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Gentili D, Cavallini M. Opportunity of Patterning in Chemistry. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401219. [PMID: 38629243 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Patterning offers an efficient way to quantitatively enhance and enlarge material properties and functionalities, offering unprecedented opportunities for innovation in various scientific domains. By precisely controlling the spatial arrangement of materials at the micro- and nanoscale, patterning enables the exploitation of inherent material properties in novel ways. In addition, it generates new properties, leading to the development of advanced devices and applications. This article highlights the significant contributions of spatially controlled patterning in chemistry, particularly in generating new functional properties and devices, discussing some representative articles. Examples include the use of unconventional patterning techniques for surface functionalization, as well as the application of spatial confinement in improving material properties and controlling crystallization processes. Furthermore, the discussion extends to creating new devices, such as optical storage media and sensors, through spatial organization of materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Gentili
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, IT
| | - Massimiliano Cavallini
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (ISMN), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, IT
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Baglioni M, Sekine FH, Ogura T, Chen SH, Baglioni P. Nanostructured fluids for polymeric coatings removal: Surfactants affect the polymer glass transition temperature. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 606:124-134. [PMID: 34390987 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.07.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Nanostructured fluids (NSFs) based on water, organic solvents and surfactants are a valid alternative to the use of neat unconfined organic solvents for polymer coatings removal in art conservation. The physico-chemical processes underpinning their cleaning effectiveness in terms of swelling/dewetting of polymer films were identified as key in this context. The role of surfactants on polymers' dewetting was considered to be mainly restricted to the lowering of interfacial tensions. However, recent experiments evidenced that surfactants have an important role in swelling polymer films. EXPERIMENTS Five different amphiphiles were selected, namely: sodium dodecylsulfate, dimethyldodecyl amine oxide, hexaoxyethylene decyl ether (C9-11E6), pentadecaoxyethylene dodecyl ether (C12E15), and methyoxypentadecaoxyethylene dodecanoate (C11COE15CH3). They were combined with a carefully selected organic solvents' mixture (1-butanol/butanone/dimethyl carbonate) to formulate new NSFs, differing for the surfactant only, and used to perform cleaning tests on surfaces coated with Paraloid B72® and Primal AC33®. Here for the first time, polymer swelling induced by surfactants was quantified and correlated with the glass transition temperature of the two polymers by differential scanning calorimetry, before and after the exposure to the fluids. Confocal laser scanning microscopy and small-angle X-ray scattering provided additional insights on the interaction mechanism. FINDINGS Nonionics were proven more efficient than zwitterionic/ionic amphiphiles in the polymer swelling, and, overall, methyoxy pentadecaoxyethylene dodecanoate resulted the most effective among the selected surfactants. A direct relation between the effect of surfactants on the polymers' glass transition temperature and cleaning capacity was established. This finding, fundamental to understand the interaction mechanism between NSFs and polymer coatings or paint layers, is key to achieve a selective, effective and complete removal of polymer coatings, as recently shown in the removal of vandalism and over-paintings from street art.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Baglioni
- Department of Chemistry and CSGI, University of Florence, via della Lastruccia, 3, Sesto Fiorentino (FI) 50019, Italy
| | - Felipe Hidetomo Sekine
- NIKKOL GROUP Nikko Chemicals Co., Ltd, 1-4-8, Nihonbashi-Bakurocho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0002, Japan
| | - Taku Ogura
- NIKKOL GROUP Nikko Chemicals Co., Ltd, 1-4-8, Nihonbashi-Bakurocho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0002, Japan; NIKKOL GROUP Cosmos Technical Center Co., Ltd, 3-24-3 Hasune, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo 174-0046, Japan; Research Institute for Science & Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 2641, Noda-shi, Chiba, Yamazaki 278-8510, Japan
| | - Sow-Hsin Chen
- Department of Nuclear Science & Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, 24-107, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Piero Baglioni
- Department of Chemistry and CSGI, University of Florence, via della Lastruccia, 3, Sesto Fiorentino (FI) 50019, Italy; Department of Nuclear Science & Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, 24-107, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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Chelazzi D, Bordes R, Giorgi R, Holmberg K, Baglioni P. The use of surfactants in the cleaning of works of art. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2019.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Hemmatian Z, Gentili D, Barbalinardo M, Morandi V, Ortolani L, Ruani G, Cavallini M. AC parallel local oxidation of silicon. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2019; 1:3887-3891. [PMID: 36132101 PMCID: PMC9419026 DOI: 10.1039/c9na00445a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Here, we present a suitable advancement of parallel local oxidation nanolithography, demonstrating its feasibility in alternate current mode (AC-PLON). For demonstration, we fabricated model structures consisting of an array of parallel nanostripes of electrochemical SiO x with a controlled roughness. Besides, we proved the repeatability of AC-PLON and its integrability with conventional parallel local oxidation nanolithography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Hemmatian
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Via P. Gobetti 101 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Denis Gentili
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Via P. Gobetti 101 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Marianna Barbalinardo
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Via P. Gobetti 101 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Vittorio Morandi
- Istituto per la Microelettronica e i Microsistemi, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Via P. Gobetti 101 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Luca Ortolani
- Istituto per la Microelettronica e i Microsistemi, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Via P. Gobetti 101 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Giampiero Ruani
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Via P. Gobetti 101 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Massimiliano Cavallini
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Via P. Gobetti 101 40129 Bologna Italy
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Baglioni M, Montis C, Brandi F, Guaragnone T, Meazzini I, Baglioni P, Berti D. Dewetting acrylic polymer films with water/propylene carbonate/surfactant mixtures - implications for cultural heritage conservation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 19:23723-23732. [PMID: 28581560 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp02608k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The removal of hydrophobic polymer films from surfaces is one of the top priorities of modern conservation science. Nanostructured fluids containing water, good solvents for polymers, either immiscible or partially miscible with water, and surfactants have been used in the last decade to achieve controlled removal. The dewetting of the polymer film is often an essential step to achieve efficient removal; however, the role of the surfactant throughout the process is yet to be fully understood. We report on the dewetting of a methacrylate/acrylate copolymer film induced by a ternary mixture of water, propylene carbonate (PC) and C9-11E6, a nonionic alcohol ethoxylate surfactant. The fluid microstructure was characterised through small angle X-ray scattering and the interactions between the film and water, water/PC and water/PC/C9-11E6, were monitored through confocal laser-scanning microscopy (CLSM) and analised both from a thermodynamic and a kinetic point of view. The presence of a surfactant is a prerequisite to induce dewetting of μm-thick films at room temperature, but it is not a thermodynamic driver. The amphiphile lowers the interfacial energy between the phases and favors the loss of adhesion of the polymer on glass, decreasing, in turn, the activation energy barrier, which can be overcome by the thermal fluctuations of polymer film stability, initiating the dewetting process.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Baglioni
- Chemistry Department & CSGI, University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy.
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Baglioni M, Montis C, Chelazzi D, Giorgi R, Berti D, Baglioni P. Polymer Film Dewetting by Water/Surfactant/Good-Solvent Mixtures: A Mechanistic Insight and Its Implications for the Conservation of Cultural Heritage. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201710930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michele Baglioni
- Department of Chemistry and CSGI; University of Florence; via della Lastruccia 3 50019 Florence Italy
| | - Costanza Montis
- Department of Chemistry and CSGI; University of Florence; via della Lastruccia 3 50019 Florence Italy
| | - David Chelazzi
- Department of Chemistry and CSGI; University of Florence; via della Lastruccia 3 50019 Florence Italy
| | - Rodorico Giorgi
- Department of Chemistry and CSGI; University of Florence; via della Lastruccia 3 50019 Florence Italy
| | - Debora Berti
- Department of Chemistry and CSGI; University of Florence; via della Lastruccia 3 50019 Florence Italy
| | - Piero Baglioni
- Department of Chemistry and CSGI; University of Florence; via della Lastruccia 3 50019 Florence Italy
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8
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Baglioni M, Montis C, Chelazzi D, Giorgi R, Berti D, Baglioni P. Polymer Film Dewetting by Water/Surfactant/Good-Solvent Mixtures: A Mechanistic Insight and Its Implications for the Conservation of Cultural Heritage. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:7355-7359. [PMID: 29215783 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201710930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Aqueous nanostructured fluids (NSFs) have been proposed to remove polymer coatings from the surface of works of art; this process usually involves film dewetting. The NSF cleaning mechanism was studied using several techniques that were employed to obtain mechanistic insight on the interaction of a methacrylic/acrylic copolymer (Paraloid B72) film laid on glass surfaces and several NSFs, based on two solvents and two surfactants. The experimental results provide a detailed picture of the dewetting process. The gyration radius and the reduction of the Tg of Paraloid B72 fully swollen in the two solvents is larger for propylene carbonate than for methyl ethyl ketone, suggesting higher mobility of polymer chains for the former, while a nonionic alcohol ethoxylate surfactant was more effective than sodium dodecylsulfate in favoring the dewetting process. FTIR 2D imaging showed that the dewetting patterns observed on model samples are also present on polymer-coated mortar tiles when exposed to NSFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Baglioni
- Department of Chemistry and CSGI, University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Florence, Italy
| | - Costanza Montis
- Department of Chemistry and CSGI, University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Florence, Italy
| | - David Chelazzi
- Department of Chemistry and CSGI, University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Florence, Italy
| | - Rodorico Giorgi
- Department of Chemistry and CSGI, University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Florence, Italy
| | - Debora Berti
- Department of Chemistry and CSGI, University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Florence, Italy
| | - Piero Baglioni
- Department of Chemistry and CSGI, University of Florence, via della Lastruccia 3, 50019, Florence, Italy
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9
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Telford AM, Thickett SC, Neto C. Functional patterned coatings by thin polymer film dewetting. J Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 507:453-469. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Revised: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Castriciano MA, Gentili D, Romeo A, Cavallini M, Scolaro LM. Spatial control of chirality in supramolecular aggregates. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44094. [PMID: 28275239 PMCID: PMC5343480 DOI: 10.1038/srep44094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Chirality is one of the most intriguing properties of matter related to a molecule’s lack of mirror symmetry. The transmission of chirality from the molecular level up to the macroscopic scale has major implications in life sciences but it is also relevant for many chemical applications ranging from catalysis to spintronic. These technological applications require an accurate control of morphology, homogeneity and chiral handedness of thin films and nanostructures. We demonstrate a simple approach to specifically transfer chirality to the model supramolecular system of J aggregates of the protonated form of tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl)-porphyrin by utilizing a soft lithography technique. This approach successfully allows the fabrication of an ordered distribution of sub-micrometric structures in precise and controllable positions with programmed chirality, providing a fundamental breakthrough toward the exploitation of chiral supramolecular aggregates in technological applications, such as sensors, non-linear optics and spintronic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Castriciano
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati, Italy
| | - Denis Gentili
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati, Italy
| | - Andrea Romeo
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, University of Messina, and C.I.R.C.M.S.B., V.le F. Stagno D'Alcontres 31, Vill. S. Agata, 98166 Messina, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Cavallini
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati, Italy
| | - Luigi Monsù Scolaro
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati, Italy.,Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Biologiche, Farmaceutiche ed Ambientali, University of Messina, and C.I.R.C.M.S.B., V.le F. Stagno D'Alcontres 31, Vill. S. Agata, 98166 Messina, Italy
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Gentili D, Liscio F, Demitri N, Schäfer B, Borgatti F, Torelli P, Gobaut B, Panaccione G, Rossi G, Degli Esposti A, Gazzano M, Milita S, Bergenti I, Ruani G, Šalitroš I, Ruben M, Cavallini M. Surface induces different crystal structures in a room temperature switchable spin crossover compound. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:134-43. [PMID: 26575005 DOI: 10.1039/c5dt03712c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the influence of surfaces in the formation of different crystal structures of a spin crossover compound, namely [Fe(L)2] (LH: (2-(pyrazol-1-yl)-6-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl)pyridine), which is a neutral compound thermally switchable around room temperature. We observed that the surface induces the formation of two different crystal structures, which exhibit opposite spin transitions, i.e. on heating them up to the transition temperature, one polymorph switches from high spin to low spin and the second polymorph switches irreversibly from low spin to high spin. We attributed this inversion to the presence of water molecules H-bonded to the complex tetrazolyl moieties in the crystals. Thin deposits were investigated by means of polarized optical microscopy, atomic force microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray absorption spectroscopy and micro Raman spectroscopy; moreover the analysis of the Raman spectra and the interpretation of spin inversion were supported by DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Gentili
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (CNR-ISMN) Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Fabiola Liscio
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Microelettronica e Microsistemi, (CNR-IMM) Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Nicola Demitri
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste, S.S. 14 Km 163.5 in Area Science Park, 34149 Basovizza - Trieste, Italy
| | - Bernhard Schäfer
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Denmark
| | - Francesco Borgatti
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (CNR-ISMN) Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Piero Torelli
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto Officina dei Materiali (CNR-IOM), Laboratorio TASC, Area Science Park, I-34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Benoit Gobaut
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste, S.S. 14 Km 163.5 in Area Science Park, 34149 Basovizza - Trieste, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Panaccione
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto Officina dei Materiali (CNR-IOM), Laboratorio TASC, Area Science Park, I-34149 Trieste, Italy
| | - Giorgio Rossi
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto Officina dei Materiali (CNR-IOM), Laboratorio TASC, Area Science Park, I-34149 Trieste, Italy and Universita` di Milano, Dipartimento di Fisica, via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandra Degli Esposti
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (CNR-ISOF) Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Massimo Gazzano
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (CNR-ISOF) Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvia Milita
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Microelettronica e Microsistemi, (CNR-IMM) Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Ilaria Bergenti
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (CNR-ISMN) Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Giampiero Ruani
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (CNR-ISMN) Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Ivan Šalitroš
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Technology and Materials, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Bratislava, 81237, Slovakia
| | - Mario Ruben
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Denmark and Institut de Physique et Chimie des Matériaux de Strasbourg (IPCMS), CNRS-Université de Strasbourg, 23, rue du Loess, BP 43, 67034, Strasbourg Cedex 2, France
| | - Massimiliano Cavallini
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (CNR-ISMN) Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy.
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Barbalinardo M, Gentili D, Brucale M, Valle F, Manet I, Foschi G, Zambianchi M, Melucci M, Cavallini M. Self-protective action in multicomponent fluorescent self-assembled monolayers. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra27454k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We report on the fabrication of self-protective self-assembled monolayers constituted by a highly fluorescent component and a linear alkyl chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Barbalinardo
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
- (ISMN-CNR)
- Roma
- Italy
| | - Denis Gentili
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
- (ISMN-CNR)
- Roma
- Italy
| | - Marco Brucale
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
- (ISMN-CNR)
- Roma
- Italy
| | - Francesco Valle
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
- (ISMN-CNR)
- Roma
- Italy
| | - Ilse Manet
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
- (ISOF-CNR)
- 40129 Bologna
- Italy
| | | | - Massimo Zambianchi
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
- (ISOF-CNR)
- 40129 Bologna
- Italy
| | - Manuela Melucci
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
- (ISOF-CNR)
- 40129 Bologna
- Italy
| | - Massimiliano Cavallini
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche
- (ISMN-CNR)
- Roma
- Italy
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Cavallini M, Melucci M. Organic Materials for Time-Temperature Integrator Devices. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:16897-16906. [PMID: 26156082 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b03931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Time-temperature integrators (TTIs) are devices capable of recording the thermal history of a system. They have an enormous impact in the food and pharmaceutical industries. TTIs exploit several irreversible thermally activated transitions such as recrystallization, dewetting, smoothening, chemical decomposition, and polymorphic transitions, usually considered drawbacks for many technological applications. The aim of this article is to sensitize research groups working in organic synthesis and surface science toward TTI devices, enlarging the prospects of many new materials. We reviewed the principal applications highlighting the need and criticisms of TTIs, which offer a new opportunity for the development of many materials.
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Gentili D, Barbalinardo M, Manet I, Durso M, Brucale M, Mezzi A, Melucci M, Cavallini M. Additive, modular functionalization of reactive self-assembled monolayers: toward the fabrication of multilevel optical storage media. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:7184-7188. [PMID: 25824851 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr00346f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We report a novel strategy based on iterative microcontact printing, which provides additive, modular functionalization of reactive SAMs by different functional molecules. We demonstrate that after printing the molecules form an interpenetrating network at the SAM surface preserving their individual properties. We exploited the process by fabricating new optical storage media that consist of a multilevel TAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Gentili
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna and Via Salaria km 29, 3 00015 Monterotondo, Roma, Italy.
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15
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Fioravanti G, Lugli F, Gentili D, Mucciante V, Leonardi F, Pasquali L, Liscio A, Murgia M, Zerbetto F, Cavallini M. Electrochemical fabrication of surface chemical gradients in thiol self-assembled monolayers with tailored work-functions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:11591-11598. [PMID: 25222857 DOI: 10.1021/la5013928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The studies on surface chemical gradients are constantly gaining interest both for fundamental studies and for technological implications in materials science, nanofluidics, dewetting, and biological systems. Here we report on a new approach that is very simple and very efficient, to fabricate surface chemical gradients of alkanethiols, which combines electrochemical desorption/partial readsorption, with the withdrawal of the surface from the solution. The gradient is then stabilized by adding a complementary thiol terminated with a hydroxyl group with a chain length comparable to desorbed thiols. This procedure allows us to fabricate a chemical gradient of the wetting properties and the substrate work-function along a few centimeters with a gradient slope higher than 5°/cm. Samples were characterized by cyclic voltammetry during desorption, static contact angle, XPS analysis, and Kelvin probe. Computer simulations based on the Dissipative Particle Dynamics methods were carried out considering a water droplet on a mixed SAM surface. The results help to rationalize the composition of the chemical gradient at different position on the Au surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Fioravanti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche e Chimiche, Università dell'Aquila , Via Vetoio 1, 67100 L'Aquila, Italy
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Gentili D, Valle F, Albonetti C, Liscio F, Cavallini M. Self-organization of functional materials in confinement. Acc Chem Res 2014; 47:2692-9. [PMID: 25068634 DOI: 10.1021/ar500210d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This Account aims to describe our experience in the use of patterning techniques for addressing the self-organization processes of materials into spatially confined regions on technologically relevant surfaces. Functional properties of materials depend on their chemical structure, their assembly, and spatial distribution at the solid state; the combination of these factors determines their properties and their technological applications. In fact, by controlling the assembly processes and the spatial distribution of the resulting structures, functional materials can be guided to technological and specific applications. We considered the principal self-organizing processes, such as crystallization, dewetting and phase segregation. Usually, these phenomena produce defective molecular films, compromising their use in many technological applications. This issue can be overcome by using patterning techniques, which induce molecules to self-organize into well-defined patterned structures, by means of spatial confinement. In particular, we focus our attention on the confinement effect achieved by stamp-assisted deposition for controlling size, density, and positions of material assemblies, giving them new chemical/physical functionalities. We review the methods and principles of the stamp-assisted spatial confinement and we discuss how they can be advantageously exploited to control crystalline order/orientation, dewetting phenomena, and spontaneous phase segregation. Moreover, we highlight how physical/chemical properties of soluble functional materials can be driven in constructive ways, by integrating them into operating technological devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Gentili
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (CNR-ISMN) and ‡Istituto per
la Microelettronica e Microsistemi (CNR-IMM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Valle
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (CNR-ISMN) and ‡Istituto per
la Microelettronica e Microsistemi (CNR-IMM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Cristiano Albonetti
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (CNR-ISMN) and ‡Istituto per
la Microelettronica e Microsistemi (CNR-IMM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Fabiola Liscio
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (CNR-ISMN) and ‡Istituto per
la Microelettronica e Microsistemi (CNR-IMM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Cavallini
- Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (CNR-ISMN) and ‡Istituto per
la Microelettronica e Microsistemi (CNR-IMM), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy
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Margapoti E, Gentili D, Amelia M, Credi A, Morandi V, Cavallini M. Tailoring of quantum dot emission efficiency by localized surface plasmon polaritons in self-organized mesoscopic rings. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:741-744. [PMID: 24305764 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr04708c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We report on the tailoring of quantum dot (QD) emission efficiency by localized surface plasmon polaritons in self-organized mesoscopic rings. Ag nanoparticles (NPs) with CdSe QDs embedded in a polymeric matrix are spatially organised in mesoscopic rings and coupled in a tuneable fashion by breath figure formation. The mean distance between NPs and QDs and consequently the intensity of QD photoluminescence, which is enhanced by the coupling of surface plasmons and excitons, are tuned by acting on the NP concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Margapoti
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (CNR-ISMN), via P. Gobetti 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy.
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Gentili D, Sonar P, Liscio F, Cramer T, Ferlauto L, Leonardi F, Milita S, Dodabalapur A, Cavallini M. Logic-gate devices based on printed polymer semiconducting nanostripes. NANO LETTERS 2013; 13:3643-7. [PMID: 23879239 DOI: 10.1021/nl401484x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The applications of organic semiconductors in complex circuitry such as printed CMOS-like logic circuits demand miniaturization of the active structures to the submicrometric and nanoscale level while enhancing or at least preserving the charge transport properties upon processing. Here, we addressed this issue by using a wet lithographic technique, which exploits and enhances the molecular order in polymers by spatial confinement, to fabricate ambipolar organic field effect transistors and inverter circuits based on nanostructured single component ambipolar polymeric semiconductor. In our devices, the current flows through a precisely defined array of nanostripes made of a highly ordered diketopyrrolopyrrole-benzothiadiazole copolymer with high charge carrier mobility (1.45 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1) for electrons and 0.70 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1) for holes). Finally, we demonstrated the functionality of the ambipolar nanostripe transistors by assembling them into an inverter circuit that exhibits a gain (105) comparable to inverters based on single crystal semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Gentili
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati (CNR-ISMN), Bologna, Italy
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Cavallini M. Status and perspectives in thin films and patterning of spin crossover compounds. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:11867-76. [PMID: 22678094 DOI: 10.1039/c2cp40879a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Spin crossover compounds are a class of functional materials able to switch their spin state upon external stimuli. They were proposed as potential candidates for several technological applications that require highly controlled thin films and patterns. Here we present a critical overview of the most important approaches for thin film growth and patterning of spin-crossover compounds, giving special attention to Fe(II) based molecules, which are the most studied materials. We present both conventional approaches to thin film growth (Langmuir-Blodgett, constructive chemical approach, spin coating, drop casting and vacuum sublimation) and patterning (combined top-down/bottom-up method, soft and unconventional lithography). We critically discuss the application of thin film growth and fabrication techniques highlighting the most critical aspects and the perspectives opened by the recent progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Cavallini
- CNR-Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati, Via P. Gobetti 101, 40121 Bologna, Italy.
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Gentili D, Foschi G, Valle F, Cavallini M, Biscarini F. Applications of dewetting in micro and nanotechnology. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:4430-43. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35040h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Bianchi M, Herrero DL, Valle F, Greco P, Ingo GM, Kaciulis S, Biscarini F, Cavallini M. One-step substrate nanofabrication and patterning of nanoparticles by lithographically controlled etching. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 22:355301. [PMID: 21817780 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/22/35/355301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We propose an integrated top-down and bottom-up approach to single-step nanofabrication of complex nanostructures made of different materials. The process, termed lithographically controlled etching (LCE), starts with a drop of an etching solution cast on the surface to be patterned. By placing a polymeric mold on the substrate, the stamp protrusions come into contact with the surface, thus protecting it, whereas the surface beneath the mold recesses is exposed to a thin layer of etching solution, allowing the surface to be etched. By dispersing nanoparticles into the etching solution, these can be deposited and self-organize in the recesses on the substrate as these are excavated. We demonstrate here the fabrication of complex structures and nanowires 30 nm wide. Moreover, by exploiting capillary forces, it is possible to deposit nanoparticles at precise positions with respect to optically addressable microstructures, thus realizing a multiscale functional pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bianchi
- CNR, Institute of Nanostructured Materials, Bologna, Italy
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Lee C, Maeng G, Kim HW, Sohlberg K. Quantum mechanical modeling of a tripodal [2]rotaxane and its binding to TiO2. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2011.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Calò A, Stoliar P, Matacotta FC, Cavallini M, Biscarini F. Time-temperature integrator based on the dewetting of polyisobutylene thin films. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:5312-5315. [PMID: 20334414 DOI: 10.1021/la1008279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
This work reports the application of a patterned thin film of polyisobutylene (PIB) irradiated with an electron beam as a time-temperature integrator, i.e., a device that is able to record the thermal history of a product. The device is fabricated by irradiation with an electron beam of regions of a PIB thin film to different doses of electrons. A different dewetting behavior occurs at these regions upon thermal exposure, depending on the dose. The experimental results are quantified by means of a model of dewetting based on nucleation and growth of holes in a strong slippage regime.
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Cavallini M. Inhomogeneous thin deposits: a strategy to exploit their functionality. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/b903569a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Macchi G, Medina BM, Zambianchi M, Tubino R, Cornil J, Barbarella G, Gierschner J, Meinardi F. Spectroscopic signatures for planar equilibrium geometries in methyl-substituted oligothiophenes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2009; 11:984-90. [DOI: 10.1039/b810915j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Greco P, Cavallini M, Stoliar P, Quiroga SD, Dutta S, Zacchini S, Iapalucci MC, Morandi V, Milita S, Merli PG, Biscarini F. Conductive Sub-micrometric Wires of Platinum-Carbonyl Clusters Fabricated by Soft-Lithography. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:1177-82. [DOI: 10.1021/ja074104m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pierpaolo Greco
- CNR-ISMN Bologna, Via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica Fisica e Inorganica, Università di Bologna, V.le Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy, and CNR-IMM Bologna, Via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Cavallini
- CNR-ISMN Bologna, Via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica Fisica e Inorganica, Università di Bologna, V.le Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy, and CNR-IMM Bologna, Via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Pablo Stoliar
- CNR-ISMN Bologna, Via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica Fisica e Inorganica, Università di Bologna, V.le Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy, and CNR-IMM Bologna, Via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Santiago David Quiroga
- CNR-ISMN Bologna, Via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica Fisica e Inorganica, Università di Bologna, V.le Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy, and CNR-IMM Bologna, Via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Soumya Dutta
- CNR-ISMN Bologna, Via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica Fisica e Inorganica, Università di Bologna, V.le Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy, and CNR-IMM Bologna, Via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Zacchini
- CNR-ISMN Bologna, Via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica Fisica e Inorganica, Università di Bologna, V.le Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy, and CNR-IMM Bologna, Via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Carmela Iapalucci
- CNR-ISMN Bologna, Via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica Fisica e Inorganica, Università di Bologna, V.le Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy, and CNR-IMM Bologna, Via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Vittorio Morandi
- CNR-ISMN Bologna, Via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica Fisica e Inorganica, Università di Bologna, V.le Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy, and CNR-IMM Bologna, Via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvia Milita
- CNR-ISMN Bologna, Via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica Fisica e Inorganica, Università di Bologna, V.le Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy, and CNR-IMM Bologna, Via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Pier Giorgio Merli
- CNR-ISMN Bologna, Via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica Fisica e Inorganica, Università di Bologna, V.le Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy, and CNR-IMM Bologna, Via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Fabio Biscarini
- CNR-ISMN Bologna, Via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica Fisica e Inorganica, Università di Bologna, V.le Risorgimento 4, 40136 Bologna, Italy, and CNR-IMM Bologna, Via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
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Cavallini M, Facchini M, Albonetti C, Biscarini F. Single molecule magnets: from thin films to nano-patterns. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2008; 10:784-93. [DOI: 10.1039/b711677b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Kay ER, Leigh DA, Zerbetto F. Synthetic molecular motors and mechanical machines. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007; 46:72-191. [PMID: 17133632 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200504313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2050] [Impact Index Per Article: 120.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use of controlled molecular-level motion in key natural processes suggests that great rewards could come from bridging the gap between the present generation of synthetic molecular systems, which by and large rely upon electronic and chemical effects to carry out their functions, and the machines of the macroscopic world, which utilize the synchronized movements of smaller parts to perform specific tasks. This is a scientific area of great contemporary interest and extraordinary recent growth, yet the notion of molecular-level machines dates back to a time when the ideas surrounding the statistical nature of matter and the laws of thermodynamics were first being formulated. Here we outline the exciting successes in taming molecular-level movement thus far, the underlying principles that all experimental designs must follow, and the early progress made towards utilizing synthetic molecular structures to perform tasks using mechanical motion. We also highlight some of the issues and challenges that still need to be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Euan R Kay
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, UK
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31
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Kay E, Leigh D, Zerbetto F. Synthetische molekulare Motoren und mechanische Maschinen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200504313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 587] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Biscarini F, Cavallini M, Kshirsagar R, Bottari G, Leigh DA, León S, Zerbetto F. Self-organization of nano-lines and dots triggered by a local mechanical stimulus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2006; 103:17650-4. [PMID: 17090680 PMCID: PMC1693801 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0605192103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
When a local mechanical perturbation is applied to the surface of a thin film of a mechanically interlocked molecule (a rotaxane), the molecules self-organize into periodic arrays of discrete dots or lines. The dimensionality of the nanostructures depends on whether the mechanical stimulus acts along a 1D line or over a 2D area. The size (50-500 nm) and periodicity (100-600 nm) of the patterns are controlled solely by the film thickness. This self-organization at the mesoscopic scale occurs via a nucleation-ripening mechanism eased by the relatively low energy barriers of the intramolecular rearrangement introduced by the mechanical bond. The phenomenon can be exploited as a bottom-up nanofabrication method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Biscarini
- *Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Sezione di Bologna, Via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
, , or
| | - Massimiliano Cavallini
- *Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Sezione di Bologna, Via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Rajendra Kshirsagar
- *Istituto per lo Studio dei Materiali Nanostrutturati, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Sezione di Bologna, Via P. Gobetti 101, I-40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanni Bottari
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, United Kingdom; and
| | - David A. Leigh
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JJ, United Kingdom; and
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
, , or
| | - Salvador León
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician,” Università di Bologna, Via F. Selmi 2, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Zerbetto
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician,” Università di Bologna, Via F. Selmi 2, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
, , or
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Gournis D, Jankovic L, Maccallini E, Benne D, Rudolf P, Colomer JF, Sooambar C, Georgakilas V, Prato M, Fanti M, Zerbetto F, Sarova GH, Guldi DM. Clay−Fulleropyrrolidine Nanocomposites. J Am Chem Soc 2006; 128:6154-63. [PMID: 16669685 DOI: 10.1021/ja0579661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we describe the insertion of a water-soluble bisadduct fulleropyrrolidine derivative into the interlayer space of three layered smectite clays. The composites were characterized by a combination of powder X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoemission and FTIR spectroscopies, and laser flash photolysis measurements. The experiments, complemented by computer simulations, give insight into the formation process, structural details, and properties of the fullerene/clay nanocomposites. The reported composite materials constitute a new hybrid system, where C(60) differs from its crystals or its solutions, and open new perspectives for the design and construction of novel C(60)-based organic/clay hybrid materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Gournis
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Ioannina, GR-45110 Ioannina, Greece.
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Teobaldi G, Melle-Franco M, Zerbetto F. Understanding the Cosolvation Effect of Dendrimers. J Chem Theory Comput 2005; 1:194-200. [DOI: 10.1021/ct0499332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gilberto Teobaldi
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, V. F. Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Manuel Melle-Franco
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, V. F. Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Zerbetto
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, V. F. Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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Gournis D, Georgakilas V, Karakassides MA, Bakas T, Kordatos K, Prato M, Fanti M, Zerbetto F. Incorporation of Fullerene Derivatives into Smectite Clays: A New Family of Organic−Inorganic Nanocomposites. J Am Chem Soc 2004; 126:8561-8. [PMID: 15238015 DOI: 10.1021/ja049237b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Three fulleropyrrolidine derivatives, characterized by the presence of positive charges, were introduced in the interlayer space of montmorillonite. The composites were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction and differential thermal and thermogravimetric (DTA-TGA) analysis, in conjunction with FTIR, UV-Vis, Raman, and (57)Fe-Mössbauer spectroscopies. Organophilic derivatives were intercalated into organically modified clays, while water-soluble fulleropyrrolidines were introduced into the clay galleries through ion exchange. The experiments, complemented by computer simulations, show that not all the clay-clay platelets are intercalated by the fullerene derivatives and that a sizable amount of charge transfer takes place between the host and the guests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios Gournis
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Ioannina, 45110 Ioannina, Greece.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siegfried Höfinger
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, V. F. Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Zerbetto
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”, Università di Bologna, V. F. Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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Teobaldi G, Zerbetto F. Molecular dynamics of a dendrimer-dye guest-host system. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125:7388-93. [PMID: 12797813 DOI: 10.1021/ja027905s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We use molecular dynamics to investigate the instantaneous structure of a fourth generation (dansyl terminated) dendrimer of propylene amine dissolved in CH(2)Cl(2), and of the same system upon the subsequent encapsulation of several eosin Y dyes. Calculations, in a cubic box with up to approximately 3500 solvent molecules and a maximum of 12 eosins, show that one of the effects of the presence of the guest molecules is to "close" the structure of the box where they are contained. Multiple entrances-exits of the guest molecules in the dendrimer are observed in less than a nanosecond, until the excess eosins are irreversibly expelled and their number is finally brought down to the experimental limit of 6. The guest molecules are distributed at two main distances from the center of the dendrimer and their surroundings are far from static. Eosins move inside the hyperbranched molecule in a way similar to what the solvent molecules do and sometimes aggregate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilberto Teobaldi
- Dipartimento di Chimica G. Ciamician, Università di Bologna, V. F. Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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Bottari G, Caciuffo R, Fanti M, Leigh DA, Parker SF, Zerbetto F. Solid-state fingerprints of molecular threading detected by inelastic neutron scattering. Chemphyschem 2002; 3:1038-41. [PMID: 12516216 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200290007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Bottari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, The King's Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3 JJ, UK
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Georgakilas V, Pellarini F, Prato M, Guldi DM, Melle-Franco M, Zerbetto F. Supramolecular self-assembled fullerene nanostructures. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2002; 99:5075-80. [PMID: 11959958 PMCID: PMC122724 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.072006599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2002] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Four ionic fullerene derivatives, which are relatively soluble in polar solvents, are shown to organize into morphologically different nanoscale structures. Spheres, nanorods, and nanotubules form in water depending on the side chain appendage of the fullerene spheroid. Images at different nanoscale structures were obtained via transmission electron microscopy. Also, computer simulations were used for investigating the relative spatial arrangements. The efficient method to fabricate almost perfect and uniformly shaped nanotubular crystals, which order spontaneously by self-assembly, opens the way to the possibility of exploiting the fullerene properties at the nanometer scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasilios Georgakilas
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
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Biscarini F, Cavallini M, Leigh DA, León S, Teat SJ, Wong JKY, Zerbetto F. The effect of mechanical interlocking on crystal packing: predictions and testing. J Am Chem Soc 2002; 124:225-33. [PMID: 11782174 DOI: 10.1021/ja0159362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The first statistical analyses of the X-ray crystal structures of mechanically interlocked molecular architectures, the first molecular mechanics-based solid-state calculations on such structures and atomic force microscopy (AFM) experiments are used in combination to predict and test which types of benzylic amide macrocycle-containing rotaxanes possess mobile components in the crystalline phase and thus could form the basis of solid-state devices that function through mechanical motion at the molecular level. The statistical studies and calculations show that crystals formed by rotaxanes possess similarities and unanticipated differences with respect to the crystal packing of noninterlocked molecules. Trends in the rotaxane series correlate quantities related to crystal packing, molecular size, stoichiometry, and H-bonding. In accordance with the findings of Gavezzotti et al. for conventional molecular architectures, a principal component analysis (PCA) showed that three vectors related to the size, packing parameters, and stoichiometry are sufficient to describe the crystal properties of benzylic amide macrocycle-containing rotaxanes. When hydrogen bond-related quantities are included in a second PCA, they combine with the size and the stoichiometry vectors but not with packing-related parameters, indicating that the intramolecular "saturation" of the H-bonds (between the interlocked components) takes precedence over crystal assembly (i.e., intermolecular packing) in these systems. However, cluster analyses also suggest a major role for the energy of interaction between the macrocycle and its crystal environment. The identification of such a "privileged" interaction is of fundamental importance to the development of rotaxanes with in-crystal mobility of one or more of their interlocked components, a prerequisite for the exploitation of molecular level mechanical motion in the solid state. The set of trends found, together with the calculated energies, was used to propose guidelines for which benzylic amide macrocycle-containing rotaxanes are best suited to become building blocks for systems with mobile submolecular units in the crystalline phase. An experimental test of the predictive power of such guidelines was carried out using AFM on a rotaxane and its thread, identified by the study as a promising candidate for solid-state mobility. Intuitively, the rotaxane should be less mobile in the solid state since it has multiple sets of both hydrogen bond donors and acceptors that can form strong inter- and intramolecular H-bonds. Conversely, the thread has no hydrogen bond donors and cannot form such bonds. The AFM experiments, however, confirm the statistical analysis prediction that the rotaxane is considerably more mobile in the solid than the thread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Biscarini
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Spettroscopia Molecolare, Via P. Gobetti 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
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