainly include paclitaxel, taccalonolides, epothilones, FR182877 (cyclostreptin), dictyostatin, discodermolide, eleutherobin and sarcodictyins, zampanolide, dactylolide, laulimalides, peloruside and ceratamines from natural sources, as well as small molecular microtubule stabilizers obtained via chemical synthesis. Then we discuss the application prospect and development of these anticancer compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Nan Cao
- Agronomy College, Sichuan Agriculture University, Chengdu 611130, PR China; School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, PR China
| | - Ling-Li Zheng
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu 610500, PR China
| | - Dan Wang
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
| | - Xiao-Xia Liang
- Agronomy College, Sichuan Agriculture University, Chengdu 611130, PR China.
| | - Feng Gao
- Agronomy College, Sichuan Agriculture University, Chengdu 611130, PR China; School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, PR China.
| | - Xian-Li Zhou
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, PR China
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4
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Gil A, Albericio F, Álvarez M. Role of the Nozaki–Hiyama–Takai–Kishi Reaction in the Synthesis of Natural Products. Chem Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Gil
- ChemBio Lab, Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER-BBN,
Networking
Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fernando Albericio
- ChemBio Lab, Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER-BBN,
Networking
Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- University of Kwa-Zulu-Natal, 4001, Durban, South Africa
| | - Mercedes Álvarez
- ChemBio Lab, Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER-BBN,
Networking
Centre on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Barcelona Science Park, Baldiri Reixac 10, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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5
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Discodermolide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-08-100023-6.00003-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
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6
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Wünsch S, Breit B. Probingo-Diphenylphosphanyl Benzoate (o-DPPB)-Directed CC Bond Formation: Total Synthesis of Dictyostatin. Chemistry 2014; 21:2358-63. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201406252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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7
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Yu Z, Ely RJ, Morken JP. Synthesis of (+)-discodermolide by catalytic stereoselective borylation reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:9632-6. [PMID: 25045037 PMCID: PMC4171733 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201405455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The marine natural product (+)-discodermolide was first isolated in 1990 and, to this day, remains a compelling synthesis target. Not only does the compound possess fascinating biological activity, but it also presents an opportunity to test current methods for chemical synthesis and provides an inspiration for new reaction development. A new synthesis of discodermolide employs a previously undisclosed stereoselective catalytic diene hydroboration and also establishes a strategy for the alkylation of chiral enolates. Furthermore, this synthesis of discodermolide provides the first examples of the asymmetric 1,4-diboration of dienes and borylative diene-aldehyde couplings in complex-molecule synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Merkert Research Labs, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467 (USA)
| | - Robert J. Ely
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Merkert Research Labs, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467 (USA)
| | - James P. Morken
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Merkert Research Labs, 2609 Beacon Street, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467 (USA)
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8
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Yu Z, Ely RJ, Morken JP. Synthesis of (+)-Discodermolide by Catalytic Stereoselective Borylation Reactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201405455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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9
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Pujari SA, Gowrisankar P, Kaliappan KP. A Shimizu Non-Aldol Approach to the Formal Total Synthesis of Palmerolide A. Chem Asian J 2011; 6:3137-51. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201100429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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10
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de Lemos E, Agouridas E, Sorin G, Guerreiro A, Commerçon A, Pancrazi A, Betzer JF, Lannou MI, Ardisson J. Conception, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Original Discodermolide Analogues. Chemistry 2011; 17:10123-34. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201100675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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11
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Zhu W, Jiménez M, Jung WH, Camarco DP, Balachandran R, Vogt A, Day BW, Curran DP. Streamlined syntheses of (-)-dictyostatin, 16-desmethyl-25,26-dihydrodictyostatin, and 6-epi-16-desmethyl-25,26-dihydrodictyostatin. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:9175-87. [PMID: 20545347 DOI: 10.1021/ja103537u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The dictyostatins are a promising class of potential anti-cancer drugs because they are powerful microtubule-stabilizing agents, but the complexity of their chemical structures is a severe impediment to their further development. On the basis of both synthetic and medicinal chemistry analyses, 16-desmethyl-25,26-dihydrodictyostatin and its C6 epimer were chosen as potentially potent yet accessible dictyostatin analogues, and three new syntheses were developed. A relatively classical synthesis involving vinyllithium addition and macrocyclization gave way to a newer and more practical approach based on esterification and ring-closing metathesis reaction. Finally, aspects of these two approaches were combined to provide a third new synthesis based on esterification and Nozaki-Hiyama-Kishi reaction. This was used to prepare the target dihydro analogues and the natural product. All of the syntheses are streamlined because of their high convergency. The work provided several new analogues of dictyostatin, including a truncated macrolactone and a C10 E-alkene, which were 400- and 50-fold less active than (-)-dictyostatin, respectively. In contrast, the targeted 16-desmethyl-25,26-dihydrodictyostatin analogues retained almost complete activity in preliminary biological assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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12
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13
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Cheung L, Yudin A. Synthesis of Highly Substituted Cyclobutane Fused-Ring Systems from N-Vinyl β-Lactams through a One-Pot Domino Process. Chemistry 2010; 16:4100-9. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200902748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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14
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Laclef S, Exner CJ, Turks M, Videtta V, Vogel P. Synthesis of (E,Z)-1-alkoxy-3-acyloxy-2-methylpenta-1,3-dienes via Danishefsky-type dienes or O-acylation of enones. J Org Chem 2010; 74:8882-5. [PMID: 19842642 DOI: 10.1021/jo901878b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
1-Alkoxy-2-methyl-3-acyloxy-(E,E)-penta-1,3-dienes have been prepared applying among others a modified Danishefsky's general method, including chiral, racemic, and achiral derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Laclef
- Laboratory of Glycochemistry and Asymmetric Synthesis, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Batochime, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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15
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Renard D, Perruchon J, Giera M, Müller J, Bracher F. Side chain azasteroids and thiasteroids as sterol methyltransferase inhibitors in ergosterol biosynthesis. Bioorg Med Chem 2009; 17:8123-37. [PMID: 19833521 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2009.09.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2009] [Revised: 09/16/2009] [Accepted: 09/18/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of some novel azasteroids and thiasteroids based on a pregnan nucleus with a Delta7 double bond in two to five steps from the key aldehyde (3S,20S)-20-formylpregn-7-en-3-yl acetate has been disclosed herein. These compounds were evaluated as potential inhibitors of the enzyme Delta24-sterol methyltransferase (24-SMT), which is a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of ergosterol, and for their effects on the growth of the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica. Most of the side chain modified analogues were recognized as 24-SMT inhibitors, and in particular the 23-azasteroids 5f-5i and the 24-azasteroid 11 showed potent antifungal activity. The target enzyme could be identified unambiguously using an improved whole-cell assay combined with GC-MS analysis of the sterol pattern resulting upon incubation with the inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Renard
- Department Pharmazie-Zentrum für Pharmaforschung, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
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16
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Paterson I, Findlay AD, Noti C. Total synthesis of (-)-spirangien A, an antimitotic polyketide isolated from the myxobacterium Sorangium cellulosum. Chem Asian J 2009; 4:594-611. [PMID: 19173216 DOI: 10.1002/asia.200800445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
An expedient first total synthesis of (-)-spirangien A, a potent cytotoxic and antifungal polyketide of myxobacterial origin, is described. By using a common 1,3-diol intermediate obtained by an efficient aldol-reduction sequence for installation of the C15-C18 and C25-C28 stereotetrads and a reagent-controlled boron aldol coupling followed by spiroacetalization, a highly convergent strategy was developed for construction of the elaborate spiroacetal core. Conversion of this advanced spiroacetal intermediate into (+)-spirangien diene, obtained previously by controlled degradation of spirangien A, was then achieved by installation of the truncated side-chain using an allylboration-Peterson sequence. The total synthesis of (-)-spirangien A was then achieved by the controlled attachment of the unsaturated C1-C12 side-chain, avoiding exposure to light. A Stork-Wittig olefination and double Stille cross-coupling sequence was exploited to install the delicate conjugated pentaene chromophore featuring alternating (Z)- and (E)-olefins, leading initially to the methyl ester of spirangien A, which proved significantly more stable than the corresponding free acid. Subsequent careful hydrolysis afforded (-)-spirangien A, validating the relative and absolute configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Paterson
- University Chemical Laboratory, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
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17
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Cheung LLW, Yudin AK. Synthesis of aminocyclobutanes through ring expansion of N-vinyl-beta-lactams. Org Lett 2009; 11:1281-4. [PMID: 19239262 DOI: 10.1021/ol900118d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Both eight-membered enamide rings and fused [4.2.0]aminocyclobutane-containing delta-lactams can be accessed from N-vinyl-beta-lactams. The eight-membered rings are made through a [3,3] sigmatropic rearrangement. At elevated temperature, the eight-membered lactam undergoes electrocyclization to furnish fused cyclobutane delta-lactams in a diastereoselective manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence L W Cheung
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto M5S 3H6, Canada
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18
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Trygstad TM, Pang Y, Forsyth CJ. Versatile synthesis of the C3-C14 domain of 7-deoxyokadaic acid. J Org Chem 2009; 74:910-3. [PMID: 19072579 DOI: 10.1021/jo8017457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Described is a flexible synthesis of the C3-C14 domain of 7-deoxyokadaic acid that is amenable to facile structural diversification. Treatment of ynone 10 under acidic conditions led to net bis-conjugate addition of the latent diol to give the thermodynamically favored spiroketal 27, a versatile intermediate, en route to 7-deoxyokadaic acid and analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M Trygstad
- Department of Chemistry and Physical Sciences, The College of St. Scholastica, Duluth, Minnesota 55811, USA
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19
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de Lemos E, Porée FH, Bourin A, Barbion J, Agouridas E, Lannou MI, Commerçon A, Betzer JF, Pancrazi A, Ardisson J. Total synthesis of discodermolide: optimization of the effective synthetic route. Chemistry 2009; 14:11092-112. [PMID: 18973162 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200801478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
An efficient and modulable total synthesis of discodermolide (DDM), a unique marine anticancer polyketide is described including related alternative synthetic approaches. Particularly notable is the repeated application of a crotyltitanation reaction to yield homoallylic (Z)-O-ene-carbamate alcohols with excellent selectivity. Advantage was taken of this reaction not only for the stereocontrolled building of the syn-anti methyl-hydroxy-methyl triads of DDM, but also for the direct construction of the terminal (Z)-diene. Of particular interest is also the installation of the C13=C14 (Z)-double bond through a highly selective dyotropic rearrangement. The preparation of the middle C8-C14 fragment in two sequential stages and its coupling to the C1-C7 moiety was a real challenge and required careful optimization. Several synthetic routes were explored to allow high and reliable yields. Due to the flexibility and robust character of this approach, it might enable a systematic structural variation of DDM and, therefore, the elaboration and exploration of novel discodermolide structural analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa de Lemos
- Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Pharmacie, CNRS UMR 8638, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75270 Paris Cedex, France
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20
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Abstract
Drug discovery from marine natural products has enjoyed a renaissance in the past few years. Ziconotide (Prialt; Elan Pharmaceuticals), a peptide originally discovered in a tropical cone snail, was the first marine-derived compound to be approved in the United States in December 2004 for the treatment of pain. Then, in October 2007, trabectedin (Yondelis; PharmaMar) became the first marine anticancer drug to be approved in the European Union. Here, we review the history of drug discovery from marine natural products, and by describing selected examples, we examine the factors that contribute to new discoveries and the difficulties associated with translating marine-derived compounds into clinical trials. Providing an outlook into the future, we also examine the advances that may further expand the promise of drugs from the sea.
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21
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Dunetz JR, Julian LD, Newcom JS, Roush WR. Total syntheses of (+)-tedanolide and (+)-13-deoxytedanolide. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:16407-16. [PMID: 18980317 PMCID: PMC2645944 DOI: 10.1021/ja8063205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Convergent total syntheses of the potent cytotoxins (+)-tedanolide (1) and (+)-13-deoxytedanolide (2) are described. The carbon framework of these compounds was assembled via a stereoselective aldol reaction that unifies the C(1)-C(12) ketone fragment 5 with a C(13)-C(23) aldehyde fragment 6 (for 13-deoxytedanolide) or 52 (for tedanolide). Multiple obstacles were encountered en route to (+)-1 and (+)-2 that required very careful selection and orchestration of the stereochemistry and functionality of key intermediates. Chief among these issues was the remarkable stability and lack of reactivity of hemiketals 33b and 34 that prevented the tedanolide synthesis from being completed from aldol 4. Key to the successful completion of the tedanolide synthesis was the observation that the 13-deoxy hemiketal 36 could be oxidized to C(11,15)-diketone 38 en route to 13-deoxytedanolide. This led to the decision to pursue the tedanolide synthesis via C(15)-(S)-epimers, since this stereochemical change would destabilize the hemiketal that plagued the attempted synthesis of tedanolide via C(15)-(R) intermediates. However, use of C(15)-(S)-configured intermediates required that the side-chain epoxide be introduced very late in the synthesis, owing to the ease with which the C(15)-(S)-OH cyclized onto the epoxide of intermediate 50.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua R Dunetz
- Department of Chemistry, Scripps Florida, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
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22
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Florence GJ, Gardner NM, Paterson I. Development of practical syntheses of the marine anticancer agents discodermolide and dictyostatin. Nat Prod Rep 2008; 25:342-75. [PMID: 18389141 DOI: 10.1039/b705661n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Initially isolated in trace quantities from deep-sea sponges, the structurally related polyketides discodermolide and dictyostatin share the same microtubule-stabilizing antimitotic mechanism as Taxol. Discodermolide has been the focus of intense research activity in order to develop a practical supply route, and these efforts ultimately allowed its large-scale synthesis and the initiation of clinical trials as a novel anticancer drug. Similarly, the re-isolation and synthesis of dictyostatin continues to stimulate the biological and chemical communities in their quest for the development of new chemotherapeutic agents. This comprehensive review chronicles the synthetic endeavours undertaken over the last 15 years towards the development and realization of practical chemical syntheses of discodermolide and, more recently, dictyostatin, focusing on the methods and strategies employed for achieving overall stereocontrol and key fragment unions, as well as the design and synthesis of novel hybrid structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon J Florence
- School of Chemistry and Centre for Biomolecular Sciences, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9 ST, United Kingdom.
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23
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Smith AB, Freeze BS. (+)-Discodermolide: Total Synthesis, Construction of Novel Analogues, and Biological Evaluation. Tetrahedron 2008; 64:261-298. [PMID: 21113402 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2007.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amos B Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Monell Chemical Senses Center, Penn Center for Molecular Discovery, and Laboratory for Research on the Structure of Matter, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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24
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Paterson I, Florence GJ. The Chemical Synthesis of Discodermolide. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2008; 286:73-119. [DOI: 10.1007/128_2008_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
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25
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Paterson I, Findlay AD, Anderson EA. Synthesis of an Advanced C10–C32 Spiroacetal Fragment and Assignment of the Absolute Configuration of Spirangien A. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:6699-702. [PMID: 17665392 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200702735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian Paterson
- University Chemical Laboratory, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
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26
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Paterson I, Findlay A, Anderson E. Synthesis of an Advanced C10–C32 Spiroacetal Fragment and Assignment of the Absolute Configuration of Spirangien A. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200702735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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27
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de Lemos E, Porée FH, Commerçon A, Betzer JF, Pancrazi A, Ardisson J. α-Oxygenated Crotyltitanium and Dyotropic Rearrangement in the Total Synthesis of Discodermolide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:1917-21. [PMID: 17262876 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200604629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elsa de Lemos
- Université de Cergy-Pontoise, CNRS UMR 8123, 5 Mail Gay Lussac, 95031 Cergy Pontoise Cedex, France
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28
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de Lemos E, Porée FH, Commerçon A, Betzer JF, Pancrazi A, Ardisson J. α-Oxygenated Crotyltitanium and Dyotropic Rearrangement in the Total Synthesis of Discodermolide. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200604629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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29
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Sai Baba V, Das P, Mukkanti K, Iqbal J. A cross metathesis approach to the synthesis of the C11–C23 fragment of (−)-16-normethyldictyostatin. Tetrahedron Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2006.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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30
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Le Flohic A, Meyer C, Cossy J. Reactivity of unsaturated sultones synthesized from unsaturated alcohols by ring-closing metathesis. Application to the racemic synthesis of the originally proposed structure of mycothiazole. Tetrahedron 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2006.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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31
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Burlingame MA, Mendoza E, Ashley GW, Myles DC. Synthesis of discodermolide intermediates from engineered polyketides. Tetrahedron Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2005.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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32
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Ramachandran PV, Prabhudas B, Chandra JS, Reddy MVR. Diastereoselective dihydroxylation and regioselective deoxygenation of dihydropyranones: a novel protocol for the stereoselective synthesis of C1-C8 and C15-C21 subunits of (+)-discodermolide. J Org Chem 2005; 69:6294-304. [PMID: 15357588 DOI: 10.1021/jo0492416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Diastereoselective dihydroxylation of dihydropyranones and subsequent regioselective alpha-deoxygenation provides 1,3-trans-beta-hydroxy-delta-lactones stereoselectively. This protocol has been applied for the synthesis of C(1)-C(8) and C(15)-C(21) subunits of (+)-discodermolide.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Veeraraghavan Ramachandran
- Herbert C. Brown Center for Borane Research, 560 Oval Drive, Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2084, USA.
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33
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Paterson I, Lyothier I. Development of a Third-Generation Total Synthesis of (+)-Discodermolide: An Expedient Still−Gennari-Type Fragment Coupling Utilizing an Advanced β-Ketophosphonate. J Org Chem 2005; 70:5494-507. [PMID: 15989331 DOI: 10.1021/jo050481a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[structure: see text] A novel total synthesis of the complex polyketide discodermolide, a promising anticancer agent of marine sponge origin, has been completed in 11.1% overall yield over 21 linear steps. This third-generation approach features an unprecedented Still-Gennari-type HWE olefination reaction between advanced C1-C8 beta-ketophosphonate 61 and C9-C24 aldehyde 7, introducing the (8Z)-alkene with 10:1 selectivity. The stereotetrad found in the C1-C8 subunit 61 was established via a highly diastereoselective boron-mediated aldol reaction/in situ reduction between ketone (S)-8 and 3-benzyloxypropanal. The (7S)-configuration was installed by the reduction of enone 73 with K-Selectride.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Paterson
- University Chemical Laboratory, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK.
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34
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Shaw SJ, Sundermann KF, Burlingame MA, Myles DC, Freeze BS, Xian M, Brouard I, Smith AB. Toward Understanding How the Lactone Moiety of Discodermolide Affects Activity. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:6532-3. [PMID: 15869264 DOI: 10.1021/ja051185i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of simplified discodermolide analogues have been designed and synthesized in an attempt to understand the role of the lactone ring. These synthetic efforts have led to an unsubstituted butyrolactone 9 being generated, which shows improved activity over the natural product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon J Shaw
- Kosan Biosciences, Inc., 3832 Bay Center Place, Hayward, CA 94545, USA.
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35
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Smith AB, Freeze BS, Xian M, Hirose T. Total Synthesis of (+)-Discodermolide: A Highly Convergent Fourth-Generation Approach. Org Lett 2005; 7:1825-8. [PMID: 15844916 DOI: 10.1021/ol050455z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[structure: see text] A highly convergent, fourth-generation total synthesis of (+)-discodermolide (1), with a longest linear sequence of 17 steps and an overall yield of 9.0%, has been achieved. Highlighting the strategy is the efficient construction and sequential, bidirectional union of a linchpin comprising the C(9)-C(14) Wittig salt-vinyl iodide (-)-18. Importantly, Wittig salt generation proceeded in excellent yield under ambient pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amos B Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
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36
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Loiseleur O, Koch G, Cercus J, Schürch F. A Formal Synthesis of (+)-Discodermolide. Org Process Res Dev 2005. [DOI: 10.1021/op049807s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Loiseleur
- Chemical and Analytical Development, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Guido Koch
- Chemical and Analytical Development, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jacques Cercus
- Chemical and Analytical Development, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Friedrich Schürch
- Chemical and Analytical Development, Novartis Pharma AG, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland
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37
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Paterson I, Delgado O, Florence GJ, Lyothier I, O'Brien M, Scott JP, Sereinig N. A second-generation total synthesis of (+)-discodermolide: the development of a practical route using solely substrate-based stereocontrol. J Org Chem 2005; 70:150-60. [PMID: 15624917 DOI: 10.1021/jo048534w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A novel total synthesis of the complex polyketide (+)-discodermolide, a promising anticancer agent of sponge origin, has been completed in 7.8% overall yield over 24 linear steps, with 35 steps altogether. This second-generation approach was designed to rely solely on substrate control for introduction of the required stereochemistry, eliminating the use of all chiral reagents or auxiliaries. The common 1,2-anti-2,3-syn stereotriad found in each of three subunits, aldehyde 9 (C(1)-C(5)), ester 40 (C(9)-C(16)), and aldehyde 13 (C(17)-C(24)), was established via a boron-mediated aldol reaction of ethyl ketone 15 and formaldehyde, followed by hydroxyl-directed reduction to give 1,3-diol 14. Alternatively, a surrogate aldehyde 22 was employed for formaldehyde in this aldol reaction, leading to the beta-hydroxy aldehyde 20 as a common building block, corresponding to the discodermolide stereotriad. Key fragment unions were achieved by a lithium-mediated anti aldol reaction of ester 40 and aldehyde 13 under Felkin-Anh control to provide (16S,17S)-adduct 51 and a boron-mediated aldol reaction between enone 10 and aldehyde 9, exploiting unprecedented remote 1,6-stereoinduction, to give the (5S)-adduct 57.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Paterson
- University Chemical Laboratory, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, UK.
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38
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Abstract
An overview of marine natural products synthesis during 2003 is provided. The emphasis on total syntheses of molecules of contemporary interest, new total syntheses, and syntheses that have resulted in structure conformation or stereochemical assignments.
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39
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Smith AB, Freeze BS, Lamarche MJ, Hirose T, Brouard I, Xian M, Sundermann KF, Shaw SJ, Burlingame MA, Horwitz SB, Myles DC. Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of Analogues of (+)-14-Normethyldiscodermolide. Org Lett 2004; 7:315-8. [PMID: 15646986 DOI: 10.1021/ol0476873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[Structure: see text] The design, syntheses, and biological evaluation of nine totally synthetic analogues of the microtubule-stabilizing agent (+)-14-normethyldiscodermolide (2) are reported. Simplification at the C(21)-C(24) terminal diene and at the C(1)-C(5) lactone moieties reveals significant structure-activity relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amos B Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
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40
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Smith AB, Freeze BS, Lamarche MJ, Hirose T, Brouard I, Rucker PV, Xian M, Sundermann KF, Shaw SJ, Burlingame MA, Horwitz SB, Myles DC. Design, Synthesis, and Evaluation of Carbamate-Substituted Analogues of (+)-Discodermolide. Org Lett 2004; 7:311-4. [PMID: 15646985 DOI: 10.1021/ol047686a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
[Structure: see text] The design, syntheses, and biological evaluation of 22 totally synthetic analogues of the potent microtubule-stabilizing agent (+)-discodermolide (1) have been achieved. Structure-activity relationships of the C(19) carbamate were defined, exploiting two synthetically simplified scaffolds, as well as the parent (+)-discodermolide framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amos B Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
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41
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Smith AB, Freeze BS, Brouard I, Hirose T. A practical improvement, enhancing the large-scale synthesis of (+)-discodermolide: a third-generation approach. Org Lett 2004; 5:4405-8. [PMID: 14602011 DOI: 10.1021/ol035697i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] A significant improvement to the Penn one-gram synthesis of (+)-discodermolide (1) has been achieved. Specifically, reduction of the steric bulk of the C(11) hydroxyl protecting group permits formation of the requisite AB Wittig salt at the expense of the undesired intramolecular cyclization upon treatment with PPh(3) at ambient pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amos B Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
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42
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Parker KA, Katsoulis IA. A strategy for exploiting the pseudosymmetry of the C1-C13 stretch of discodermolide. Org Lett 2004; 6:1413-6. [PMID: 15101755 DOI: 10.1021/ol049735p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] The pseudo-C(2)() symmetry of the C1 to C13 stretch of the discodermolide structure offers a potential strategic advantage for synthetic design. Two approaches based on this recognition were devised, and one was shown to be effective in a model series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathlyn A Parker
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Stony Brook Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, USA.
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43
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Chakraborty TK, Goswami RK. Synthesis of (3R,4S,5S,9S)-3,5,9-trihydroxy-4-methylundecanoic acid δ-lactone. Tetrahedron Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2004.08.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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44
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Mani S, Macapinlac M, Goel S, Verdier-Pinard D, Fojo T, Rothenberg M, Colevas D. The clinical development of new mitotic inhibitors that stabilize the microtubule. Anticancer Drugs 2004; 15:553-8. [PMID: 15205596 DOI: 10.1097/01.cad.0000131681.21637.b2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Microtubule-stabilizing agents are increasingly studied for cancer treatment based largely on the prior success of paclitaxel and docetaxel. In this review, we focus on the clinical development of epothilones and discodermolide, and we discuss salient preclinical and clinical highlights of these two novel natural products. These agents are distinguished by their biochemical features making them poor P-glycoprotein substrates and capable of inducing cytotoxicity in cell lines or in vivo tumor models harboring mutations in tubulin. There is now considerable data regarding the efficacy of the epothilones in human beings and discodermolide holds such promise, as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sridhar Mani
- Departments of Medicine and Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore and Jacobi Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA.
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46
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Abstract
Natural products have been used as medicinal agents for many years. In addition, these compounds have served as the starting points for semisynthetic analogs with improved properties. This review highlights work on several classes of natural products and their derivatives, including both well established and emerging structural classes that are in, or nearing, clinical use for a variety of important indications.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Myles
- Kosan Biosciences, Inc., 3832 Baycenter Place, Hayward, CA 94545, USA.
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