1
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Li SW, Yu DD, Su MZ, Yao LG, Wang H, Liu X, Guo YW. Ocellatuspyrones A‒G, new antibacterial polypropionates from the Chinese mollusk Placobranchus ocellatus. MARINE LIFE SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 5:373-386. [PMID: 37637258 PMCID: PMC10449759 DOI: 10.1007/s42995-023-00179-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Marine invertebrates serve as rich sources of secondary metabolites with intriguing chemical diversities and a wide spectrum of biological activities. Particularly, marine shell-less sacoglossan mollusks have attracted much attentions due to the fact that mollusks apply complex metabolites as chemical defense agents against to their predators. With the purpose of discovering bioactive secondary metabolites to develop marine-derived medicines from the South China Sea, we have conducted a chemical study on the photosynthetic mollusk Placobranchus ocellatus. As a result, seven new γ-pyrone polypropionates, namely ( ±)-ocellatuspyrone A (1), ( ±)-ocellatuspyrone B (2), and ocellatuspyrones C-G (5, 9-12), along with five known polypropionates, have been isolated and characterized from the South China Sea photosynthetic mollusk Placobranchus ocellatus. Extensive spectroscopic analysis, single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis, modified Mosher's method, ECD comparison, CD exciton chirality method, TDDFT-ECD calculation, and chemical conversion were used to determine the structures and absolute configurations of the new compounds and the stereochemistry of undefined known compounds 4, 6 and 7. All these isolated polypropionates were evaluated in bioassays for their biological activities, including antibacterial, neuroprotective effect, anti-inflammatory, PTP1B inhibitory, and antiviral activities. Compounds 7, 8 and 11 were found for the first time to show antibacterial activity against fish pathogenic bacteria Streptococcus parauberis (the main pathogen causing fish streptococcal infections and acute death) with MIC values of 35.8, 34.2, and 37.4 μg/mL, respectively, which might be potential novel antibacterial agents for the treatment of fish infectious diseases. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42995-023-00179-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song-Wei Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 China
| | - Dan-Dan Yu
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai, 264117 China
| | - Ming-Zhi Su
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai, 264117 China
| | - Li-Gong Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China
| | - Hong Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 China
| | - Xueting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237 China
| | - Yue-Wei Guo
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014 China
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201203 China
- Shandong Laboratory of Yantai Drug Discovery, Bohai Rim Advanced Research Institute for Drug Discovery, Yantai, 264117 China
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2
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Cormier M, Hernvann F, De Paolis M. Synthetic study toward tridachiapyrone B. Beilstein J Org Chem 2022; 18:1741-1748. [PMID: 36628263 PMCID: PMC9795862 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.18.183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A convergent approach to the skeleton of tridachiapyrone B is described taking advantage of the desymmetrization of α,α'-dimethoxy-γ-pyrone leading to α-crotyl-α'-methoxy-γ-pyrone in one step. To construct the quaternary carbon of the 2,5-cyclohexadienone of the target, a strategy based on the Robinson-type annulation of an aldehyde derived from α-crotyl-α'-methoxy-γ-pyrone was applied. The grafting of the simplified target's side chain was demonstrated through an oxidative anionic oxy-Cope rearrangement of the tertiary alcohol arising from the 1,2-addition of a 1,3-dimethylallyl reagent to 2,5-cyclohexadienone connected to the α'-methoxy-γ-pyrone motif.
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3
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Bouthillette LM, Aniebok V, Colosimo DA, Brumley D, MacMillan JB. Nonenzymatic Reactions in Natural Product Formation. Chem Rev 2022; 122:14815-14841. [PMID: 36006409 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Biosynthetic mechanisms of natural products primarily depend on systems of protein catalysts. However, within the field of biosynthesis, there are cases in which the inherent chemical reactivity of metabolic intermediates and substrates evades the involvement of enzymes. These reactions are difficult to characterize based on their reactivity and occlusion within the milieu of the cellular environment. As we continue to build a strong foundation for how microbes and higher organisms produce natural products, therein lies a need for understanding how protein independent or nonenzymatic biosynthetic steps can occur. We have classified such reactions into four categories: intramolecular, multicomponent, tailoring, and light-induced reactions. Intramolecular reactions is one of the most well studied in the context of biomimetic synthesis, consisting of cyclizations and cycloadditions due to the innate reactivity of the intermediates. There are two subclasses that make up multicomponent reactions, one being homologous multicomponent reactions which results in dimeric and pseudodimeric natural products, and the other being heterologous multicomponent reactions, where two or more precursors from independent biosynthetic pathways undergo a variety of reactions to produce the mature natural product. The third type of reaction discussed are tailoring reactions, where postmodifications occur on the natural products after the biosynthetic machinery is completed. The last category consists of light-induced reactions involving ecologically relevant UV light rather than high intensity UV irradiation that is traditionally used in synthetic chemistry. This review will cover recent nonenzymatic biosynthetic mechanisms and include sources for those reviewed previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah M Bouthillette
- Deparment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Victor Aniebok
- Deparment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Dominic A Colosimo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390 United States
| | - David Brumley
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390 United States
| | - John B MacMillan
- Deparment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390 United States
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4
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Patel HD, Fallon T. Two Steps to Bicyclo[4.2.0]octadienes from Cyclooctatetraene: Total Synthesis of Kingianic Acid A. Org Lett 2022; 24:2276-2281. [PMID: 35293754 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.2c00325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic approaches to bicyclo[4.2.0]octadiene natural products frequently employ the synthesis of linear tetraenes to initiate a biosynthetic 8π/6π-electrocyclization cascade. This work forges a functionalized bicyclo[4.2.0]octadiene in two steps from cyclooctatetraene. The versatility of this method is demonstrated through natural product synthesis, including the first total synthesis of kingianic acid A and formal syntheses of kingianins A, D, and F and cryptobeilic acid D ethyl ester. The unexpected formation of an E,E,Z,E-tetraene byproduct is rationalized through density functional theory modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshal D Patel
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005 (Australia)
| | - Thomas Fallon
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005 (Australia)
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5
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Yahiaoui O, Almass A, Fallon T. Total synthesis of endiandric acid J and beilcyclone A from cyclooctatetraene. Chem Sci 2020; 11:9421-9425. [PMID: 34094208 PMCID: PMC8161681 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc03073b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The endiandric acids are classic targets in natural product synthesis. The spectacular 8π/6π-electrocylisation/intramolecular Diels-Alder (8π/6π/IMDA) reaction cascade at the heart of their biosynthesis has inspired practitioners and students of pericyclic chemistry for nearly forty years. All previous synthetic approaches have sought to prepare a linear tetraene and thereby initiate the cascade. In this communication we demonstrate the use of cyclooctatetraene to rapidly intercept the 8π/6π/IMDA cascade at the cyclooctatriene stage. Endiandric acid J and beilcyclone A are prepared for the first time in six and five steps, respectively. The strategy features a tactical overall anti-vicinal difunctionalisation of cyclooctatetraene through SN2' alkylation of cyclooctatetraene oxide followed by an intriguing tandem Claisen rearrangement/6π-electrocyclisation from the corresponding vinyl ether. This rapidly constructs an advanced bicyclo[4.2.0]octadiene aldehyde intermediate. Olefinations and intramolecular Diels-Alder cycloadditions complete the syntheses. This establishes a short and efficient new path to the endiandric acid natural products. DFT modelling predicts thermal racemisation of bicyclo[4.2.0]octadiene intermediates, dashing hopes of enantioselective synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oussama Yahiaoui
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide Adelaide SA 5005 Australia
| | - Adrian Almass
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide Adelaide SA 5005 Australia
| | - Thomas Fallon
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Adelaide Adelaide SA 5005 Australia
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6
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Torres JP, Lin Z, Winter JM, Krug PJ, Schmidt EW. Animal biosynthesis of complex polyketides in a photosynthetic partnership. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2882. [PMID: 32513940 PMCID: PMC7280274 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16376-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex polyketides are typically associated with microbial metabolism. Here, we report that animals also make complex, microbe-like polyketides. We show there is a widespread branch of fatty acid synthase- (FAS)-like polyketide synthase (PKS) proteins, which sacoglossan animals use to synthesize complex products. The purified sacogolassan protein EcPKS1 uses only methylmalonyl-CoA as a substrate, otherwise unknown in animal lipid metabolism. Sacoglossans are sea slugs, some of which eat algae, digesting the cells but maintaining functional chloroplasts. Here, we provide evidence that polyketides support this unusual photosynthetic partnership. The FAS-like PKS family represents an uncharacterized branch of polyketide and fatty acid metabolism, encoding a large diversity of biomedically relevant animal enzymes and chemicals awaiting discovery. The biochemical characterization of an intact animal polyketide biosynthetic enzyme opens the door to understanding the immense untapped metabolic potential of metazoans. Complex polyketides are usually produced by microbes, whereas the origin of polyketides found in animals remained unknown. This study shows that sacoglossan animals, such as sea slugs, employ fatty acid synthase-like proteins to produce microbe-like polyketides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua P Torres
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Zhenjian Lin
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Jaclyn M Winter
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Patrick J Krug
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA
| | - Eric W Schmidt
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
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7
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Wu Q, Li SW, Xu H, Wang H, Hu P, Zhang H, Luo C, Chen KX, Nay B, Guo YW, Li XW. Complex Polypropionates from a South China Sea Photosynthetic Mollusk: Isolation and Biomimetic Synthesis Highlighting Novel Rearrangements. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:12105-12112. [PMID: 32277730 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202003643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Placobranchus ocellatus is well known to produce diverse and complex γ-pyrone polypropionates. In this study, the chemical investigation of P. ocellatus from the South China Sea led to the discovery and identification of ocellatusones A-D, a series of racemic non-γ-pyrone polyketides with novel skeletons, characterized by a bicyclo[3.2.1]octane (1, 2), a bicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (3) or a mesitylene-substituted dimethylfuran-3(2H)-one core (4). Extensive spectroscopic analysis, quantum chemical computation, chemical synthesis, and/or X-ray diffraction analysis were used to determine the structure and absolute configuration of the new compounds, including each enantiomer of racemic compounds 1-4 after chiral HPLC resolution. An array of new and diversity-generating rearrangements is proposed to explain the biosynthesis of these unusual compounds based on careful structural analysis and comparison with six known co-occurring γ-pyrones (5-10). Furthermore, the successful biomimetic semisynthesis of ocellatusone A (1) confirmed the proposed rearrangement through an unprecedented acid induced cascade reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai, 201203, China.,College of Pharmaceutical Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Song-Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai, 201203, China.,Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Heng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Hong Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Pei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Cheng Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai, 201203, China.,Open Studio for Druggability Research of Marine Natural Products, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, 1 Wenhai Road, Aoshanwei, Jimo, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Kai-Xian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai, 201203, China.,Open Studio for Druggability Research of Marine Natural Products, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, 1 Wenhai Road, Aoshanwei, Jimo, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Bastien Nay
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique, Ecole Polytechnique, ENSTA, CNRS, Institut Polytechnique de Paris, 91128, Palaiseau Cedex, France
| | - Yue-Wei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai, 201203, China.,Open Studio for Druggability Research of Marine Natural Products, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, 1 Wenhai Road, Aoshanwei, Jimo, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Xu-Wen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai, 201203, China.,Open Studio for Druggability Research of Marine Natural Products, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, 1 Wenhai Road, Aoshanwei, Jimo, Qingdao, 266237, China
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8
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Wu Q, Li S, Xu H, Wang H, Hu P, Zhang H, Luo C, Chen K, Nay B, Guo Y, Li X. Complex Polypropionates from a South China Sea Photosynthetic Mollusk: Isolation and Biomimetic Synthesis Highlighting Novel Rearrangements. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202003643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qihao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park Shanghai 201203 China
- College of Pharmaceutical Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 China
| | - Song‐Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park Shanghai 201203 China
- Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine 138 Xianlin Road Nanjing 210023 China
| | - Heng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Hong Wang
- College of Pharmaceutical Science and Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou 310014 China
| | - Pei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Hao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Cheng Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park Shanghai 201203 China
- Open Studio for Druggability Research of Marine Natural Products Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology 1 Wenhai Road, Aoshanwei, Jimo Qingdao 266237 China
| | - Kai‐Xian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park Shanghai 201203 China
- Open Studio for Druggability Research of Marine Natural Products Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology 1 Wenhai Road, Aoshanwei, Jimo Qingdao 266237 China
| | - Bastien Nay
- Laboratoire de Synthèse Organique Ecole Polytechnique, ENSTA CNRS, Institut Polytechnique de Paris 91128 Palaiseau Cedex France
| | - Yue‐Wei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park Shanghai 201203 China
- Open Studio for Druggability Research of Marine Natural Products Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology 1 Wenhai Road, Aoshanwei, Jimo Qingdao 266237 China
| | - Xu‐Wen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica Chinese Academy of Sciences 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park Shanghai 201203 China
- Open Studio for Druggability Research of Marine Natural Products Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology 1 Wenhai Road, Aoshanwei, Jimo Qingdao 266237 China
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9
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Li J, Liu C, He J, Xu S, Zhao X, Zhu Y, Cao S. Ligand-controlled copper-catalyzed 1,2 or 1,4-protoborylation of 2-trifluoromethyl-1,3-conjugated enynes. Org Chem Front 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0qo00445f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
A novel ligand-controlled highly regioselective synthesis of CF3-substituted homopropargylboronates and homoallenylboronates via copper-catalyzed 1,2 or 1,4-protoborylation of 2-trifluoromethyl-1,3-conjugated enynes with B2pin2 was developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialu Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology
- School of Pharmacy
- East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST)
- Shanghai 200237
- China
| | - Chuan Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology
- School of Pharmacy
- East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST)
- Shanghai 200237
- China
| | - Jingjing He
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology
- School of Pharmacy
- East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST)
- Shanghai 200237
- China
| | - Sixue Xu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology
- School of Pharmacy
- East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST)
- Shanghai 200237
- China
| | - Xianghu Zhao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology
- School of Pharmacy
- East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST)
- Shanghai 200237
- China
| | - Yue Zhu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology
- School of Pharmacy
- East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST)
- Shanghai 200237
- China
| | - Song Cao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology
- School of Pharmacy
- East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST)
- Shanghai 200237
- China
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10
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Abstract
Exploration of structurally novel natural products greatly facilitates the discovery of biologically active pharmacophores that are biologically validated starting points for the development of new drugs. Endophytes that colonize the internal tissues of plant species, have been proven to produce a large number of structurally diverse secondary metabolites. These molecules exhibit remarkable biological activities, including antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-inflammatory and antiviral properties, to name but a few. This review surveys the structurally diverse natural products with new carbon skeletons, unusual ring systems, or rare structural moieties that have been isolated from endophytes between 1996 and 2016. It covers their structures and bioactivities. Biosynthesis and/or total syntheses of some important compounds are also highlighted. Some novel secondary metabolites with marked biological activities might deserve more attention from chemists and biologists in further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Gao
- Department of Natural Medicine and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China.
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Natural Medicine and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China.
| | - Hong-Xiang Lou
- Department of Natural Medicine and Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266021, China.
- Department of Natural Product Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, No. 44 West Wenhua Road, Jinan 250012, China.
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11
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12
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Bebbington MWP. Natural product analogues: towards a blueprint for analogue-focused synthesis. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:5059-5109. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00842a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
A review of approaches to natural product analogues leads to the suggestion of new methods for the generation of biologically active natural product-like scaffolds.
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13
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Meier
- Department Chemie; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; 81377 München Deutschland
| | - Dirk Trauner
- Department Chemie; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; 81377 München Deutschland
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14
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Meier R, Trauner D. A Synthesis of (±)-Aplydactone. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:11251-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201604102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robin Meier
- Department of Chemistry; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; 81377 Munich Germany
| | - Dirk Trauner
- Department of Chemistry; Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München; 81377 Munich Germany
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15
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Henrot M, Jean A, Peixoto PA, Maddaluno J, De Paolis M. Flexible Total Synthesis of (±)-Aureothin, a Potent Antiproliferative Agent. J Org Chem 2016; 81:5190-201. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b00878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Henrot
- COBRA-IRCOF, CNRS, Université & INSA de Rouen, Mont Saint Aignan, France
| | - Alexandre Jean
- COBRA-IRCOF, CNRS, Université & INSA de Rouen, Mont Saint Aignan, France
| | | | - Jacques Maddaluno
- COBRA-IRCOF, CNRS, Université & INSA de Rouen, Mont Saint Aignan, France
| | - Michaël De Paolis
- COBRA-IRCOF, CNRS, Université & INSA de Rouen, Mont Saint Aignan, France
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16
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Is phototridachiahydropyrone a true natural product? REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE FARMACOGNOSIA-BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF PHARMACOGNOSY 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjp.2015.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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17
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Cañeque T, Gomes F, Mai TT, Maestri G, Malacria M, Rodriguez R. Synthesis of marmycin A and investigation into its cellular activity. Nat Chem 2015; 7:744-51. [PMID: 26291947 PMCID: PMC5892709 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.2302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Anthracyclines such as doxorubicin are used extensively in the treatment of cancers. Anthraquinone-related angucyclines also exhibit antiproliferative properties and have been proposed to operate via similar mechanisms, including direct genome targeting. Here, we report the chemical synthesis of marmycin A and the study of its cellular activity. The aromatic core was constructed by means of a one-pot multistep reaction comprising a regioselective Diels-Alder cycloaddition, and the complex sugar backbone was introduced through a copper-catalysed Ullmann cross-coupling, followed by a challenging Friedel-Crafts cyclization. Remarkably, fluorescence microscopy revealed that marmycin A does not target the nucleus but instead accumulates in lysosomes, thereby promoting cell death independently of genome targeting. Furthermore, a synthetic dimer of marmycin A and the lysosome-targeting agent artesunate exhibited a synergistic activity against the invasive MDA-MB-231 cancer cell line. These findings shed light on the elusive pathways through which anthraquinone derivatives act in cells, pointing towards unanticipated biological and therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Cañeque
- Centre de Recherche de Gif, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles du CNRS, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, Gif sur-Yvette 91198, France
| | - Filipe Gomes
- Centre de Recherche de Gif, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles du CNRS, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, Gif sur-Yvette 91198, France
| | - Trang Thi Mai
- Centre de Recherche de Gif, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles du CNRS, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, Gif sur-Yvette 91198, France
| | - Giovanni Maestri
- Centre de Recherche de Gif, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles du CNRS, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, Gif sur-Yvette 91198, France
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/a, Parma 43124, Italy
| | - Max Malacria
- Centre de Recherche de Gif, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles du CNRS, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, Gif sur-Yvette 91198, France
- Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR CNRS 8232, Paris CEDEX 05 75252, France
| | - Raphaël Rodriguez
- Centre de Recherche de Gif, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles du CNRS, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, Gif sur-Yvette 91198, France
- Institut Curie Research Center, Organic Synthesis and Cell Biology Group, 26 rue d’Ulm, Paris Cedex 05 75248, France
- CNRS UMR 3666, Paris 75005, France
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Hoffmeister L, Fukuda T, Pototschnig G, Fürstner A. Total Synthesis of an Exceptional Brominated 4-Pyrone Derivative of Algal Origin: An Exercise in Gold Catalysis and Alkyne Metathesis. Chemistry 2015; 21:4529-33. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201500437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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20
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Patel A, Houk KN. Terminal substituent effects on the reactivity, thermodynamics, and stereoselectivity of the 8π-6π electrocyclization cascades of 1,3,5,7-tetraenes. J Org Chem 2014; 79:11370-7. [PMID: 25358094 PMCID: PMC4260667 DOI: 10.1021/jo5015728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
M06-2X/6-31+G(d,p) computations are reported for the 8π-6π electrocyclization cascades of 1,3,5,7-tetraenes. The rate-determining step for these cascades is typically the second (6π) ring closure. According to experiment and theory, un- and monosubstituted tetraenes readily undergo 8π electrocyclic ring closure to form 1,3,5-cyclooctatrienes; however, the 6π electrocyclizations of these cyclooctatriene intermediates are slow and reversible, and mixtures of monocyclic and bicyclic products are formed. Computations indicate that di- and trisubstituted tetraenes undergo facile but less exergonic 8π electrocyclization due to a steric clash that destabilizes the 1,3,5-cyclooctatriene intermediates. Relief of this steric clash ensures the subsequent 6π ring closures of these intermediates are both kinetically facile and thermodynamically favorable, and only the bicyclic products are observed for the cascade reactions of naturally occurring tri- and tetrasubstituted tetraenes (in agreement with computations). The 6π electrocyclization step of these cascade electrocyclizations is also potentially diastereoselective, and di- and trisubstituted tetraenes often undergo cascade reactions with high diastereoselectivities. The exo mode of ring closure is favored for these 6π electrocyclizations due to a steric interaction that destabilizes the endo transition state. Thus, theory explains both the recalcitrance of the unsubstituted 1,3,5,7-octatetraene and 1-substituted tetraenes toward formation of the bicyclo[4.2.0]octa-2,4-diene products, as well as the ease and the stereoselectivity with which terminal di- and trisubstituted tetraenes are known to react biosynthetically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashay Patel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California , Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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21
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Moore JC, Davies ES, Walsh DA, Sharma P, Moses JE. Formal synthesis of kingianin A based upon a novel electrochemically-induced radical cation Diels–Alder reaction. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:12523-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc05906a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The application of electrochemical reactions in natural product synthesis has burgeoned in recent years. We herein report a formal synthesis of the complex and dimeric natural product kingianin A, which employs an electrochemically-mediated radical cation Diels–Alder cycloaddition as the key step.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Pallavi Sharma
- School of Chemistry
- University of Nottingham
- Nottingham, UK
- School of Chemistry
- University of Lincoln
| | - John E. Moses
- School of Chemistry
- University of Nottingham
- Nottingham, UK
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22
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Yamamoto E, Takenouchi Y, Kubota K, Ito H. Selective Synthesis of Organoboron Compounds with Copper(I)-Phosphine Complex Catalysts. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2014. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.72.758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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23
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Drew SL, Lawrence AL, Sherburn MS. Total Synthesis of Kingianins A, D, and F. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:4221-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201210084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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25
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Asai T, Luo D, Yamashita K, Oshima Y. Structures and biomimetic synthesis of novel α-pyrone polyketides of an endophytic Penicillium sp. in Catharanthus roseus. Org Lett 2013; 15:1020-3. [PMID: 23405967 DOI: 10.1021/ol303506t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Novel polyketides, citreoviripyrone A (1) and B (2), known citreomontanin (3), and (-)-citreoviridin (4) were isolated from the mycelium of the endophytic fungus. The endophytic fungus, which belongs to the genus Penicillium, was separated from surface-sterilized healthy leaves of Catharanthus roseus. The structures of 1 and 2 were determined on the basis of NMR data, and 1 was characterized as an α-pyrone polyketide featuring bicyclo[4.2.0]octadiene. The biomimetic synthesis of 1 and 2 from 3 elucidated a plausible biosynthetic pathway. Both Zn(II)-type and NAD(+)-dependent histone deacetylase inhibitors significantly enhanced the production of 1 and 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teigo Asai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aoba-yama, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan.
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26
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Uchiro H, Shionozaki N, Tanaka R, Kitano H, Iwamura N, Makino K. First total synthesis of oteromycin utilizing one-pot four-step cascade reaction strategy. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.11.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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27
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Riveira MJ, Mischne MP. One-Pot Organocatalytic Tandem Aldol/Polycyclization Reactions between 1,3-Dicarbonyl Compounds and α,β,γ,δ-Unsaturated Aldehydes for the Straightforward Assembly of Cyclopenta[b]furan-Type Derivatives: New Insight into the Knoevenagel Reaction. Chemistry 2012; 18:2382-8. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201103080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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28
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Powell KJ, Sharma P, Richens JL, Davis BM, Moses JE, O'Shea P. Interactions of marine-derived γ-pyrone natural products with phospholipid membranes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:14489-91. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp42920a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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29
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Sasaki Y, Horita Y, Zhong C, Sawamura M, Ito H. Copper(I)-catalyzed regioselective monoborylation of 1,3-enynes with an internal triple bond: selective synthesis of 1,3-dienylboronates and 3-alkynylboronates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:2778-82. [PMID: 21387486 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201007182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Sasaki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Japan
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30
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Sasaki Y, Horita Y, Zhong C, Sawamura M, Ito H. Copper(I)‐Catalyzed Regioselective Monoborylation of 1,3‐Enynes with an Internal Triple Bond: Selective Synthesis of 1,3‐Dienylboronates and 3‐Alkynylboronates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201007182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Sasaki
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University (Japan)
| | - Yuko Horita
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University (Japan)
| | - Chongmin Zhong
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University (Japan)
| | - Masaya Sawamura
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University (Japan)
| | - Hajime Ito
- Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060‐8628 (Japan)
- PRESTO (JST), Honcho, Kawaguchi, Saitama 332‐0012 (Japan), Fax: (+81) 11‐706‐6561
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Bach T, Hehn JP. Photochemical reactions as key steps in natural product synthesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:1000-45. [PMID: 21246702 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201002845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 589] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Photochemical reactions contribute in a significant way to the existing repertoire of carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions by allowing access to exceptional molecular structures that cannot be obtained by conventional means. In this Review, the most important photochemical transformations that have been employed in natural product synthesis are presented. Selected total syntheses are discussed as examples, with particular attention given to the photochemical key step and its stereoselectivity. The structural relationship between the photochemically generated molecule and the natural product is shown, and, where necessary, the consecutive reactions in the synthesis are illustrated and classified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Bach
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie I, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85747 Garching, Germany.
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Bach T, Hehn JP. Photochemische Reaktionen als Schlüsselschritte in der Naturstoffsynthese. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201002845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Sharma P, Ritson DJ, Burnley J, Moses JE. A synthetic approach to kingianin A based on biosynthetic speculation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2011; 47:10605-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc13949e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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34
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De Paolis M, Rosso H, Henrot M, Prandi C, d'Herouville F, Maddaluno J. A Concise Route to α′-Methoxy-γ-pyrones and Verticipyrone Based Upon the Desymmetrization of α,α′-Dimethoxy-γ-pyrone. Chemistry 2010; 16:11229-32. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201001780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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35
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Grange R, Gallen M, Schill H, Johns J, Dong L, Parsons P, Reddell P, Gordon V, Bernhardt P, Williams C. [4+2] Cycloaddition Reactions Between 1,8-Disubstituted Cyclooctatetraenes and Diazo Dienophiles: Stereoelectronic Effects, Anticancer Properties and Application to the Synthesis of 7,8-Substituted Bicyclo[4.2.0]octa-2,4-dienes. Chemistry 2010; 16:8894-903. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200903454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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36
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Soloshonok VA, Catt HT, Ono T. Biomimetic reductive amination under the continuous-flow reaction conditions. J Fluor Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2009.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Sharma P, Lygo B, Lewis W, Moses JE. Biomimetic synthesis and structural reassignment of the tridachiahydropyrones. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:5966-72. [PMID: 19341238 DOI: 10.1021/ja900369z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The biomimetic synthesis and structural reassignment of tridachiahydropyrone, tridachiahydropyrone B and tridachiahydropyrone C, isolated from mollusks of the order Sacoglossa, using a sequence of photochemical transformations from a common polyene precursor are described. These complex natural products may act as sunscreens for the producing organism, thus offering protection from harmful UV radiation and oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Sharma
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
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39
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Cutignano A, Cimino G, Villani G, Fontana A. Shaping the polypropionate biosynthesis in the solar-powered mollusc Elysia viridis. Chembiochem 2009; 10:315-22. [PMID: 19115330 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.200800531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Polypropionates that incorporate pyrones are a family of polyketides featuring the chemistry of a few marine molluscs capable of phototrophic CO(2) fixation as a result of storing viable symbiotic chloroplasts in their bodies. The role and origin of these molecules is poorly investigated, although the unusual biological activities and chemistry of these natural products have recently received renewed interest. Here, we report the results of in vivo studies on production of gamma-pyrone-containing polypropionates in the Mediterranean mollusc Elysia viridis. Biosynthesis of the metabolites in the sacoglossan is shown to proceed through condensation of eight intact C(3) units by polyketide synthase assembly. LC-MS and NMR spectroscopic studies demonstrate that the process involves a pyrone tetraene (10) as key intermediate, whereas the levels of the final polypropionates (6, 7 and 9) are related to each other and show a significant dependence upon light conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adele Cutignano
- CNR-Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli, Naples, Italy
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Sharma P, Griffiths N, Moses JE. Biomimetic Synthesis and Structural Revision of (±)-Tridachiahydropyrone. Org Lett 2008; 10:4025-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ol8015836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Sharma
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Nicholas Griffiths
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - John E. Moses
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, U.K
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