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Sequeira P, Rothkegel M, Domingos P, Martins I, Leclercq CC, Renaut J, Goldman GH, Silva Pereira C. Untargeted Metabolomics Sheds Light on the Secondary Metabolism of Fungi Triggered by Choline-Based Ionic Liquids. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:946286. [PMID: 35958129 PMCID: PMC9361774 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.946286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungal secondary metabolites constitute a rich source of yet undiscovered bioactive compounds. Their production is often silent under standard laboratory conditions, but the production of some compounds can be triggered simply by altering the cultivation conditions. The usage of an organic salt – ionic liquid – as growth medium supplement can greatly impact the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, leading to higher diversity of compounds accumulating extracellularly. This study examines if such supplements, specifically cholinium-based ionic liquids, can support the discovery of bioactive secondary metabolites across three model species: Neurospora crassa, Aspergillus nidulans, and Aspergillus fumigatus. Enriched organic extracts obtained from medium supernatant revealed high diversity in metabolites. The supplementation led apparently to increased levels of either 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate or α-aminoisobutyric acid. The extracts where bioactive against two major foodborne bacterial strains: Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. In particular, those retrieved from N. crassa cultures showed greater bactericidal potential compared to control extracts derived from non-supplemented cultures. An untargeted mass spectrometry analysis using the Global Natural Product Social Molecular Networking tool enabled to capture the chemical diversity driven by the ionic liquid stimuli. Diverse macrolides, among other compounds, were putatively associated with A. fumigatus; whereas an unexpected richness of cyclic (depsi)peptides with N. crassa. Further studies are required to understand if the identified peptides are the major players of the bioactivity of N. crassa extracts, and to decode their biosynthesis pathways as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Sequeira
- Applied and Environmental Mycology Laboratory, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB-NOVA), Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Maika Rothkegel
- Applied and Environmental Mycology Laboratory, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB-NOVA), Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Domingos
- Applied and Environmental Mycology Laboratory, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB-NOVA), Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Isabel Martins
- Applied and Environmental Mycology Laboratory, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB-NOVA), Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Céline C. Leclercq
- Integrative Biology Platform, Environmental Research and Technology Platform, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Jenny Renaut
- Integrative Biology Platform, Environmental Research and Technology Platform, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Gustavo H. Goldman
- Applied and Environmental Mycology Laboratory, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB-NOVA), Oeiras, Portugal
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Cristina Silva Pereira
- Applied and Environmental Mycology Laboratory, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB-NOVA), Oeiras, Portugal
- *Correspondence: Cristina Silva Pereira,
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Ahari H, Nowruzi B, Anvar AA, Porzani SJ. The Toxicity Testing of Cyanobacterial Toxins In Vivo and In Vitro by Mouse Bioassay: A Review. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 22:1131-1151. [PMID: 34720080 DOI: 10.2174/1389557521666211101162030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Different biological methods based on bioactivity are available to detect cyanotoxins, including neurotoxicity, immunological interactions, hepatotoxicity, cytotoxicity, and enzymatic activity. The mouse bioassay is the first test employed in laboratory cultures, cell extracts, and water bloom materials to detect toxins. It is also used as a traditional method to estimate the LD50. Concerning the ease of access and low cost, it is the most common method for this purpose. In this method, a sample is injected intraperitoneally into adult mice, and accordingly, they are assayed and monitored for about 24 hours for toxic symptoms. The toxin can be detected using this method from minutes to a few hours; its type, e.g., hepatotoxin, neurotoxin, etc., can also be determined. However, this method is nonspecific, fails to detect low amounts, and cannot distinguish between homologues. Although the mouse bioassay is gradually replaced with new chemical and immunological methods, it is still the main technique to detect the bioactivity and efficacy of cyanotoxins using LD50 determined based on the survival time of animals exposed to the toxin. In addition, some countries oppose animal use in toxicity studies. However, high cost, ethical considerations, low-sensitivity, non-specificity, and prolonged processes persuade researchers to employ chemical and functional analysis techniques. The qualitative and quantitative analyses, as well as high specificity and sensitivity, are among the advantages of cytotoxicity tests to investigate cyanotoxins. The present study aimed at reviewing the results obtained from in-vitro and in-vivo investigations of the mouse bioassay to detect cyanotoxins, including microcystins, cylindrospermopsin, saxitoxins, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Ahari
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran. Iran
| | - Bahareh Nowruzi
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran. Iran
| | - Amir Ali Anvar
- Department of Food Hygiene, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran. Iran
| | - Samaneh Jafari Porzani
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran. Iran
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Algal Toxic Compounds and Their Aeroterrestrial, Airborne and other Extremophilic Producers with Attention to Soil and Plant Contamination: A Review. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13050322. [PMID: 33946968 PMCID: PMC8145420 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13050322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The review summarizes the available knowledge on toxins and their producers from rather disparate algal assemblages of aeroterrestrial, airborne and other versatile extreme environments (hot springs, deserts, ice, snow, caves, etc.) and on phycotoxins as contaminants of emergent concern in soil and plants. There is a growing body of evidence that algal toxins and their producers occur in all general types of extreme habitats, and cyanobacteria/cyanoprokaryotes dominate in most of them. Altogether, 55 toxigenic algal genera (47 cyanoprokaryotes) were enlisted, and our analysis showed that besides the “standard” toxins, routinely known from different waterbodies (microcystins, nodularins, anatoxins, saxitoxins, cylindrospermopsins, BMAA, etc.), they can produce some specific toxic compounds. Whether the toxic biomolecules are related with the harsh conditions on which algae have to thrive and what is their functional role may be answered by future studies. Therefore, we outline the gaps in knowledge and provide ideas for further research, considering, from one side, the health risk from phycotoxins on the background of the global warming and eutrophication and, from the other side, the current surge of interest which phycotoxins provoke due to their potential as novel compounds in medicine, pharmacy, cosmetics, bioremediation, agriculture and all aspects of biotechnological implications in human life.
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Nowruzi B, Porzani SJ. Toxic compounds produced by cyanobacteria belonging to several species of the order Nostocales: A review. J Appl Toxicol 2020; 41:510-548. [PMID: 33289164 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are well recognised as producers of a wide range of natural compounds that are in turn recognised as toxins that have potential and useful applications in the future as pharmaceutical agents. The order Nostocales, which is largely overlooked in this regard, has become increasingly recognised as a source of toxin producers including Anabaena, Nostoc, Hapalosiphon, Fischerella, Anabaenopsis, Aphanizomenon, Gloeotrichia, Cylindrospermopsis, Scytonema, Raphidiopsis, Cuspidothrix, Nodularia, Stigonema, Calothrix, Cylindrospermum and Desmonostoc species. The toxin compounds (i.e., microcystins, nodularin, anatoxins, ambiguines, fischerindoles and welwitindolinones) and metabolites are about to have a destructive effect on both inland and aquatic environment aspects. The present review gives an overview of the various toxins that are extracted by the order Nostocales. The current research suggests that these compounds that are produced by cyanobacterial species have promising future considerations as potentially harmful algae and as promising leads for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Nowruzi
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samaneh Jafari Porzani
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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Shishido TK, Popin RV, Jokela J, Wahlsten M, Fiore MF, Fewer DP, Herfindal L, Sivonen K. Dereplication of Natural Products with Antimicrobial and Anticancer Activity from Brazilian Cyanobacteria. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 12:E12. [PMID: 31878347 PMCID: PMC7020483 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic organisms that produce a large diversity of natural products with interesting bioactivities for biotechnological and pharmaceutical applications. Cyanobacterial extracts exhibit toxicity towards other microorganisms and cancer cells and, therefore, represent a source of potentially novel natural products for drug discovery. We tested 62 cyanobacterial strains isolated from various Brazilian biomes for antileukemic and antimicrobial activities. Extracts from 39 strains induced selective apoptosis in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cancer cell lines. Five of these extracts also exhibited antifungal and antibacterial activities. Chemical and dereplication analyses revealed the production of nine known natural products. Natural products possibly responsible for the observed bioactivities and five unknown, chemically related chlorinated compounds present only in Brazilian cyanobacteria were illustrated in a molecular network. Our results provide new information on the vast biosynthetic potential of cyanobacteria isolated from Brazilian environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Keiko Shishido
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; (T.K.S.); (R.V.P.); (J.J.); (M.W.); (D.P.F.)
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 5D, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rafael Vicentini Popin
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; (T.K.S.); (R.V.P.); (J.J.); (M.W.); (D.P.F.)
| | - Jouni Jokela
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; (T.K.S.); (R.V.P.); (J.J.); (M.W.); (D.P.F.)
| | - Matti Wahlsten
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; (T.K.S.); (R.V.P.); (J.J.); (M.W.); (D.P.F.)
| | - Marli Fatima Fiore
- Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Avenida Centenário 303, 13400-970 Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil;
| | - David P. Fewer
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; (T.K.S.); (R.V.P.); (J.J.); (M.W.); (D.P.F.)
| | - Lars Herfindal
- Centre for Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7804, 5020 Bergen, Norway;
| | - Kaarina Sivonen
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; (T.K.S.); (R.V.P.); (J.J.); (M.W.); (D.P.F.)
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Bioactive Peptides Produced by Cyanobacteria of the Genus Nostoc: A Review. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17100561. [PMID: 31569531 PMCID: PMC6835634 DOI: 10.3390/md17100561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria of the genus Nostoc are widespread in all kinds of habitats. They occur in a free-living state or in association with other organisms. Members of this genus belong to prolific producers of bioactive metabolites, some of which have been recognized as potential therapeutic agents. Of these, peptides and peptide-like structures show the most promising properties and are of a particular interest for both research laboratories and pharmaceutical companies. Nostoc is a sole source of some lead compounds such as cytotoxic cryptophycins, antiviral cyanovirin-N, or the antitoxic nostocyclopeptides. Nostoc also produces the same bioactive peptides as other cyanobacterial genera, but they frequently have some unique modifications in the structure. This includes hepatotoxic microcystins and potent proteases inhibitors such as cyanopeptolins, anabaenopeptins, and microginins. In this review, we described the most studied peptides produced by Nostoc, focusing especially on the structure, the activity, and a potential application of the compounds.
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Nowruzi B, Blanco S, Nejadsattari T. Chemical and molecular evidences for the poisoning of a duck by anatoxin-a, nodularin and cryptophycin at the coast of lake Shoormast (Mazandaran province, Iran). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.15407/alg28.04.409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Nowruzi B, Haghighat S, Fahimi H, Mohammadi E. Nostoc
cyanobacteria species: a new and rich source of novel bioactive compounds with pharmaceutical potential. JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jphs.12202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Nowruzi
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch; Islamic Azad University; Tehran Iran
| | - Setareh Haghighat
- Department of Microbiology; Faculty of Advanced Sciences & Technology; Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch; Islamic Azad University; IAUPS; Tehran Iran
| | - Hossein Fahimi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sciences; Faculty of Advanced Sciences & Technology; Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch; Islamic Azad University; IAUPS; Tehran Iran
| | - Ehsan Mohammadi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sciences; Faculty of Advanced Sciences & Technology; Pharmaceutical Sciences Branch; Islamic Azad University; IAUPS; Tehran Iran
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9
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Fang WY, Dahiya R, Qin HL, Mourya R, Maharaj S. Natural Proline-Rich Cyclopolypeptides from Marine Organisms: Chemistry, Synthetic Methodologies and Biological Status. Mar Drugs 2016; 14:md14110194. [PMID: 27792168 PMCID: PMC5128737 DOI: 10.3390/md14110194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Revised: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptides have gained increased interest as therapeutics during recent years. More than 60 peptide drugs have reached the market for the benefit of patients and several hundreds of novel therapeutic peptides are in preclinical and clinical development. The key contributor to this success is the potent and specific, yet safe, mode of action of peptides. Among the wide range of biologically-active peptides, naturally-occurring marine-derived cyclopolypeptides exhibit a broad range of unusual and potent pharmacological activities. Because of their size and complexity, proline-rich cyclic peptides (PRCPs) occupy a crucial chemical space in drug discovery that may provide useful scaffolds for modulating more challenging biological targets, such as protein-protein interactions and allosteric binding sites. Diverse pharmacological activities of natural cyclic peptides from marine sponges, tunicates and cyanobacteria have encouraged efforts to develop cyclic peptides with well-known synthetic methods, including solid-phase and solution-phase techniques of peptide synthesis. The present review highlights the natural resources, unique structural features and the most relevant biological properties of proline-rich peptides of marine-origin, focusing on the potential therapeutic role that the PRCPs may play as a promising source of new peptide-based novel drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Yin Fang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Rajiv Dahiya
- Laboratory of Peptide Research and Development, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Saint Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies.
| | - Hua-Li Qin
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Life Science, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China.
| | - Rita Mourya
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar 196, Ethiopia.
| | - Sandeep Maharaj
- Laboratory of Peptide Research and Development, School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical Sciences, The University of the West Indies, Saint Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago, West Indies.
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Vijayasarathy S, Prasad P, Fremlin LJ, Ratnayake R, Salim AA, Khalil Z, Capon RJ. C3 and 2D C3 Marfey's Methods for Amino Acid Analysis in Natural Products. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2016; 79:421-7. [PMID: 26863178 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b01125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We validate the improved resolution and sensitivity of the C3 Marfey's method, including an ability to resolve all Ile isomers, against an array of amino acids commonly encountered in natural products and by comparison to an existing Marfey's method. We also describe an innovative 2D C3 Marfey's method as an analytical approach for determining the regiochemistry of enantiomeric amino acid residues in natural products. The C3 and 2D C3 Marfey's methods represent valuable tools for probing and defining the stereocomplexity of hydrolytically accessible amino acid residues in natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soumini Vijayasarathy
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Pritesh Prasad
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Leith J Fremlin
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Ranjala Ratnayake
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Angela A Salim
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Zeinab Khalil
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Robert J Capon
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland , St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Niggemann J, Bozko P, Bruns N, Wodtke A, Gieseler MT, Thomas K, Jahns C, Nimtz M, Reupke I, Brüser T, Auling G, Malek N, Kalesse M. Baceridin, a cyclic hexapeptide from an epiphytic bacillus strain, inhibits the proteasome. Chembiochem 2014; 15:1021-9. [PMID: 24692199 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201300778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A new cyclic hexapeptide, baceridin (1), was isolated from the culture medium of a plant-associated Bacillus strain. The structure of 1 was elucidated by HR-HPLC-MS and 1D and 2D NMR experiments and confirmed by ESI MS/MS sequence analysis of the corresponding linear hexapeptide 2. The absolute configurations of the amino acid residues were determined after derivatization by GC-MS and Marfey's method. The cyclopeptide 1 consists partially of nonribosomal-derived D- and allo-D-configured amino acids. The order of the D- and L-leucine residues within the sequence cyclo(-L-Trp-D-Ala-D-allo-Ile-L-Val-D-Leu-L-Leu-) was assigned by total synthesis of the two possible stereoisomers. Baceridin (1) was tested for antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity and displayed moderate cytotoxicity (1-2 μg mL(-1)) as well as weak activity against Staphylococcus aureus. However, it was identified to be a proteasome inhibitor that inhibits cell cycle progression and induces apoptosis in tumor cells by a p53-independent pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jutta Niggemann
- Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124 Braunschweig (Germany)
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Ilisz I, Aranyi A, Péter A. Chiral derivatizations applied for the separation of unusual amino acid enantiomers by liquid chromatography and related techniques. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1296:119-39. [PMID: 23598164 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Amino acids are essential for life, and have many functions in metabolism. One particularly important function is to serve as the building blocks of peptides and proteins, giving rise complex three dimensional structures through disulfide bonds or crosslinked amino acids. Peptides are frequently cyclic and contain proteinogenic as well as nonproteinogenic amino acids in many instances. Since most of the proteinogenic α-amino acids contain at least one stereogenic center (with the exception of glycine), the stereoisomers of all these amino acids and the peptides in which they are to be found may possess differences in biological activity in living systems. The impetus for advances in chiral separation has been highest in the past 25 years and this still continues to be an area of high focus. The important analytical task of the separation of isomers is achieved mainly by chromatographic and electrophoretic methods. This paper reviews indirect separation approaches, i.e. derivatization reactions aimed at creating the basis for the chromatographic resolution of biologically and pharmaceutically important enantiomers of unusual amino acids and related compounds, with emphasis on the literature published from 1980s. The main aspects of the chiral derivatization of amino acids are discussed, i.e. derivatization on the amino group, transforming the molecules into covalently bonded diastereomeric derivatives through the use of homochiral derivatizing agents. The diastereomers formed (amides, urethanes, urea and thiourea derivatives, etc.) can be separated on achiral stationary phases. The applications are considered, and in some cases different derivatizing agents for the resolution of complex mixtures of proteinogenic d,l-amino acids, non-proteinogenic amino acids and peptides/amino acids from peptide syntheses or microorganisms are compared.
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Affiliation(s)
- István Ilisz
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Szeged, Dóm tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
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Liu L, Bearden DW, Rodriguez JC, Rein KS. Biosynthesis of Athmu, a α,γ-hydroxy-β-amino acid of pahayokolides A-B. Tetrahedron Lett 2012; 53:6758-6760. [PMID: 23172981 PMCID: PMC3500633 DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.09.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Pahayokolides A-B are cyanobacteria derived non-ribosomal peptides which exhibit cytotoxicity against a number of cancer cell lines. The biosynthetic origin of the 3-amino-2,5,7,8-tetrahydroxy-10-methylundecanoic acid (Athmu) moiety has been investigated using stable isotope incorporation experiments. While α-ketoisocaproic acid (α-KIC), α-hydroxyisocaproic acid (α-HIC) and leucine all serve as precursors to Athmu, the feeding of [1-(13)C] α-KIC results in more than threefold greater (13)C enrichment than the other precursors. This result suggests that α-KIC is the immediate precursor which is selected and activated by the adenylation domain of the loading NRPS module and subsequently reduced in a fashion similar to that of the recently identified pathways for cryptophycins A-B, cereulide and valinomycin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
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14
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Ilisz I, Aranyi A, Pataj Z, Péter A. Enantiomeric separation of nonproteinogenic amino acids by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1269:94-121. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Revised: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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15
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Ding R, Wu XC, Qian CD, Teng Y, Li O, Zhan ZJ, Zhao YH. Isolation and identification of lipopeptide antibiotics from Paenibacillus elgii B69 with inhibitory activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. J Microbiol 2011; 49:942-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s12275-011-1153-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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16
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Nostophycin biosynthesis is directed by a hybrid polyketide synthase-nonribosomal peptide synthetase in the toxic cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. strain 152. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:8034-40. [PMID: 21948844 DOI: 10.1128/aem.05993-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are a rich source of natural products with interesting pharmaceutical properties. Here, we report the identification, sequencing, annotation, and biochemical analysis of the nostophycin (npn) biosynthetic gene cluster. The npn gene cluster spans 45.1 kb and consists of three open reading frames encoding a polyketide synthase, a mixed polyketide nonribosomal peptide synthetase, and a nonribosomal peptide synthetase. The genetic architecture and catalytic domain organization of the proteins are colinear in arrangement, with the putative order of the biosynthetic assembly of the cyclic heptapeptide. NpnB contains an embedded monooxygenase domain linking nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) and polyketide synthase (PKS) catalytic domains and predicted here to hydroxylate the nostophycin during assembly. Expression of the adenylation domains and subsequent substrate specificity assays support the involvement of this cluster in nostophycin biosynthesis. Biochemical analyses suggest that the loading substrate of NpnA is likely to be a phenylpropanoic acid necessitating deletion of a carbon atom to explain the biosynthesis of nostophycin. Biosyntheses of nostophycin and microcystin resemble each other, but the phylogenetic analyses suggest that they are distantly related to one another.
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Liu L, Bearden DW, Rein KS. Biosynthetic origin of the 3-amino-2,5,7,8-tetrahydroxy-10-methylundecanoic acid moiety and absolute configuration of pahayokolides A and B. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2011; 74:1535-8. [PMID: 21650153 PMCID: PMC3163906 DOI: 10.1021/np200362q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Pahayokolides A and B are cyclic undecapeptides that were isolated from the cyanobacterium Lyngbya sp. They contain the unusual α-hydroxy-β-amino acid 3-amino-2,5,7,8-tetrahydroxy-10-methylundecanoic acid (Athmu). The absolute configurations of the amino acids of the pahayokolides, except for the four oxygen-bearing stereocenters of Athmu, have been determined by Marphy's method. Incorporation of labeled leucine and acetate precursors into the pahayokolides has established that Athmu is derived from a leucine or α-keto isocaproic acid starter unit, which is further extended with three acetate units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | - Daniel W. Bearden
- Analytical Chemistry Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Hollings Marine Laboratory, Charleston, South Carolina 29412
| | - Kathleen S. Rein
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
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Kurmayer R. THE TOXIC CYANOBACTERIUM NOSTOC SP. STRAIN 152 PRODUCES HIGHEST AMOUNTS OF MICROCYSTIN AND NOSTOPHYCIN UNDER STRESS CONDITIONS. JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2011; 47:200-207. [PMID: 22723716 PMCID: PMC3378210 DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8817.2010.00931.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The understanding of how environmental factors regulate toxic secondary metabolite production in cyanobacteria is important to guarantee water quality. Very little is known on the regulation of toxic secondary metabolite production in benthic cyanobacteria. In this study the physiological regulation of the production of the toxic heptapeptide microcystin (MC) and the non-toxic related peptide nostophycin (NP) in the benthic cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. strain 152 was studied under contrasting environmental conditions. I used a 2(k) levels factorial design, where k is the number of four factors that have been tested: Reduction in temperature (20 vs. 12°C), irradiance (50 vs. 1 μmol · m(-2) · s(-1)), P-PO(4) (144 vs. 0.14 μM P-PO(4)), N-NO(3) (5.88 mM vs. N-NO(3) free). While the growth rate was reduced more than hundred fold under most severe conditions of temperature, irradiance, and phosphate reduction the production of MC and NP never ceased. The MC and NP contents per cell varied at maximum 5- and 10.6-fold each, however the physiological variation did not outweigh the highly significant linear relationship between the daily cell division rate and the MC and NP net production rates. Surprisingly the MC and NP contents per cell showed a maximum under P-PO(4) reduced and irradiance reduced conditions. Both intra- and extracellular MC and NP concentrations were negatively related to P-PO(4) and irradiance. It is concluded that the proximate factor behind maximal cellular MC and NP contents is physiological stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Kurmayer
- Austrian Academy of Sciences, Institute for Limnology, Mondseestrasse 9, 5310 Mondsee, Austria
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Wu XC, Shen XB, Ding R, Qian CD, Fang HH, Li O. Isolation and partial characterization of antibiotics produced by Paenibacillus elgii B69. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2010; 310:32-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2010.02040.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Plaza A, Bifulco G, Masullo M, Lloyd JR, Keffer JL, Colin PL, Hooper JNA, Bell LJ, Bewley CA. Mutremdamide A and koshikamides C-H, peptide inhibitors of HIV-1 entry from different Theonella species. J Org Chem 2010; 75:4344-55. [PMID: 20402515 PMCID: PMC3272276 DOI: 10.1021/jo100076g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A new sulfated cyclic depsipeptide, termed mutremdamide A, and six new highly N-methylated peptides, termed koshikamides C-H, were isolated from different deep-water specimens of Theonella swinhoei and Theonella cupola. Their structures were determined using extensive 2D NMR, ESI, or CDESI and QTOF-MS/MS experiments and absolute configurations established by quantum mechanical calculations, advanced Marfey's method, and chiral HPLC. Mutremdamide A displays a rare 2-amino-3-(2-hydroxyphenyl)propanoic acid and a new N(delta)-carbamoyl-beta-sulfated asparagine. Koshikamides C-E are linear undecapeptides, and koshikamides F-H are 17-residue depsipeptides containing a 10-residue macrolactone. Koshikamides F and G differ from B and H in part by the presence of the conjugated unit 2-(3-amino-5-oxopyrrolidin-2-ylidene)propanoic acid. Cyclic koshikamides F and H inhibited HIV-1 entry at low micromolar concentrations while their linear counterparts were inactive. The Theonella collections studied here are distinguished by co-occurrence of mutremdamide A, koshikamides, and theonellamides, the combination of which appears to define a new Theonella chemotype that can be found in deeper waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Plaza
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Giuseppe Bifulco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, University of Salerno, Via Ponte Don Melillo, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Milena Masullo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, University of Salerno, Via Ponte Don Melillo, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - John R. Lloyd
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Jessica L. Keffer
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | | | - John N. A. Hooper
- Queensland Museum, P.O. Box 3300, South Brisbane, Qld 4101, Australia
| | - Lori J. Bell
- Coral Reef Research Foundation, Republic of Palau
| | - Carole A. Bewley
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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Raveh A, Moshe S, Evron Z, Flescher E, Carmeli S. Novel thiazole and oxazole containing cyclic hexapeptides from a waterbloom of the cyanobacterium Microcystis sp. Tetrahedron 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2010.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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22
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Oudra B, Dadi-El Andaloussi M, Vasconcelos VM. Identification and quantification of microcystins from a Nostoc muscorum bloom occurring in Oukaïmeden River (High-Atlas mountains of Marrakech, Morocco). ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2009; 149:437-44. [PMID: 18288580 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-008-0220-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2007] [Accepted: 01/23/2008] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Health risks generated by cyanobacterial toxins in drinking and recreational waters are clearly recognised. During the monitoring programme on the distribution of toxic freshwater cyanobacteria in various water bodies including reservoirs, ponds and rivers of Morocco, many toxigenic cyanobacteria bloom-forming species have been identified. Particular attention was given to the investigation of the toxicology of a benthic Nostoc species-Nostoc muscorum Ag. (cyanobacteria, Nostocales, Nostocaceae)-that was found dominant in Oukaïmeden river located at 2,600 m of altitude in High-Atlas mountains of Marrakech. The massive growth of the mat-forming N. muscorum occurred yearly during the period of March-October, when the water temperature was above 10 degrees C. During 1997-1999, samples were collected from either floating or benthic mats. Hepatotoxicity associated to gastrointestinal (diarrhoea) intoxication symptoms was confirmed by intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection in mice of N. muscorum thallus extract. The survival time was estimated to be from 2-5 h, and the calculated i.p. LD(50) in mice ranged from 15 to 125 mg kg(-1) body weight. The application of the high performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection confirmed the occurrence of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) and three others microcystin variants from the methanolic Nostoc extract. The MC-LR represented a proportion of 39% of the total microcystin content however, the total concentration equivalents-eq-of MC-LR was estimated to be 139 microg MC-LR eq per gram dry weight. The existence of a benthic microcystin-producing N. muscorum strain under the particular environmental conditions of Oukaïmeden region may be a potential human health hazard and the ecological harmful effects of these cyanobacterial toxins need to be assessed. This paper constitutes the first report of the occurrence of a toxic benthic Nostoc in Morocco. So, the benthic species should be considered during monitoring of toxic Cyanobacteria particularly for river used for source of drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Oudra
- Faculty of Sciences Semlalia-Marrakech, Department of Biology, Laboratory of Biology and Biotechnology of Micro-organisms, Microbiology and Toxicology Environmental University, P.O. Box 2390, 40000 Marrakech, Morocco
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Ilisz I, Berkecz R, Péter A. Application of chiral derivatizing agents in the high-performance liquid chromatographic separation of amino acid enantiomers: A review. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 47:1-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2007] [Accepted: 12/06/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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24
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Mehner C, Müller D, Krick A, Kehraus S, Löser R, Gütschow M, Maier A, Fiebig HH, Brun R, König GM. A Novel β-Amino Acid in Cytotoxic Peptides from the CyanobacteriumTychonema sp. European J Org Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.200701033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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25
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Toxin types, toxicokinetics and toxicodynamics. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2008; 619:383-415. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-75865-7_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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26
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Plaza A, Bewley CA. Largamides A-H, unusual cyclic peptides from the marine cyanobacterium Oscillatoria sp. J Org Chem 2007; 71:6898-907. [PMID: 16930043 DOI: 10.1021/jo061044e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Seven new depsipeptides, termed largamides A-G (1-7), and one new cyclic peptide, largamide H (8), have been isolated from the marine cyanobacterium Oscillatoria sp. Their structures were determined by NMR and ESI-MS techniques. The absolute configurations were assigned using LC-MS, chiral HPLC, and combined analysis of homonuclear and heteronuclear (2,3)J couplings, along with ROE data. Largamides, isolated from a single homogeneous cyanobacterial collection, represent three different structural classes of peptides. Largamides A-C (1-3) are characterized by the unusual occurrence of a senecioic acid unit, while largamides B (2) and C (3) possess in addition the rare 2-amino-5-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)pentanoic acid (Ahppa) and the novel 2-amino-6-(4'-hydroxyphenyl)hexanoic acid (Ahpha), respectively. Largamides D-G (4-7) are the first 3-amino-6-hydroxy-2-piperidone acid (Ahp)-containing depsipeptides reported with the rare Ahppa unit. Largamide H (8) is a unique cyclic peptide displaying a new 2,5-dihydroxylated beta-amino acid moiety, a methoxylated derivative of Ahppa, and two residues of the nonstandard 2,3-dehydro-2-aminobutanoic acid (Dab). Largamides D-G (4-7) inhibited chymotrypsin with IC(50) values ranging between 4 and 25 microM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Plaza
- Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0820, USA
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Van Wagoner RM, Drummond AK, Wright JLC. Biogenetic Diversity of Cyanobacterial Metabolites. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2007; 61:89-217. [PMID: 17448789 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2164(06)61004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Van Wagoner
- Center for Marine Science, University of North Carolina at Wilmington, Wilmington, NC 28409, USA
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Gross H, Stockwell VO, Henkels MD, Nowak-Thompson B, Loper JE, Gerwick WH. The Genomisotopic Approach: A Systematic Method to Isolate Products of Orphan Biosynthetic Gene Clusters. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 14:53-63. [PMID: 17254952 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2006.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2006] [Revised: 10/05/2006] [Accepted: 11/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
With the increasing number of genomes sequenced and available in the public domain, a large number of orphan gene clusters, for which the encoded natural product is unknown, have been identified. These orphan gene clusters represent a tremendous source of novel and possibly bioactive compounds. Here, we describe a "genomisotopic approach," which employs a combination of genomic sequence analysis and isotope-guided fractionation to identify unknown compounds synthesized from orphan gene clusters containing nonribosomal peptide synthetases. Analysis of the Pseudomonas fluorescens Pf-5 genome led to the identification of an orphan gene cluster predicted to code for the biosynthesis of a lipopeptide natural product. Application of the genomisotopic approach to isolate the product of this gene cluster resulted in the discovery of orfamide A, founder of a group of bioactive cyclic lipopeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Gross
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography and Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Gkelis S, Harjunpää V, Lanaras T, Sivonen K. Diversity of hepatotoxic microcystins and bioactive anabaenopeptins in cyanobacterial blooms from Greek freshwaters. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2005; 20:249-56. [PMID: 15892073 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) and anabaenopeptins from 26 cyanobacterial bloom samples dominated mainly by the genus Microcystis and collected from seven Greek freshwaters were identified and quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to a diode array detector. All the samples analyzed contained microcystins; in 27% of the samples anabaenopeptins were detected but not anabaenopeptilide (A). In each sample 1-7 microcystins and up to two anabaenopeptins (anabaenopeptins A and B) were identified. MC-RR and MC-LR were the predominant microcystins, followed by MC-YR. MC-LA and demethylated variants of MC-LR and MC-RR also were present but were not abundant. Total content of microcystin and anabaenopeptin varied from 40 to 2565 microg g(-1) freeze-dried material (mean 674.5 microg g(-1)) and from undetectable to 48 microg g(-1) freeze-dried material (mean 6.2 microg g(-1)), respectively. Qualitative and quantitative variation in the microcystins in the samples indicates there may be geographical trends in the distribution of microcystins. This study reports for the first time (1) the widespread occurrence of several different microcystins in Greek freshwaters and (2) quantitative data on the anabaenopeptins produced in natural cyanobacterial populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spyros Gkelis
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology, P.O. Box 56, Viikki Biocenter, Helsinki University, Helsinki, FIN-000 14, Finland
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30
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Sterols and Other Metabolites from the Far-East Sponge Dysidea sp. Chem Nat Compd 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s10600-005-0150-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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31
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Harada KI, Nakano T, Fujii K, Shirai M. Comprehensive analysis system using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry for the biosynthetic study of peptides produced by cyanobacteria. J Chromatogr A 2004; 1033:107-13. [PMID: 15072295 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2004.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Microcystins are hepatotoxic heptapeptides and general tumor promoters produced by several species of the genera Microcystis, Anabaena, Oscillatoria and Nostoc. They are non-ribosomally synthesized via a mixed polyketide synthase/non-ribosomal peptide synthetase system called microcystin synthetase. We have carried out the detection, isolation and structural determination of non-toxic peptides produced together with microcystins by toxic cyanobacteria, which are classified into several groups on the basis of their structures and some of these non-toxic peptides are also non-ribosomally synthesized as well as microcystins. In the present study, we tried to correlate the secondary metabolic peptides produced by the hepatotoxic cyanobacteria with the corresponding peptide synthetase genes. An analytical method using LC-electroscopy ionization MS and photodiode array detection was developed for the exhaustive screening of cyanobacterial peptides in Japanese strains and it was successfully applied to the peptide fractions extracted from these strains. The established method was advantageous over conventional ones using the usual HPLC and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight MS, because more structural information could be obtained and it is easier to distinguish microcystins from other peptides using this method. Small amounts of other peptides could also be detected by this method. The established method will contribute to the investigation of the relationship between genes encoding the peptide synthetase and secondary metabolic peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-ichi Harada
- Laboratory of Instrumental and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Tempaku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan.
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Abstract
Freshwater cyanobacteria produce lethal toxins such as microcystins and anatoxins. During the purification of microcystins in bloom samples we found that a toxic cyanobacterium produced not only microcystins but also other types-peptides in early 1990. Since then we have isolated approximately thirty peptides from freshwater cyanobacteria. In this manuscript we focused on the following topics concerning the isolated peptides: 1) how to isolate desired compounds and to determine their structures, 2) structural classification of isolated compounds, 3) isolation of similar peptides from laboratory strains and bloom materials, 4) structurally related peptides from freshwater and marine origins, 5) beta-amino acid containing peptides from cyanobacteria, 6) comprehensive analysis system for the biosynthetic study of peptides produced by cyanobacteria, 7) biological activities of isolated compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ichi Harada
- Graduate School of Environmental and Human Sciences and Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University.
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Cardillo G, Gentilucci L, De Matteis V. Lewis acid-promoted synthesis and reactivity of beta-O-benzylhydroxylamino imides derived from D-glyceraldehyde. J Org Chem 2002; 67:5957-62. [PMID: 12182628 DOI: 10.1021/jo0259055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes the synthesis and use of beta-hydroxylamino imides derived from D-glyceraldehyde possessing a number of reactive sites that operate synergistically or alternatively to bring about highly regio- and diastereoselective transformations to give an optically pure aziridine-2-imide, a dihydro pyrimidine-2,4-dione, or a lactone. Both the syntheses, via the diastereoselective 1,4-conjugate addition of O-benzyl hydroxylamine to alpha,beta-unsaturated imides, and transformations can be simply tuned by choosing between different Lewis acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliana Cardillo
- Dipartimento di Chimica G. Ciamician, Università degli Studi di Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40128-Bologna, Italy
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Fujii K, Yahashi Y, Nakano T, Imanishi S, Baldia SF, Harada KI. Simultaneous detection and determination of the absolute configuration of thiazole-containing amino acids in a peptide. Tetrahedron 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(02)00748-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Structural elucidation of cyanobacterial peptides encoded by peptide synthetase gene in Anabaena species. Tetrahedron 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(02)00747-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Komatsu K, Shigemori H, Kobayashi J. Dictyonamides A and B, new peptides from marine-derived fungus. J Org Chem 2001; 66:6189-92. [PMID: 11529752 DOI: 10.1021/jo0156767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K Komatsu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
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Harada K, Matsui A, Shimizu Y, Ikemoto R, Fujii K. Abnormal elution behavior of ornitine derivatized with 1-fluoro-2,4-dinitrophenyl-5-leucinamide in advanced Marfey's method. J Chromatogr A 2001; 921:187-95. [PMID: 11471802 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)00884-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
During the course of establishing the advanced Marfey's method that has been developed to non-empirically determine the absolute configuration of constituent amino acids in a peptide using LC-MS, we encountered the "ornitine mystery" in the di-DLA (2,4-dinitrophenyl-5-leucinamide) derivative such that the elution order of ornitine (Orn) was opposite (D-->L) in spite of their relatively long retention time. In order to resolve this problem, the elution behavior of several mixed DLA and DPEA (2,4-dinitrophenyl-5-phenylethylamine) derivatives with different absolute configurations was carefully observed during HPLC. The length of the methylene chain in basic amino acids was obviously critical for this behavior, because Dab (2,4-diamino-n-butyric acid) and lysine (Lys) did not exhibit this abnormality. The presence of the carboxyamide moiety at the omega position was also essential for this phenomenon, because it was never observed in the DPEA derivatives at the omega position. Furthermore, it was found that the following combination of absolute configurations of Orn and DLA at the omega position only induced this abnormality: D-Orn and L-DLA, and L-Orn and D-DLA. This suggested that the structural interaction such as hydrogen bonding between the carboxyamide of DLA at the omega position and carboxylic acid at the alpha position in these derivatives reduced their retention power on the reversed-phase column.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Harada
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan.
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Harada K, Mayumi T, Shimada T, Fujii K, Kondo F, Park HD, Watanabe MF. Co-production of microcystins and aeruginopeptins by natural cyanobacterial bloom. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2001; 16:298-305. [PMID: 11501278 DOI: 10.1002/tox.1036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between Microcystis composition and the production of microcystins and nontoxic peptides in bloom cells, which was regularly collected in Lake Suwa, Japan, in the summer season from 1991 to 1994, was investigated. In order to determine the structures of the nontoxic peptides, we collected large amounts of bloom materials from the same lake on July 23, 1991, and isolated three nontoxic peptides. They were named as aeruginopeptins 917S-A, -B, and -C, and their structures were mainly determined by a mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (MS/MS) technique as 19-membered cyclic depsipeptides possessing the Ahp (3-amino-6-hydroxy-2-piperidone) moiety. An analysis of the microcystins and aeruginopeptins in the collected blood cells and their Microcystis composition suggested that the M. aeruginosa large cell size produces both microcystins and aeruginopeptins, and the production of both compounds is genetically closely related.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Harada
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Tempaku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan.
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Fujii K, Sivonen K, Naganawa E, Harada KI. Non-Toxic Peptides from Toxic Cyanobacteria, Oscillatoria agardhii. Tetrahedron 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0040-4020(99)01017-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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