1
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Rockett T, Almahyawi M, Ghimire ML, Jonnalagadda A, Tagliaferro V, Seashols-Williams SJ, Bertino MF, Caputo GA, Reiner JE. Cluster-Enhanced Nanopore Sensing of Ovarian Cancer Marker Peptides in Urine. ACS Sens 2024; 9:860-869. [PMID: 38286995 PMCID: PMC10897939 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c02207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
The development of novel methodologies that can detect biomarkers from cancer or other diseases is both a challenge and a need for clinical applications. This partly motivates efforts related to nanopore-based peptide sensing. Recent work has focused on the use of gold nanoparticles for selective detection of cysteine-containing peptides. Specifically, tiopronin-capped gold nanoparticles, trapped in the cis-side of a wild-type α-hemolysin nanopore, provide a suitable anchor for the attachment of cysteine-containing peptides. It was recently shown that the attachment of these peptides onto a nanoparticle yields unique current signatures that can be used to identify the peptide. In this article, we apply this technique to the detection of ovarian cancer marker peptides ranging in length from 8 to 23 amino acid residues. It is found that sequence variability complicates the detection of low-molecular-weight peptides (<10 amino acid residues), but higher-molecular-weight peptides yield complex, high-frequency current fluctuations. These fluctuations are characterized with chi-squared and autocorrelation analyses that yield significantly improved selectivity when compared to traditional open-pore analysis. We demonstrate that the technique is capable of detecting the only two cysteine-containing peptides from LRG-1, an emerging protein biomarker, that are uniquely present in the urine of ovarian cancer patients. We further demonstrate the detection of one of these LRG-1 peptides spiked into a sample of human female urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas
W. Rockett
- Department
of Physics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
| | - Mohammed Almahyawi
- Department
of Physics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
- King
Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz
University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Madhav L. Ghimire
- Department
of Physics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
| | - Aashna Jonnalagadda
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - Victoria Tagliaferro
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - Sarah J. Seashols-Williams
- Department
of Forensic Sciences, Virginia Commonwealth
University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
| | - Massimo F. Bertino
- Department
of Physics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
| | - Gregory A. Caputo
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, New Jersey 08028, United States
| | - Joseph E. Reiner
- Department
of Physics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
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2
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Sufyan SA, van Devener B, Nigra MM. Synthesis of Highly Accessible and Reactive Sites in Gold Nanoparticles Using Bound Bis(Diphenylphosphine) Ligands. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202202877. [PMID: 36122321 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
While bound organic ligands provide steric protection against aggregation for metallic nanoparticles in solution, they can block a large fraction of the surface atoms which are needed for binding in catalysis and sensing applications. In this work, highly accessible Au nanoparticles ligated with bis(diphenylphosphine) molecules are synthesized and characterized in solution. Characterization is performed using high angle annular dark field-scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM), ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, and fluorescence chemisorption experiments. These synthesized nanoparticles are accessible to a 2-napthalenethiol (2-NT) probe molecule in solution. The highest 2-NT accessibility is observed when using 1,1-bis(diphenylphosphino)methane (dppm) ligand where 61 % of the total gold atoms are accessible. It is hypothesized that increasing the rigidity of the bis(diphenylphosphine) ligand increases the number of binding sites on the Au nanoparticles. These nanoparticles are catalytically active for resazurin reduction, and the resazurin reduction rate scales with the number of binding sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayed Abu Sufyan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112, USA
| | - Brian van Devener
- Electron Microscopy and Surface Analysis Laboratory, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112, USA
| | - Michael M Nigra
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112, USA
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3
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Li Q, Yang S, Chai J, Zhang H, Zhu M. Insights into mechanisms of diphosphine-mediated controlled surface construction on Au nanoclusters. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:15804-15811. [PMID: 36254852 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr05291a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Unraveling the rules governing the size regulation of nanoclusters is of great importance not only in fundamental research, but also in practical applications because of the high structure-property correlation in nanoclusters. Diphosphine-mediated size tailoring is recognized as a powerful method for modulating the size, configuration, and properties of nanoclusters, but the role of diphosphines in these size-controlled processes is still poorly understood due to a lack of systematic studies. Herein, using Au23(SR)16- as the template for modification, the factors influencing the size-modulation of nanoclusters by diphosphines were systematically investigated. It is revealed that by controlling the length of the diphosphines (from shorter to longer), Au21(SR)12L2+ (L = diphosphine) and Au22(SR)14L can be produced. Moreover, introducing a rigid group into the diphosphines can twist the structural framework or lead to the formation of a new surface motif configuration in the nanoclusters, forming twisted Au22(SR)14L and Au25(SR)16L2+. The size regulation of these nanoclusters enables fine-tuning of the optical properties, including the absorption wavelengths and photoluminescence emission intensity, affording an avenue for precise control of the physicochemical properties of nanoclusters for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinzhen Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China.
| | - Sha Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China.
| | - Jinsong Chai
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China.
| | - Hui Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China.
| | - Manzhou Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials of Ministry of Education, Institutes of Physical Science and Information Technology and Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, China.
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4
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Philliber M, Baxter ET, Johnson GE. Synthesis and Stability of Mixed-Diphosphine Ligated Gold Clusters. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:2138-2146. [PMID: 36166416 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Sub-nanometer gold clusters are promising size- and composition-tunable materials that may be used for advanced technological applications such as catalysis, energy generation, and microelectronics. Synthesis and characterization of phosphine ligated gold clusters containing different ligands provide insight into how steric and electronic effects resulting from changes in chemical functionality influence cluster size, stability, and formation in solution. Herein, we demonstrate that synthesizing gold clusters using two different diphosphines in solution at the same time results in a broad distribution of novel mixed-ligand clusters. In comparison, adding a second diphosphine to a solution of gold clusters presynthesized with another diphosphine does not result in extensive formation of mixed-ligand species. Utilizing high-mass resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, we determined novel cluster compositions and observed size-dependent trends in gold clusters that undergo ligand exchange forming mixed diphosphine species. Adjacent peaks in the mass spectra, separated by characteristic mass-to-charge ratios, provide evidence for multiple 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane (L3) and 1,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)pentane (L5) ligands on cationic clusters containing 8, 10, 11, and 22 gold atoms. Energy-resolved collision-induced dissociation experiments provide qualitative insight into how different diphosphine ligands affect the relative stability of specific size gold clusters. Our results indicate that mixed-ligand clusters containing both L3 and L5 are generally more stable than their single ligand counterparts containing either L3 or L5. These molecular-level insights will facilitate the rational and scalable synthesis of gold clusters for targeted applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallory Philliber
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E, Room 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Eric T Baxter
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Grant E Johnson
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
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5
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Adnan RH, Madridejos JML, Alotabi AS, Metha GF, Andersson GG. A Review of State of the Art in Phosphine Ligated Gold Clusters and Application in Catalysis. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2105692. [PMID: 35332703 PMCID: PMC9130904 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202105692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Atomically precise gold clusters are highly desirable due to their well-defined structure which allows the study of structure-property relationships. In addition, they have potential in technological applications such as nanoscale catalysis. The structural, chemical, electronic, and optical properties of ligated gold clusters are strongly defined by the metal-ligand interaction and type of ligands. This critical feature renders gold-phosphine clusters unique and distinct from other ligand-protected gold clusters. The use of multidentate phosphines enables preparation of varying core sizes and exotic structures beyond regular polyhedrons. Weak gold-phosphorous (Au-P) bonding is advantageous for ligand exchange and removal for specific applications, such as catalysis, without agglomeration. The aim of this review is to provide a unified view of gold-phosphine clusters and to present an in-depth discussion on recent advances and key developments for these clusters. This review features the unique chemistry, structural, electronic, and optical properties of gold-phosphine clusters. Advanced characterization techniques, including synchrotron-based spectroscopy, have unraveled substantial effects of Au-P interaction on the composition-, structure-, and size-dependent properties. State-of-the-art theoretical calculations that reveal insights into experimental findings are also discussed. Finally, a discussion of the application of gold-phosphine clusters in catalysis is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohul H. Adnan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of ScienceCenter for Hydrogen EnergyUniversiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM)Johor Bahru81310Malaysia
| | | | - Abdulrahman S. Alotabi
- Flinders Institute for NanoScale Science and TechnologyFlinders UniversityAdelaideSouth Australia5042Australia
- Department of PhysicsFaculty of Science and Arts in BaljurashiAlbaha UniversityBaljurashi65655Saudi Arabia
| | - Gregory F. Metha
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of AdelaideAdelaideSouth Australia5005Australia
| | - Gunther G. Andersson
- Flinders Institute for NanoScale Science and TechnologyFlinders UniversityAdelaideSouth Australia5042Australia
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6
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Dong J, Gao ZH, Wang LS. The synthesis and characterization of a new diphosphine-protected gold hydride nanocluster. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:034307. [PMID: 34293870 DOI: 10.1063/5.0056958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Gold is the most inert metal and does not form a bulk hydride. However, gold becomes chemically active in the nanometer scale and gold nanoparticles have been found to exhibit important catalytic properties. Here, we report the synthesis and characterization of a highly stable ligand-protected gold hydride nanocluster, [Au22H3(dppee)7]3+ [dppee = bis(2-diphenylphosphino) ethyl ether]. A synthetic method is developed to obtain high purity samples of the gold trihydride nanocluster with good yields. The properties of the new hydride cluster are characterized with different experimental techniques, as well as theoretical calculations. Solid samples of [Au22H3(dppee)7]3+ are found to be stable under ambient conditions. Both experimental evidence and theoretical evidence suggest that the Au22H3 core of the [Au22H3(dppee)7]3+ hydride nanocluster consists of two Au11 units bonded via two triangular faces, creating six uncoordinated Au sites at the interface. The three H atoms bridge the six uncoordinated Au atoms at the interface. The Au11 unit behaves as an eight-electron trivalent superatom, forming a superatom triple bond (Au11 ≡ Au11) in the [Au22H3(dppee)7]3+ trihydride nanocluster assisted by the three bridging H atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Dong
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Ze-Hua Gao
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
| | - Lai-Sheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, USA
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7
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Cox BD, Martin CR, Bertino MF, Reiner JE. Biological nanopores elucidate the differences between isomers of mercaptobenzoic-capped gold clusters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:7938-7947. [PMID: 33438688 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp05671e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Identification of isomers using traditional mass spectroscopy methods has proven an interesting challenge due to their identical mass to charge ratios. This proves particularly consequential for gold clusters, as subtle variations in the ligand and cluster structure can have drastic effects on the cluster functionalization, solubility, and chemical properties. Biological nanopores have proven an effective tool in identifying subtle variations at the single molecule limit. This paper reports on the ability of an α-hemolysin (αHL) pore to differentiate between para-, meta-, and ortho- (p-, m-, and o-, respectively) mercaptobenzoic acid ligands attached to gold clusters at the single cluster limit. Detecting differences between p-MBA and m-MBA requires pH-dependent studies that illustrate the role inter-ligand binding plays in stabilizing m-MBA-capped clusters. Additionally, this paper investigates the difference in behavior for these clusters when isolated, and when surrounded by small ligand-Au complexes (AunLm, n = 0, 1, 2… and m = 1, 2,…) that are present following cluster synthesis. It is found that continuous exposure of clusters to freely diffusing ligand complexes stabilizes the clusters, while isolated clusters either disintegrate or exit the nanopore in seconds. This has implications for long term cluster stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobby D Cox
- Department of Physics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23284, USA.
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8
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Dong J, Gao Z, Zhang Q, Wang L. The Synthesis, Bonding, and Transformation of a Ligand‐Protected Gold Nanohydride Cluster. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202011748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Dong
- Department of Chemistry Brown University Providence RI 02912 USA
| | - Ze‐Hua Gao
- Department of Chemistry Brown University Providence RI 02912 USA
| | - Qian‐Fan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry Brown University Providence RI 02912 USA
| | - Lai‐Sheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry Brown University Providence RI 02912 USA
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9
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Dong J, Gao Z, Zhang Q, Wang L. The Synthesis, Bonding, and Transformation of a Ligand‐Protected Gold Nanohydride Cluster. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 60:2424-2430. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202011748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Dong
- Department of Chemistry Brown University Providence RI 02912 USA
| | - Ze‐Hua Gao
- Department of Chemistry Brown University Providence RI 02912 USA
| | - Qian‐Fan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry Brown University Providence RI 02912 USA
| | - Lai‐Sheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry Brown University Providence RI 02912 USA
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10
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Ma HZ, McKay AI, Canty AJ, O'Hair RAJ. Using electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry to explore formation and gas-phase chemistry of silver nanoclusters generated from the reaction of silver salts with NaBH 4 in the presence of bis(diphenylarsino)methane. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2020; 56:e4590. [PMID: 32721080 DOI: 10.1002/jms.4590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) of mixtures of AgBF4 or AgNO3 with the capping ligand bis(diphenylarsino)methane ((Ph2 As)2 CH2 = dpam) in a solution of acetonitrile revealed the formation of the following cations: [Ag(CH3 CN)(dpam)]+ , [Ag(dpam)2 ]+ , [Ag2 (Cl)(dpam)2 ]+ , and [Ag3 (Cl)2 (dpam)3 ]+ . Addition of NaBH4 to these solutions results in the formation of the cluster cations [Ag2 (BH4 )(dpam)2 ]+ , [Ag2 (BH4 )(dpam)3 ]+ , [Ag3 (H)(BH4 )(dpam)3 ]+ , [Ag3 (BH4 )2 (dpam)3 ]+ , [Ag3 (H)(Cl)(dpam)3 ]+ , and [Ag3 (I)(BH4 )(dpam)3 ]+ , as established by ESI-MS. Use of NaBD4 confirmed that borohydride is the source of the hydride in these clusters. An Orbitrap Fusion LUMOS mass spectrometer was used to explore the gas-phase unimolecular chemistry of selected clusters via multistage mass spectrometry (MSn ) experiments employing low-energy collision-induced dissociation (CID) and high-energy collision-induced dissociation (HCD) experiments. The borohydride containing clusters fragment via two competing pathways: (i) ligand loss and (ii) B-H bond activation involving BH3 loss. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were used to calculate the energetics of the optimized structures for all precursor ions, fragment ions, and neutrals and to estimate the reaction endothermicities. Generally, there is reasonable agreement between the most abundant product ion formed and the predicted endothermicity of the associated reaction channel. The DFT calculations predicted that the novel dimer [Ag2 (BH4 )(dpam)2 ]+ has a paddlewheel structure in which the dpam and BH4 - ligands bridge both silver centers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard Z Ma
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Rd, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alasdair I McKay
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Rd, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Allan J Canty
- School of Natural Sciences - Chemistry, University of Tasmania, Private Bag 75, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Richard A J O'Hair
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Rd, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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11
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Zhang Y, Zhang C, Xu C, Wang X, Liu C, Waterhouse GIN, Wang Y, Yin H. Ultrasmall Au nanoclusters for biomedical and biosensing applications: A mini-review. Talanta 2019; 200:432-442. [PMID: 31036206 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.03.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Gold (Au) nanoclusters with diameters less than 2 nm are attracting increasing attention due to their unique size-dependent physicochemical properties which include strong luminescence and excellent biocompatibility. Accordingly, Au nanoclusters are now becoming essential in biomedical research for bioimaging, biosensing, quantitative analysis of protein and ion detection. In this mini review, the luminescence mechanism and biosynthesis of Au nanoclusters is systematically explored, followed by a brief survey of Au nanoclusters applications across the biomedical sector. Particular emphasis is placed on the role of biological molecules such as proteins, peptides and low molecular weight organic compounds in the synthesis of small luminescent Au nanoclusters, either as templates or surface capping agents. Successful strategies for applying luminescent Au nanoclusters in bioimaging and biosensing are also summarized. Future areas for Au nanocluster utilization in biomedical research are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, Shandong, PR China
| | - Chunyu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, PR China
| | - Chao Xu
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Xiaolin Wang
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, Shandong, PR China
| | - Chang Liu
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, Shandong, PR China
| | - Geoffrey I N Waterhouse
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, Shandong, PR China; School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 11142, New Zealand
| | - Yaling Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety and CAS Center for Excellent in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology of China, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, PR China.
| | - Hongzong Yin
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271018, Shandong, PR China.
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12
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Parrish KA, King M, Ligare MR, Johnson GE, Hernández H. Role of sterics in phosphine-ligated gold clusters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:1689-1699. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp04961k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the solution-phase exchange reactions of triphenylphosphine (PPh3) ligands on Au8L72+ (L = PPh3) gold clusters with three different tolyl ligands using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry to provide insight into how steric differences in the phosphines influence the extent of ligand exchange and the stability of the resulting mixed-phosphine clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mary King
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Texas at Austin
- Austin
- USA
| | - Marshall R. Ligare
- Physical Sciences Division
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Richland
- USA
| | - Grant E. Johnson
- Physical Sciences Division
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Richland
- USA
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13
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Konishi K, Iwasaki M, Shichibu Y. Phosphine-Ligated Gold Clusters with Core+ exo Geometries: Unique Properties and Interactions at the Ligand-Cluster Interface. Acc Chem Res 2018; 51:3125-3133. [PMID: 30427180 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Over recent years, research on the structures and properties of ligand-protected gold cluster molecules has gained significant interest. The crystal structure information accumulated to date has revealed the structural preference to adopt closed polyhedral geometries, but the use of multidentate ligands sometimes leads to the formation of exceptional structures. This Account describes results of our studies on diphosphine-coordinated [core+ exo]-type gold clusters featuring extra gold atoms outside the polyhedral cores, highlighting (1) their distinct optical properties due to the unique electronic structures generated by the exo gold atoms and (2) electronic/attractive ligand-cluster interactions that cause definite perturbation effects on the cluster properties. Subnanometer gold clusters with [core+ exo]-type geometries (nuclearity = 6, 7, 8, and 11) commonly displayed single absorption bands in the visible region, which are distinct in patterns from those of conventional polyhedral-only homologues. Theoretical studies demonstrated that the exo gold atoms are critically involved in the generation of unique electronic structures characterized by the HOMO-LUMO transitions with dominant oscillator strengths, leading to the appearance of the isolated absorption bands. On the basis of the frontier orbital distributions, the HOMO and LUMO were shown to be localized around the polyhedral cores and exo gold atoms, respectively. Therefore, the HOMO-LUMO transitions responsible for the visible absorptions occur in the core → exo direction. The HOMO-LUMO gap energies showed no clear trends with respect to the nuclearity (size), indicating that the individual geometric features of the inorganic framework primarily govern the clusters' electronic structures and properties. Systematic studies using octagold clusters bearing various anionic coligands revealed that electronic or attractive interactions between the gold framework and ligand functionalities, such as π-electron systems and heteroatoms, cause substantial perturbations of the wavelength of the visible absorption band due to the HOMO-LUMO transitions. Especially, significant red shifts were observed as a result of the electronic coupling with specific π-resonance contributors. It was also found that the orientation of aromatic rings around the inorganic framework is a factor that affects the cluster photoluminescence. These findings demonstrate the utility of the ligand moieties surrounding the gold frameworks for fine-tuning of the optical properties. During these studies, unusual but definite attractive interactions between the gold framework and C-H groups of the diphosphine ligand were found in the hexagold clusters. On the basis of careful crystallographic and NMR analyses, these interactions were deemed as a certain kind of M···H hydrogen bonds, which critically affect the maintenance of the cluster framework. Such unique interaction activities are likely due to the valence electrons in the gold framework, which serve as the hydrogen-bond acceptor for the unfunctionalized C-H groups. Overall, these observations imply the uniqueness of the ligand-cluster interface associated with the partially oxidized gold entities, which may expand the scope of ligand-protected clusters toward various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsuaki Konishi
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, North 10 West 5, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
- Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, North 10 West 5, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Mitsuhiro Iwasaki
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, North 10 West 5, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
- Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, North 10 West 5, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
| | - Yukatsu Shichibu
- Graduate School of Environmental Science, Hokkaido University, North 10 West 5, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
- Faculty of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido University, North 10 West 5, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
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14
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Synthesis and characterization of size-controlled atomically precise gold clusters. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2018. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2017-0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
AbstractIn this article, synthetic strategies and characterization methodologies of atomically precise gold clusters have been summarized. The typical and effective synthetic strategies including a systematic “size-focusing” methodology has been developed for attaining atomically precise gold clusters with size control. Another universal synthetic methodology is ligand exchange-induced size/structure transformation (LEIST) based on from one stable size to another. These two methodologies have largely expanded the “universe” of atomically precise gold clusters. Elite of typical synthetic case studies of ligand protected gold clusters are presented. Important characterization techniques of these atomically precise gold clusters also are included. The identification and characterization of gold clusters have been achieved in terms of nuclearity (size), molecular formulation, and geometrical structures by the combination of these techniques. The determination of gold cluster structure based on single crystals is of paramount importance in understanding the relationship of structure–property. The criterion and selection of these typical gold clusters are all “strictly” atomically precise that all have been determined ubiquitously by single crystal diffraction. These related crystallographic data are retrieved from Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre (CCDC) up to 30th November 2017. Meanwhile, the cutting edge and other important characterization methodologies including electron diffraction (ED), extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXFAS), and synchrotron sources are briefly reviewed. The new techniques hold the promise of pushing the limits of crystallization of gold clusters. This article is not just an exhaustive and up to date review, generally summarized synthetic strategies, but also a practical guide regarding gold cluster synthesis. We called it a “Cookbook” of ligand protected gold clusters, including synthetic recipes and characterization details.Graphical Abstract:
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15
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Zhang QF, Chen X, Wang LS. Toward Solution Syntheses of the Tetrahedral Au 20 Pyramid and Atomically Precise Gold Nanoclusters with Uncoordinated Sites. Acc Chem Res 2018; 51:2159-2168. [PMID: 30070827 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A long-standing objective of cluster science is to discover highly stable clusters and to use them as models for catalysts and building blocks for cluster-assembled materials. The discovery of catalytic properties of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) has stimulated wide interests in gaseous size-selected gold clusters. Ligand-protected AuNPs have also been extensively investigated to probe their size-dependent catalytic and optical properties. However, the need to remove ligands can introduce uncertainties in both the structures and sizes of ligand-protected AuNPs for catalytic applications. Ideal model catalysts should be atomically precise AuNPs with well-defined structures and uncoordinated surface sites as in situ active centers. The tetrahedral ( Td) Au20 pyramidal cluster, discovered to be highly stable in the gas phase, provided a unique opportunity for such an ideal model system. The Td-Au20 consists of four Au(111) faces with all its atoms on the surface. Bulk synthesis of Td-Au20 with appropriate ligands would allow its catalytic and optical properties to be investigated and harnessed. The different types of its surface atoms would allow site-specific chemistry to be exploited. It was hypothesized that if the four corner atoms of Td-Au20 were coordinated by ligands the cluster would still contain 16 uncoordinated surface sites as potential in situ catalytically active centers. Phosphine ligands were deemed to be suitable for the synthesis of Td-Au20 to maintain the integrity of its pyramidal structure. Triphenyl-phosphine-protected Td-Au20 was first observed in solution, and its stability was confirmed both experimentally and theoretically. To enhance the synthetic yield, bidentate diphosphine ligands [(Ph)2P(CH2) nP(Ph)2 or L n] with different chain lengths were explored. It was hypothesized that diphosphine ligands with the right chain length might preferentially coordinate to the Td-Au20. Promising evidence was initially obtained by the formation of the undecagold by the L3 ligand. When the L8 diphosphine ligand was used, a remarkable Au22 nanocluster with eight uncoordinated Au sites, Au22(L8)6, was synthesized. With a tetraphosphine-ligand (PP3), a new Au20 nanocluster, [Au20(PP3)4]Cl4, was isolated with high yield. The crystal structure of the new Au20 core did not reveal the expected pyramid but rather an intrinsically chiral gold core. The surface of the new chiral-Au20 was fully coordinated, and it was found to be highly stable chemically. The Au22(L8)6 nanocluster represents the first and only gold core with uncoordinated gold atoms, providing potentially eight in situ catalytically active sites. The Au22 nanoclusters dispersed on oxide supports were found to catalyze CO oxidation and activate H2 without ligand removal. With further understanding about the formation mechanisms of gold nanoclusters in solution, it is conceivable that Td-Au20 can be eventually synthesized, allowing its novel catalytic and optical properties to be explored. More excitingly, it is possible that a whole family of new atomically precise gold nanoclusters can be created with different phosphine ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Fan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Xuenian Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Boron Chemistry and Advanced Energy Materials, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007, China
| | - Lai-Sheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
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16
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Liebig F, Sarhan RM, Prietzel C, Thünemann AF, Bargheer M, Koetz J. Undulated Gold Nanoplatelet Superstructures: In Situ Growth of Hemispherical Gold Nanoparticles onto the Surface of Gold Nanotriangles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:4584-4594. [PMID: 29617144 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b02898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Negatively charged flat gold nanotriangles, formed in a vesicular template phase and separated by an AOT-micelle-based depletion flocculation, were reloaded by adding a cationic polyelectrolyte, that is, a hyperbranched polyethylenimine (PEI). Heating the system to 100 °C in the presence of a gold chloride solution, the reduction process leads to the formation of gold nanoparticles inside the polymer shell surrounding the nanoplatelets. The gold nanoparticle formation is investigated by UV-vis spectroscopy, small-angle X-ray scattering, and dynamic light scattering measurements in combination with transmission electron microscopy. Spontaneously formed gold clusters in the hyperbranched PEI shell with an absorption maximum at 350 nm grow on the surface of the nanotriangles as hemispherical particles with diameters of ∼6 nm. High-resolution micrographs show that the hemispherical gold particles are crystallized onto the {111} facets on the bottom and top of the platelet as well as on the edges without a grain boundary. Undulated gold nanoplatelet superstructures with special properties become available, which show a significantly modified performance in SERS-detected photocatalysis regarding both reactivity and enhancement factor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Radwan M Sarhan
- School of Analytical Sciences Adlershof (SALSA) , Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin , 10099 Berlin , Germany
| | | | - Andreas F Thünemann
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM) , Unter den Eichen 87 , 12205 Berlin , Germany
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17
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Ma HZ, White JM, Mulder RJ, Reid GE, Canty AJ, O'Hair RAJ. Synthesis, structure, and condensed-phase reactivity of [Ag3(μ3-H)(μ3-BH4)LPh3](BF4) (LPh = bis(diphenylphosphino)amine) with CS2. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:14713-14725. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt02437e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) was used to monitor the reaction of AgBF4, bis(diphenylphosphino)amine (dppa = (Ph2P)2NH = LPh) and NaBH4 in acetonitrile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howard Z. Ma
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute
- University of Melbourne
- Parkville
- Australia
| | - Jonathan M. White
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute
- University of Melbourne
- Parkville
- Australia
| | | | - Gavin E. Reid
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute
- University of Melbourne
- Parkville
- Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
| | - Allan J. Canty
- School of Natural Sciences – Chemistry
- University of Tasmania
- Hobart
- Australia
| | - Richard A. J. O'Hair
- School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute
- University of Melbourne
- Parkville
- Australia
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18
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Wu Q, Cen J, Zhao Y, Tong X, Li Y, Frenkel AI, Zhao S, Orlov A. A comprehensive study of catalytic, morphological and electronic properties of ligand-protected gold nanoclusters using XPS, STM, XAFS, and TPD techniques. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:1497-1503. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp06376h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A combination of microscopy and spectroscopy techniques comprehensively elucidates the unique properties of distinct ligand-protected gold nano clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyuan Wu
- Department of Material Science and Chemical Engineering
- Stony Brook University
- Stony Brook
- USA
| | - Jiajie Cen
- Department of Material Science and Chemical Engineering
- Stony Brook University
- Stony Brook
- USA
| | - Yue Zhao
- Department of Chemistry
- Stony Brook University
- Stony Brook
- USA
| | - Xiao Tong
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials
- Brookhaven National Laboratory
- Upton
- USA
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Material Science and Chemical Engineering
- Stony Brook University
- Stony Brook
- USA
| | - Anatoly I. Frenkel
- Department of Material Science and Chemical Engineering
- Stony Brook University
- Stony Brook
- USA
- Division of Chemistry
| | - Shen Zhao
- Energy & Environment
- Southern Research
- Durham
- USA
| | - Alexander Orlov
- Department of Material Science and Chemical Engineering
- Stony Brook University
- Stony Brook
- USA
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Abstract
The relative role of electronic and geometric effects on the stability of clusters has been a contentious topic for quite some time, with the focus on electronic structure generally gaining the upper hand. In this Account, we hope to demonstrate that both electronic shell filling and geometric shell filling are necessary concepts for an intuitive understanding of the reactivity of metal clusters. This work will focus on the reactivity of aluminum based clusters, although these concepts may be applied to clusters of different metals and ligand protected clusters. First we highlight the importance of electronic shell closure in the stability of metallic clusters. Quantum confinement in small compact metal clusters results in the bunching of quantum states that are reminiscent of the electronic shells in atoms. Clusters with closed electronic shells and large HOMO-LUMO (highest occupied molecular orbital-lowest unoccupied molecular orbital) gaps have enhanced stability and reduced reactivity with O2 due to the need for the cluster to accommodate the spin of molecular oxygen during activation of the molecule. To intuitively understand the reactivity of clusters with protic species such as water and methanol, geometric effects are needed. Clusters with unsymmetrical structures and defects usually result in uneven charge distribution over the surface of the cluster, forming active sites. To reduce reactivity, these sites must be quenched. These concepts can also be applied to ligand protected clusters. Clusters with ligands that are balanced across the cluster are less reactive, while clusters with unbalanced ligands can result in induced active sites. Adatoms on the surface of a cluster that are bound to a ligand result in an activated adatom that reacts readily with protic species, offering a mechanism by which the defects will be etched off returning the cluster to a closed geometric shell. The goal of this Account is to argue that both geometric and electronic shell filling concepts serve as valuable organizational principles that explain a wide variety of phenomena in the reactivity of clusters. These concepts help to explain the fundamental interactions that allow for specific clusters to be described as superatoms. Superatoms are clusters that exhibit a well-defined valence. A superatom cluster's properties may be intuitively understood and predicted based on the energy gained when the cluster obtains its optimal electronic and geometric structure. This concept has been found to be a unifying principle among a wide variety of metal clusters ranging from free aluminum clusters to ligand protected noble metal clusters and even metal-chalcogenide ligand protected clusters. Thus, the importance of electronic and geometric shell closing concepts supports the superatom concept, because the properties of certain clusters with well-defined valence are controlled by the stability that is enhanced when they retain their closed electronic and geometric shells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur C. Reber
- Department of Physics, Virginia Commonwealth University, 701 W. Grace St., Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
| | - Shiv N. Khanna
- Department of Physics, Virginia Commonwealth University, 701 W. Grace St., Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
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20
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Chauhan V, Reber AC, Khanna SN. Metal Chalcogenide Clusters with Closed Electronic Shells and the Electronic Properties of Alkalis and Halogens. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:1871-1877. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b09416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Chauhan
- Department of Physics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States
| | - Arthur C. Reber
- Department of Physics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States
| | - Shiv N. Khanna
- Department of Physics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, United States
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Ligare MR, Johnson GE, Laskin J. Observing the real time formation of phosphine-ligated gold clusters by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp01402c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Real-time monitoring of the gold cluster synthesis by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry reveals distinct formation pathways for Au8, Au9 and Au10 clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marshall R. Ligare
- Physical Sciences Division
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- P. O. Box 999
- Richland
- USA
| | - Grant E. Johnson
- Physical Sciences Division
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- P. O. Box 999
- Richland
- USA
| | - Julia Laskin
- Physical Sciences Division
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- P. O. Box 999
- Richland
- USA
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Ligare MR, Baker ES, Laskin J, Johnson GE. Ligand induced structural isomerism in phosphine coordinated gold clusters revealed by ion mobility mass spectrometry. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:7389-7392. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc02251d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Structural isomerism in ligated gold clusters is revealed using electrospray ionization ion mobility spectrometry mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marshall R. Ligare
- Physical Sciences Division
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Richland
- USA
| | - Erin S. Baker
- Biological Sciences Division
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Richland
- USA
| | - Julia Laskin
- Physical Sciences Division
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Richland
- USA
| | - Grant E. Johnson
- Physical Sciences Division
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Richland
- USA
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Chauhan V, Reber AC, Khanna SN. CO ligands stabilize metal chalcogenide Co6Se8(CO)n clusters via demagnetization. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:31940-31948. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp07606a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The role of carbon monoxide ligands on the magnetic moment of Co6Se8(CO)n clusters, n = 0–6 was investigated to better understand the interplay between the electronic structure of metal chalcogenide clusters and their ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Chauhan
- Department of Physics
- Virginia Commonwealth University
- Richmond
- USA
| | - Arthur C. Reber
- Department of Physics
- Virginia Commonwealth University
- Richmond
- USA
| | - Shiv N. Khanna
- Department of Physics
- Virginia Commonwealth University
- Richmond
- USA
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24
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Yao LY, Yam VWW. Diphosphine-Stabilized Small Gold Nanoclusters: From Crystal Structure Determination to Ligation-Driven Symmetry Breaking and Anion Exchange Properties. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:15736-15742. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b10168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Liao-Yuan Yao
- Institute of Molecular Functional
Materials (Areas of Excellence Scheme, University Grants Committee
(Hong Kong)) and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China
| | - Vivian Wing-Wah Yam
- Institute of Molecular Functional
Materials (Areas of Excellence Scheme, University Grants Committee
(Hong Kong)) and Department of Chemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam Road, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China
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25
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Takano S, Tsukuda T. Amplification of the Optical Activity of Gold Clusters by the Proximity of BINAP. J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:4509-4513. [PMID: 27784158 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.6b02294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Despite recent progress in the synthesis and characterization of optically active gold clusters, the factor determining optical rotatory strength has not been clarified due to the lack of structurally resolved, enantiomerically pure Au clusters. We addressed this issue by studying the correlation between the optical activity and geometrical structures of two types of Au clusters that were protected by chiral diphosphines: [Au11(R/S-DIOP)4Cl2]+ (DIOP = 1,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)-2,3-o-isopropylidene-2,3-butanediol) and [Au8(R/S-BINAP)3(PPh3)2]2+ (BINAP = 2,2'-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1'-binaphthyl). [Au8(BINAP)3(PPh3)2]2+ showed stronger rotatory strengths than [Au11(DIOP)4Cl2]+ in the visible region, while the Hausdorff chirality measure calculated from the crystal data indicated that the Au core of the former is less chiral than that of the latter. We propose that the optical activity in the Au core-based transition due to the deformed core is further amplified by chiral arrangement of the binaphthyl moiety near the Au core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinjiro Takano
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Tsukuda
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, The University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
- Elements Strategy Initiative for Catalysis and Batteries (ESICB), Kyoto University , Katsura, Kyoto 615-8520, Japan
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Wu Z, Hu G, Jiang DE, Mullins DR, Zhang QF, Allard LF, Wang LS, Overbury SH. Diphosphine-Protected Au 22 Nanoclusters on Oxide Supports Are Active for Gas-Phase Catalysis without Ligand Removal. NANO LETTERS 2016; 16:6560-6567. [PMID: 27685318 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b03221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Investigation of atomically precise Au nanoclusters provides a route to understand the roles of coordination, size, and ligand effects on Au catalysis. Herein, we explored the catalytic behavior of a newly synthesized Au22(L8)6 nanocluster (L = 1,8-bis(diphenylphosphino) octane) with in situ uncoordinated Au sites supported on TiO2, CeO2, and Al2O3. Stability of the supported Au22 nanoclusters was probed structurally by in situ extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) and high-angle annular dark-field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF-STEM), and their ability to adsorb and oxidize CO was investigated by IR absorption spectroscopy and a temperature-programmed flow reaction. Low-temperature CO oxidation activity was observed for the supported pristine Au22(L8)6 nanoclusters without ligand removal. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations confirmed that the eight uncoordinated Au sites in the intact Au22(L8)6 nanoclusters can chemisorb both CO and O2. Use of isotopically labeled O2 demonstrated that the reaction pathway occurs mainly through a redox mechanism, consistent with the observed support-dependent activity trend of CeO2 > TiO2 > Al2O3. We conclude that the uncoordinated Au sites in the intact Au22(L8)6 nanoclusters are capable of adsorbing CO, activating O2, and catalyzing CO oxidation reaction. This work is the first clear demonstration of a ligand-protected intact Au nanocluster that is active for gas-phase catalysis without the need of ligand removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zili Wu
- Chemical Science Division and Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Guoxiang Hu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - De-En Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - David R Mullins
- Chemical Science Division and Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Qian-Fan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University , Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Lawrence F Allard
- Materials Science and Technology Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Lai-Sheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University , Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Steven H Overbury
- Chemical Science Division and Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory , Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
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Johnson GE, Laskin J. Understanding ligand effects in gold clusters using mass spectrometry. Analyst 2016; 141:3573-89. [PMID: 27221357 DOI: 10.1039/c6an00263c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes recent research on the influence of phosphine ligands on the size, stability, and reactivity of gold clusters synthesized in solution. Sub-nanometer clusters exhibit size- and composition-dependent properties that are unique from those of larger nanoparticles. The highly tunable properties of clusters and their high surface-to-volume ratio make them promising candidates for a variety of technological applications. However, because "each-atom-counts" toward defining cluster properties it is critically important to develop robust synthesis methods to efficiently prepare clusters of predetermined size. For decades phosphines have been known to direct the size-selected synthesis of gold clusters. Despite the preparation of numerous species it is still not understood how different functional groups at phosphine centers affect the size and properties of gold clusters. Using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) it is possible to characterize the effect of ligand substitution on the distribution of clusters formed in solution at defined reaction conditions. In addition, ligand exchange reactions on preformed clusters may be monitored using ESI-MS. Collision induced dissociation (CID) may also be employed to obtain qualitative insight into the fragmentation of mixed ligand clusters and the relative binding energies of differently substituted phosphines. Quantitative ligand binding energies and cluster stability may be determined employing surface induced dissociation (SID) in a custom-built Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer (FT-ICR-MS). Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus (RRKM) based modeling of the SID data allows dissociation energies and entropy values to be extracted. The charge reduction and reactivity of atomically precise gold clusters, including partially ligated species generated in the gas-phase by in source CID, on well-defined surfaces may be explored using ion soft landing (SL) in a custom-built instrument combined with in situ time of flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS). Jointly, this multipronged experimental approach allows characterization of the full spectrum of relevant phenomena including cluster synthesis, ligand exchange, thermochemistry, surface immobilization, and reactivity. The fundamental insights obtained from this work will facilitate the directed synthesis of gold clusters with predetermined size and properties for specific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant E Johnson
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P. O. Box 999, MSIN K8-88, Richland, Washington 99352, USA.
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Zhang QF, Williard PG, Wang LS. Polymorphism of Phosphine-Protected Gold Nanoclusters: Synthesis and Characterization of a New 22-Gold-Atom Cluster. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2016; 12:2518-2525. [PMID: 27007493 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201600407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A new Au22 nanocluster, protected by bis(2-diphenyl-phosphino)ethyl ether (dppee or C28 H28 OP2 ) ligand, has been synthsized and purified with high yield. Electrospray mass spectrometry shows that the new cluster has a formula of Au22 (dppee)7 , containing 22 gold atoms and seven dppee ligands. The cluster is found to be stable as a solid, but metastable in solution. The new cluster has been characterized by UV-Vis-NIR absorption spectroscopy, collision-induced dissociation, and (31) P-NMR. The properties of the new cluster have been compared with the previous Au22 (dppo)6 nanocluster (dppo = 1,8-bis(diphenyl-phosphino)octane or C32 H36 P2 ), which contains two fused Au11 units. All the experimental data indicate that the new Au22 (dppee)7 cluster is different from the previously known Au22 (dppo)6 cluster and represents a new Au22 core, which contains most likely one Au11 motif with several Au2 (dppee) or Au(dppee) units. The Au22 (dppee)7 cluster provides a new example of the ligand effects on the nuclearity and structural polymorphism of phosphine-protected atom-precise gold nanoclusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Fan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Paul G Williard
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Lai-Sheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
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29
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Yao H, Iwatsu M. Water-Soluble Phosphine-Protected Au₁₁ Clusters: Synthesis, Electronic Structure, and Chiral Phase Transfer in a Synergistic Fashion. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:3284-93. [PMID: 26986535 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b00539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Synthesis of atomically precise, water-soluble phosphine-protected gold clusters is still currently limited probably due to a stability issue. We here present the synthesis, magic-number isolation, and exploration of the electronic structures as well as the asymmetric conversion of triphenylphosphine monosulfonate (TPPS)-protected gold clusters. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and elemental analysis result in the primary formation of Au11(TPPS)9Cl undecagold cluster compound. Magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) spectroscopy clarifies that extremely weak transitions are present in the low-energy region unresolved in the UV-vis absorption, which can be due to the Faraday B-terms based on the magnetically allowed transitions in the cluster. Asymmetric conversion without changing the nuclearity is remarkable by the chiral phase transfer in a synergistic fashion, which yields a rather small anisotropy factor (g-factor) of at most (2.5-7.0) × 10(-5). Quantum chemical calculations for model undecagold cluster compounds are then used to evaluate the optical and chiroptical responses induced by the chiral phase transfer. On this basis, we find that the Au core distortion is ignorable, and the chiral ion-pairing causes a slight increase in the CD response of the Au11 cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Yao
- Graduate School of Material Science, University of Hyogo , 3-2-1 Koto, Kamigori-cho, Ako-gun, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
| | - Mana Iwatsu
- Graduate School of Material Science, University of Hyogo , 3-2-1 Koto, Kamigori-cho, Ako-gun, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
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Luo Z, Reber AC, Jia M, Blades WH, Khanna SN, Castleman AW. What determines if a ligand activates or passivates a superatom cluster? Chem Sci 2016; 7:3067-3074. [PMID: 29997798 PMCID: PMC6005155 DOI: 10.1039/c5sc04293c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantum confinement in small metal clusters leads to a bunching of states into electronic shells reminiscent of shells in atoms, enabling the classification of clusters as superatoms.
Quantum confinement in small metal clusters leads to a bunching of states into electronic shells reminiscent of shells in atoms, enabling the classification of clusters as superatoms. The addition of ligands tunes the valence electron count of metal clusters and appears to serve as protecting groups preventing the etching of the metallic cores. Through a joint experimental and theoretical study of the reactivity of methanol with aluminum clusters ligated with iodine, we find that ligands enhance the stability of some clusters, however in some cases the electronegative ligand may perturb the charge density of the metallic core generating active sites that can lead to the etching of the cluster. The reactivity is driven by Lewis acid and Lewis base active sites that form through the selective positioning of the iodine and the structure of the aluminum core. This study enriches the general knowledge on clusters including offering insight into the stability of ligand protected clusters synthesized via wet chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixun Luo
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species , Institute of Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100190 , China . .,Departments of Chemistry and Physics , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , PA 16802 , USA .
| | - Arthur C Reber
- Department of Physics , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA 23284 , USA .
| | - Meiye Jia
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species , Institute of Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , 100190 , China .
| | - William H Blades
- Department of Physics , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA 23284 , USA .
| | - Shiv N Khanna
- Department of Physics , Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond , VA 23284 , USA .
| | - A W Castleman
- Departments of Chemistry and Physics , The Pennsylvania State University , University Park , PA 16802 , USA .
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31
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Yang L, Cheng H, Jiang Y, Huang T, Bao J, Sun Z, Jiang Z, Ma J, Sun F, Liu Q, Yao T, Deng H, Wang S, Zhu M, Wei S. In situ studies on controlling an atomically-accurate formation process of gold nanoclusters. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:14452-14459. [PMID: 26251928 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr03711e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of the molecular formation mechanism of metal nanoclusters is essential for developing chemistry for accurate control over their synthesis. Herein, the "top-down" synthetic process of monodisperse Au13 nanoclusters via HCl etching of polydisperse Aun clusters (15 ≤ n ≤ 65) is traced by a combination of in situ X-ray/UV-vis absorption spectroscopy and time-dependent mass spectrometry. It is revealed experimentally that the HCl-induced synthesis of Au13 is achieved by accurately controlling the etching process with two distinctive steps, in sharp contrast to the traditional thiol-etching mechanism through release of the Au(i) complex. The first step involves the direct fragmentation of the initial larger Aun clusters into metastable intermediate Au8-Au13 smaller clusters. This is a critical step, which allows for the secondary size-growth step of the intermediates toward the atomically monodisperse Au13 clusters via incorporating the reactive Au(i)-Cl species in the solution. Such a secondary-growth pathway is further confirmed by the successful growth of Au13 through reaction of isolated Au11 clusters with AuClPPh3 in the HCl environment. This work addresses the importance of reaction intermediates in guiding the way towards controllable synthesis of metal nanoclusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Yang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, P. R. China.
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32
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Johnson GE, Colby R, Laskin J. Soft landing of bare nanoparticles with controlled size, composition, and morphology. NANOSCALE 2015; 7:3491-3503. [PMID: 25626391 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr06758d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Physical synthesis employing magnetron sputtering and gas aggregation in a modified commercial source has been coupled with size-selection and ion soft landing to prepare bare nanoparticles on surfaces with controlled coverage, size, composition, and morphology. Employing atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), it is demonstrated that the size and coverage of nanoparticles on flat and stepped surfaces may be controlled using a quadrupole mass filter and the length of deposition, respectively. AFM shows that nanoparticles bind randomly to flat surfaces when soft landed at relatively low coverage (4 × 10(4) ions μm(-2)). On stepped surfaces at intermediate coverage (4 × 10(5) ions μm(-2)) nanoparticles bind along step edges forming extended linear chains. At the highest coverage (2 × 10(6) ions μm(-2)) nanoparticles form a continuous film on flat surfaces. On one surface with sizable defects, the presence of localized imperfections results in agglomeration of nanoparticles onto these features and formation of neighboring zones devoid of particles. Employing high resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) the customized magnetron sputtering/gas aggregation source is demonstrated to produce bare single metal particles with controlled morphology as well as bimetallic alloy nanoparticles with defined core-shell structures of that are of interest to catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant E Johnson
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P. O. Box 999, MSIN K8-88, Richland, WA 99352, USA.
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33
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Kang X, Song Y, Deng H, Zhang J, Liu B, Pan C, Zhu M. Ligand-induced change of the crystal structure and enhanced stability of the Au11 nanocluster. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra11674k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Compared with the Au11(PPh3)7Cl3 and [Au11(PPh3)8Cl2]Cl, [Au11(PPh2(CH2)5Ph2P)4(SePh)2]+ exhibits some structural differences and shows significantly enhanced stability in storage and thiol etching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Kang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Meterials
- Anhui University
- China
| | - Yongbo Song
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Meterials
- Anhui University
- China
| | - Huijuan Deng
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Meterials
- Anhui University
- China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Functional Molecule Design and Interface Process
- Anhui Jianzhu University
- Hefei 230601
- P. R. China
| | - Bingjie Liu
- Bruker (Beijing) Scientific Technology Co., Ltd
- Beijing 100081
- China
| | - Chensong Pan
- Bruker (Beijing) Scientific Technology Co., Ltd
- Beijing 100081
- China
| | - Manzhou Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Meterials
- Anhui University
- China
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34
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Johnson GE, Olivares A, Hill D, Laskin J. Cationic gold clusters ligated with differently substituted phosphines: effect of substitution on ligand reactivity and binding. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:14636-46. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp01686j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Loss of substituted phosphine ligands is strongly correlated with the electron donating ability of the phosphorous lone pair. The results indicate that the relative ligand binding energies increase in the order PMe3 < PPhMe2 < PPh2Me < PPh3 < PPh2Cy < PPhCy2 < PCy3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grant E. Johnson
- Physical Sciences Division
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Richland
- USA
| | - Astrid Olivares
- Physical Sciences Division
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Richland
- USA
| | - David Hill
- Physical Sciences Division
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Richland
- USA
| | - Julia Laskin
- Physical Sciences Division
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Richland
- USA
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35
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Black DM, Bhattarai N, Whetten RL, Bach SBH. Collision-induced dissociation of monolayer protected clusters Au144 and Au130 in an electrospray time-of-flight mass spectrometer. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:10679-87. [PMID: 25317476 DOI: 10.1021/jp508059j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Gas-phase reactions of larger gold clusters are poorly known because generation of the intact parent species for mass spectrometric analysis remains quite challenging. Herein we report in-source collision-induced dissociation (CID) results for the monolayer protected clusters (MPCs) Au144(SR)60 and Au130(SR)50, where R- = PhCH2CH2-, in a Bruker micrOTOF time-of-flight mass spectrometer. A sample mixture of the two clusters was introduced into the mass spectrometer by positive mode electrospray ionization. Standard source conditions were used to acquire a reference mass spectrum, exhibiting negligible fragmentation, and then the capillary-skimmer potential difference was increased to induce in-source CID within this low-pressure region (∼4 mbar). Remarkably, distinctive fragmentation patterns are observed for each MPC[3+] parent ion. An assignment of all the major dissociation products (ions and neutrals) is deduced and interpreted by using the distinguishing characteristics in the standard structure-models for the respective MPCs. Also, we propose a ring-forming elimination mechanism to explain R-H neutral loss, as separate from the channels leading to RS-SR or (AuSR)4 neutrals.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Black
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at San Antonio , One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, Texas 78249, United States
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36
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Petty JT, Nicholson D, Sergev OO, Graham SK. Near-infrared silver cluster optically signaling oligonucleotide hybridization and assembling two DNA hosts. Anal Chem 2014; 86:9220-8. [PMID: 25157472 PMCID: PMC4165452 DOI: 10.1021/ac502192w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Silver clusters with ~10 atoms form within DNA strands, and the conjugates are chemical sensors. The DNA host hybridizes with short oligonucleotides, and the cluster moieties optically respond to these analytes. Our studies focus on how the cluster adducts perturb the structure of their DNA hosts. Our sensor is comprised of an oligonucleotide with two components: a 5'-cluster domain that complexes silver clusters and a 3'-recognition site that hybridizes with a target oligonucleotide. The single-stranded sensor encapsulates an ~11 silver atom cluster with violet absorption at 400 nm and with minimal emission. The recognition site hybridizes with complementary oligonucleotides, and the violet cluster converts to an emissive near-infrared cluster with absorption at 730 nm. Our key finding is that the near-infrared cluster coordinates two of its hybridized hosts. The resulting tertiary structure was investigated using intermolecular and intramolecular variants of the same dimer. The intermolecular dimer assembles in concentrated (~5 μM) DNA solutions. Strand stoichiometries and orientations were chromatographically determined using thymine-modified complements that increase the overall conjugate size. The intramolecular dimer develops within a DNA scaffold that is founded on three linked duplexes. The high local cluster concentrations and relative strand arrangements again favor the antiparallel dimer for the near-infrared cluster. When the two monomeric DNA/violet cluster conjugates transform to one dimeric DNA/near-infrared conjugate, the DNA strands accumulate silver. We propose that these correlated changes in DNA structure and silver stoichiometry underlie the violet to near-infrared cluster transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David
A. Nicholson
- Department of Chemistry, Furman
University, Greenville, South Carolina 29613, United States
| | - Orlin O. Sergev
- Department of Chemistry, Furman
University, Greenville, South Carolina 29613, United States
| | - Stuart K. Graham
- Department of Chemistry, Furman
University, Greenville, South Carolina 29613, United States
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37
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Green synthesis and molecular recognition ability of patuletin coated gold nanoparticles. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 63:499-505. [PMID: 25129513 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.07.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Patuletin isolated from Tagetespatula was used as a capping and reducing agent to synthesize in one pot gold nanoparticles capped with patuletin. Conjugation of gold with patuletin was confirmed by FT-IR and UV-visible spectroscopy and amount of patuletin conjugated to gold nanoparticles was found to be 63.2% by weight. Particle sizes were measured by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and were found to have a mean diameter of about 45 nm. Patuletin-coated gold nanoparticles were found to be highly fluorescent. To examine their potential as chemical sensors, they were contacted with fourteen different drugs. Of these drugs, only one, piroxicam, was found to quench luminescence. Quenching obeyed Beer's law in a concentration range of 20-260 µM. Important for molecular recognition applications, fluorescence quenching by piroxicam was not affected by pH variation, elevated temperatures, addition of other drugs and addition of blood plasma to the colloidal suspensions.
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38
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Zavras A, Khairallah GN, Connell TU, White JM, Edwards AJ, Mulder RJ, Donnelly PS, O’Hair RAJ. Synthesis, Structural Characterization, and Gas-Phase Unimolecular Reactivity of the Silver Hydride Nanocluster [Ag3((PPh2)2CH2)3(μ3-H)](BF4)2. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:7429-37. [DOI: 10.1021/ic5007499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Zavras
- School
of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- ARC Centre of
Excellence for Free Radical Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular
Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington
Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - George N. Khairallah
- School
of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- ARC Centre of
Excellence for Free Radical Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular
Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington
Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Timothy U. Connell
- School
of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Jonathan M. White
- School
of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Alison J. Edwards
- Bragg Institute, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organization, New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights, New South Wales 2234, Australia
| | - Roger J. Mulder
- CSIRO Manufacturing Flagship, Bayview Avenue, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia
| | - Paul S. Donnelly
- School
of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Richard A. J. O’Hair
- School
of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
- ARC Centre of
Excellence for Free Radical Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Chemistry and Bio21 Molecular
Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington
Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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39
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Olivares A, Laskin J, Johnson GE. Investigating the Synthesis of Ligated Metal Clusters in Solution Using a Flow Reactor and Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:8464-70. [DOI: 10.1021/jp501809r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Olivares
- Department
of Chemistry, California Lutheran University, Thousand Oaks, California 91360, United States
| | - Julia Laskin
- Physical Sciences
Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, MSIN K8-88, Richland, Washington, 99352
| | - Grant E. Johnson
- Physical Sciences
Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, MSIN K8-88, Richland, Washington, 99352
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40
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Chen J, Zhang QF, Williard PG, Wang LS. Synthesis and structure determination of a new Au(20) nanocluster protected by tripodal tetraphosphine ligands. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:3932-4. [PMID: 24684605 DOI: 10.1021/ic500562r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and structure determination of a new Au20 nanocluster coordinated by four tripodal tetraphosphine (PP3) ligands {PP3 = tris[2-(diphenylphosphino)ethyl]phosphine}. Single-crystal X-ray crystallography and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry show that the cluster assembly can be formulated as [Au20(PP3)4]Cl4. The Au20 cluster consists of an icosahedral Au13 core and a seven-Au-atom partial outer shell arranged in a local C3 symmetry. One PP3 ligand coordinates to four Au atoms in the outer shell, while the other three PP3 ligands coordinate to one Au atom from the outer shell and three Au atoms from the surface of the Au13 core, giving rise to an overall chiral 16-electron Au cluster core with C3 symmetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Brown University , Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
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41
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Synthesis, characterization and optical properties of an amino-functionalized gold thiolate cluster: Au10(SPh-pNH2)10. J Colloid Interface Sci 2014; 418:234-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2013.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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42
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Wan XK, Yuan SF, Lin ZW, Wang QM. A Chiral Gold Nanocluster Au20Protected by Tetradentate Phosphine Ligands. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201308599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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43
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Wan XK, Yuan SF, Lin ZW, Wang QM. A chiral gold nanocluster Au20 protected by tetradentate phosphine ligands. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:2923-6. [PMID: 24604811 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201308599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The chirality of a gold nanocluster can be generated from either an intrinsically chiral inorganic core or an achiral inorganic core in a chiral environment. The first structural determination of a gold nanocluster containing an intrinsic chiral inorganic core is reported. The chiral gold nanocluster [Au20(PP3)4]Cl4 (PP3=tris(2-(diphenylphosphino)ethyl)phosphine) has been prepared by the reduction of a gold(I)-tetraphosphine precursor in dichloromethane solution. Single-crystal structural determination reveals that the cluster molecular structure has C3 symmetry. It consists of a Au20 core consolidated by four peripheral tetraphosphines. The Au20 core can be viewed as the combination of an icosahedral Au13 and a helical Y-shaped Au7 motif. The identity of this Au20 cluster is confirmed by ESI-MS. The chelation of multidentate phosphines enhances the stability of this Au20 cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Kai Wan
- State Key Lab of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005 (P.R. China)
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44
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Lou Z, He M, Wang R, Qin W, Zhao D, Chen C. Large-Scale Synthesis of Monodisperse Magnesium Ferrite via an Environmentally Friendly Molten Salt Route. Inorg Chem 2014; 53:2053-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ic402558t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengsong Lou
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory of Precious Metals Chemistry and Engineering, School
of Chemistry and Environment Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou 213001, P. R. China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department
of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Minglong He
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory of Precious Metals Chemistry and Engineering, School
of Chemistry and Environment Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou 213001, P. R. China
| | - Ruikun Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department
of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Weiwei Qin
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory of Precious Metals Chemistry and Engineering, School
of Chemistry and Environment Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou 213001, P. R. China
| | - Dejian Zhao
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory of Precious Metals Chemistry and Engineering, School
of Chemistry and Environment Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou 213001, P. R. China
| | - Changle Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department
of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
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45
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Konishi K. Phosphine-Coordinated Pure-Gold Clusters: Diverse Geometrical Structures and Unique Optical Properties/Responses. STRUCTURE AND BONDING 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/430_2014_143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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46
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Johnson GE, Priest T, Laskin J. Size-dependent stability toward dissociation and ligand binding energies of phosphine ligated gold cluster ions. Chem Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4sc00849a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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47
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Chen J, Zhang QF, Bonaccorso TA, Williard PG, Wang LS. Controlling Gold Nanoclusters by Diphospine Ligands. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 136:92-5. [DOI: 10.1021/ja411061e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Qian-Fan Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Timary A. Bonaccorso
- Department
of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Paul G. Williard
- Department
of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Lai-Sheng Wang
- Department
of Chemistry, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
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48
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Chong H, Li P, Xiang J, Fu F, Zhang D, Ran X, Zhu M. Design of an ultrasmall Au nanocluster-CeO2 mesoporous nanocomposite catalyst for nitrobenzene reduction. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:7622-8. [PMID: 23842689 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr01977b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In this work we are inspired to explore gold nanoclusters supported on mesoporous CeO2 nanospheres as nanocatalysts for the reduction of nitrobenzene. Ultrasmall Au nanoclusters (NCs) and mesoporous CeO2 nanospheres were readily synthesized and well characterized. Due to their ultrasmall size, the as-prepared Au clusters can be easily absorbed into the mesopores of the mesoporous CeO2 nanospheres. Owing to the unique mesoporous structure of the CeO2 support, Au nanoclusters in the Au@CeO2 may effectively prevent the aggregation which usually results in a rapid decay of the catalytic activity. It is notable that the ultrasmall gold nanoclusters possess uniform size distribution and good dispersibility on the mesoporous CeO2 supports. Compared to other catalyst systems with different oxide supports, the as-prepared Au nanocluster-CeO2 nanocomposite nanocatalysts showed efficient catalytic performance in transforming nitrobenzene into azoxybenzene. In addition, a plausible mechanism was deeply investigated to explain the transforming process. Au@CeO2 exhibited efficient catalytic activity for reduction of nitrobenzene. This strategy may be easily extended to fabricate many other heterogeneous catalysts including ultrasmall metal nanoclusters and mesoporous oxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanbao Chong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei, 230601, PR China
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49
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Pettibone JM, Osborn WA, Rykaczewski K, Talin AA, Bonevich JE, Hudgens JW, Allendorf MD. Surface mediated assembly of small, metastable gold nanoclusters. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:6558-6566. [PMID: 23759958 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr01708g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The unique properties of metallic nanoclusters are attractive for numerous commercial and industrial applications but are generally less stable than nanocrystals. Thus, developing methodologies for stabilizing nanoclusters and retaining their enhanced functionality is of great interest. We report the assembly of PPh3-protected Au9 clusters from a heterogeneous mixture into films consisting of sub 3 nm nanocluster assemblies. The depositing nanoclusters are metastable in solution, but the resulting nanocluster assemblies are stabilized indefinitely in air or fresh solvent. The films exhibit distinct structure from Au nanoparticles observed by X-ray diffraction, and film dissolution data support the preservation of small nanoclusters. UV-Vis spectroscopy, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electron microscopy are used to elucidate information regarding the nanocluster formation and assembly mechanism. Preferential deposition of nanocluster assemblies can be achieved on multiple substrates, including polymer, Cr, Si, SiO2, SiNx, and metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). Unlike other vapor phase coating processes, nanocluster assembly on the MIL-68(In) MOF crystal is capable of preferentially coating the external surface and stabilizing the crystal structure in hydrothermal conditions, which should enhance their storage, separation and delivery capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Pettibone
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA.
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50
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Johnson GE, Priest T, Laskin J. Synthesis and Characterization of Gold Clusters Ligated with 1,3-Bis(dicyclohexylphosphino)propane. Chempluschem 2013; 78:1033-1039. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201300134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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