1
|
Daignan-Fornier S, Keita A, Boyer FD. Chemistry of Strigolactones, Key Players in Plant Communication. Chembiochem 2024; 25:e202400133. [PMID: 38607659 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202400133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Today, the use of artificial pesticides is questionable and the adaptation to global warming is a necessity. The promotion of favorable natural interactions in the rhizosphere offers interesting perspectives for changing the type of agriculture. Strigolactones (SLs), the latest class of phytohormones to be discovered, are also chemical mediators in the rhizosphere. We present in this review the diversity of natural SLs, their analogs, mimics, and probes essential for the biological studies of this class of compounds. Their biosynthesis and access by organic synthesis are highlighted especially concerning noncanonical SLs, the more recently discovered natural SLs. Organic synthesis of analogs, stable isotope-labeled standards, mimics, and probes are also reviewed here. In the last part, the knowledge about the SL perception is described as well as the different inhibitors of SL receptors that have been developed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne Daignan-Fornier
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Antoinette Keita
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - François-Didier Boyer
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kang Z, Yan Y, Lu R, Dong X, Xu J, Zheng D, Li S, Gao Q, Liu S. Synthesis and Biological Profiling of Novel Strigolactone Derivatives for Arabidopsis Growth and Development. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:12859-12874. [PMID: 37602432 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c02135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
The artificially synthesized strigolactone (SL) analogue GR24 is currently the most widely used reference compound in studying the biological functions of SLs. To elucidate the structure-activity relationship and find more promising derivatives with unique molecular profiles, we design and synthesized three series of novel GR24 derivatives and explored their activities in hypocotyl and root development of Arabidopsis. Among the 50 synthesized compounds, A11a, A12a, and A20d were found to have high activities comparable to GR24 for hypocotyl and/or primary root elongation inhibition in Arabidopsis. Some new analogues have been discovered to exhibit unique activities: (1) A20c, A21e, and A21o are specific inhibitors in primary root elongation; (2) A21c, A26c, and A27a exhibit a high promotion effect on Arabidopsis primary root elongation; and (3) A27e possesses the most unique profiles completely opposite to GR24 that promotes both hypocotyl elongation and primary root development. Moreover, we revealed that the AtD14 receptor does not affect the inhibitory effect of SL analogues in Arabidopsis root development. The ligand-receptor interactions for the most representative analogues A11a and A27e were deciphered with a long time scale molecular dynamics simulation study, which provides the molecular basis of their distinct functions, and may help scientists design novel phytohormones.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyong Kang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Institute of Molecular Plus, Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education of China), Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Yujie Yan
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Institute of Molecular Plus, Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education of China), Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Ruirui Lu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Agricultural Synthetic Biology, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518124, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqi Dong
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Institute of Molecular Plus, Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education of China), Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Jun Xu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Institute of Molecular Plus, Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education of China), Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| | - Dong Zheng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Agricultural Synthetic Biology, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518124, P. R. China
| | - Suhua Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Agricultural Synthetic Biology, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen 518124, P. R. China
| | - Qingzhi Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Institute of Molecular Plus, Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education of China), Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
- Department of Biology, Gudui BioPharma Technology Inc., 5 Lanyuan Road, Huayuan Industrial Park, Tianjin 300384, P. R. China
| | - Shengnan Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Institute of Molecular Plus, Frontiers Science Center for Synthetic Biology (Ministry of Education of China), Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Waters MT, Nelson DC. Karrikin perception and signalling. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2023; 237:1525-1541. [PMID: 36333982 DOI: 10.1111/nph.18598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Karrikins (KARs) are a class of butenolide compounds found in smoke that were first identified as seed germination stimulants for fire-following species. Early studies of KARs classified the germination and postgermination responses of many plant species and investigated crosstalk with plant hormones that regulate germination. The discovery that Arabidopsis thaliana responds to KARs laid the foundation for identifying mutants with altered KAR responses. Genetic analysis of KAR signalling revealed an unexpected link to strigolactones (SLs), a class of carotenoid-derived plant hormones. Substantial progress has since been made towards understanding how KARs are perceived and regulate plant growth, in no small part due to advances in understanding SL perception. KAR and SL signalling systems are evolutionarily related and retain a high degree of similarity. There is strong evidence that KARs are natural analogues of an endogenous signal(s), KAI2 ligand (KL), which remains unknown. KAR/KL signalling regulates many developmental processes in plants including germination, seedling photomorphogenesis, and root and root hair growth. KAR/KL signalling also affects abiotic stress responses and arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Here, we summarise the current knowledge of KAR/KL signalling and discuss current controversies and unanswered questions in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark T Waters
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, 6009, Australia
| | - David C Nelson
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kang Y, Pang Z, Xu N, Chen F, Jin Z, Xu X. Strigolactone Analogues Derived from Dihydroflavonoids as Potent Seed Germinators for the Broomrapes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:11077-11087. [PMID: 32924502 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b08044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The broomrapes (Orobanche and Phelipanche spp.) and witchweeds (Striga spp.) are a class of parasitic weeds, which are distributed widely in the tropical, subtropical, and temperate areas of the globe. Since they have completely consistent lifecycles with the host plants, it is difficult to control them selectively through using the conventional herbicides. Inducing suicidal germination of these weed seeds by small molecular signaling agents proved to be a promising strategy for the management of parasitic weeds. As a class of naturally occurring terpenoid metabolites, strigolactones (SLs) show significant biological activities including stimulation germination of weed seeds, inhibition of shoot-branching, and so on. However, the widespread application of these natural SLs is greatly limited by their extremely low natural abundance and complex molecular structures. Design and synthesis of the simplified analogues as natural SLs alternatives provide a viable avenue for the efficient control of these parasitic weeds. We herein disclose the development of a novel class of SLs analogues derived from dihydroflavonoids as potent seed germinators of parasitic weeds. It was shown that one of them displayed a higher potential toward the seed germination of the broomrapes than the positive control GR24. The structure-activity relationship of these SLs analogues was further validated on the basis of the binding affinity experiment to strigolactone receptor protein HTL7 by using a YLG fluorescent probe method.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunyao Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhili Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Niuniu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Fangjie Chen
- College of Forestry, Northwest Agriculture & Forest University, Xianyang 712100, Shanxi Province, China
| | - Zhong Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiaohua Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Elemento-organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yasui M, Yamada A, Tsukano C, Hamza A, Pápai I, Takemoto Y. Enantioselective Acetalization by Dynamic Kinetic Resolution for the Synthesis of γ‐Alkoxybutenolides by Thiourea/Quaternary Ammonium Salt Catalysts: Application to Strigolactones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:13479-13483. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202002129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Motohiro Yasui
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Kyoto University Yoshida, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - Ayano Yamada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Kyoto University Yoshida, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - Chihiro Tsukano
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Kyoto University Yoshida, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - Andrea Hamza
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Research Centre for Natural Sciences Magyar tudósok körútja 2 1117 Budapest Hungary
| | - Imre Pápai
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Research Centre for Natural Sciences Magyar tudósok körútja 2 1117 Budapest Hungary
| | - Yoshiji Takemoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Kyoto University Yoshida, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Yasui M, Yamada A, Tsukano C, Hamza A, Pápai I, Takemoto Y. Enantioselective Acetalization by Dynamic Kinetic Resolution for the Synthesis of γ‐Alkoxybutenolides by Thiourea/Quaternary Ammonium Salt Catalysts: Application to Strigolactones. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202002129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Motohiro Yasui
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Kyoto University Yoshida, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - Ayano Yamada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Kyoto University Yoshida, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - Chihiro Tsukano
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Kyoto University Yoshida, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| | - Andrea Hamza
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Research Centre for Natural Sciences Magyar tudósok körútja 2 1117 Budapest Hungary
| | - Imre Pápai
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Research Centre for Natural Sciences Magyar tudósok körútja 2 1117 Budapest Hungary
| | - Yoshiji Takemoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Kyoto University Yoshida, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8501 Japan
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Xiong Z, Tian J, Xue P, Zhang X, Lv H. Enantioselective synthesis of chiral multicyclic γ-lactones via dynamic kinetic resolution of racemic γ-keto carboxylic acids. Org Chem Front 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qo01047e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ru-Catalyzed asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of γ-keto carboxylic acids has been achieved, affording chiral multicyclic γ-lactones in high yields with excellent diastereo- and enantioselectivities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhichao Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences
- Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials
- Ministry of Education
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences
- Wuhan University
| | - Jiangyan Tian
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences
- Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials
- Ministry of Education
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences
- Wuhan University
| | - Peng Xue
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences
- Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials
- Ministry of Education
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences
- Wuhan University
| | - Xumu Zhang
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Department of Chemistry
- South University of Science and Technology of China
- Shenzhen
- P. R. China
| | - Hui Lv
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Polymers of Ministry of Education & College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences
- Engineering Research Center of Organosilicon Compounds & Materials
- Ministry of Education
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences
- Wuhan University
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Touge T, Sakaguchi K, Tamaki N, Nara H, Yokozawa T, Matsumura K, Kayaki Y. Multiple Absolute Stereocontrol in Cascade Lactone Formation via Dynamic Kinetic Resolution Driven by the Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of Keto Acids with Oxo-Tethered Ruthenium Catalysts. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:16354-16361. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b07297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Taichiro Touge
- Corporate Research & Development Division, Takasago International Corporation, 1-4-11 Nishi-yawata, Hiratsuka City, Kanagawa 254-0073, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Sakaguchi
- Corporate Research & Development Division, Takasago International Corporation, 1-4-11 Nishi-yawata, Hiratsuka City, Kanagawa 254-0073, Japan
| | - Nao Tamaki
- Corporate Research & Development Division, Takasago International Corporation, 1-4-11 Nishi-yawata, Hiratsuka City, Kanagawa 254-0073, Japan
| | - Hideki Nara
- Corporate Research & Development Division, Takasago International Corporation, 1-4-11 Nishi-yawata, Hiratsuka City, Kanagawa 254-0073, Japan
| | - Tohru Yokozawa
- Corporate Research & Development Division, Takasago International Corporation, 1-4-11 Nishi-yawata, Hiratsuka City, Kanagawa 254-0073, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Matsumura
- Corporate Research & Development Division, Takasago International Corporation, 1-4-11 Nishi-yawata, Hiratsuka City, Kanagawa 254-0073, Japan
| | - Yoshihito Kayaki
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-okayama 2-12-1-E4-1, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wu W, Li C, Li J, Jiang H. Palladium-catalyzed cascade carboesterification of norbornene with alkynes. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 16:8495-8504. [PMID: 30187057 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob01799a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
An efficient and convenient palladium-catalyzed cascade carboesterification of norbornenes (NBE) with alkynes has been accomplished to afford functionalized α-methylene γ-lactone and tetrahydrofuran derivatives in good to excellent yields. This new strategy exhibits excellent atom- and step-economy, good functional group tolerance and broad substrate scope. In particular, NBE-palladium species was proposed to be the key intermediate in the catalytic cycle to suppress the β-H elimination process. Notably, the developed protocol provides a straightforward and practical tool for the construction of diverse oxygen-containing heterocycle frameworks, illustrating a promising application in synthetic and pharmaceutical chemistry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wanqing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Structural Diversity in Ruthenium-Catalyzed Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation Reactions. TOP ORGANOMETAL CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/3418_2019_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
11
|
Kim HR, Achary R, Lee HK. DBU-Promoted Dynamic Kinetic Resolution in Rh-Catalyzed Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation of 5-Alkyl Cyclic Sulfamidate Imines: Stereoselective Synthesis of Functionalized 1,2-Amino Alcohols. J Org Chem 2018; 83:11987-11999. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b01892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyeong Rae Kim
- Korea Chemical Bank, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, PO Box 107, Yuseong, Daejeon 305-600, Korea
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Science and Technology, 113 Gwahango, Yuseong, Daejeon 305-333, Korea
| | - Raghavendra Achary
- Korea Chemical Bank, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, PO Box 107, Yuseong, Daejeon 305-600, Korea
| | - Hyeon-Kyu Lee
- Korea Chemical Bank, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, PO Box 107, Yuseong, Daejeon 305-600, Korea
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacology, University of Science and Technology, 113 Gwahango, Yuseong, Daejeon 305-333, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bromhead LJ, Norman AR, Snowden KC, Janssen BJ, McErlean CSP. Enantioselective total synthesis and biological evaluation of (-)-solanacol. Org Biomol Chem 2018; 16:5500-5507. [PMID: 30027185 DOI: 10.1039/c8ob01287c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
An enantioselective synthesis of the phenyl ring-containing strioglactone, (-)-solanocol, is described. Application of a Dynamic Kinetic Resolution (DKR) in the stereo-defining step enabled a step-economical synthesis to be achieved, and allowed access to natural and non-natural enantiomers with equal facility. Results of seed germination assays and Differential Scanning Fluorimetry (DSF) measurements with the known strigolactone receptor protein, Decreased Apical Dominance 2 (DAD2), are reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L J Bromhead
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - A R Norman
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - K C Snowden
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169 and Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - B J Janssen
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag 92169 and Auckland Mail Centre, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - C S P McErlean
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Cheng T, Wang D, Wang Y, Zhang S, Zhang C, Liu S, Xi Y, Sun F. Identification and functional characterization of a MAX2 ortholog from switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 128:106-114. [PMID: 29775862 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) is a sustainable cellulosic energy crop with high biomass yield on marginal soils. Tillering, an important agronomic characteristic related to biomass production in gramineous plants, is regulated by complex interacting factors, such as plant hormones. Strigolactones (SLs) comprise a novel class of plant hormones that inhibit shoot branching. The MORE AXILLARY GROWTH2 (MAX2)/DWARF 3 (D3)/RAMOSUS (RMS4) genes encode proteins involved in the SL signaling pathway in various plants. The switchgrass tetraploid genome likely contains two high-similarity MAX2 homologs, one of which is 6 bp longer than the other. The longest is named PvMAX2 and is the ortholog of MAX2 in Arabidopsis, D3 in rice, and RMS4 in petunia. PvMAX2 is expressed ubiquitously in switchgrass tissues, with higher expression levels observed in the stem and shoot. PvMAX2 gene expression is upregulated by GR24, a synthetic SL analog. Ectopic expression of PvMAX2 in the Arabidopsis max2 mutant rescued the dwarf and bushy phenotypes and small leaf size in the mutant, suggesting that functions of AtMAX2 in Arabidopsis are conserved in PvMAX2. Ectopic PvMAX2 expression also restored the wild-type primary root and hypocotyl length phenotypes and restored the response to GR24. These results indicate that PvMAX2 may play an important role in switchgrass tillering through the SL pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Cheng
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Donghua Wang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yongfeng Wang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Shumeng Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Shudong Liu
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Yajun Xi
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Fengli Sun
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Yasui M, Ota R, Tsukano C, Takemoto Y. Total synthesis of avenaol. Nat Commun 2017; 8:674. [PMID: 28939863 PMCID: PMC5610312 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00792-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Avenaol, isolated from the allelopathic plant black oat, was the first C20 germination stimulant related to strigolactones. Structurally, it consisted of a bicyclo[4.1.0]heptanone skeleton containing a cyclopropane ring bearing three main chains projecting in the same direction (i.e. all-cis-substituted cyclopropane). Herein, we report the total synthesis of avenaol using a robust strategy involving the formation of an all-cis-substituted cyclopropane via an alkylidenecyclopropane. The key factors in the success of this total synthesis include the Rh-catalysed intramolecular cyclopropanation of an allene, an Ir-catalysed stereoselective double-bond isomerisation, and the differentiation of two hydroxymethyl groups via the regioselective formation and oxidation of a tetrahydropyran based on the reactivity of a cyclopropyl group. This strategy effectively avoids the undesired ring opening of the cyclopropane ring and the formation of a caged structure. Furthermore, this study confirms the proposed structure of avenaol, including its unique all-cis-substituted cyclopropane moiety.Avenaol is a potent germination stimulant that can be extracted from black oat. Here, the authors report the total synthesis of avenaol by developing a strategy to access all-cis-substituted cyclopropanes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Motohiro Yasui
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Rina Ota
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Chihiro Tsukano
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
| | - Yoshiji Takemoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
|
16
|
Bhat V, Welin ER, Guo X, Stoltz BM. Advances in Stereoconvergent Catalysis from 2005 to 2015: Transition-Metal-Mediated Stereoablative Reactions, Dynamic Kinetic Resolutions, and Dynamic Kinetic Asymmetric Transformations. Chem Rev 2017; 117:4528-4561. [PMID: 28164696 PMCID: PMC5516946 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Stereoconvergent catalysis is an important subset of asymmetric synthesis that encompasses stereoablative transformations, dynamic kinetic resolutions, and dynamic kinetic asymmetric transformations. Initially, only enzymes were known to catalyze dynamic kinetic processes, but recently various synthetic catalysts have been developed. This Review summarizes major advances in nonenzymatic, transition-metal-promoted dynamic asymmetric transformations reported between 2005 and 2015.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Eric R. Welin
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | | | - Brian M. Stoltz
- The Warren and Katharine Schlinger Laboratory of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Lumbroso A, Villedieu-Percheron E, Zurwerra D, Screpanti C, Lachia M, Dakas PY, Castelli L, Paul V, Wolf HC, Sayer D, Beck A, Rendine S, Fonné-Pfister R, De Mesmaeker A. Simplified strigolactams as potent analogues of strigolactones for the seed germination induction of Orobanche cumana Wallr. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2016; 72:2054-2068. [PMID: 26940902 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Strigolactones play an important role in the rhizosphere as signalling molecules stimulating the seed germination of parasitic weed seeds and hyphal branching of arbuscular micorrhiza, and also act as hormones in plant roots and shoots. Strigolactone derivatives, e.g. strigolactams, could be used as suicidal germination inducers in the absence of a host crop for the decontamination of land infested with parasitic weed seeds. RESULTS We report the stereoselective synthesis of novel strigolactams, together with some of their critical physicochemical properties, such as water solubility, hydrolytic stability, as well as their short soil persistence. In addition, we show that such strigolactams are potent germination stimulants of O. cumana parasitic weed seeds and do not affect the seed germination and the root growth of sunflower. CONCLUSIONS The novel strigolactam derivatives described here compare favourably with the corresponding GR-28 strigolactones in terms of biological activity and physicochemical properties. However, we believe strigolactone and strigolactam derivatives require further structural optimisation to improve their soil persistence to demonstrate a potential for agronomical applications. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Lumbroso
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Crop Protection Research, Schaffhauserstrasse, Stein, Switzerland
| | | | - Didier Zurwerra
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Crop Protection Research, Schaffhauserstrasse, Stein, Switzerland
| | - Claudio Screpanti
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Crop Protection Research, Schaffhauserstrasse, Stein, Switzerland
| | - Mathilde Lachia
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Crop Protection Research, Schaffhauserstrasse, Stein, Switzerland
| | - Pierre-Yves Dakas
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Crop Protection Research, Schaffhauserstrasse, Stein, Switzerland
| | - Laure Castelli
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Crop Protection Research, Schaffhauserstrasse, Stein, Switzerland
| | - Verity Paul
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Crop Protection Research, Schaffhauserstrasse, Stein, Switzerland
| | - Hanno Christian Wolf
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Crop Protection Research, Schaffhauserstrasse, Stein, Switzerland
| | - Danielle Sayer
- Syngenta Crop Protection Research, Jealotts Hill International Research Centre, Bracknell, Berkshire, UK
| | - Andreas Beck
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Crop Protection Research, Schaffhauserstrasse, Stein, Switzerland
| | - Stefano Rendine
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Crop Protection Research, Schaffhauserstrasse, Stein, Switzerland
| | - Raymonde Fonné-Pfister
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Crop Protection Research, Schaffhauserstrasse, Stein, Switzerland
| | - Alain De Mesmaeker
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG, Crop Protection Research, Schaffhauserstrasse, Stein, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Takahashi A, Ogura Y, Enomoto M, Kuwahara S. Enantioselective synthesis of the tricyclic core of (+)-strigol. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.08.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
19
|
Wang G, Wang ZY, Niu SS, Rao Y, Cheng Y. The Reaction of 2-Aroylvinylcinnamaldehydes with Aromatic Aldehydes by Dual Catalysis with a Chiral N-Heterocyclic Carbene and a Lewis Acid: Enantioselective Construction of Tetrahydroindeno[1,2-c]furan-1-ones. J Org Chem 2016; 81:8276-86. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b01362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Zhan-Yong Wang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Shuang-Shuo Niu
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yin Rao
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Ying Cheng
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Foo E, Blake SN, Fisher BJ, Smith JA, Reid JB. The role of strigolactones during plant interactions with the pathogenic fungus Fusarium oxysporum. PLANTA 2016; 243:1387-96. [PMID: 26725046 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-015-2449-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
MAIN CONCLUSION Strigolactones (SLs) do not influence spore germination or hyphal growth of Fusarium oxysporum. Mutant studies revealed no role for SLs but a role for ethylene signalling in defence against this pathogen in pea. Strigolactones (SLs) play important roles both inside the plant as a hormone and outside the plant as a rhizosphere signal in interactions with mycorrhizal fungi and parasitic weeds. What is less well understood is any potential role SLs may play in interactions with disease causing microbes such as pathogenic fungi. In this paper we investigate the influence of SLs on the hemibiotrophic pathogen Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. pisi both directly via their effects on fungal growth and inside the plant through the use of a mutant deficient in SL. Given that various stereoisomers of synthetic and naturally occuring SLs can display different biological activities, we used (+)-GR24, (-)-GR24 and the naturally occurring SL, (+)-strigol, as well as a racemic mixture of 5-deoxystrigol. As a positive control, we examined the influence of a plant mutant with altered ethylene signalling, ein2, on disease development. We found no evidence that SLs influence spore germination or hyphal growth of Fusarium oxysporum and that, while ethylene signalling influences pea susceptibility to this pathogen, SLs do not.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eloise Foo
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia.
| | - Sara N Blake
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
| | - Brendan J Fisher
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
| | - Jason A Smith
- School of Physical Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
| | - James B Reid
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 55, Hobart, TAS, 7001, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Madmon O, Mazuz M, Kumari P, Dam A, Ion A, Mayzlish-Gati E, Belausov E, Wininger S, Abu-Abied M, McErlean CSP, Bromhead LJ, Perl-Treves R, Prandi C, Kapulnik Y, Koltai H. Expression of MAX2 under SCARECROW promoter enhances the strigolactone/MAX2 dependent response of Arabidopsis roots to low-phosphate conditions. PLANTA 2016; 243:1419-1427. [PMID: 26919985 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-016-2477-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
MAX2/strigolactone signaling in the endodermis and/or quiescent center of the root is partially sufficient to exert changes in F-actin density and cellular trafficking in the root epidermis, and alter gene expression during plant response to low Pi conditions. Strigolactones (SLs) are a new group of plant hormones that regulate different developmental processes in the plant via MAX2, an F-box protein that interacts with their receptor. SLs and MAX2 are necessary for the marked increase in root-hair (RH) density in seedlings under conditions of phosphate (Pi) deprivation. This marked elevation was associated with an active reduction in actin-filament density and endosomal movement in root epidermal cells. Also, expression of MAX2 under the SCARECROW (SCR) promoter was sufficient to confer SL sensitivity in roots, suggesting that SL signaling pathways act through a root-specific, yet non-cell-autonomous regulatory mode of action. Here we show evidence for a non-cell autonomous signaling of SL/MAX2, originating from the root endodermis, and necessary for seedling response to conditions of Pi deprivation. SCR-derived expression of MAX2 in max2-1 mutant background promoted the root low Pi response, whereas supplementation of the synthetic SL GR24 to these SCR:MAX2 expressing lines further enhanced this response. Moreover, the SCR:MAX2 expression led to changes in actin density and endosome movement in epidermal cells and in TIR1 and PHO2 gene expression. These results demonstrate that MAX2 signaling in the endodermis and/or quiescent center is partially sufficient to exert changes in F-actin density and cellular trafficking in the epidermis, and alter gene expression under low Pi conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ortal Madmon
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, 50250, Bet Dagan, Israel
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, 52900, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Moran Mazuz
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, 50250, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Puja Kumari
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, 50250, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Anandamoy Dam
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, 50250, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Aurel Ion
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, 50250, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Einav Mayzlish-Gati
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, 50250, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Eduard Belausov
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, 50250, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Smadar Wininger
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, 50250, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Mohamad Abu-Abied
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, 50250, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | | | - Liam J Bromhead
- School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Rafael Perl-Treves
- The Mina and Everard Goodman Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, 52900, Ramat-Gan, Israel
| | - Cristina Prandi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Turin University, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Yoram Kapulnik
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, 50250, Bet Dagan, Israel
| | - Hinanit Koltai
- Institute of Plant Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO), The Volcani Center, 50250, Bet Dagan, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Morris JC, McErlean CSP. Synthesis of highly enantio-enriched stereoisomers of hydroxy-GR24. Org Biomol Chem 2016; 14:1236-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob02349a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In contrast to a biomimetic electrophilic cyclisation cascade, we employ a contra-biomimetic nucleophilic cyclisation cascade to give the tricyclic core of 4-hydroxy-GR24 in a single step.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J. C. Morris
- School of Chemistry
- The University of Sydney
- Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zwanenburg B, Ćavar Zeljković S, Pospíšil T. Synthesis of strigolactones, a strategic account. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2016; 72:15-29. [PMID: 26304779 DOI: 10.1002/ps.4105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Strigolactones (SLs) constitute a new class of plant hormones that have received growing interest in recent years. They firstly became known as signalling molecules for host recognition by parasitic plants, and for symbiosis of plants with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Furthermore, they are involved in numerous physiological processes in plants, such as the regulation of plant architecture and the response to abiotic factors. SLs are produced by plants in extremely low quantities, and they may be unstable during the purification process. Therefore, their total synthesis is highly relevant for confirming the structures assigned on the basis of spectroscopic and other physical data. A second important theme in SL research is the design and synthesis of SL analogues that have a simplified structure while still featuring the essential bioproperties. This review summarises the strategy and synthesis of naturally occurring SLs, and the design and synthesis of SL analogues with appreciable bioactivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Binne Zwanenburg
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Cluster of Organic Chemistry, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Palacky University, Faculty of Science, Centre of Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Growth Regulators, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Sanja Ćavar Zeljković
- Palacky University, Faculty of Science, Centre of Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Central Laboratories and Research Support, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Pospíšil
- Palacky University, Faculty of Science, Centre of Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Growth Regulators, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Cheng Y, Ding WH, Long Q, Zhao M, Yang J, Li XQ. Synthesis of stable isotopically labelled 3-methylfuran-2(5H)-one and the corresponding strigolactones. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2015; 58:355-60. [PMID: 26179068 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2015] [Revised: 05/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Conventional synthetic procedures of strigolactones (SLs) involve the independent synthesis of ring ABC and ring D, followed by a coupling of the two fragments. Here we prepared three kinds of stable, isotopically labelled D-ring analogues productively using a facile protocol. Then, a coupling of the D-rings to ring ABC produced three isotope-labelled SL derivatives. Moreover, (+)-D3-2'-epi-1A and (-)-ent-D3-2'-epi-1A with high enantiomeric purity were obtained via chiral resolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Cheng
- Institute of Applied Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Wen-hui Ding
- Institute of Applied Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Qin Long
- Institute of Applied Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Min Zhao
- Institute of Applied Chemistry, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Mei Long Road, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Center for Advanced materials, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 354 Ling Ling Lu, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xiao-qiang Li
- Center for Advanced materials, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 354 Ling Ling Lu, Shanghai, 200032, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
|
26
|
Tan Y, Li J, Huo J, Xue F, Wang Z. Synthesis of 2(5H)-Furanone Derivatives with Symmetrical and Unsymmetrical Bis-1,2,3-triazole Structure. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2014.914220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuehe Tan
- a School of Chemistry and Environment , South China Normal University, Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education , Guangzhou , China
| | - Jianxiao Li
- a School of Chemistry and Environment , South China Normal University, Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education , Guangzhou , China
| | - Jingpei Huo
- a School of Chemistry and Environment , South China Normal University, Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education , Guangzhou , China
| | - Fuling Xue
- a School of Chemistry and Environment , South China Normal University, Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education , Guangzhou , China
| | - Zhaoyang Wang
- a School of Chemistry and Environment , South China Normal University, Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education , Guangzhou , China
| |
Collapse
|