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Kim MY, Um IH. Kinetic Study on Aminolysis of O-2-Pyridyl Thionobenzoate in Acetonitrile: Effect of Changing Electrophilic Center from CO to CS on Reactivity and Reaction Mechanism. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.10875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min-Young Kim
- Department of Chemistry; Ewha Womans University; Seoul 120-750 Republic of Korea
| | - Ik-Hwan Um
- Department of Chemistry; Ewha Womans University; Seoul 120-750 Republic of Korea
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2
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Park KH, Kim MY, Um IH. Kinetic Study on Nucleophilic Displacement Reactions of Phenyl Y-Substituted Phenyl Carbonates with 1,8-Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene: Effects of Amine Nature on Reaction Mechanism. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.10627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Ho Park
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Hanyang University; Ansan 426-791 Korea
| | - Min-Young Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science; Ewha Womans University; Seoul 120-750 Korea
| | - Ik-Hwan Um
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science; Ewha Womans University; Seoul 120-750 Korea
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3
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Yang EJ, Kim MY, Um IH. Kinetic Study on Quinuclidinolysis of O-4-Nitrophenyl X-substituted Thionobenzoates and O-3,4-Dinitrophenyl Thionobenzoate: Effect of Amine Nature on Reactivity and Reaction Mechanism. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.10293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ji Yang
- Department of Chemistry; Duksung Women's University; Seoul 132-714 Korea
| | - Min-Young Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science; Ewha Womans University; Seoul 120-750 Korea
| | - Ik-Hwan Um
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science; Ewha Womans University; Seoul 120-750 Korea
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4
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Moon JH, Kim MY, Han SY, Um IH. Kinetic Study on Alkaline Hydrolysis of Y-substituted Phenyl X-substituted Benzenesulfonates: Effects of Changing Nucleophile from Azide to Hydroxide Ion on Reactivity and Transition-State Structure. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.10297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hyun Moon
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science; Ewha Womans University; Seoul 120-750 Korea
| | - Min-Young Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science; Ewha Womans University; Seoul 120-750 Korea
| | - So-Yeop Han
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science; Ewha Womans University; Seoul 120-750 Korea
| | - Ik-Hwan Um
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science; Ewha Womans University; Seoul 120-750 Korea
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5
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Kinetic and Mechanistic Studies on Quinuclidinolysis of Y-substituted-Phenyl Picolinates: Effect of Amine Nature on Reactivity and Transition-State Structure. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.10272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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6
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Moon JH, Kim MY, Han SY, Um IH. Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions of 2,4-Dinitrophenyl X-Substituted-Benzenesulfonates and Y-Substituted-Phenyl 4-Nitrobenzenesulfonates with Azide Ion: Regioselectivity and Reaction Mechanism. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.10259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hyun Moon
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science; Ewha Womans University; Seoul 120-750 Korea
| | - Min-Young Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science; Ewha Womans University; Seoul 120-750 Korea
| | - So-Yeop Han
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science; Ewha Womans University; Seoul 120-750 Korea
| | - Ik-Hwan Um
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science; Ewha Womans University; Seoul 120-750 Korea
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7
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Yang EJ, Kim MY, Um IH. Kinetic Study on Reactions of O- Y-substituted Phenyl Thionobenzoates with Quinuclidine: Factors Governing Reactivity and Reaction Mechanism. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.10207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Ji Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science; Ewha Womans University; Seoul 120-750 Korea
- Department of Chemistry; Duksung Women's University; Seoul 132-714 Korea
| | - Min-Young Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science; Ewha Womans University; Seoul 120-750 Korea
| | - Ik-Hwan Um
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science; Ewha Womans University; Seoul 120-750 Korea
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8
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Kim MY, Shin M, Um IH. Kinetic Study on Aminolysis of 4-Nitrophenyl Nicotinate and Isonicotinate: Factors Influencing Reactivity and Reaction Mechanism. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2014. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2014.35.8.2443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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9
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Jeon SH, Kim HS, Han YJ, Kim MY, Um IH. Kinetic Study on Aminolysis of Y-Substituted-Phenyl X-Substituted-Benzoates: Effects of Substituents X and Y on Reactivity and Reaction Mechanism. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2014. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2014.35.2.471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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10
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Um IH, Bae AR, Um TI. Comparison of aminolysis of 2-pyridyl and 4-pyridyl x-substituted benzoates in acetonitrile: evidence for a concerted mechanism involving a cyclic transition state. J Org Chem 2014; 79:1206-12. [PMID: 24397405 DOI: 10.1021/jo402629e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A kinetic study on reactions of 2-pyridyl X-substituted benzoates (6a-i) with a series of cyclic secondary amines in MeCN is reported. The Hammett plot for the reaction of 6a-i with piperidine consists of two intersecting straight lines while the Yukawa-Tsuno plot exhibits an excellent linear correlation with ρX = 1.28 and r = 0.63, indicating that the nonlinear Hammett plot is not caused by a change in the rate-determining step but rather by resonance stabilization of substrates possessing an electron-donating group (EDG) in the benzoyl moiety. The Brønsted-type plots are linear with βnuc = 0.59 ± 0.02, which is typical of reactions reported to proceed through a concerted mechanism. A cyclic transition state (TS), which forces the reaction to proceed through a concerted mechanism, is proposed. The deuterium kinetic isotope effect of 1.3 ± 0.1 is consistent with the proposed mechanism. Analysis of activation parameters reveals that ΔH(‡) increases linearly as the substituent X changes from an electron-withdrawing group (EWG) to an EDG, while TΔS(‡) remains nearly constant with a large negative value. The constant TΔS(‡) value further supports the proposal that the reaction proceeds through a concerted mechanism with a cyclic TS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ik-Hwan Um
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University , Seoul 120-750, Korea
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11
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Lee JY, Kim MY, Um IH. Kinetic Study on Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions of 4-Nitrophenyl X-Substituted-2-Methylbenzoates with Cyclic Secondary Amines in Acetonitrile: Reaction Mechanism and Failure of Reactivity-Selectivity Principle. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2014. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2014.35.1.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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12
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Lee JY, Kim MY, Um IH. Kinetic Study on Nucleophilic Displacement Reactions of Y-Substituted-Phenyl 2-Methylbenzoates with Cyclic Secondary Amines in Acetonitrile: Effects of Modification of 2-MeO in Benzoyl Moiety by 2-Me on Reactivity and Reaction Mechanism. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2013. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2013.34.12.3795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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13
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Kang JS, Song YJ, Um IH. Leaving-Group Substituent Controls Reactivity and Reaction Mechanism in Aminolysis of Phenyl Y-Substituted-Phenyl Carbonates. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2013. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2013.34.7.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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14
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Song YJ, Kim MY, Um IH. A Kinetic Study on Ethylaminolysis of Phenyl Y-Substituted-Phenyl Carbonates: Effect of Leaving-Group Substituents on Reactivity and Reaction Mechanism. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2013. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2013.34.6.1722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Kim MY, Lee JI, Um IH. Aminolysis of Benzyl 2-Pyridyl Thionocarbonate and t-Butyl 2-Pyridyl Thionocarbonate: Effects of Nonleaving Groups on Reactivity and Reaction Mechanism. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2013. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2013.34.4.1115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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16
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Min SW, Kim MY, Um IH. A Kinetic Study on Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions of Phenyl Y-Substituted-Phenyl Carbonates with Z-Substituted-Phenoxides: Effect of Modification of Nonleaving Group from Benzoyl to Phenyloxycarbonyl on Reactivity and Reaction Mechanism. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2012. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2012.33.10.3253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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17
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Bae AR, Um IH. Aminolysis of Benzyl 4-Pyridyl Carbonate in Acetonitrile: Effect of Modification of Leaving Group from 2-Pyridyloxide to 4-Pyridyloxide on Reactivity and Reaction Mechanism. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2012. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2012.33.8.2719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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18
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Kang JS, Um IH. Kinetics and Reaction Mechanism for Aminolysis of Benzyl 4-Pyridyl Carbonate in H 2O: Effect of Modification of Nucleofuge from 2-Pyridyloxide to 4-Pyridyloxide on Reactivity and Reaction Mechanism. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2012. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2012.33.7.2269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Um IH, Bae AR. Electronic Nature of Substituent X Governs Reaction Mechanism in Aminolysis of 4-Pyridyl X-Substituted-Benzoates in Acetonitrile. J Org Chem 2012; 77:5781-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jo300961y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ik-Hwan Um
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
| | - Ae Ri Bae
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
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20
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Bae AR, Um IH. Kinetics and Reaction Mechanism of Aminolyses of Benzyl 2-Pyridyl Carbonate and t-Butyl 2-Pyridyl Carbonate in Acetonitrile. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2012. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2012.33.5.1547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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21
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Kang JS, Lee JI, Um IH. Kinetics and Reaction Mechanism of Aminolyses of Benzyl 2-Pyridyl Carbonate and t-Butyl 2-Pyridyl Carbonate: Effect of Nonleaving Group on Reactivity and Reaction Mechanism. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2012. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2012.33.5.1551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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22
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Um IH, Bae AR. Aminolysis of Y-Substituted-phenyl 2-Methoxybenzoates in Acetonitrile: Effect of the o-Methoxy Group on Reactivity and Reaction Mechanism. J Org Chem 2011; 76:7510-5. [DOI: 10.1021/jo201387h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ik-Hwan Um
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
| | - Ae Ri Bae
- Department of Chemistry and Nano Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea
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Markovic BD, Dobricic VD, Vladimirov SM, Cudina OA, Savic VM, Karljikovic-Rajic KD. Investigation of solvolysis kinetics of new synthesized fluocinolone acetonide C-21 esters--an in vitro model for prodrug activation. Molecules 2011; 16:2658-71. [PMID: 21441868 PMCID: PMC6259744 DOI: 10.3390/molecules16032658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Revised: 03/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study the solvolysis of newly synthesized fluocinolone acetonide C-21 esters was analysed in comparison with fluocinonide during a 24-hour period of time. The solvolysis was performed in an ethanol-water (90:10 v/v) mixture using the excess of NaHCO₃. The solvolytic mixtures of each investigated ester have been assayed by a RP-HPLC method using isocratic elution with methanol-water (75:25 v/v); flow rate 1 mL/min; detection at 238 nm; temperature 25 °C. Solvolytic rate constants were calculated from the obtained data. Geometry optimizations and charges calculations were carried out by Gaussian W03 software. A good correlation (R = 0.9924) was obtained between solvolytic rate constants and the polarity of the C-O2 bond of those esters. The established relation between solvolytic rate constant (K) and lipophilicity (cLogP) with experimental anti-inflammatory activity could be indicative for topical corticosteroid prodrug activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojan D Markovic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Vojvode Stepe 450, 11221 Belgrade, Serbia.
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Vána J, Sedlák M, Hanusek J. Kinetic Evidence for the Coexistence of Zwitterionic (T±), Neutral (T0) and Anionic (T−) Intermediates during Rearrangement of S-(2-Oxotetrahydrofuran-3-yl)-N-(4-methoxyphenyl)isothiuronium Bromide to 5-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-2-(4-methoxyphenylimino)-1,3-thiazolidin-4-one. J Org Chem 2010; 75:3729-36. [DOI: 10.1021/jo1004873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jirí Vána
- Faculty of Chemical Technology, Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology, University of Pardubice, CZ-532 10 Pardubice, The Czech Republic
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25
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Murphy JL, Tenn WJ, Labuda JJ, Nagorski RW. Rapid amidic hydrolysis: a competitive reaction pathway under basic conditions for N-(hydroxymethyl)benzamide derivatives bearing electron-donating groups. Tetrahedron Lett 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2009.10.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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26
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Sim YL, Ariffin A, Khan MN. Kinetics and mechanism of large rate enhancement in an acidic aqueous cleavage of the tertiary amide bond of N-(2-methoxyphenyl)-N′-morpholinophthalamide (1). Bioorg Chem 2008; 36:178-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2008.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2008] [Revised: 03/13/2008] [Accepted: 03/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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27
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Sim YL, Ariffin A, Khan MN. Kinetics and Mechanism of Large Rate Enhancement in the Alkaline Hydrolysis of N′-Morpholino-N-(2′-methoxyphenyl)phthalamide. J Org Chem 2008; 73:3730-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jo702695k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoke-Leng Sim
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Azhar Ariffin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - M. Niyaz Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Andrés GO, Pierini AB, de Rossi RH. Kinetic and Theoretical Studies on the Mechanism of Intramolecular Catalysis in Phenyl Ester Hydrolysis. J Org Chem 2006; 71:7650-6. [PMID: 16995670 DOI: 10.1021/jo061165e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The kinetic study of the hydrolysis reaction of Z-substituted phenyl hydrogen maleates (Z = H, m-CH3, p-CH3, m-Cl, p-Cl and m-CN) was carried out in aqueous solution, and the results were complemented with theoretical studies. Under some experimental conditions, two kinetic processes were observed. One of them was ascribed to maleic anhydride formation and the other to the anhydride hydrolysis. The Brönsted-type plot for the leaving-group dependence was linear with slope beta(lg) = -1. The experimental results are consistent with a mechanism that involves significant bond breaking in the rate-limiting transition state (alpha(lg) = 0.64). Theoretical results for the reaction in the gas phase showed an excellent Brönsted-type dependence with a beta(lg) of -1.03. A tetrahedral intermediate (TI) could not be found through DFT gas-phase studies (B3LYP/6-311+G*). Calculations carried out within a continuous solvation model or with discrete water molecules failed to find a stable TI. With both models, a flat region on the potential-energy surface is found and a tight optimization of the structures led back to starting materials. The theoretical results do not discard the possible existence of an unstable intermediate on the free-energy surface, but the analysis of the whole body of results compared with other acyl transfer reactions lead us to suggest that an enforced concerted mechanism is the most appropriate to describe these reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel O Andrés
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Físico Química de Córdoba, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Química Organica, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
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29
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Um IH, Jeon SE, Seok JA. Aminolysis of 2,4-Dinitrophenyl X-Substituted Benzoates and Y-Substituted Phenyl Benzoates in MeCN: Effect of the Reaction Medium on Rate and Mechanism. Chemistry 2006; 12:1237-43. [PMID: 16267870 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200500647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Second-order rate constants (k(N)) have been determined spectrophotometrically for the reactions of 2,4-dinitrophenyl X-substituted benzoates (1 a-f) and Y-substituted phenyl benzoates (2 a-h) with a series of alicyclic secondary amines in MeCN at 25.0 +/- 0.1 degrees C. The k(N) values are only slightly larger in MeCN than in H2O, although the amines studied are approximately 8 pK(a) units more basic in the aprotic solvent than in H2O. The Yukawa-Tsuno plot for the aminolysis of 1 a-f is linear, indicating that the electronic nature of the substituent X in the nonleaving group does not affect the rate-determining step (RDS) or reaction mechanism. The Hammett correlation with sigma- constants also exhibits good linearity with a large slope (rho(Y) = 3.54) for the reactions of 2 a-h with piperidine, implying that the leaving-group departure occurs at the rate-determining step. Aminolysis of 2,4-dinitrophenyl benzoate (1 c) results in a linear Brønsted-type plot with a beta(nuc) value of 0.40, suggesting that bond formation between the attacking amine and the carbonyl carbon atom of 1 c is little advanced in the transition state (TS). A concerted mechanism is proposed for the aminolysis of 1 a-f in MeCN. The medium change from H2O to MeCN appears to force the reaction to proceed concertedly by decreasing the stability of the zwitterionic tetrahedral intermediate (T+/-) in aprotic solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ik-Hwan Um
- Department of Chemistry, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 120-750, Korea.
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Adler M, Adler S, Boche G. Tetrahedral intermediates in reactions of carboxylic acid derivatives with nucleophiles. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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32
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Ravn J, Bourne GT, Smythe ML. A safety catch linker for Fmoc-based assembly of constrained cyclic peptides. J Pept Sci 2005; 11:572-8. [PMID: 15742335 DOI: 10.1002/psc.651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A new safety-catch linker for Fmoc solid-phase peptide synthesis of cyclic peptides is reported. The linear precursors were assembled on a tert-butyl protected catechol derivative using optimized conditions for Fmoc-removal. After activation of the linker using TFA, neutralization of the N-terminal amine induced cyclization with concomitant cleavage from the resin yielding the cyclic peptides in DMF solution. Several constrained cyclic peptides were synthesized in excellent yields and purities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Ravn
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Qld 4072, Australia
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Wu Z, Ban F, Boyd RJ. Modeling the reaction mechanisms of the amide hydrolysis in an N-(o-carboxybenzoyl)-L-amino acid. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125:6994-7000. [PMID: 12783553 DOI: 10.1021/ja021329i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Reaction mechanisms of the amide hydrolysis from the protonated, neutral, and deprotonated forms of N-(o-carboxybenzoyl)-l-amino acid have been investigated by use of the B3LYP density functional method. Our calculations reveal that in the amide hydrolysis the reaction barrier is significantly lower in solution than that in the gas phase, in contrast with the mechanism for imide formation in which the solvent has little influence on the reaction barrier. In the model reactions, the water molecules function both as a catalyst and as a reactant. The reaction mechanism starting from the neutral form of N-(o-carboxybenzoyl)-l-amino acid, which corresponds to pH 0-3, is concluded to be the most favored, and a concerted mechanism is more favorable than a stepwise mechanism. This conclusion is in agreement with experimental observations that the optimal pH range for amide hydrolysis of N-(o-carboxybenzoyl)-l-leucine is pH 0-3 where N-(o-carboxybenzoyl)-l-leucine is predominantly in its neutral form. We suggest that besides the acid-catalyzed mechanism the addition-elimination mechanism is likely to be an alternative choice for cleaving an amide bond. For the reaction mechanism initiated by protonation at the amidic oxygen (hydrogen ion concentration H(0) < -1), the reaction of the model compound with two water molecules lowers the transition barrier significantly compared with that involving a single water molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijian Wu
- Contribution from the Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4J3, Canada
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Wu Z, Ban F, Boyd RJ. Modeling the reaction mechanisms of the imide formation in an N-(o-carboxybenzoyl)-L-amino acid. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125:3642-8. [PMID: 12643727 DOI: 10.1021/ja020700z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Reaction mechanisms of the imide formation in an N-(o-carboxybenzoyl)-l-amino acid have been studied using density functional theory. Our results suggest that the reaction route initiated by protonation at the oxygen of the carboxyl group of the amino acid is favored, while those initiated by deprotonation at the oxygen of the carboxyl group of phthalic acid and at the amidic nitrogen are minor pathways. During the dehydration process, water functions as a catalyst. These conclusions are in good agreement with the experimental facts that at highly acidic conditions (hydrogen ion concentration H(0) < -1), imide formation is the most favorable pathway, whereas in the pH range 0-5, cyclization to the imide is not the dominant reaction. Our calculations also show that the carboxyl group of the amino acid is involved in the catalytic reaction in both the favored and minor pathways and that solvent effects have little influence on the reaction barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijian Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, B3H 4J3 Canada
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Fife TH, Singh R, Bembi R. Intramolecular general base catalyzed ester hydrolysis. The hydrolysis of 2-aminobenzoate esters. J Org Chem 2002; 67:3179-83. [PMID: 12003523 DOI: 10.1021/jo0103017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Rate constants have been obtained for the hydrolysis of the trifluoroethyl, phenyl, and p-nitrophenyl esters of 2-aminobenzoic acid at 50 degrees C in H(2)O. The pseudo-first-order rate constants, k(obsd), are pH independent from pH 8 to pH 4 (the pK(a) of the amine group conjugate acid). The 2-aminobenzoate esters hydrolyze with similar rate constants in the pH-independent reactions, and these water reactions are approximately 2-fold slower in D(2)O than in H(2)O. The most likely mechanism involves intramolecular general base catalysis by the neighboring amine group. The rate enhancements in the pH-independent reaction in comparison with the pH-independent hydrolysis of the corresponding para substituted esters or the benzoate esters are 50-100-fold. In comparison with the hydroxide ion catalyzed reaction, the enhancement in k(obsd) at pH 4 with the phenyl ester is 10(5)-fold. Intramolecular general base catalyzed reactions are assessed in respect to their relative advantages and disadvantages in enzyme catalysis. A general base catalyzed reaction can be more rapid at low pH than a nucleophilic reaction that has a marked dependence on pH and the leaving group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Fife
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-9560, USA.
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Andrés GO, Granados AM, de Rossi RH. Kinetic study of the hydrolysis of phthalic anhydride and aryl hydrogen phthalates. J Org Chem 2001; 66:7653-7. [PMID: 11701017 DOI: 10.1021/jo010499v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The kinetics of the hydrolysis of phthalic anhydride and X-phenyl hydrogen phthalate (X = H, p-Me, m-Cl, and p-Cl) were studied. Several bases accelerate the reaction of phthalic anhydride: acetate, phosphate, N-methyl imidazole, 1,4-diazabicyclo[2,2,2]octane (DABCO), and carbonate. Phosphate, DABCO, and N-methyl imidazole react as nucleophiles, whereas the data do not allow the determination of whether the other bases react in the same way or as general bases catalyzing the water reaction. The rate constants for all of them including water and HO- define a Brönsted plot with beta = 0.46. The kinetics of the hydrolysis of the esters were studied below pH 6.20, and the mechanism involves the formation of phthalic anhydride, which then is hydrolyzed to the phthalic acid. Phenoxide ion has a very high rate constant for the reaction with phthalic anhydride, so above pH 6.20 it competes significantly with the hydrolysis of the anhydride. The reactions of the esters as a function of pH allow the determination of the kinetic pK(a) which are 3.06, 3.02, 2.95, and 2.93 for X = H, p-Me, m-Cl, and p-Cl, respectively. The data also show that the catalysis by the neighboring carboxy group takes place only when it is ionized (i.e., as carboxylate).
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Affiliation(s)
- G O Andrés
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Físico Química de Córdoba (INFIQC), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
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Abstract
The synthesis of three analogues of the single most abundant component of a ladybird beetle (Epilachna borealis) defensive secretion, the trimeric 42-membered polyazamacrolide PAML 681, is described. Construction of the nonnatural macrocyclic trimers began with the preparation of the corresponding monomeric segments, followed by their oligomerization and a final macrolactonization step of the activated linear trimeric hydroxy acid. The relative rates of the O-to-N acyl migrations that are characteristic of PAML 681 itself, as well as of the synthetic analogues, were investigated. These studies showed that changes in the substitution pattern adjacent to the nucleophilic nitrogen atom, along with changes in the size of the oxaazacyclic intermediates, have substantial effects on the polyazamacrolide rearrangement rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- S García-Rubio
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, USA
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