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Clark JA, Kusy D, Vakuliuk O, Krzeszewski M, Kochanowski KJ, Koszarna B, O'Mari O, Jacquemin D, Gryko DT, Vullev VI. The magic of biaryl linkers: the electronic coupling through them defines the propensity for excited-state symmetry breaking in quadrupolar acceptor-donor-acceptor fluorophores. Chem Sci 2023; 14:13537-13550. [PMID: 38033901 PMCID: PMC10685337 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03812b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Charge transfer (CT) is key for molecular photonics, governing the optical properties of chromophores comprising electron-rich and electron-deficient components. In photoexcited dyes with an acceptor-donor-acceptor or donor-acceptor-donor architecture, CT breaks their quadrupolar symmetry and yields dipolar structures manifesting pronounced solvatochromism. Herein, we explore the effects of electronic coupling through biaryl linkers on the excited-state symmetry breaking of such hybrid dyes composed of an electron-rich core, i.e., 1,4-dihydropyrrolo[3,2-b]pyrrole (DHPP), and pyrene substituents that can act as electron acceptors. Experimental and theoretical studies reveal that strengthening the donor-acceptor electronic coupling decreases the CT rates and the propensity for symmetry breaking. We ascribe this unexpected result to effects of electronic coupling on the CT thermodynamics, which in its turn affects the CT kinetics. In cases of intermediate electronic coupling, the pyrene-DHPP conjugates produce fluorescence spectra, spreading over the whole visible range, that in addition to the broad CT emission, show bands from the radiative deactivation of the locally excited states of the donor and the acceptors. Because the radiative deactivation of the low-lying CT states is distinctly slow, fluorescence from upper locally excited states emerge leading to the observed anti-Kasha behaviour. As a result, these dyes exhibit white fluorescence. In addition to demonstrating the multifaceted nature of the effects of electronic coupling on CT dynamics, these chromophores can act as broad-band light sources with practical importance for imaging and photonics.
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Affiliation(s)
- John A Clark
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Riverside, 900 University Ave. Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Damian Kusy
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44-52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Olena Vakuliuk
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44-52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Maciej Krzeszewski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44-52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Krzysztof J Kochanowski
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44-52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Beata Koszarna
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44-52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Omar O'Mari
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Riverside, 900 University Ave. Riverside CA 92521 USA
| | - Denis Jacquemin
- Nantes Université, CNRS CEISAM UMR 6230 F-44000 Nantes France
- Institut Universitaire de France (IUF) F-75005 Paris France
| | - Daniel T Gryko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44-52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Valentine I Vullev
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Riverside, 900 University Ave. Riverside CA 92521 USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside CA 92521 USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California Riverside CA 92521 USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California Riverside CA 92521 USA
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2
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Kimoto H, Takahashi M, Masuko M, Sato K, Hirahara Y, Iiyama M, Suzuki Y, Hashimoto T, Hayashita T. High-Throughput Analysis of Bacterial Toxic Lipopolysaccharide in Water by Dual-Wavelength Monitoring Using a Ratiometric Fluorescent Chemosensor. Anal Chem 2023; 95:12349-12357. [PMID: 37524054 PMCID: PMC10448884 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c01870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is a bacterial toxin that causes fever in humans. Our small-molecule chemosensor named Zn-dpa-C2OPy shows rapid ratiometric fluorescence response to LPS in water with a detection limit of 11 pM, which is lower than that of our previously reported sensor. Spectroscopic measurements (fluorescence, absorbance, 1H NMR, and fluorescence lifetime), dynamic light scattering measurements, and transmission electron microscopy observations revealed that the fluorescence response was induced by the changes in the aggregation state via multi-point recognition of LPS through hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions, in addition to the coordination between the zinc(II)-dipicolylamine moiety of the chemosensor and the phosphate group of LPS. The proposed Zn-dpa-C2OPy chemosensor was applied to an original flow injection analysis (FIA) system with a self-developed dual-wavelength fluorophotometer, and a high throughput of 36 samples per hour was achieved. These results demonstrate the feasibility of this unique methodology combining a ratiometric fluorescent chemosensor and FIA for continuous online monitoring of LPS in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kimoto
- Graduate
School of Science and Technology, Sophia
University, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
- Technical
Development Division, Nomura Micro Science
Co., Ltd., Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0021, Japan
| | - Moeka Takahashi
- Department
of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
| | - Masakage Masuko
- Graduate
School of Science and Technology, Sophia
University, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
| | - Kai Sato
- Graduate
School of Science and Technology, Sophia
University, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
| | - Yuya Hirahara
- Graduate
School of Science and Technology, Sophia
University, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
- Technical
Development Division, Nomura Micro Science
Co., Ltd., Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0021, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Iiyama
- Technical
Development Division, Nomura Micro Science
Co., Ltd., Atsugi, Kanagawa 243-0021, Japan
| | - Yota Suzuki
- Department
of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
- Graduate
School of Science and Engineering, Saitama
University, Saitama 338-8570, Japan
| | - Takeshi Hashimoto
- Department
of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
| | - Takashi Hayashita
- Department
of Materials and Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Sophia University, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan
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3
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Pehlken C, Pfeffer MG, Reich K, Rau S. Evaluation of 1 H-NMR Spectroscopy-Based Quantification Methods of the Supramolecular Aggregation of a Molecular Photosensitizer. Photochem Photobiol 2022; 98:1255-1263. [PMID: 35737849 DOI: 10.1111/php.13669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The supramolecular dimerization of a ruthenium polypyridyl precursor of a well-developed family of hydrogen evolving photocatalysts via π-π-interactions of the polyheteroaromatic bridging ligand was quantified with concentration dependent 1 H-NMR-spectroscopy. The data sets were analyzed with different calculation and fit methods. A comparison between the results of direct calculation, linear and nonlinear approaches showed that the application of a global nonlinear fit procedure yields the best results. The presented methods are also applicable for dimerization processes in solution of other molecular moieties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Pehlken
- University of Ulm, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I Materials and Catalysis, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm
| | - Michael G Pfeffer
- University of Ulm, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I Materials and Catalysis, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm
| | - Katharina Reich
- University of Ulm, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I Materials and Catalysis, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm
| | - Sven Rau
- University of Ulm, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry I Materials and Catalysis, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm
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4
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Imidazole-Pyrene Hybrid Luminescent Materials for Organic Light-Emitting Diodes: Synthesis, Characterization & Electroluminescent Properties. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.130306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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5
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Rybicka-Jasińska K, Derr JB, Vullev VI. What defines biomimetic and bioinspired science and engineering? PURE APPL CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2021-0323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Biomimicry, biomimesis and bioinspiration define distinctly different approaches for deepening the understanding of how living systems work and employing this knowledge to meet pressing demands in engineering. Biomimicry involves shear imitation of biological structures that most often do not reproduce the functionality that they have while in the living organisms. Biomimesis aims at reproduction of biological structure-function relationships and advances our knowledge of how different components of complex living systems work. Bioinspiration employs this knowledge in abiotic manners that are optimal for targeted applications. This article introduces and reviews these concepts in a global historic perspective. Representative examples from charge-transfer science and solar-energy engineering illustrate the evolution from biomimetic to bioinspired approaches and show their importance. Bioinspired molecular electrets, aiming at exploration of dipole effects on charge transfer, demonstrate the pintail impacts of biological inspiration that reach beyond its high utilitarian values. The abiotic character of bioinspiration opens doors for the emergence of unprecedented properties and phenomena, beyond what nature can offer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James B. Derr
- Department of Biochemistry , University of California , Riverside , CA , 92521 , USA
| | - Valentine I. Vullev
- Department of Biochemistry , University of California , Riverside , CA , 92521 , USA
- Department of Bioengineering , University of California , Riverside , CA , 92521 , USA
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Riverside , CA , 92521 , USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Program , University of California , Riverside , CA , 92521 , USA
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6
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Podder A, Lee HJ, Kim BH. Fluorescent Nucleic Acid Systems for Biosensors. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2021. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20200351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arup Podder
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Advanced Materials Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Ha Jung Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Advanced Materials Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Byeang Hyean Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Advanced Materials Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
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7
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Derr JB, Tamayo J, Clark JA, Morales M, Mayther MF, Espinoza EM, Rybicka-Jasińska K, Vullev VI. Multifaceted aspects of charge transfer. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:21583-21629. [PMID: 32785306 PMCID: PMC7544685 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp01556c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Charge transfer and charge transport are by far among the most important processes for sustaining life on Earth and for making our modern ways of living possible. Involving multiple electron-transfer steps, photosynthesis and cellular respiration have been principally responsible for managing the energy flow in the biosphere of our planet since the Great Oxygen Event. It is impossible to imagine living organisms without charge transport mediated by ion channels, or electron and proton transfer mediated by redox enzymes. Concurrently, transfer and transport of electrons and holes drive the functionalities of electronic and photonic devices that are intricate for our lives. While fueling advances in engineering, charge-transfer science has established itself as an important independent field, originating from physical chemistry and chemical physics, focusing on paradigms from biology, and gaining momentum from solar-energy research. Here, we review the fundamental concepts of charge transfer, and outline its core role in a broad range of unrelated fields, such as medicine, environmental science, catalysis, electronics and photonics. The ubiquitous nature of dipoles, for example, sets demands on deepening the understanding of how localized electric fields affect charge transfer. Charge-transfer electrets, thus, prove important for advancing the field and for interfacing fundamental science with engineering. Synergy between the vastly different aspects of charge-transfer science sets the stage for the broad global impacts that the advances in this field have.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Derr
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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8
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Shingade VM, Grove LJ, Connick WB. Luminescent Pt(2,6-bis(N-methylbenzimidazol-2-yl)pyridine)X +: a comparison with the spectroscopic and electrochemical properties of Pt(tpy)X + (X = Cl, CCPh, Ph, or CH 3). Dalton Trans 2020; 49:9651-9661. [PMID: 32627792 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt01496f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
A series of platinum(ii) pincer complexes of the formula Pt(mbzimpy)X+, 1(a-d), (mbzimpy = 2,6-bis(N-methylbenzimidazol-2-yl)pyridine; X = Cl; (a), CCPh; (b), Ph; (c), or CH3; (d), CCPh = phenylacetylide, and Ph = Phenyl) have been synthesized and characterized. Electronic absorption and emission, as well as electrochemical properties of these compounds, have been investigated. Pt(tpy)X+ analogs (tpy = 2,2';6'2''-terpyridine), 2(a-d), have also been investigated and compared. Electrochemistry shows that 1 and 2 analogs undergo two chemically reversible one-electron reduction processes that are shifted cathodically along the a < b < c < d series. Notably, these reductions occur at slightly higher negative potentials in the case of 1. The absorption spectra of 1 and 2 in acetonitrile exhibit ligand-centered (1LC) transitions (ε ≈ 104 M-1 cm-1) in the UV region and metal-to-ligand-charge transfer (1MLCT) transitions (ε ≈ 103 M-1 cm-1) in the visible region. The corresponding visible bands of 1b and 2b have been assigned to 1(LLCT/MLCT) mixed state (LLCT: ligand-to-ligand-charge transfer). The preceding 1LC and 1MLCT transitions of 1 occur at lower energies than that of 2. These 1LC transitions have distinctly been blue-shifted along a < c < d in 2, but occur at nearly identical energies in 1. Conversely, 1MLCT transitions are red-shifted along a < c < d in both the analogs. The 77 K glassy solutions of 1 and 2 exhibit an intense vibronically-structured emission band at λmax(0-0) in the 470-560 nm range. This band is red-shifted along b < a ≤ c < d in 1 and along a ≤ d ≈ c ≪ b in 2. The main character of these emissions is assigned to 3LLCT emissive state in 1b and 2b, whereas to 3LC in the rest of the compounds. Relative stabilization of these spin-forbidden emissive states is discussed by invoking configuration mixing with the higher-lying 3MLCT state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas M Shingade
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0172, USA.
| | - Levi J Grove
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0172, USA.
| | - William B Connick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 210172, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0172, USA.
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9
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Skonieczny K, Espinoza EM, Derr JB, Morales M, Clinton JM, Xia B, Vullev VI. Biomimetic and bioinspired molecular electrets. How to make them and why does the established peptide chemistry not always work? PURE APPL CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2019-0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract“Biomimetic” and “bioinspired” define different aspects of the impacts that biology exerts on science and engineering. Biomimicking improves the understanding of how living systems work, and builds tools for bioinspired endeavors. Biological inspiration takes ideas from biology and implements them in unorthodox manners, exceeding what nature offers. Molecular electrets, i.e. systems with ordered electric dipoles, are key for advancing charge-transfer (CT) science and engineering. Protein helices and their biomimetic analogues, based on synthetic polypeptides, are the best-known molecular electrets. The inability of native polypeptide backbones to efficiently mediate long-range CT, however, limits their utility. Bioinspired molecular electrets based on anthranilamides can overcome the limitations of their biological and biomimetic counterparts. Polypeptide helices are easy to synthesize using established automated protocols. These protocols, however, fail to produce even short anthranilamide oligomers. For making anthranilamides, the residues are introduced as their nitrobenzoic-acid derivatives, and the oligomers are built from their C- to their N-termini via amide-coupling and nitro-reduction steps. The stringent requirements for these reduction and coupling steps pose non-trivial challenges, such as high selectivity, quantitative yields, and fast completion under mild conditions. Addressing these challenges will provide access to bioinspired molecular electrets essential for organic electronics and energy conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Skonieczny
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44-52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Eli M. Espinoza
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - James B. Derr
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Maryann Morales
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Jillian M. Clinton
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Bing Xia
- GlaxoSmithKline, 200 Cambridgepark Dr., Cambridge, MA 02140, USA
| | - Valentine I. Vullev
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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10
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Espinoza EM, Clark JA, Derr JB, Bao D, Georgieva B, Quina FH, Vullev VI. How Do Amides Affect the Electronic Properties of Pyrene? ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:12857-12867. [PMID: 31458010 PMCID: PMC6644773 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The electronic properties of amide linkers, which are intricate components of biomolecules, offer a wealth of unexplored possibilities. Herein, we demonstrate how the different modes of attaching an amide to a pyrene chromophore affect the electrochemical and optical properties of the chromophore. Thus, although they cause minimal spectral shifts, amide substituents can improve either the electron-accepting or electron-donating capabilities of pyrene. Specifically, inversion of the amide orientation shifts the reduction potentials by 200 mV. These trends indicate that, although amides affect to a similar extent the energies of the ground and singlet excited states of pyrene, the effects on the doublet states of its radical ions are distinctly different. This behavior reflects the unusually strong orientation dependence of the resonance effects of amide substituents, which should extend to amide substituents on other types of chromophores in general. These results represent an example where the Hammett sigma constants fail to predict substituent effects on electrochemical properties. On the other hand, Swain-Lupton parameters are found to be in good agreement with the observed trends. Examination of the frontier orbitals of the pyrene derivatives and their components reveals the underlying reason for the observed amide effects on the electronic properties of this polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and points to key molecular-design strategies for electronic and energy-conversion systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli M. Espinoza
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Bioengineering, Department of Biochemistry, and Materials Science
and Engineering Program, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Instituto
de Química, Universidade de São
Paulo, Avenida Lineu
Prestes 748, Cidade Universitária, São
Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - John A. Clark
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Bioengineering, Department of Biochemistry, and Materials Science
and Engineering Program, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - James B. Derr
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Bioengineering, Department of Biochemistry, and Materials Science
and Engineering Program, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Duoduo Bao
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Bioengineering, Department of Biochemistry, and Materials Science
and Engineering Program, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Boriana Georgieva
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Bioengineering, Department of Biochemistry, and Materials Science
and Engineering Program, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Frank H. Quina
- Instituto
de Química, Universidade de São
Paulo, Avenida Lineu
Prestes 748, Cidade Universitária, São
Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
- E-mail: (F.H.Q.)
| | - Valentine I. Vullev
- Department
of Chemistry, Department of Bioengineering, Department of Biochemistry, and Materials Science
and Engineering Program, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
- E-mail: (V.I.V.)
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11
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Kanamori T, Matsuyama A, Naito H, Tsuga Y, Ozako Y, Ogura SI, Okazaki S, Yuasa H. Water-Soluble Glucosyl Pyrene Photosensitizers: An Intramolecularly Synthesized 2-C-Glucoside and an O-Glucoside. J Org Chem 2018; 83:13765-13775. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b02066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Kanamori
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, J2-10 4259 Nagatsuta, Midoriku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Akira Matsuyama
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, J2-10 4259 Nagatsuta, Midoriku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Hidenori Naito
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, J2-10 4259 Nagatsuta, Midoriku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Yuki Tsuga
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, J2-10 4259 Nagatsuta, Midoriku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Ozako
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, J2-10 4259 Nagatsuta, Midoriku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Shun-ichiro Ogura
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, J2-10 4259 Nagatsuta, Midoriku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
| | - Shigetoshi Okazaki
- Department of Medical Spectroscopy, Preeminent Medical Photonics Education and Research Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Handayama 1-20-1, Higashi-ku, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka 431-3192, Japan
| | - Hideya Yuasa
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, J2-10 4259 Nagatsuta, Midoriku, Yokohama 226-8501, Japan
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12
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Derr JB, Tamayo J, Espinoza EM, Clark JA, Vullev VI. Dipole-induced effects on charge transfer and charge transport. Why do molecular electrets matter? CAN J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2017-0389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Charge transfer (CT) and charge transport (CTr) are at the core of life-sustaining biological processes and of processes that govern the performance of electronic and energy-conversion devices. Electric fields are invaluable for guiding charge movement. Therefore, as electrostatic analogues of magnets, electrets have unexplored potential for generating local electric fields for accelerating desired CT processes and suppressing undesired ones. The notion about dipole-generated local fields affecting CT has evolved since the middle of the 20th century. In the 1990s, the first reports demonstrating the dipole effects on the kinetics of long-range electron transfer appeared. Concurrently, the development of molecular-level designs of electric junctions has led the exploration of dipole effects on CTr. Biomimetic molecular electrets such as polypeptide helices are often the dipole sources in CT systems. Conversely, surface-charge electrets and self-assembled monolayers of small polar conjugates are the preferred sources for modifying interfacial electric fields for controlling CTr. The multifaceted complexity of such effects on CT and CTr testifies for the challenges and the wealth of this field that still remains largely unexplored. This review outlines the basic concepts about dipole effects on CT and CTr, discusses their evolution, and provides accounts for their future developments and impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B. Derr
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Jesse Tamayo
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Eli M. Espinoza
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - John A. Clark
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Valentine I. Vullev
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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13
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Beldjoudi Y, Nascimento MA, Cho YJ, Yu H, Aziz H, Tonouchi D, Eguchi K, Matsushita MM, Awaga K, Osorio-Roman I, Constantinides CP, Rawson JM. Multifunctional Dithiadiazolyl Radicals: Fluorescence, Electroluminescence, and Photoconducting Behavior in Pyren-1'-yl-dithiadiazolyl. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:6260-6270. [PMID: 29688006 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b12592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The pyren-1'-yl-functionalized dithiadiazolyl (DTDA) radical, C16H9CNSSN (1), is monomeric in solution and exhibits fluorescence in the deep-blue region of the visible spectrum (440 nm) upon excitation at 241 nm. The salt [1][GaCl4] exhibits similar emission, reflecting the largely spectator nature of the radical in the fluorescence process, although the presence of the radical leads to a modest quenching of emission (ΦF = 98% for 1+ and 50% for 1) through enhancement of non-radiative decay processes. Time-dependent density functional theory studies on 1 coupled with the similar emission profiles of both 1+ and 1 are consistent with the initial excitation being of predominantly pyrene π-π* character. Spectroscopic studies indicate stabilization of the excited state in polar media, with the fluorescence lifetime for 1 (τ = 5 ns) indicative of a short-lived excited state. Comparative studies between the energies of the frontier orbitals of pyren-1'-yl nitronyl nitroxide (2, which is not fluorescent) and 1 reveal that the energy mismatch and poor spatial overlap between the DTDA radical SOMO and the pyrene π manifold in 1 efficiently inhibit the non-radiative electron-electron exchange relaxation pathway previously described for 2. Solid-state films of both 1 and [1][GaCl4] exhibit broad emission bands at 509 and 545 nm, respectively. Incorporation of 1 within a host matrix for OLED fabrication revealed electroluminescence, with CIE coordinates of (0.205, 0.280) corresponding to a sky-blue emission. The brightness of the device reached 1934 cd/m2 at an applied voltage of 16 V. The crystal structure of 1 reveals a distorted π-stacked motif with almost regular distances between the pyrene rings but alternating long-short contacts between DTDA radicals. Solid state measurements on a thin film of 1 reveal emission occurs at shorter wavelengths (375 nm) whereas conductivity measurements on a single crystal of 1 show a photoconducting response at longer wavelength excitation (455 nm).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yassine Beldjoudi
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry , University of Windsor , 401 Sunset Avenue , Windsor , ON N9B 3P4 , Canada
| | - Mitchell A Nascimento
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry , University of Windsor , 401 Sunset Avenue , Windsor , ON N9B 3P4 , Canada
| | - Yong Joo Cho
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology , University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue West , Waterloo , ON N2L 3G1 , Canada
| | - Hyeonghwa Yu
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology , University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue West , Waterloo , ON N2L 3G1 , Canada
| | - Hany Aziz
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology , University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue West , Waterloo , ON N2L 3G1 , Canada
| | - Daiki Tonouchi
- Department of Chemistry & Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences (IRCCS) , The University of Nagoya , Furo-Cho, Chikusa-Ku , Nagoya City , Aichi 464-8602 , Japan
| | - Keitaro Eguchi
- Department of Chemistry & Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences (IRCCS) , The University of Nagoya , Furo-Cho, Chikusa-Ku , Nagoya City , Aichi 464-8602 , Japan
| | - Michio M Matsushita
- Department of Chemistry & Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences (IRCCS) , The University of Nagoya , Furo-Cho, Chikusa-Ku , Nagoya City , Aichi 464-8602 , Japan
| | - Kunio Awaga
- Department of Chemistry & Integrated Research Consortium on Chemical Sciences (IRCCS) , The University of Nagoya , Furo-Cho, Chikusa-Ku , Nagoya City , Aichi 464-8602 , Japan
| | - Igor Osorio-Roman
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry , University of Windsor , 401 Sunset Avenue , Windsor , ON N9B 3P4 , Canada
| | - Christos P Constantinides
- Department of Chemistry , North Caroline State University , 2620 Yarbrough Drive, Box 8204 , Raleigh , North Carolina 27695 , United States
| | - Jeremy M Rawson
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry , University of Windsor , 401 Sunset Avenue , Windsor , ON N9B 3P4 , Canada
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14
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Espinoza EM, Larsen-Clinton JM, Krzeszewski M, Darabedian N, Gryko DT, Vullev VI. Bioinspired approach toward molecular electrets: synthetic proteome for materials. PURE APPL CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2017-0309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AbstractMolecular-level control of charge transfer (CT) is essential for both, organic electronics and solar-energy conversion, as well as for a wide range of biological processes. This article provides an overview of the utility of local electric fields originating from molecular dipoles for directing CT processes. Systems with ordered dipoles, i.e. molecular electrets, are the centerpiece of the discussion. The conceptual evolution from biomimicry to biomimesis, and then to biological inspiration, paves the roads leading from testing the understanding of how natural living systems function to implementing these lessons into optimal paradigms for specific applications. This progression of the evolving structure-function relationships allows for the development of bioinspired electrets composed of non-native aromatic amino acids. A set of such non-native residues that are electron-rich can be viewed as a synthetic proteome for hole-transfer electrets. Detailed considerations of the electronic structure of an individual residue prove of key importance for designating the points for optimal injection of holes (i.e. extraction of electrons) in electret oligomers. This multifaceted bioinspired approach for the design of CT molecular systems provides unexplored paradigms for electronic and energy science and engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli M. Espinoza
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | | | - Maciej Krzeszewski
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44-52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Narek Darabedian
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Daniel T. Gryko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44-52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Valentine I. Vullev
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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15
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Espinoza EM, Xia B, Darabedian N, Larsen JM, Nuñez V, Bao D, Mac JT, Botero F, Wurch M, Zhou F, Vullev VI. Nitropyrene Photoprobes: Making Them, and What Are They Good for? European J Org Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201501339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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16
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Larsen JM, Espinoza EM, Hartman JD, Lin CK, Wurch M, Maheshwari P, Kaushal RK, Marsella MJ, Beran GJO, Vullev VI. Building blocks for bioinspired electrets: molecular-level approach to materials for energy and electronics. PURE APPL CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2015-0109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIn biology, an immense diversity of protein structural and functional motifs originates from only 20 common proteinogenic native amino acids arranged in various sequences. Is it possible to attain the same diversity in electronic materials based on organic macromolecules composed of non-native residues with different characteristics? This publication describes the design, preparation and characterization of non-native aromatic β-amino acid residues, i.e. derivatives of anthranilic acid, for polyamides that can efficiently mediate hole transfer. Chemical derivatization with three types of substituents at two positions of the aromatic ring allows for adjusting the energy levels of the frontier orbitals of the anthranilamide residues over a range of about one electronvolt. Most importantly, the anthranilamide residues possess permanent electric dipoles, adding to the electronic properties of the bioinspired conjugates they compose, making them molecular electrets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian M. Larsen
- 1Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92507, USA
| | - Eli M. Espinoza
- 2Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92507, USA
| | - Joshua D. Hartman
- 2Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92507, USA
| | - Chung-Kuang Lin
- 1Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92507, USA
| | - Michelle Wurch
- 1Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92507, USA
| | - Payal Maheshwari
- 1Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92507, USA
| | - Raman K. Kaushal
- 1Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92507, USA
| | - Michael J. Marsella
- 2Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92507, USA
| | - Gregory J. O. Beran
- 2Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92507, USA
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17
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Mitra K, Patil S, Kondaiah P, Chakravarty AR. 2-(Phenylazo)pyridineplatinum(II) Catecholates Showing Photocytotoxicity, Nuclear Uptake, and Glutathione-Triggered Ligand Release. Inorg Chem 2014; 54:253-64. [DOI: 10.1021/ic502317z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Koushambi Mitra
- Department
of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry and ‡Department of Molecular Reproduction
and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Shilpa Patil
- Department
of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry and ‡Department of Molecular Reproduction
and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Paturu Kondaiah
- Department
of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry and ‡Department of Molecular Reproduction
and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Akhil R. Chakravarty
- Department
of Inorganic and Physical Chemistry and ‡Department of Molecular Reproduction
and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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18
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Bao D, Upadhyayula S, Larsen JM, Xia B, Georgieva B, Nuñez V, Espinoza EM, Hartman JD, Wurch M, Chang A, Lin CK, Larkin J, Vasquez K, Beran GJO, Vullev VI. Dipole-mediated rectification of intramolecular photoinduced charge separation and charge recombination. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:12966-73. [PMID: 25162490 DOI: 10.1021/ja505618n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Controlling charge transfer at a molecular scale is critical for efficient light harvesting, energy conversion, and nanoelectronics. Dipole-polarization electrets, the electrostatic analogue of magnets, provide a means for "steering" electron transduction via the local electric fields generated by their permanent electric dipoles. Here, we describe the first demonstration of the utility of anthranilamides, moieties with ordered dipoles, for controlling intramolecular charge transfer. Donor-acceptor dyads, each containing a single anthranilamide moiety, distinctly rectify both the forward photoinduced electron transfer and the subsequent charge recombination. Changes in the observed charge-transfer kinetics as a function of media polarity were consistent with the anticipated effects of the anthranilamide molecular dipoles on the rectification. The regioselectivity of electron transfer and the molecular dynamics of the dyads further modulated the observed kinetics, particularly for charge recombination. These findings reveal the underlying complexity of dipole-induced effects on electron transfer and demonstrate unexplored paradigms for molecular rectifiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duoduo Bao
- Department of Bioengineering, ‡Department of Biochemistry, §Department of Chemistry, and ∥Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California , Riverside, California 92521, United States
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19
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Nuñez V, Upadhyayula S, Millare B, Larsen JM, Hadian A, Shin S, Vandrangi P, Gupta S, Xu H, Lin AP, Georgiev GY, Vullev VI. Microfluidic Space-Domain Time-Resolved Emission Spectroscopy of Terbium(III) and Europium(III) Chelates with Pyridine-2,6-Dicarboxylate. Anal Chem 2013; 85:4567-77. [DOI: 10.1021/ac400200x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vicente Nuñez
- Department of Bioengineering
and Center for Bioengineering Research, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Srigokul Upadhyayula
- Department of Bioengineering
and Center for Bioengineering Research, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521,
United States
| | - Brent Millare
- Department of Bioengineering
and Center for Bioengineering Research, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Jillian M. Larsen
- Department of Bioengineering
and Center for Bioengineering Research, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Ali Hadian
- Department of Bioengineering
and Center for Bioengineering Research, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Sanghoon Shin
- Department of Bioengineering
and Center for Bioengineering Research, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Prashanthi Vandrangi
- Department of Bioengineering
and Center for Bioengineering Research, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Sharad Gupta
- Department of Bioengineering
and Center for Bioengineering Research, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Hong Xu
- Department of Bioengineering
and Center for Bioengineering Research, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Adam P. Lin
- Department of Bioengineering
and Center for Bioengineering Research, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Georgi Y. Georgiev
- Department of Bioengineering
and Center for Bioengineering Research, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Valentine I. Vullev
- Department of Bioengineering
and Center for Bioengineering Research, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Department of Biochemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521,
United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Riverside, California 92521,
United States
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20
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Mitra P, Chakraborty B, Bhattacharyya D, Basu S. Excimer of 9-aminoacridine hydrochloride hydrate in confined medium: an integrated experimental and theoretical study. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:1428-38. [PMID: 23346864 DOI: 10.1021/jp3103639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We aim to find out the extent of stability of the excimer of 9-aminoacridine hydrochloride hydrate (9AA), a prospective PDT drug, in different confined media with varying cavity size. When confined in cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide micelles, although at low concentration of 9AA, only a single distinct peak (λ(max) at 460 nm) with a shoulder at 485 nm is observed in steady-state fluorescence spectrum, yet with increase in concentration the peak and the shoulder merge with simultaneous emergence of another peak at 535 nm, which is assigned to excimer. Similar behavior is also observed in Triton-X, crown ether, α-cyclodextrin, β-cyclodextrin, and homogeneous aqueous medium. The formation of excimer, which reflects the extent of confinement of 9AA, is maximum in β-cyclodextrin followed by others. Steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence studies along with TRES and TRANES analyses coupled with anisotropy data and transient absorption studies reveal the presence of monomer-dimer equilibrium of 9AA in the excited state. Molecular modeling indicates that the structure of excimer is stabilized by locking of the two monomeric species via four hydrogen bonds formed between the amino-H and imino-N of 9AA monomers, whereas the dimer in the ground state has only two such hydrogen bonds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyali Mitra
- Chemical Sciences Division, Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics, 1/AF, Bidhannagar, Kolkata 700064, India
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21
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Xia B, Bao D, Upadhyayula S, Jones G, Vullev VI. Anthranilamides as bioinspired molecular electrets: experimental evidence for a permanent ground-state electric dipole moment. J Org Chem 2013; 78:1994-2004. [PMID: 23270467 DOI: 10.1021/jo301942g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
As electrostatic equivalents of magnets, organic electrets offer unparalleled properties for impacting energy conversion and electronic applications. While biological systems have evolved to efficiently utilize protein α-helices as molecular electrets, the synthetic counterparts of these conjugates still remain largely unexplored. This paper describes a study of the electronic properties of anthranilamide oligomers, which proved to be electrets based on their intrinsic dipole moments as evident from their spectral and dielectric properties. NMR studies provided the means for estimating the direction of the intrinsic electric dipoles of these conjugates. This study sets the foundation for the development of a class of organic materials that are de novo designed from biomolecular motifs and possess unexplored electronic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Xia
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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22
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Otabe T, Matsumoto S, Nakagawa H, Hong C, Dohno C, Nakatani K. Triethynylmethane: a molecular unit inducing excimer-like emission in aggregated states of hydrocarbon fluorophores. Tetrahedron Lett 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.10.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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23
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Chitrapriya N, Kamatchi TS, Zeller M, Lee H, Natarajan K. Synthesis, spectroscopic, crystal structure and DNA binding of Ru(II) complexes with 2-hydroxy-benzoic acid [1-(4-hydroxy-6-methyl-2-oxo-2H-pyran-3-yl)-ethylidene]-hydrazide. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2011; 81:128-134. [PMID: 21763180 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2011.05.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Revised: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 05/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Reactions of 2-hydroxy-benzoic acid [1-(4-hydroxy-6-methyl-2-oxo-2H-pyran-3-yl)-ethylidene]-hydrazide (H(2)L) with [RuHCl(CO)(EPh(3))(3)] (E = P or As) were carried out and the new complexes obtained were characterized by elemental analysis, electronic, IR, (1)H NMR and (13)C NMR spectroscopic techniques and single crystal X-ray diffraction studies. Complex (1) crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P2(1)/c with unit cell dimensions a=18.6236(17) Å, b=12.8627(12) Å, c=21.683(2) Å, α=90.00, β=114.626(2), γ=90.00 V=4721.8(8) Å, Z=4. The crystal structure of the complex shows Ru(II) atom is six-coordinated, forming a slightly distorted octahedral geometry with two P atoms in axial positions, and three chelating donor atoms of the tridentate Schiff base ligand and one carbonyl group located in the equatorial plane. The molecular structure is stabilized by intramolecular O-H···N interactions. No intermolecular hydrogen bond was observed. The intramolecular hydrogen bond exists between the oxygen atom from salicylic acid moiety and nitrogen from the same moiety. A variety of solution studies were carried out for the determination of DNA binding mode of the complexes. The results suggest that both complexes bind to Herring sperm DNA via non intercalative mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataraj Chitrapriya
- Department of Chemistry and Green-Nano Materials Research Center, Kyungpook National University, 1370 Sankyuk-dong, Buk-gu, Deagu 702-701, Republic of Korea
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24
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Upadhyayula S, Bao D, Millare B, Sylvia SS, Habib KMM, Ashraf K, Ferreira A, Bishop S, Bonderer R, Baqai S, Jing X, Penchev M, Ozkan M, Ozkan CS, Lake RK, Vullev VI. Permanent electric dipole moments of carboxyamides in condensed media: what are the limitations of theory and experiment? J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:9473-90. [PMID: 21682315 DOI: 10.1021/jp2045383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Electrostatic properties of proteins are crucial for their functionality. Carboxyamides are small polar groups that, as peptide bonds, are principal structural components of proteins that govern their electrostatic properties. We investigated the medium dependence of the molar polarization and of the permanent dipole moments of amides with different state of alkylation. The experimentally measured and theoretically calculated dipole moments manifested a solvent dependence that increased with the increase in the media polarity. We ascribed the observed enhancement of the amide polarization to the reaction fields in the solvated cavities. Chloroform, for example, caused about a 25% increase in the amide dipole moments determined for vacuum, as the experimental and theoretical results demonstrated. Another chlorinated solvent, 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane, however, caused an "abnormal" increase in the experimentally measured amide dipoles, which the theoretical approaches we used could not readily quantify. We showed and discussed alternatives for addressing such discrepancies between theory and experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srigokul Upadhyayula
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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25
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Abstract
Bacterial endospores are some of the most resilient forms of life known to us, with their persistent survival capability resulting from a complex and effective structural organization. The outer membrane of endospores is surrounded by the densely packed endospore coat and exosporium, containing amyloid or amyloid-like proteins. In fact, it is the impenetrable composition of the endospore coat and the exosporium that makes staining methodologies for endospore detection complex and challenging. Therefore, a plausible strategy for facile and expedient staining would be to target components of the protective surface layers of the endospores. Instead of targeting endogenous markers encapsulated in the spores, here we demonstrated staining of these dormant life entities that targets the amyloid domains, i.e., the very surface components that make the coats of these species impenetrable. Using an amyloid staining dye, thioflavin T (ThT), we examined this strategy. A short incubation of bacillus endospore suspensions with ThT, under ambient conditions, resulted in (i) an enhancement of the fluorescence of ThT and (ii) the accumulation of ThT in the endospores, affording fluorescence images with excellent contrast ratios. Fluorescence images revealed that ThT tends to accumulate in the surface regions of the endospores. The observed fluorescence enhancement and dye accumulation, coupled with the sensitivity of emission techniques, provide an effective and rapid means of staining endospores without the inconvenience of pre- or posttreatment of samples.
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26
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Salonen A, Knyazev A, von Bandel N, Degrouard J, Langevin D, Drenckhan W. A Novel Pyrene-Based Fluorescing Amphiphile with Unusual Bulk and Interfacial Properties. Chemphyschem 2011; 12:150-60. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201000627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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27
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Thomas MS, Nuñez V, Upadhyayula S, Zielins ER, Bao D, Vasquez JM, Bahmani B, Vullev VI. Kinetics of bacterial fluorescence staining with 3,3'-diethylthiacyanine. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:9756-9765. [PMID: 20481488 DOI: 10.1021/la1013279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
For more than a century, colorimetric and fluorescence staining have been the foundation of a broad range of key bioanalytical techniques. The dynamics of such staining processes, however, still remains largely unexplored. We investigated the kinetics of fluorescence staining of two gram-negative and two gram-positive species with 3,3'-diethylthiacyanine (THIA) iodide. An increase in the THIA fluorescence quantum yield, induced by the bacterial dye uptake, was the principal reason for the observed emission enhancement. The fluorescence quantum yield of THIA depended on the media viscosity and not on the media polarity, which suggested that the microenvironment of the dye molecules taken up by the cells was restrictive. The kinetics of fluorescence staining did not manifest a statistically significant dependence neither on the dye concentration, nor on the cell count. In the presence of surfactant additives, however, the fluorescence-enhancement kinetic patterns manifested species specificity with statistically significant discernibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlon S Thomas
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA
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28
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Monro S, Scott J, Chouai A, Lincoln R, Zong R, Thummel RP, McFarland SA. Photobiological activity of Ru(II) dyads based on (pyren-1-yl)ethynyl derivatives of 1,10-phenanthroline. Inorg Chem 2010; 49:2889-900. [PMID: 20146527 DOI: 10.1021/ic902427r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Several mononuclear Ru(II) dyads possessing 1,10-phenanthroline-appended pyrenylethynylene ligands were synthesized, characterized, and evaluated for their potential in photobiological applications such as photodynamic therapy (PDT). These complexes interact with DNA via intercalation and photocleave DNA in vitro at submicromolar concentrations when irradiated with visible light (lambda(irr) > or = 400 nm). Such properties are remarkably sensitive to the position of the ethynylpyrenyl substituent on the 1,10-phenanthroline ring, with 3-substitution showing the strongest binding under all conditions and causing the most deleterious DNA damage. Both dyads photocleave DNA under hypoxic conditions, and this photoactivity translates well to cytotoxicity and photocytotoxicity models using human leukemia cells, where the 5- and 3-substituted dyads show photocytotoxicity at 5-10 microM and 10-20 microM, respectively, with minimal, or essentially no, dark toxicity at these concentrations. This lack of dark cytotoxicity at concentrations where significant photoactivity is observed emphasizes that agents with strong intercalating units, previously thought to be too toxic for phototherapeutic applications, should not be excluded from the arsenal of potential photochemotherapeutic agents under investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Monro
- Department of Chemistry, Acadia University, Wolfville, NS B4P 2R6, Canada
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29
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Giovanella U, Mróz W, Foggi P, Fabbrizzi P, Cicchi S, Botta C. Multi-Colour Electroluminescence of Dendronic Antennae Containing Pyrenes as Light Harvesters. Chemphyschem 2009; 11:683-8. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200900771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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30
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Vasquez JM, Vu A, Schultz JS, Vullev VI. Fluorescence enhancement of warfarin induced by interaction with β-cyclodextrin. Biotechnol Prog 2009; 25:906-14. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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31
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Jia C, Liang J, Yang J, Huang X, Yang XJ, Wu B, Tang N. Supramolecular Assemblies Formed by Cooperative Metal Coordination and Dimerization of theN-(2-pyrimidyl)-N′-(3-pyridyl)urea Ligand via Hydrogen Bonding. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.200800041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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32
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Li JQ, Li XY. Multichannel Photoinduced Intramolecular Electron-Transfer Excitations in a Bis-naphthalimide Spermine Conjugate by Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory. J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:13061-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jp074883t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Juan-Qin Li
- College of Chemical Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
| | - Xiang-Yuan Li
- College of Chemical Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, P. R. China
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33
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Kim JS, Kim HJ, Kim HM, Kim SH, Lee JW, Kim SK, Cho BR. Metal ion sensing novel calix[4]crown fluoroionophore with a two-photon absorption property. J Org Chem 2007; 71:8016-22. [PMID: 17025289 DOI: 10.1021/jo0610098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
1,3-Alternate calix[4]arene-based fluorescent chemosensors bearing two-photon absorbing chromophores have been synthesized, and their sensing behaviors toward metal ions were investigated via absorption band shifts as well as one- and two-photon fluorescence changes. Free ligands absorb the light at 461 nm and weakly emit their fluorescence at 600 nm when excited by UV-vis radiation at 461 nm, but no two-photon excited fluorescence is emitted by excitation at 780 nm. Addition of an Al(3+) or Pb(2+) ion to a solution of the ligand causes a blue-shifted absorption and enhanced fluorescence due to a declined resonance energy transfer (RET) upon excitation by one- and two-photon processes. Addition of a Pb(2+) ion to a solution of 1.K(+) results in a higher fluorescence intensity than the original 1.Pb(2+) complex regardless of one- or two-photon excitation, due to the allosteric effect induced by the complexation of K(+) with a crown loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Seung Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Nanosensor & Biotechnology, Dankook University, Seoul 140-714, Korea.
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Shen SK, Hu DD. Fluorescent Probe as Reporter on the Local Structure and Dynamics in Hydrolysis−Condensation Process of Organotrialkoxysilanes. J Phys Chem B 2007; 111:7963-71. [PMID: 17592866 DOI: 10.1021/jp0705121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
To get some information on the aggregation behaviors of the products derived from different organotrialkoxysilanes, the hydrolysis-condensation processes of some organotrialkoxysilanes have been examined by means of pyrene as fluorescent probe. The organotrialkoxysilanes used in the research were n-octadecyltri-methoxysilane (ODTMS), n-octyltrimethoxysilane (OTMS), 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GTMS), 3-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (MAPTMS), and propyltrimethoxy-silane (PTMS). The results show that pyrene as fluorescence probe can respond sensitively not only to the organization state of the hydrolysates but also to the change in the organization state during the condensation process. The organization states during the hydrolysis and condensation can be explained in terms of structures of the products. In the initial stage, the silanols with long organic chains are amphiphilic molecules, and such nature of the silanols can be compared to that of a surfactant. Therefore, the excimer emission of pyrene is extremely obvious because of such silanols being prone to form aggregates. In the case of silanols having short alkyl groups or epoxy groups, these silanols homogenously disperse in solution, which results in the appearance of an only monomer emission of pyrene. In the late stage, the fluorescence behavior of pyrene is also sensitive to structural evolution of the silicates. The fluorescence spectra of pyrene during the condensation of the silanols with short alkyl groups or epoxy groups are almost in silence, indicating that the condensation products, with a low condensation degree, homogeneously disperse in solution. For the silanols with long hydrophobic substituents in different lengths, the changes in fluorescence spectra of pyrene during the condensation are varied. Commonly, the excimer emission is noticeable, implying that the condensation products with high condensation degree inhomogenously disperse in solution. However, the relative excimer/monomer fluorescence intensity is alkyl chain-length dependent. The longer alkyl chains in the condensation products result in the appearance of the obvious excimer emission. These phenomena imply that the condensation degree of the products increases with the length of the alkyl chains. Additionally, the distorted spectrum of pyrene appears in the case of the organotrialkoxysilanes with side chain substituent, illustrating that the steric hindrance between the substituents can be monitored by fluorescence of pyrene. All these results are verified by the fluorescence-quenching measurements. The approach in the present study gives new insights into the local structure and dynamics in hydrolysis-condensation process of organotrialkoxysilanes and emphasizes the influence of the self-assembling behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu K Shen
- Key Laboratory for Macromolecular Science of Shaanxi Province, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an 710062, People's Republic of China
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Jones G, Yan D, Hu J, Wan J, Xia B, Vullev VI. Photoinduced Electron Transfer in Arylacridinium Conjugates in a Solid Glass Matrix. J Phys Chem B 2007; 111:6921-9. [PMID: 17539680 DOI: 10.1021/jp072224a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The photophysical properties of a series of 9-arylacridinium conjugates in solid glass matrices composed of sucrose octaacetate have been determined. The fluorescence of the charge-shift states is significantly enhanced because of the retardation of nonradiative pathways for back-electron transfer. Changes of more than 3 orders of magnitude in back-electron-transfer rates (sucrose octaacetate glass vs conventional solvents at room temperature) were observed. Transient spectra displayed long-lived charge-shift species in the microsecond time regime for thianthrene acridinium conjugates. The rate retardation is associated with slow solvation times for surrounding solvent layers in the solid matrix. The red-edge effect (excitation wavelength-dependent fluorescence) for the arylacridinium ions in solid glass confirms the microheterogeneity of the sucrose octaacetate medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilford Jones
- Photonics Center and Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, USA
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36
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Preparation of Red Perylene Fluoroionophore Containing Calix[4]azacrown Ether and Their Ionophoric Properties. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2007. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2007.28.5.816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Shiraishi Y, Tokitoh Y, Nishimura G, Hirai T. Solvent-Driven Multiply Configurable On/Off Fluorescent Indicator of the pH Window: A Diethylenetriamine Bearing Two End Pyrene Fragments. J Phys Chem B 2007; 111:5090-100. [PMID: 17444675 DOI: 10.1021/jp0689823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence behaviors of a simple-structured molecule (L), a diethylenetriamine bearing two end pyrene fragments, have been investigated in water. Effects of adding a less-polar organic solvent (acetonitrile: MeCN) on the emission behaviors have been studied by means of steady-state and time-resolved fluorescence measurements. L dissolved in water shows dual-mode fluorescence consisting of monomer and excimer emissions. The monomer emission shows an "on-off" intensity profile against the pH window (pH 2-12), whereas the excimer emission shows an "off-on" profile. Upon MeCN addition, the monomer emission maintains the "on-off" profile. In contrast, the "off-on" profile of the excimer emission is drastically changed: L shows two more types of profiles, "off-on-off-on" and "off-on-off", along with the MeCN concentration increase, thus behaving as a multiply configurable fluorescent indicator of the pH window. The MeCN-driven excimer emission switching of L is triggered by (i) the decrease in stability of the intramolecular ground-state dimer (GSD) formed between the end pyrene fragments, which suppresses the direct photoexcitation of GSD (suppression of the "static" excimer formation), leading to a decrease in the excimer emission intensity at basic pH; and (ii) the decrease in polarity of solution, which allows formation of a "dynamic" excimer via a monomer-to-excimer transition, resulting in an enhancement of the excimer emission intensity at acidic-neutral pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Shiraishi
- Research Center for Solar Energy Chemistry, and Division of Chemical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka 560-8531, Japan.
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Seo YJ, Rhee H, Joo T, Kim BH. Self-duplex formation of an A(py)-substituted oligodeoxyadenylate and its unique fluorescence. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:5244-7. [PMID: 17394320 DOI: 10.1021/ja069069i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Unexpected homoadenine self-duplexes are formed when pyrene units are bound covalently to the deoxyadenosine bases at specific distances (1,4 relationships). This discovery illustrates how small-molecule pyrene intercalators can be used to drive unknown nucleic acid assembly with a concomitant change in fluorescence. When a pair of pyrene fluorophore units is located within an oligodeoxyadenylate chain, the system can display three different colors (reddish-orange, green, or blue) depending on the relative location of the fluorophores. A unique fluorescence signal, a reddish band peaking at 580 nm, appears when the oligomers possess more than two spacers between the pyrene fluorophores(1,4 relationships). Several spectroscopic experiments, for example, recording variable-concentration spectra, CD, UV, melting temperature, and gel electropherogram, indicate that this new reddish band came from an intermolecular homoadenine self-duplex. Time-resolved fluorescence measurements using both TCSPC and upconversion methods indicate that this unique fluorescence has a long lifetime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Jun Seo
- Department of Chemistry, BK School of Molecular Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
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39
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Emission properties of a highly fluorescent pyrene dye in solution and in the liquid state. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2005.10.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Islam A, Cheng CC, Chi SH, Lee SJ, Hela PG, Chen IC, Cheng CH. Aminonaphthalic Anhydrides as Red-Emitting Materials: Electroluminescence, Crystal Structure, and Photophysical Properties. J Phys Chem B 2005; 109:5509-17. [PMID: 16851591 DOI: 10.1021/jp044669u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The red and orange emitters (ANA-1-3) consisting of a 4-amino-1,8-naphthalic anhydride group were synthesized. The lowest absorption band of these ANA molecules centered at approximately 450 nm is assigned to be a charge-transfer transition with emission at 514-536 nm in nonpolar solvents such as n-hexane and at approximately 590-640 nm in polar solvents such as THF and CH(2)Cl(2) and in the solid states. Emission lifetimes are measured with time-correlated single photon counting. Shorter lifetimes are observed for the ANA molecules when dissolved in polar solvents compared with those in nonpolar solvents. Strong dipole-dipole interaction of ANA molecules with solvents is indicated. At high concentrations the measured emission lifetimes, generally shortened from self-quenching, are found to remain about the same order of magnitude in ANAs. This implies that the exciton states of aggregates are formed and they exhibit a relatively long lifetime. Crystallographic data of 4-(phenyl antracen-9-yl) (ANA-2) and 4-(phenyl-2-naphthyl) amino-1,8-naphthalic anhydrides (ANA-3) show that the molecules exist as dimeric structures with antiparallel head-to-tail stacking of naphthalic anhydride planes in addition to other pi-pi stacking. The strong dipole-dipole interactions and the pi-pi stacking account for the observed red-shifted emissions of ANAs in the powders. For films prepared from vacuum sublimation, a structure similar to that in the crystal but with less crystalline order is expected based on the emission wavelength. Several electroluminescent devices based on these ANAs are reported here; they emit orange-red light at 602-628 nm with high brightness and steady external quantum efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aminul Islam
- Department of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan 30013, Republic of China
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Jones G, Zhou X, Vullev VI. Photoinduced electron transfer in alpha-helical polypeptides: dependence on conformation and electron donor-acceptor distance. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2005; 2:1080-7. [PMID: 14690218 DOI: 10.1039/b306490e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Long distance electron transfer in proteins is a multiple-pathway process whose kinetics is modulated by the dynamics of flexible peptide chains. Such complexity can be observed even in relatively simple systems, eg. donor bridge acceptor, where the bridge is a polypeptide alpha-helix. We have investigated a series of 24-residue helical polypeptides that exist as monomers in water alcohol media. The principal chromophore and electron acceptor, a pyrene moiety, is connected to the N-terminus via a flexible linker. The electron donor, a tryptophan residue, was placed various distances away from the pyrene-labeled terminus. Time-resolved emission spectroscopy, associated with the fluorescent pendant, pyrene, was employed to study the photoinduced electron-transfer kinetics for the polypeptide analogs. Mechanisms involving only through-bond pathways could not account for the pattern of measured fast charge-separation rates. When the electron donor was placed far enough from the acceptor (i.e. at least six residues apart), a decrease in the electron-transfer rates with the donor acceptor distance was observed. The emission decays for polypeptides with the electron donor exhibited complex behavior and could not be fit using a single-exponential function. For the treatment of the time-resolved data, a multi-exponential model was developed that is based on the assumption of a Gaussian distribution of the classical electronic coupling beta values among the conformers responsible for the observed electron-transfer processes. This approach proved to be informative because, in addition to the mean values of the electron-transfer rate constants, the widths of the distributions of these rates illustrate the size of the conformational space explored by the flexible chains that provide pathways for electron transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilford Jones
- Department of Chemistry and the Photonics Center, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Angeles-Boza AM, Bradley PM, Fu PKL, Wicke SE, Bacsa J, Dunbar KR, Turro C. DNA binding and photocleavage in vitro by new dirhodium(II) dppz complexes: correlation to cytotoxicity and photocytotoxicity. Inorg Chem 2005; 43:8510-9. [PMID: 15606200 DOI: 10.1021/ic049091h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Two new dirhodium(II) complexes possessing the intercalating dppz ligand (dppz = dipyrido[3,2-a:2',3'-c]phenazine), cis-[Rh(2)(mu-O(2)CCH(3))(2)(dppz)(eta(1)-O(2)CCH(3))(CH(3)OH)](+) (1) and cis-[Rh(2)(mu-O(2)CCH(3))(2)(dppz)(2)](2+) (2), were synthesized and characterized as potential agents for photochemotherapy. Various techniques show that 1 binds to DNA through intercalation, although some aggregation of the complex on the DNA surface is also present. In contrast, 2 does not intercalate between the DNA bases; however, strong hypochromic behavior is observed in the presence of DNA, which can be attributed to intermolecular pi-stacking of 2 enhanced by the polyanion. The apparent DNA binding constants determined using optical titrations are compared to those from dialysis experiments. Both complexes photocleave pUC18 plasmid in vitro under irradiation with visible light (lambda(irr) >or= 395 nm, 15 min), resulting in the nicked, circular form. Greater photocleavage is observed for 1 relative to 2, which may be due to the ability of 1 to intercalate between the DNA bases. The cytotoxicity toward human skin cells (Hs-27) measured as the concentration at which 50% cell death is recorded, LC(50), was found to be 135 +/- 8 microM for 2 in the dark (30 min), which is significantly lower than those of 1 (LC(50) = 27 +/- 2 microM) and Rh(2)(O(2)CCH(3))(4) (LC(50) = 15 +/- 2 microM). Irradiation of cell cultures containing 1 and Rh(2)(O(2)CCH(3))(4) with visible light (400-700 nm, 30 min) has little effect on their cytotoxicity, with LC(50) values of 21 +/- 3 and 13 +/- 2 microM, respectively. Interestingly, a 3.4-fold increase in the toxicity of 2 is observed when the cell cultures are irradiated (400-700 nm, 30 min), resulting in LC(50) = 39 +/- 1 microM. The greater toxicity of 1 compared to 2 in the dark may be related to the ability of the former compound to intercalate between the DNA bases. The lower cytotoxicity of 2, together with its significantly greater photocytotoxicity, makes this complex a potential agent for photodynamic therapy (PDT). These results suggest that intercalation or strong DNA binding may not be a desirable property of a potential PDT agent.
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Kim SK, Lee SH, Lee JY, Lee JY, Bartsch RA, Kim JS. An Excimer-Based, Binuclear, On−Off Switchable Calix[4]crown Chemosensor. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 126:16499-506. [PMID: 15600353 DOI: 10.1021/ja045689c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 286] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A new fluorescent chemosensor with two different types of cation binding sites on the lower rims of a 1,3-alternate calix[4]arene (1) is synthesized. Two pyrene moieties linked to a cation recognition unit composed of two amide groups form a strong excimer in solution. For 1, the excimer fluorescence is quenched by Pb2+, but revived by addition of K+ to the Pb2+ ligand complex. Thus, metal ion exchange produces an on-off switchable, fluorescent chemosensor. Computational results show that the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (LUMO) of the two pyrene moieties interact under UV irradiation of 1 and its K+ complex, while such HOMO-LUMO interactions are absent in the Pb2+ complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Kuk Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Nanosensor and Biotechnology, Dankook University, Seoul 140-714, Korea
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Participation of chromophore pairs in photoinduced intramolecular electron transfer for a naphthalimide spermine conjugate. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s1010-6030(03)00207-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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45
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Jones G, Vullev VI. Photoinduced electron transfer between non-native donor-acceptor moieties incorporated in synthetic polypeptide aggregates. Org Lett 2002; 4:4001-4. [PMID: 12423071 DOI: 10.1021/ol026656+] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of analogous photoactive polypeptides that form helical homo and hetero aggregates in aqueous media were prepared. A pyrenyl ketone (the principal chromophore and an electron acceptor) was attached to the N-termini. An electron donor, amidoethylcarbazole, was introduced as a side chain of a non-native amino acid, NCb, 14 residues away. Photoinduced electron-transfer rate constants of the order of 10(8) s(-1) between remote pyrene and carbazole were measured. [structure: see text]
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilford Jones
- Department of Chemistry and Photonics Center, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Clower C, Solntsev KM, Kowalik J, Tolbert LM, Huppert D. Photochemistry of “Super” Photoacids. 3. Excited-State Proton Transfer from Perfluoroalkylsulfonyl-Substituted 2-Naphthols. J Phys Chem A 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp012774n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Clower
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, and School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Kyril M. Solntsev
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, and School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Janusz Kowalik
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, and School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Laren M. Tolbert
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, and School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Dan Huppert
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0400, and School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverly Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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Vullev VI, Jones G. Photoinduced charge transfer in helical polypeptides. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2002. [DOI: 10.1163/15685670260469429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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