1
|
Abstract
The neoclerodane diterpene salvinorin A is the major active component of the hallucinogenic mint plant Salvia divinorum Epling and Játiva (Lamiaceae). Since the finding that salvinorin A exerts its potent psychotropic actions through the activation of opioid receptors, the site of action of morphine and related analogues, there has been much interest in elucidating the underlying mechanisms behind its effects. These effects are particularly remarkable because (1) salvinorin A is the first reported non-nitrogenous opioid receptor agonist and (2) its effects are not mediated through the previously investigated targets of psychotomimetics. This Perspective outlines our research program, illustrating a new direction to the development of tools to further elucidate the biological mechanisms of drug tolerance and dependence. The information gained from these efforts is expected to facilitate the design of novel agents to treat pain, drug abuse, and other central nervous system disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas E Prisinzano
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas , 1251 Wescoe Hall Drive, 4070 Malott Hall, Lawrence, Kansas 66045-7572, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lovell KM, Prevatt-Smith KM, Lozama A, Prisinzano TE. Synthesis of neoclerodane diterpenes and their pharmacological effects. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2011; 299:141-85. [PMID: 21630517 DOI: 10.1007/128_2010_82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Salvinorin A is a neoclerodane diterpene that has been shown to be an agonist at kappa opioid receptors. Its unique structure makes it an attractive target for synthetic organic chemists due to its seven chiral centers and diterpene scaffold. This molecule is also interesting to pharmacologists because it is a non-serotonergic hallucinogen, and the first opioid ligand discovered that lacks a basic nitrogen. There have been several total synthesis approaches to salvinorin A, and these will be detailed within this chapter. Additionally, research efforts have concentrated on structure modification of the salvinorin A scaffold through semi-synthetic methods. Most modifications have focused on the manipulation of the acetate at C-2 and the furan ring. However, chemistry has also been developed to generate analogs at the C-1 ketone, the C-4 methyl ester, and the C-17 lactone. The synthetic methodologies developed for the salvinorin A scaffold will be described, as well as specific analogs with interesting biological activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly M Lovell
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045-7582, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cunningham CW, Rothman RB, Prisinzano TE. Neuropharmacology of the naturally occurring kappa-opioid hallucinogen salvinorin A. Pharmacol Rev 2011; 63:316-47. [PMID: 21444610 DOI: 10.1124/pr.110.003244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Salvia divinorum is a perennial sage native to Oaxaca, Mexico, that has been used traditionally in divination rituals and as a treatment for the "semimagical" disease panzón de borrego. Because of the intense "out-of-body" experiences reported after inhalation of the pyrolized smoke, S. divinorum has been gaining popularity as a recreational hallucinogen, and the United States and several other countries have regulated its use. Early studies isolated the neoclerodane diterpene salvinorin A as the principal psychoactive constituent responsible for these hallucinogenic effects. Since the finding that salvinorin A exerts its potent psychotropic actions through the activation of KOP receptors, there has been much interest in elucidating the underlying mechanisms behind its effects. These effects are particularly remarkable, because 1) salvinorin A is the first reported non-nitrogenous opioid receptor agonist, and 2) its effects are not mediated by the 5-HT(2A) receptor, the classic target of hallucinogens such as lysergic acid diethylamide and mescaline. Rigorous investigation into the structural features of salvinorin A responsible for opioid receptor affinity and selectivity has produced numerous receptor probes, affinity labels, and tools for evaluating the biological processes responsible for its observed psychological effects. Salvinorin A has therapeutic potential as a treatment for pain, mood and personality disorders, substance abuse, and gastrointestinal disturbances, and suggests that nonalkaloids are potential scaffolds for drug development for aminergic G-protein coupled receptors.
Collapse
|
4
|
Abstract
The isolation, structures and biological activity of the neoclerodane and other natural products obtained from the Mexican hallucinogenic sage, Salvia divinorum are reviewed.
Collapse
|
5
|
Lozama A, Prisinzano TE. Chemical methods for the synthesis and modification of neoclerodane diterpenes. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:5490-5. [PMID: 19679471 PMCID: PMC2977960 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.07.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2009] [Revised: 07/09/2009] [Accepted: 07/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Diterpenes are a structural class of molecules that are derived from four isoprene subunits and are widespread throughout nature. A number of neoclerodane diterpenes have been found to have biological activity but a limited number of chemical investigations have been conducted. Recently, the neoclerodane diterpene, salvinorin A (12) has been investigated due to its unique pharmacological profile. This review will discuss the chemical methods used to chemically modify and synthesize 12.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Lozama
- Division of Medicinal & Natural Products Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52240, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
|
7
|
Abstract
To unambiguously confirm the actual product in autoxidation of salvinorin A under basic conditions, deacetyl-1,10-didehydrosalvinorin G was synthesized from salvinorin C via intermediate salvinorin H. Furthermore, oxidation of salvinorin D with manganese dioxide gave salvinorin G in good yield.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongze Ma
- Bio-Organic and Natural Products Laboratory, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478
| | - David Y. W. Lee
- Bio-Organic and Natural Products Laboratory, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Abstract
In comparison with the NMR data of salvinorin A and its 8-epimer, the published structure of deacetyl-1,10-didehydrosalvinorin G was revised to its 8-epimer. The stereochemistry of 8-epi-deacetyl-1,10-didehydrosalvinorin G was further confirmed by NOESY and chemical synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongze Ma
- Bio-Organic and Natural Products Laboratory, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Munro TA, Duncan KK, Staples RJ, Xu W, Liu-Chen LY, Béguin C, Carlezon WA, Cohen BM. 8-epi-Salvinorin B: crystal structure and affinity at the kappa opioid receptor. Beilstein J Org Chem 2007; 3:1. [PMID: 17212822 PMCID: PMC1805503 DOI: 10.1186/1860-5397-3-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2006] [Accepted: 01/09/2007] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
There have been many reports of epimerization of salvinorins at C-8 under basic conditions, but little evidence has been presented to establish the structure of these compounds. We report here the first crystal structure of an 8-epi-salvinorin or derivative: the title compound, 2b. The lactone adopts a boat conformation with the furan equatorial. Several lines of evidence suggest that epimerization proceeds via enolization of the lactone rather than a previously proposed indirect mechanism. Consistent with the general trend in related compounds, the title compound showed lower affinity at the kappa opioid receptor than the natural epimer salvinorin B (2a). The related 8-epi-acid 4b showed no affinity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Munro
- Mailman Research Center, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill St, Belmont MA 02478-9106, USA
| | - Katharine K Duncan
- Mailman Research Center, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill St, Belmont MA 02478-9106, USA
| | - Richard J Staples
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge MA 02138, USA
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Temple University, 3420 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Lee-Yuan Liu-Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, Temple University, 3420 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Cécile Béguin
- Mailman Research Center, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill St, Belmont MA 02478-9106, USA
| | - William A Carlezon
- Mailman Research Center, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill St, Belmont MA 02478-9106, USA
| | - Bruce M Cohen
- Mailman Research Center, McLean Hospital, 115 Mill St, Belmont MA 02478-9106, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Shirota O, Nagamatsu K, Sekita S. Neo-clerodane diterpenes from the hallucinogenic sage Salvia divinorum. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2006; 69:1782-6. [PMID: 17190459 DOI: 10.1021/np060456f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Seven new neo-clerodane diterpenes, salvidivins A (2), B, (3), C (4), and D (5), salvinorins H (6) and I (7), and divinatorin [corrected] F (8), along with eight known neo-clerodane diterpenes, salvinorins A (1)-F, divinatorins A and B, and seven other constituents, were isolated from the hallucinogenic sage Salvia divinorum. The structures of 1-7 were elucidated on the basis of 2D NMR spectroscopic studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Osamu Shirota
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy and Natural Product Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences at Kagawa Campus, Tokushima Bunri University, 1314-1 Shido, Sanuki-City, Kagawa 769-2193, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Harding WW, Schmidt M, Tidgewell K, Kannan P, Holden KG, Dersch CM, Rothman RB, Prisinzano TE. Synthetic studies of neoclerodane diterpenes from Salvia divinorum: selective modification of the furan ring. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2006; 16:3170-4. [PMID: 16621556 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2006.03.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2006] [Revised: 03/15/2006] [Accepted: 03/16/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A synthetic sequence has been developed to selectively functionalize the furan ring of the natural product salvinorin A (2a). The synthetic routes described convert the furan ring in 2a into an N-sulfonylpyrrole, oxazole or an oxadiazole. In addition, a procedure has been found to remove the furan skeleton completely. Biological results indicate that replacement of the furan ring with an N-sulfonylpyrrole leads to reduced affinity and efficacy at kappa opioid receptors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wayne W Harding
- Division of Medicinal and Natural Products Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Salvinorin A 1, a psychoactive neoclerodane diterpenoid from the Mexican sage S. divinorum, has gained interest as a selective κ-opioid receptor agonist. Non-racemic 3-furylamines 9a and 9b have been prepared from (+)-pseudoephedrine and (–)-ephedrine for application in the stereoselective synthesis of the ketone ring of 1. Diels–Alder reaction of 9b with methyl acrylate in aqueous media, followed by selective ether bridge cleavage, has allowed access to the cyclohexenone 17 with preservation of stereochemistry at C2. A model route to the lactone ring has also been achieved through a one-pot deconjugation/esterification procedure of 2-bromocrotonyl chloride 20 to the furyl alcohol 19 followed by Reformatski-mediated ring closure.
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
This review covers the isolation and structures of diterpenoids, including labdanes, clerodanes,pimaranes, abietanes, kauranes, cembranolides, taxanes and marine diterpenoids. The literature from January to December 2005 is reviewed, and 195 references are cited.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James R Hanson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sussex, Brighton, Sussex BN1 9QJ, UK
| |
Collapse
|