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Multicomponent Reactions for the Synthesis of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15081009. [PMID: 36015157 PMCID: PMC9416173 DOI: 10.3390/ph15081009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Multicomponent reactions 9i.e., those that engage three or more starting materials to form a product that contains significant fragments of all of them), have been widely employed in the construction of compound libraries, especially in the context of diversity-oriented synthesis. While relatively less exploited, their use in target-oriented synthesis offers significant advantages in terms of synthetic efficiency. This review provides a critical summary of the use of multicomponent reactions for the preparation of active pharmaceutical principles.
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Kawai T, Ohshima T, Tanaka T, Ikawa S, Tani A, Inazumi N, Shin R, Itoh Y, Meyer K, Maeda N. Limosilactobacillus (Lactobacillus) fermentum ALAL020, a Probiotic Candidate Bacterium, Produces a Cyclic Dipeptide That Suppresses the Periodontal Pathogens Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:804334. [PMID: 35321313 PMCID: PMC8936145 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.804334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal disease develops as a result of oral microbiota in dysbiosis, followed by the growth of periodontal pathogens such as Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia. In case of acute symptoms, antibacterial agents and disinfectants are administered, however the appearance of drug-resistant bacteria and allergies cause problems. In recent years, studies on the effects of probiotics have been conducted as an alternative therapy for periodontitis. However, the basic mechanism of the inhibitory effect of probiotic bacteria on periodontal disease has not been clearly elucidated. To clarify the antibacterial mechanism of probiotics against periodontal pathogens, we used Limosilactobacillus (Lactobacillus) fermentum ALAL020, which showed the strongest antibacterial activity against P. gingivalis and P. intermedia among 50 screened lactic acid bacteria strains. The antibacterial substances produced were identified and structurally analyzed. After neutralizing the MRS liquid culture supernatant of ALAL020 strain, the molecular weight (m/z) of the main antibacterial substance separated by gel filtration column chromatography and reverse phase HPLC was 226.131. This low molecular weight compound was analyzed by LC-MS and disclosed the composition formula C11H18O3N2, however the molecular structure remained unknown. Then, structural analysis by NMR revealed C11H18O3N2 as the cyclic dipeptide, “hexahydro-7-hydroxy-3- (2-methylpropyl) pyrrolo [1,2-a] pyrazine-1,4-dion cyclo (Hyp-Leu) “. Based on the results of this analysis, cyclo (Hyp-Leu) was chemically synthesized and the antibacterial activity against P. gingivalis and P. intermedia was measured. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was 2.5 g/L and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was shown to be less than 5 g/L. In addition, an in vitro epithelial tissue irritation test at 10 g/L showed no tissue toxicity. So far there are no reports of this peptide being produced by probiotic bacteria. Furthermore, antibacterial activity of this cyclic dipeptide against periodontal disease bacteria has not been confirmed. The results of this study might lead to a comprehensive understanding of the antibacterial mechanism against periodontal disease bacteria in future, and are considered applicable for the prevention of periodontal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomomi Kawai
- Department of Oral Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Tomoko Ohshima
- Department of Oral Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, Yokohama, Japan
- *Correspondence: Tomoko Ohshima,
| | - Takeshi Tanaka
- Research Division of Polymer Functional Materials, Osaka Research Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, Izumi, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ikawa
- Research Division of Applied Material Chemistry, Osaka Research Institute of Industrial Science and Technology, Izumi, Japan
| | - Atsushi Tani
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Naoya Inazumi
- Technical Support Division, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Japan
| | - Ryoichi Shin
- Research Institute for Fermentative Microbes, A. L. A. Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukie Itoh
- Research Institute for Fermentative Microbes, A. L. A. Corporation, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Karen Meyer
- Department of Dental Hygiene, Tsurumi Junior College, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Nobuko Maeda
- Department of Oral Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, Tsurumi University, Yokohama, Japan
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Bojarska J, Mieczkowski A, Ziora ZM, Skwarczynski M, Toth I, Shalash AO, Parang K, El-Mowafi SA, Mohammed EHM, Elnagdy S, AlKhazindar M, Wolf WM. Cyclic Dipeptides: The Biological and Structural Landscape with Special Focus on the Anti-Cancer Proline-Based Scaffold. Biomolecules 2021; 11:1515. [PMID: 34680148 PMCID: PMC8533947 DOI: 10.3390/biom11101515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyclic dipeptides, also know as diketopiperazines (DKP), the simplest cyclic forms of peptides widespread in nature, are unsurpassed in their structural and bio-functional diversity. DKPs, especially those containing proline, due to their unique features such as, inter alia, extra-rigid conformation, high resistance to enzyme degradation, increased cell permeability, and expandable ability to bind a diverse of targets with better affinity, have emerged in the last years as biologically pre-validated platforms for the drug discovery. Recent advances have revealed their enormous potential in the development of next-generation theranostics, smart delivery systems, and biomaterials. Here, we present an updated review on the biological and structural profile of these appealing biomolecules, with a particular emphasis on those with anticancer properties, since cancers are the main cause of death all over the world. Additionally, we provide a consideration on supramolecular structuring and synthons, based on the proline-based DKP privileged scaffold, for inspiration in the design of compound libraries in search of ideal ligands, innovative self-assembled nanomaterials, and bio-functional architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Bojarska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of General & Inorganic Chemistry, Technical University of Lodz, 90-924 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Adam Mieczkowski
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawinskiego 5a, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Zyta M. Ziora
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (Z.M.Z.); (I.T.)
| | - Mariusz Skwarczynski
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (M.S.); (A.O.S.)
| | - Istvan Toth
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (Z.M.Z.); (I.T.)
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (M.S.); (A.O.S.)
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Queensland, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Ahmed O. Shalash
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia; (M.S.); (A.O.S.)
| | - Keykavous Parang
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; (K.P.); (S.A.E.-M.); (E.H.M.M.)
| | - Shaima A. El-Mowafi
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; (K.P.); (S.A.E.-M.); (E.H.M.M.)
| | - Eman H. M. Mohammed
- Center for Targeted Drug Delivery, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Harry and Diane Rinker Health Science Campus, School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA 92618, USA; (K.P.); (S.A.E.-M.); (E.H.M.M.)
| | - Sherif Elnagdy
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt; (S.E.); (M.A.)
| | - Maha AlKhazindar
- Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt; (S.E.); (M.A.)
| | - Wojciech M. Wolf
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of General & Inorganic Chemistry, Technical University of Lodz, 90-924 Lodz, Poland;
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α-Amino Acids as Synthons in the Ugi-5-Centers-4-Components Reaction: Chemistry and Applications. Symmetry (Basel) 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/sym11060798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the first reports, the Ugi four-component reaction (U-4CR) has been recognized as a keystone transformation enabling the synthesis of peptide mimetics in a single step and with high atom economy. In recent decades, the U-4CR has been a source of inspiration for many chemists fascinated by the possibility of identifying new efficient organic reactions by simply changing one of the components or by coupling in tandem the multicomponent process with a huge variety of organic transformations. Herein we review the synthetic potentialities, the boundaries, and the applications of the U-4CR involving α-amino acids, where the presence of two functional groups—the amino and the carboxylic acids—allowed a 5-center 4-component Ugi-like reaction, a powerful tool to gain access to drug-like multi-functionalized scaffolds.
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McConnell N, Xu Z, Kumarasamy V, Sun D, Frett B, Li HY. Synthesis of Constrained Heterocycles Employing Two Post-Ugi Cyclization Methods for Rapid Library Generation with In Cellulo Activity. ChemistrySelect 2017; 2:11821-11825. [PMID: 30140731 PMCID: PMC6103208 DOI: 10.1002/slct.201702179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
Benzimidazoles and quinoxalinones are present in the core of many pharmacologically relevant compounds. Several combinatorial methods have been developed to attach ring systems to both scaffolds for derivatization at select positions. Herein, we describe the development of novel constrained heterocyclic compounds attached to the N1 position of both benzimidazole and quinoxalinone scaffolds. Utilizing robust post-Ugi cyclization methods, including the Ugi-deprotection-cyclization (UDC) methodology, allows for efficient access to a new area of chemical space. Additionally, molecular modeling and in cellulo screening was employed to therapeutically validate the compounds formed with this method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas McConnell
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85719 United States
| | - Zhigang Xu
- International Academy of Targeted Therapeutics and Innovation Chongqing University of Arts and Sciences, 319 Honghe Ave., Yongchuan, Chongqing 402160 China
| | - Vishnu Kumarasamy
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85719 United States
| | - Daekyu Sun
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85719 United States
| | - Brendan Frett
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205 United States
| | - Hong-Yu Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas 72205 United States
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Vasconcelos SNS, Fornari E, Caracelli I, Stefani HA. Synthesis of α-amino-1,3-dicarbonyl compounds via Ugi flow chemistry reaction: access to functionalized 1,2,3-triazoles. Mol Divers 2017; 21:893-902. [PMID: 28702849 DOI: 10.1007/s11030-017-9764-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The Ugi multicomponent reaction has been used as an important synthetic route to obtain compounds with potential biological activity. We present the rapid and efficient synthesis of [Formula: see text]-amino-1,3-dicarbonyl compounds in moderate to good yields via Ugi flow chemistry reactions performed with a continuous flow reactor. Such [Formula: see text]-amino-1,3-dicarbonyl compounds can act as precursors for the production of [Formula: see text]-amino acids via hydrolysis of the ethyl ester group as well as building blocks for the synthesis of novel compounds with the 1,2,3-triazole ring. The [Formula: see text]-amino acid derivatives of the Ugi flow chemistry reaction products were then used for dipeptide synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanley N S Vasconcelos
- Departamento de Farmácia, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Evelin Fornari
- Departamento de Farmácia, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Ignez Caracelli
- Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Hélio A Stefani
- Departamento de Farmácia, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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7
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Fani N, Sattarinezhad E, Bordbar AK. Identification of new 2,5-diketopiperazine derivatives as simultaneous effective inhibitors of αβ-tubulin and BCRP proteins: Molecular docking, Structure−Activity Relationships and virtual consensus docking studies. J Mol Struct 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2017.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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8
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Hernández-Vázquez E, Miranda LD. Practical synthesis and cytotoxic evaluation of the pyrazino[1,2-b]-isoquinoline ring system. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:4875-84. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ob00431h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A multicomponent three-step synthesis of pyrazino[1-2b]isoquinolines is described. A preliminary cytotoxic screening against cancer cell lines was performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Hernández-Vázquez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Instituto de Química
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- Circuito Exterior S.N
- Ciudad Universitaria
| | - Luis D. Miranda
- Departamento de Química Orgánica
- Instituto de Química
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
- Circuito Exterior S.N
- Ciudad Universitaria
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9
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Fani N, Bordbar AK, Ghayeb Y, Sepehri S. Integrating docking and molecular dynamics approaches for a series of proline-based 2,5-diketopiperazines as novel αβ-tubulin inhibitors. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2015; 33:2285-95. [DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2014.1000377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Najmeh Fani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Isfahan , Isfahan, Iran
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology , Isfahan, Iran
| | | | - Yousef Ghayeb
- Department of Chemistry, Isfahan University of Technology , Isfahan, Iran
| | - Saghi Sepehri
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences , Isfahan, Iran
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10
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Naini SR, Lalancette RA, Gorlova O, Ramakrishna KVS, Yadav JS, Ranganathan S. Sulfate Encapsulation in Supramolecular Structures fromL-Asparagine-Derived 2,5-Diketopiperazine Scaffolds: Anion Binding. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201402610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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11
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Baek J, Kang SY, Im C, Park YS. Asymmetric Synthesis of 3,4,6-Trisubstituted 2,5-Diketopiperazines by Using Dynamic Kinetic Resolution of α-Bromo Tertiary Acetamides. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201301936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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12
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Koopmanschap G, Ruijter E, Orru RVA. Isocyanide-based multicomponent reactions towards cyclic constrained peptidomimetics. Beilstein J Org Chem 2014; 10:544-98. [PMID: 24605172 PMCID: PMC3943360 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.10.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the recent past, the design and synthesis of peptide mimics (peptidomimetics) has received much attention. This because they have shown in many cases enhanced pharmacological properties over their natural peptide analogues. In particular, the incorporation of cyclic constructs into peptides is of high interest as they reduce the flexibility of the peptide enhancing often affinity for a certain receptor. Moreover, these cyclic mimics force the molecule into a well-defined secondary structure. Constraint structural and conformational features are often found in biological active peptides. For the synthesis of cyclic constrained peptidomimetics usually a sequence of multiple reactions has been applied, which makes it difficult to easily introduce structural diversity necessary for fine tuning the biological activity. A promising approach to tackle this problem is the use of multicomponent reactions (MCRs), because they can introduce both structural diversity and molecular complexity in only one step. Among the MCRs, the isocyanide-based multicomponent reactions (IMCRs) are most relevant for the synthesis of peptidomimetics because they provide peptide-like products. However, these IMCRs usually give linear products and in order to obtain cyclic constrained peptidomimetics, the acyclic products have to be cyclized via additional cyclization strategies. This is possible via incorporation of bifunctional substrates into the initial IMCR. Examples of such bifunctional groups are N-protected amino acids, convertible isocyanides or MCR-components that bear an additional alkene, alkyne or azide moiety and can be cyclized via either a deprotection-cyclization strategy, a ring-closing metathesis, a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition or even via a sequence of multiple multicomponent reactions. The sequential IMCR-cyclization reactions can afford small cyclic peptide mimics (ranging from four- to seven-membered rings), medium-sized cyclic constructs or peptidic macrocycles (>12 membered rings). This review describes the developments since 2002 of IMCRs-cyclization strategies towards a wide variety of small cyclic mimics, medium sized cyclic constructs and macrocyclic peptidomimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gijs Koopmanschap
- Department of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecules, Medicines and Systems, VU University Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eelco Ruijter
- Department of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecules, Medicines and Systems, VU University Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Romano VA Orru
- Department of Chemistry & Pharmaceutical Sciences, Amsterdam Institute of Molecules, Medicines and Systems, VU University Amsterdam, de Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Pan YW, Guo CW, Tu HY, Tsai CW, Cheng WC. Solid-phase synthesis of diverse spiroisoxazolinodiketopiperazines. ACS COMBINATORIAL SCIENCE 2013; 15:425-34. [PMID: 23889462 DOI: 10.1021/co4000248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A convenient, efficient protocol to prepare diverse spiroisoxazolino-diketopiperazines via a parallel solid-supported synthesis was developed. The key steps are (1) a coupling reaction of an amino acid; (2) tosylation with concomitant β-elimination to form an α, β-unsaturated ester; (3) a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition with an oxime to form isoxazoline rings; and (4) cyclic cleavage to release the product from the resin. All reaction steps and workup procedures were modified to allow the use of automated or semiautomated equipment. A 100-member demonstration library with two diversity sites was prepared in good purity and acceptable overall yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Wen Pan
- The Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Road Sec. 2, Nankang District, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wei Guo
- The Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Road Sec. 2, Nankang District, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Huang-Yao Tu
- The Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Road Sec. 2, Nankang District, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wei Tsai
- The Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Road Sec. 2, Nankang District, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Chieh Cheng
- The Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Academia Road Sec. 2, Nankang District, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
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Khoury K, Sinha MK, Nagashima T, Herdtweck E, Dömling A. Efficient assembly of iminodicarboxamides by a "truly" four-component reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:10280-3. [PMID: 22968839 PMCID: PMC3874142 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201205366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A truly 4-component reaction! In analogy to a galaxy consisting of millions of stars a multicomponent reaction scaffold can result in millions of compound variations. The MCR of α-amino acids, oxocomponents, isocyanides and primary or secondary amines is such a high-number high-diversity reaction providing an enormous potential for drug discovery or catalyst screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kareem Khoury
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Mantosh K. Sinha
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Tadamichi Nagashima
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Eberhardt Herdtweck
- Technische Universität München, Department Chemie, Lehrstuhl für Anorganische Chemie Lichtenbergstrasse 4 D-85747 Garching bei Munchen
| | - Alexander Dömling
- Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Biomedical Science Tower 3, 3501 Fifth Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
- University of Groningen Department of Drug Design A. Deusinglaan 1 9713 AV Groningen The Netherlands
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15
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Khoury K, Sinha MK, Nagashima T, Herdtweck E, Dömling A. Efficient Assembly of Iminodicarboxamides by a “Truly” Four-Component Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201205366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Dömling
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA.
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17
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Borthwick AD. 2,5-Diketopiperazines: synthesis, reactions, medicinal chemistry, and bioactive natural products. Chem Rev 2012; 112:3641-716. [PMID: 22575049 DOI: 10.1021/cr200398y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 604] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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18
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Narendra N, Vishwanatha T, Nagendra G, Sureshbabu VV. Chiral Nβ-Fmoc-amino alkyl isonitriles in Ugi-4CR: an assembly of novel 1,1′-iminodicarboxylated peptidomimetics. Tetrahedron 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2011.12.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Vishwanatha T, Narendra N, Sureshbabu VV. Synthesis of β-lactam peptidomimetics through Ugi MCR: first application of chiral Nβ-Fmoc amino alkyl isonitriles in MCRs. Tetrahedron Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2011.08.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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21
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Banfi L, Basso A, Riva R. Synthesis of Heterocycles Through Classical Ugi and Passerini Reactions Followed by Secondary Transformations Involving One or Two Additional Functional Groups. SYNTHESIS OF HETEROCYCLES VIA MULTICOMPONENT REACTIONS I 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/7081_2009_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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22
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Rhoden CRB, Rivera DG, Kreye O, Bauer AK, Westermann B, Wessjohann LA. Rapid Access to N-Substituted Diketopiperazines by One-Pot Ugi-4CR/Deprotection+Activation/Cyclization (UDAC). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 11:1078-82. [DOI: 10.1021/cc900106u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cristiano R. B. Rhoden
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany, and Institute of Chemistry, University of Halle, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Daniel G. Rivera
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany, and Institute of Chemistry, University of Halle, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Oliver Kreye
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany, and Institute of Chemistry, University of Halle, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Anne K. Bauer
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany, and Institute of Chemistry, University of Halle, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Bernhard Westermann
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany, and Institute of Chemistry, University of Halle, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Ludger A. Wessjohann
- Department of Bioorganic Chemistry, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany, and Institute of Chemistry, University of Halle, Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
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23
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Wang W, Dömling A. Efficient Synthesis Of Arrays Of Amino Acid Derived Ugi Products With Subsequent Amidation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 11:403-9. [DOI: 10.1021/cc9000136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- University of Pittsburgh, Drug Discovery Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
| | - Alexander Dömling
- University of Pittsburgh, Drug Discovery Institute, Pittsburgh, PA 15261
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24
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A convergent synthesis of enantiopure bicyclic scaffolds through multicomponent Ugi reaction. Tetrahedron 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2007.10.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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25
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The discovery of GSK221149A: A potent and selective oxytocin antagonist. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2008; 18:90-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2007.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2007] [Revised: 11/01/2007] [Accepted: 11/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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26
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O'Neill J, Blackwell HE. Solid-phase and microwave-assisted syntheses of 2,5-diketopiperazines: small molecules with great potential. Comb Chem High Throughput Screen 2007; 10:857-76. [PMID: 18288948 PMCID: PMC2585775 DOI: 10.2174/138620707783220365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Diketopiperazines (DKPs) are a well-known class of heterocycles that have recently emerged as a promising biologically active scaffold. Solid-phase organic synthesis has become an important tool in the combinatorial exploration of these privileged structures, expediting the synthesis and, therefore, the discovery of active compounds. To date, certain DKPs have shown potent activities against a range of diseases and biological phenomena, including bacterial infections, various cancers, asthma, infertility, premature labor, and HIV. Recent applications of solid-phase DKP synthesis, with a particular focus on cyclative cleavage and microwave-assisted reactions, are highlighted herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.C. O'Neill
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - H. E. Blackwell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin–Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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27
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Gomes P, Vale N, Moreira R. Cyclization-activated prodrugs. Molecules 2007; 12:2484-506. [PMID: 18065953 PMCID: PMC6149143 DOI: 10.3390/12112484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2007] [Revised: 11/08/2007] [Accepted: 11/09/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Many drugs suffer from an extensive first-pass metabolism leading to drug inactivation and/or production of toxic metabolites, which makes them attractive targets for prodrug design. The classical prodrug approach, which involves enzyme-sensitive covalent linkage between the parent drug and a carrier moiety, is a well established strategy to overcome bioavailability/toxicity issues. However, the development of prodrugs that can regenerate the parent drug through non-enzymatic pathways has emerged as an alternative approach in which prodrug activation is not influenced by inter- and intraindividual variability that affects enzymatic activity. Cyclization-activated prodrugs have been capturing the attention of medicinal chemists since the middle-1980s, and reached maturity in prodrug design in the late 1990 s. Many different strategies have been exploited in recent years concerning the development of intramoleculary-activated prodrugs spanning from analgesics to anti-HIV therapeutic agents. Intramolecular pathways have also a key role in two-step prodrug activation, where an initial enzymatic cleavage step is followed by a cyclization-elimination reaction that releases the active drug. This work is a brief overview of research on cyclization-activated prodrugs from the last two decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Gomes
- Centro de Investigação em Química da Universidade do Porto, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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28
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29
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Boto A, Gallardo JA, Hernández D, Hernández R. Synthesis of Unnatural Amino Acids from Serine Derivatives by β-Fragmentation of Primary Alkoxyl Radicals. J Org Chem 2007; 72:7260-9. [PMID: 17696478 DOI: 10.1021/jo071155t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The fragmentation of primary alkoxyl radicals has been scarcely used in synthesis since other competing processes (such as oxidation or hydrogen abstraction) usually predominate. However, when serine derivatives were used as substrates, the scission took place in excellent yields. Tandem scission-allylation, -alkylation, or -arylation reactions were subsequently developed. This one-pot methodology was applied to the synthesis of unnatural amino acids, which are useful synthetic blocks or amino acid surrogates in peptidomimetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Boto
- Instituto de Productos Naturales y Agrobiología del CSIC, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez 3, 38206-La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain.
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30
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Nenajdenko VG, Reznichenko AL, Balenkova ES. Diastereoselective Ugi reaction without chiral amines: the synthesis of chiral pyrroloketopiperazines. Tetrahedron 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2007.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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31
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Lena G, Lallemand E, Gruner AC, Boeglin J, Roussel S, Schaffner AP, Aubry A, Franetich JF, Mazier D, Landau I, Briand JP, Didierjean C, Rénia L, Guichard G. 1,3,5-Triazepan-2,6-diones as Structurally Diverse and Conformationally Constrained Dipeptide Mimetics: Identification of Malaria Liver Stage Inhibitors from a Small Pilot Library. Chemistry 2006; 12:8498-512. [PMID: 16927352 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200600560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The development of the 1,3,5-triazepane-2,6-dione system as a novel, conformationally restricted, and readily accessible class of dipeptidomimetics is reported. The synthesis of the densely functionalized 1,3,5-triazepane-2,6-dione skeleton was achieved in only four steps from a variety of simple linear dipeptide precursors. To extend the practical value of 1,3,5-triazepane-2,6-diones, a general polymer-assisted solution-phase synthesis approach amenable to library production in a multiparallel format was developed. The conformational preferences of the 1,3,5-triazepane-2,6-dione skeleton were investigated in detail by NMR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. The ring exhibits a characteristic folded conformation which was compared to that of related dipeptide-derived scaffolds including the more planar 2,5-diketopiperazine (DKP). Molecular and structural diversity was increased further through post-cyclization appending operations at urea nitrogens. Preliminary biological screens of a small collection of 1,3,5-triazepane-2,6-diones revealed inhibitors of the underexplored malaria liver stage and suggest strong potential for this dipeptide-derived scaffold to interfere with and to modulate biological pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gersande Lena
- Immunologie et Chimie Thérapeutiques (ICT), UPR CNRS 9021, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, 15 rue Descartes, 67084 Strasbourg, France
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32
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Dolle RE, Le Bourdonnec B, Morales GA, Moriarty KJ, Salvino JM. Comprehensive survey of combinatorial library synthesis: 2005. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 8:597-635. [PMID: 16961395 DOI: 10.1021/cc060095m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roland E Dolle
- Adolor Corporation, 700 Pennsylvania Drive, Exton, Pennsylvania 19341, USA.
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Borthwick AD, Davies DE, Exall AM, Livermore DG, Sollis SL, Nerozzi F, Allen MJ, Perren M, Shabbir SS, Woollard PM, Wyatt PG. 2,5-diketopiperazines as potent, selective, and orally bioavailable oxytocin antagonists. 2. Synthesis, chirality, and pharmacokinetics. J Med Chem 2005; 48:6956-69. [PMID: 16250654 DOI: 10.1021/jm050557v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A short stereoselective synthesis of a series of chiral 7-aryl-2,5-diketopiperazines oxytocin antagonists is described. Varying the functionality and substitution pattern of substituents in the 7-aryl ring and varying the chirality of this exocyclic ring have produced potent oxytocin antagonists (pK(i) > 8.5). SAR and pharmacokinetic profiling of this series of (3R,6R,7R)-2,5-diketopiperazines together with the introduction of an ortho F group in the 7-aryl ring to improve rat pK has culminated in the 2',4'-difluorophenyldiketopiperazine derivative 37, a highly potent oxytocin antagonist against the human oxytocin receptor (pK(i) = 8.9) that has >1000-fold selectivity over all three vasopressin receptors V1a, V2, and V1b. It has good bioavailability (46%) in the rat and moderate bioavailability (13-31%) in the dog and is more active in vivo in the rat than atosiban (rat DR(10) = 0.44 mg/kg iv).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan D Borthwick
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Herts SG1 2NY, U.K.
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35
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Wyatt PG, Allen MJ, Borthwick AD, Davies DE, Exall AM, Hatley RJD, Irving WR, Livermore DG, Miller ND, Nerozzi F, Sollis SL, Szardenings AK. 2,5-Diketopiperazines as potent and selective oxytocin antagonists 1: Identification, stereochemistry and initial SAR. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2005; 15:2579-82. [PMID: 15863320 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2005.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2004] [Revised: 03/14/2005] [Accepted: 03/14/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This paper covers efforts to discover orally active potent and selective oxytocin antagonists. Screening pooled libraries identified a novel series of 2,5-diketopiperazine derivatives with antagonist activity at the human oxytocin receptor. We report the initial structure-activity relationship investigations and the determination of the stereochemistry of the most potent compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul G Wyatt
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry CVU UK, GlaxoSmithKline Research and Development Limited, Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Herts SG1 2NY, UK
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