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Dos Santos LB, de Lima Silva JR, Moreira AMT, Kamdem JP, Khan M, Muhammad N, AlAsmari AF, Alasmari F, Duarte AE, Ibrahim M. Response to carvacrol monoterpene in the emergence of Allium cepa L. seeds exposed to salt stress. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024:10.1007/s11356-024-32048-z. [PMID: 38261226 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32048-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Abiotic stresses including sodium chloride (NaCl) are known to negatively affect plant physiology and seed germination by inducing a delay in establishing seedling emergence. The monoterpene carvacrol is the major component of several aromatic plants and seems to interfere with germination and seedling growth. In this study, we investigated whether treatment with carvacrol attenuates the effects of NaCl on the germination and development of Allium cepa, where biochemical parameters were also analyzed. The results showed that the Emergency Speed Index (ESI) was near to 2.0 in the control group. The groups NaCl, carvacrol alone, and in co-treatment with NaCl exhibited an ESI below 0.8, being significantly smaller when compared to the control. NaCl + carvacrol significantly inhibited seed emergence in relation to the NaCl group. Only the content of malondialdehyde was significantly altered by NaCl.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jean Paul Kamdem
- Biology and Toxicology Laboratory, Regional University of Cariri (URCA), Crato, CE, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology (BMI), College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, 107 Wiggins Road, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Momin Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan (AWKUM) KPK, Mardan, 23200, Pakistan
| | - Niaz Muhammad
- Department of Chemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan (AWKUM) KPK, Mardan, 23200, Pakistan
| | - Abdullah F AlAsmari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fawaz Alasmari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, 11451, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Antonia Eliene Duarte
- Biology and Toxicology Laboratory, Regional University of Cariri (URCA), Crato, CE, Brazil
| | - Mohammad Ibrahim
- Department of Chemistry, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan (AWKUM) KPK, Mardan, 23200, Pakistan.
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Vettorato E, Fiordelisi M, Ferro S, Zanin D, Franceschinis E, Marzaro G, Realdon N. Deformable Vesicles with Edge Activators for the Transdermal Delivery of Non-Psychoactive Cannabinoids. Curr Pharm Des 2024; 30:921-934. [PMID: 38482628 DOI: 10.2174/0113816128289593240226071813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transdermal delivery of highly lipophilic molecules is challenging due to the strong barrier function of the skin. Vesicles with penetration enhancers are safe and efficient systems that could improve the transdermal delivery of non-psychoactive cannabinoids such as cannabidiol and desoxy-cannabidiol. In the last decades, research interest in desoxy-cannabidiol as a potent drug with anti-nociceptive properties has risen. Still, its scarce market availability poses a limit for both research and clinical applications. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the synthesis to produce sufficient amounts of desoxy-cannabidiol. Moreover, also the formulation aspects for this drug are challenging and require to be addressed to meet an efficient delivery to the patients. OBJECTIVE This work aimed to develop innovative phospholipid-based vesicles with propylene glycol (PG), oleic acid (OA), or limonene as edge activators, for the transdermal delivery of highly lipophilic drugs such as non-psychoactive cannabinoids. In particular, desoxy-cannabidiol was selected thanks to its anti-nociceptive activity, and its synthesis was improved enhancing the stereoselectivity of its synthon's production. METHODS Desoxy-cannabidiol was synthesized by Lewis acid-mediated condensation of p-mentha-2,8-dien- 1-ol and m-pentylphenol, improving the stereoselectivity of the first synthon's production. Transethosomes containing 20-50% w/w PG, 0.4-0.8% w/w OA, or 0.1-1% w/w limonene were optimized and loaded with cannabidiol or desoxy-cannabidiol (0.07-0.8% w/w, 0.6-7.0 mg/mL). Ex-vivo studies were performed to assess both the skin permeation and accumulation of the cannabinoids, as well as the penetration depth of fluorescein- loaded systems used as models. RESULTS An enantioselective bromination was added to the pathway, thus raising the production yield of pmentha- 2,8-dien-1-ol to 81% against 35%, and the overall yield of desoxy-cannabidiol synthesis from 12% to 48%. Optimized transethosomes containing 0.6 mg/mL cannabinoids were prepared with 1:10 PG:lipid weight ratio, 0.54 OA:lipid molar ratio, and 0.3 limonene:lipid molar ratio, showing good nanometric size (208 ± 20.8 nm - 321 ± 26.3 nm) and entrapment efficiency (> 80%). Ex-vivo tests showed both improved skin permeation rates of cannabinoids (up to 21.32 ± 4.27 μg/cm2 cannabidiol), and skin penetration (depth of fluorescein up to 240 μm, with PG). CONCLUSION Desoxy-cannabidiol was successfully produced at high yields, and formulated into transethosomes optimized for transdermal delivery. Loaded vesicles showed improved skin penetration of desoxy-cannabidiol, cannabidiol and a lipophilic probe. These results suggest the potential of these carriers for the transdermal delivery of highly lipophilic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Vettorato
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo, 5, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Marisa Fiordelisi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo, 5, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Silvia Ferro
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo, 5, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Desirè Zanin
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo, 5, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Erica Franceschinis
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo, 5, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Giovanni Marzaro
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo, 5, Padova 35131, Italy
| | - Nicola Realdon
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo, 5, Padova 35131, Italy
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Somala N, Laosinwattana C, Chotsaeng N, Teerarak M. Citronella essential oil-based nanoemulsion as a post-emergence natural herbicide. Sci Rep 2023; 13:20851. [PMID: 38012328 PMCID: PMC10682385 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48328-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A natural herbicide nanoemulsion was fabricated from citronella (Cymbopogon nardus L.) essential oil (CEO) and a nonionic surfactant Tween 60 mixed with Span 60 at hydrophilic-lipophilic balance 14 using a microfluidization method. The main constituents of CEO were citronellol (35.244%), geraniol (21.906%), and citronellal (13.632%). CEO nanoemulsion droplet size and polydispersity index (PI) were evaluated by dynamic light scattering (DLS). The smallest droplet size (33.2 nm, PI 0.135) was obtained from a microfluidizer at 20,000 psi, 7 cycles. Nanoemulsion droplet in transmission electron microscopy correlated with DLS confirmed CEO to successfully produce nanoemulsion. The herbicidal activity of the nanoemulsion as a foliar spray was evaluated against Echinochloa cruss-galli and Amaranthus tricolor as representative narrow- and broadleaf weed plants, both of which presented visual toxicity symptoms. The modes of action of the nanoemulsion were then determined in terms of membrane integrity (relative electrolyte leakage; REL), malondialdehyde (MDA), and photosynthetic pigment contents. The results showed increase in REL and MDA which indicated the destruction of the treated plants; additionally, chlorophylls and carotenoid contents were decreased. Consequently, CEO nanoemulsion may have the possibility to act as a natural herbicide resource, and natural herbicides from citronella nanoemulsions could be good alternatives for use in sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naphat Somala
- School of Agricultural Technology, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, 10520, Thailand
| | - Chamroon Laosinwattana
- School of Agricultural Technology, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, 10520, Thailand.
| | - Nawasit Chotsaeng
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, 10520, Thailand
- Advanced Pure and Applied Chemistry Research Unit (APAC), School of Science, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, 10520, Thailand
| | - Montinee Teerarak
- School of Agricultural Technology, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, 10520, Thailand
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Iacovelli F, Romeo A, Lattanzio P, Ammendola S, Battistoni A, La Frazia S, Vindigni G, Unida V, Biocca S, Gaziano R, Divizia M, Falconi M. Deciphering the Broad Antimicrobial Activity of Melaleuca alternifolia Tea Tree Oil by Combining Experimental and Computational Investigations. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12432. [PMID: 37569803 PMCID: PMC10420022 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Tea Tree Oil (TTO) is an essential oil obtained from the distillation of Melaleuca alternifolia leaves and branches. Due to its beneficial properties, TTO is widely used as an active ingredient in antimicrobial preparations for topical use or in cosmetic products and contains about 100 different compounds, with terpinen-4-ol, γ-terpinene and 1,8-cineole (or eucalyptol) being the molecules most responsible for its biological activities. In this work, the antimicrobial activity of whole TTO and these three major components was evaluated in vitro against fungi, bacteria and viruses. Molecular dynamics simulations were carried out on a bacterial membrane model and a Coxsackievirus B4 viral capsid, to propose an atomistic explanation of their mechanism of action. The obtained results indicate that the strong antimicrobial activity of TTO is attributable to the induction of an altered membrane functionality, mediated by the incorporation of its components within the lipid bilayer, and to a possible ability of the compounds to bind and alter the structural properties of the viral capsid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Iacovelli
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.I.); (A.R.); (P.L.); (S.A.); (A.B.); (S.L.F.)
| | - Alice Romeo
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.I.); (A.R.); (P.L.); (S.A.); (A.B.); (S.L.F.)
| | - Patrizio Lattanzio
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.I.); (A.R.); (P.L.); (S.A.); (A.B.); (S.L.F.)
| | - Serena Ammendola
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.I.); (A.R.); (P.L.); (S.A.); (A.B.); (S.L.F.)
| | - Andrea Battistoni
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.I.); (A.R.); (P.L.); (S.A.); (A.B.); (S.L.F.)
| | - Simone La Frazia
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.I.); (A.R.); (P.L.); (S.A.); (A.B.); (S.L.F.)
| | - Giulia Vindigni
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (G.V.); (V.U.); (S.B.)
| | - Valeria Unida
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (G.V.); (V.U.); (S.B.)
| | - Silvia Biocca
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (G.V.); (V.U.); (S.B.)
| | - Roberta Gaziano
- Microbiology Section, Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via Montpellier, 1–00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Maurizio Divizia
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Mattia Falconi
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.I.); (A.R.); (P.L.); (S.A.); (A.B.); (S.L.F.)
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Comparing the Effects of Encapsulated and Non-Encapsulated Propolis Extracts on Model Lipid Membranes and Lactic Bacteria, with Emphasis on the Synergistic Effects of Its Various Compounds. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28020712. [PMID: 36677770 PMCID: PMC9865961 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28020712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Propolis is a resinous compound made by bees with well-known biological activity. However, comparisons between encapsulated and non-encapsulated propolis are lacking. Therefore, the antibacterial activity, effect on the phase transition of lipids, and inhibition of UV-induced lipid oxidation of the two forms of propolis were compared. The results showed that non-encapsulated propolis produces quicker effects, thus being better suited when more immediate effects are required (e.g., antibacterial activity). In order to gain an in-depth introspective on these effects, we further studied the synergistic effect of propolis compounds on the integrity of lipid membranes. The knowledge of component synergism is important for the understanding of effective propolis pathways and for the perspective of modes of action of synergism between different polyphenols in various extracts. Thus, five representative molecules, all previously isolated from propolis (chrysin, quercetin, trans-ferulic acid, caffeic acid, (-)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate) were mixed, and their synergistic effects on lipid bilayers were investigated, mainly using DSC. The results showed that some compounds (quercetin, chrysin) exhibit synergism, whereas others (caffeic acid, t-ferulic acid) do not show any such effects. The results also showed that the synergistic effects of mixtures composed from several different compounds are extremely complex to study, and that their prediction requires further modeling approaches.
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Kano S, Takahashi H. Cholesterol's inhibition effect on entering of chlorzoxazone into phosphatidylethanolamine bilayer: Relevance to cytochrome P450 drug metabolism at endoplasmic reticulum membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOMEMBRANES 2022; 1864:183954. [PMID: 35523303 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2022.183954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Many drugs are metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP) in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane. Recent studies have shown that CYP-substrate drugs reach the CYP active site after entering the lipid hydrophobic part of the ER membrane. To clarify the role of cholesterol (Chol) in the CYP-related drug metabolic process, we investigated the lipid bilayer entry of CYP-substrate drugs using a model membrane system as follows. The model membrane system comprised palmitoyl-oleoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine (POPE) and Chol. Phosphatidylethanolamine is the second major phospholipid component of ER membranes. Chlorzoxazone (CZX) was used as the CYP-substrate drug. Calorimetric measurements showed that the addition of CZX to POPE bilayers decreased the gel-liquid crystal phase transition temperature; X-ray diffraction indicated that CZX distributes into the liquid crystal phase bilayers but not practically the gel phase POPE bilayers. In the presence of Chol, dialysis and X-ray structural analyses showed that Chol inhibited CZX entry into the bilayer with an increase in Chol concentration. The Chol concentration in the ER membrane (5-10 mol%) is much lower than that in the plasma membrane (approximately 30 mol%). This fact may allow CYP-substrate drugs to enter the hydrophobic portion of the ER membrane more easily than other organelle membranes, yielding efficient drug metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shosei Kano
- Division of Pure and Applied Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Takahashi
- Division of Pure and Applied Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Gunma University, Maebashi, Gunma 371-8510, Japan.
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7
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Potential Use of Tea Tree Oil as a Disinfectant Agent against Coronaviruses: A Combined Experimental and Simulation Study. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27123786. [PMID: 35744913 PMCID: PMC9228983 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27123786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the relevance of proper disinfection procedures and renewed interest in developing novel disinfectant materials as a preventive strategy to limit SARS-CoV-2 contamination. Given its widely known antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral properties, Melaleuca alternifolia essential oil, also named Tea tree oil (TTO), is recognized as a potential effective and safe natural disinfectant agent. In particular, the proposed antiviral activity of TTO involves the inhibition of viral entry and fusion, interfering with the structural dynamics of the membrane and with the protein envelope components. In this study, for the first time, we demonstrated the virucidal effects of TTO against the feline coronavirus (FCoVII) and the human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43), both used as surrogate models for SARS-CoV-2. Then, to atomistically uncover the possible effects exerted by TTO compounds on the outer surface of the SARS-CoV-2 virion, we performed Gaussian accelerated Molecular Dynamics simulations of a SARS-CoV-2 envelope portion, including a complete model of the Spike glycoprotein in the absence or presence of the three main TTO compounds (terpinen-4-ol, γ-terpinene, and 1,8-cineole). The obtained results allowed us to hypothesize the mechanism of action of TTO and its possible use as an anti-coronavirus disinfectant agent.
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8
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Perillyl alcohol and its synthetic derivatives: the rising of a novel class of selective and potent antitumoral compounds. Med Chem Res 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-022-02870-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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9
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Zhao Y, Zhu K, Li J, Zhao Y, Li S, Zhang C, Xiao D, Yu A. High-efficiency production of bisabolene from waste cooking oil by metabolically engineered Yarrowia lipolytica. Microb Biotechnol 2021; 14:2497-2513. [PMID: 33605546 PMCID: PMC8601197 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The natural plant product bisabolene serves as a precursor for the production of a wide range of industrially relevant chemicals. However, the low abundance of bisabolene in plants renders its isolation from plant sources non-economically viable. Therefore, creation of microbial cell factories for bisabolene production supported by synthetic biology and metabolic engineering strategies presents a more competitive and environmentally sustainable method for industrial production of bisabolene. In this proof-of-principle study, for the first time, we engineered the oleaginous yeast Yarrowia lipolytica to produce α-bisabolene, β-bisabolene and γ-bisabolene through heterologous expression of the α-bisabolene synthase from Abies grandis, the β-bisabolene synthase gene from Zingiber officinale and the γ-bisabolene synthase gene from Helianthus annuus respectively. Subsequently, two metabolic engineering approaches, including overexpression of the endogenous mevalonate pathway genes and introduction of heterologous multidrug efflux transporters, were employed in order to improve bisabolene production. Furthermore, the fermentation conditions were optimized to maximize bisabolene production by the engineered Y. lipolytica strains from glucose. Finally, we explored the potential of the engineered Y. lipolytica strains for bisabolene production from the waste cooking oil. To our knowledge, this is the first report of bisabolene production in Y. lipolytica using metabolic engineering strategies. These findings provide valuable insights into the engineering of Y. lipolytica for a higher-level production of bisabolene and its utilization in converting waste cooking oil into various industrially valuable products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yakun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and SafetyKey Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of EducationTianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial MicrobiologyCollege of BiotechnologyTianjin University of Science and TechnologyNo. 29 the 13th Street TEDATianjin300457China
| | - Kun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and SafetyKey Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of EducationTianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial MicrobiologyCollege of BiotechnologyTianjin University of Science and TechnologyNo. 29 the 13th Street TEDATianjin300457China
| | - Jian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and SafetyKey Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of EducationTianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial MicrobiologyCollege of BiotechnologyTianjin University of Science and TechnologyNo. 29 the 13th Street TEDATianjin300457China
| | - Yu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and SafetyKey Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of EducationTianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial MicrobiologyCollege of BiotechnologyTianjin University of Science and TechnologyNo. 29 the 13th Street TEDATianjin300457China
| | - Shenglong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and SafetyKey Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of EducationTianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial MicrobiologyCollege of BiotechnologyTianjin University of Science and TechnologyNo. 29 the 13th Street TEDATianjin300457China
| | - Cuiying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and SafetyKey Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of EducationTianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial MicrobiologyCollege of BiotechnologyTianjin University of Science and TechnologyNo. 29 the 13th Street TEDATianjin300457China
| | - Dongguang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and SafetyKey Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of EducationTianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial MicrobiologyCollege of BiotechnologyTianjin University of Science and TechnologyNo. 29 the 13th Street TEDATianjin300457China
| | - Aiqun Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and SafetyKey Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology of the Ministry of EducationTianjin Key Laboratory of Industrial MicrobiologyCollege of BiotechnologyTianjin University of Science and TechnologyNo. 29 the 13th Street TEDATianjin300457China
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Antimicrobial activity and mode of action of 1,8-cineol against carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20824. [PMID: 34675255 PMCID: PMC8531306 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00249-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance remains one of the most challenging issues that threatens the health of people around the world. Plant-derived natural compounds have received considerable attention for their potential role to mitigate antibiotic resistance. This study was carried out to assess the antimicrobial activity and mode of action of a monoterpene, 1,8-cineol (CN) against carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae (KPC-KP). Results showed that resazurin microplate assay and time-kill analysis revealed bactericidal effects of CN at 28.83 mg/mL. Zeta potential showed that CN increased the surface charge of bacteria and an increase of outer membrane permeability was also detected. CN was able to cause leakage of proteins and nucleic acids in KPC-KP cells upon exposure to CN and ethidium bromide influx/efflux experiment showed the uptake of ethidium bromide into the cell; this was attributed to membrane damage. CN was also found to induce oxidative stress in CN-treated KPC-KP cells through generation of reactive oxygen species which initiated lipid peroxidation and thus damaging the bacterial cell membrane. Scanning and transmission electron microscopies further confirmed the disruption of bacterial cell membrane and loss of intracellular materials. In this study, we demonstrated that CN induced oxidative stress and membrane damage resulting in KPC-KP cell death.
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Šturm L, Poklar Ulrih N. Basic Methods for Preparation of Liposomes and Studying Their Interactions with Different Compounds, with the Emphasis on Polyphenols. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6547. [PMID: 34207189 PMCID: PMC8234105 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Studying the interactions between lipid membranes and various bioactive molecules (e.g., polyphenols) is important for determining the effects they can have on the functionality of lipid bilayers. This knowledge allows us to use the chosen compounds as potential inhibitors of bacterial and cancer cells, for elimination of viruses, or simply for keeping our healthy cells in good condition. As studying those effect can be exceedingly difficult on living cells, model lipid membranes, such as liposomes, can be used instead. Liposomal bilayer systems represent the most basic platform for studying those interactions, as they are simple, quite easy to prepare and relatively stable. They are especially useful for investigating the effects of bioactive compounds on the structure and kinetics of simple lipid membranes. In this review, we have described the most basic methods available for preparation of liposomes, as well as the essential techniques for studying the effects of bioactive compounds on those liposomes. Additionally, we have provided details for an easy laboratory implementation of some of the described methods, which should prove useful especially to those relatively new on this research field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nataša Poklar Ulrih
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
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12
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The Herbicidal Potential of Different Pelargonic Acid Products and Essential Oils against Several Important Weed Species. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy10111687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
There is growing consideration among farmers and researchers regarding the development of natural herbicides providing sufficient levels of weed control. The aim of the present study was to compare the efficacy of four different pelargonic acid products, three essential oils and two natural products’ mixtures against L. rigidum Gaud., A. sterilis L. and G. aparine L. Regarding grass weeds, it was noticed at 7 days after treatment that PA3 treatment (pelargonic acid 3.102% w/v + maleic hydrazide 0.459% w/v) was the least efficient treatment against L. rigidum and A. sterilis. The mixture of lemongrass oil and pelargonic acid resulted in 77% lower dry weight for L. rigidum in comparison to the control. Biomass reduction reached the level of 90% as compared to the control in the case of manuka oil and the efficacy of manuka oil and pelargonic acid mixture was similar. For sterile oat, weed biomass was recorded between 31% and 33% of the control for lemongrass oil, pine oil, PA1 (pelargonic acid 18.67% + maleic hydrazide 3%) and PA4 (pelargonic acid 18.67%) treatments. In addition, the mixture of manuka oil and pelargonic acid reduced weed biomass by 96% as compared to the control. Regarding the broadleaf species G. aparine, PA4 and PA1 treatments provided a 96–97% dry weight reduction compared to the corresponding value recorded for the untreated plants. PA2 (pelargonic acid 50% w/v) treatment and the mixture of manuka oil and pelargonic acid completely eliminated cleaver plants. The observations made for weed dry weight on the species level were similar to those made regarding plant height values recorded for each species. Further research is needed to study more natural substances and optimize the use of natural herbicides as well as natural herbicides’ mixtures in weed management strategies under different soil and climatic conditions.
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Werrie PY, Durenne B, Delaplace P, Fauconnier ML. Phytotoxicity of Essential Oils: Opportunities and Constraints for the Development of Biopesticides. A Review. Foods 2020; 9:E1291. [PMID: 32937933 PMCID: PMC7554882 DOI: 10.3390/foods9091291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The extensive use of chemical pesticides leads to risks for both the environment and human health due to the toxicity and poor biodegradability that they may present. Farmers therefore need alternative agricultural practices including the use of natural molecules to achieve more sustainable production methods to meet consumer and societal expectations. Numerous studies have reported the potential of essential oils as biopesticides for integrated weed or pest management. However, their phytotoxic properties have long been a major drawback for their potential applicability (apart from herbicidal application). Therefore, deciphering the mode of action of essential oils exogenously applied in regards to their potential phytotoxicity will help in the development of biopesticides for sustainable agriculture. Nowadays, plant physiologists are attempting to understand the mechanisms underlying their phytotoxicity at both cellular and molecular levels using transcriptomic and metabolomic tools. This review systematically discusses the functional and cellular impacts of essential oils applied in the agronomic context. Putative molecular targets and resulting physiological disturbances are described. New opportunities regarding the development of biopesticides are discussed including biostimulation and defense elicitation or priming properties of essential oils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Yves Werrie
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Molecules, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium;
| | - Bastien Durenne
- Soil, Water and Integrated Production Unit, Walloon Agricultural Research Centre, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium;
| | - Pierre Delaplace
- Plant Sciences, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium;
| | - Marie-Laure Fauconnier
- Laboratory of Chemistry of Natural Molecules, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium;
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Arazi E, Blecher G, Zilberberg N. A regulatory domain in the K 2P2.1 (TREK-1) carboxyl-terminal allows for channel activation by monoterpenes. Mol Cell Neurosci 2020; 105:103496. [PMID: 32320829 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2020.103496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Potassium K2P ('leak') channels conduct current across the entire physiological voltage range and carry leak or 'background' currents that are, in part, time- and voltage-independent. K2P2.1 channels (i.e., TREK-1, KCNK2) are highly expressed in excitable tissues, where they play a key role in the cellular mechanisms of neuroprotection, anesthesia, pain perception, and depression. Here, we report for the first time that human K2P2.1 channel activity is regulated by monoterpenes (MTs). We found that cyclic, aromatic monoterpenes containing a phenol moiety, such as carvacrol, thymol and 4-IPP had the most profound effect on current flowing through the channel (up to a 6-fold increase). By performing sequential truncation of the carboxyl-terminal domain of the channel and testing the activity of several channel regulators, we identified two distinct regulatory domains within this portion of the protein. One domain, as previously reported, was needed for regulation by arachidonic acid, anionic phospholipids, and temperature changes. Within a second domain, a triple arginine residue motif (R344-346), an apparent PIP2-binding site, was found to be essential for regulation by holding potential changes and important for regulation by monoterpenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eden Arazi
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Galit Blecher
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Noam Zilberberg
- Department of Life Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel; Zlotowski Center for Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, P.O.B. 653, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel.
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15
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Penetration enhancement of menthol on quercetin through skin: insights from atomistic simulation. J Mol Model 2019; 25:235. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-019-4135-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Mello CP, Quirico-Santos T, Amorim LF, Silva VG, Fragel LM, Bloom DC, Paixão IP. Perillyl alcohol and perillic acid exert efficient action upon HSV-1 maturation and release of infective virus. Antivir Ther 2019; 25:1-11. [PMID: 31099756 DOI: 10.3851/imp3315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infection by herpes simplex type-1 virus (HSV-1) causes several pathological processes, including cutaneous, oral and genital infections, fatal encephalitis and cognitive dysfunction due to grey matter loss. Acyclovir is the reference compound used as HSV-1 antiviral therapy. However, with the emergence of HSV-resistant strains to current antiviral drugs, development of new antiviral agents with distinct modes of action is urgently needed. METHODS In this study, we examined the mechanism of action of monoterpenes perillyl alcohol (POH) and perillic acid (PA) upon in vitro replication of HSV-1 KOS wild-type and the syn-mutant 17+ strain on Vero cells by plaque assay. RESULTS The cytotoxicity of POH and PA was measured by MTT assay and indicated that both compounds had high anti-HSV-1 activities in a concentration range that was not toxic for Vero cells. In addition, PCR analysis showed that POH and PA did not inhibit viral genome replication, but rather the release of infective virion particles from Vero cells. CONCLUSIONS Such findings suggest that POH and PA exert action upon late stages of HSV-1 maturation, therefore, indicating a promising perspective to its application in clinical investigation as effective anti-HSV-1 therapy preventing intermittent reactivation and progressive grey matter loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilly Pires Mello
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Present address: NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Thereza Quirico-Santos
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil
| | - Lídia Fonte Amorim
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil
| | - Viveca Giongo Silva
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil
| | - Lucianne Madeira Fragel
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil
| | - David C Bloom
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Izabel Palmer Paixão
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niteroi, RJ, Brazil.,Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Interaction of gabaergic ketones with model membranes: A molecular dynamics and experimental approach. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2018; 1860:1563-1570. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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da Cunha AR, Duarte EL, Stassen H, Lamy MT, Coutinho K. Experimental and theoretical studies of emodin interacting with a lipid bilayer of DMPC. Biophys Rev 2017; 9:729-745. [PMID: 28940105 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-017-0323-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Emodin is one of the most abundant anthraquinone derivatives found in nature. It is the active principle of some traditional herbal medicines with known biological activities. In this work, we combined experimental and theoretical studies to reveal information about location, orientation, interaction and perturbing effects of Emodin on lipid bilayers, where we have taken into account the neutral form of the Emodin (EMH) and its anionic/deprotonated form (EM-). Using both UV/Visible spectrophotometric techniques and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, we showed that both EMH and EM- are located in a lipid membrane. Additionally, using MD simulations, we revealed that both forms of Emodin are very close to glycerol groups of the lipid molecules, with the EMH inserted more deeply into the bilayer and more disoriented relative to the normal of the membrane when compared with the EM-, which is more exposed to interfacial water. Analysis of several structural properties of acyl chains of the lipids in a hydrated pure DMPC bilayer and in the presence of Emodin revealed that both EMH and EM- affect the lipid bilayer, resulting in a remarkable disorder of the bilayer in the vicinity of the Emodin. However, the disorder caused by EMH is weaker than that caused by EM-. Our results suggest that these disorders caused by Emodin might lead to distinct effects on lipid bilayers including its disruption which are reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio R da Cunha
- Universidade Federal do Maranhão, UFMA, Campus Balsas, Maranhão, 06500-000, Brazil.,Instituto de Física da Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-090, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Evandro L Duarte
- Instituto de Física da Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-090, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hubert Stassen
- Grupo de Química Teórica, Instituto de Química, UFRGS, Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, Porto Alegre, 91540-000, Brazil
| | - M Teresa Lamy
- Instituto de Física da Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-090, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kaline Coutinho
- Instituto de Física da Universidade de São Paulo, 05508-090, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Hazrati H, Saharkhiz MJ, Niakousari M, Moein M. Natural herbicide activity of Satureja hortensis L. essential oil nanoemulsion on the seed germination and morphophysiological features of two important weed species. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 142:423-430. [PMID: 28456128 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/17/2017] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to obtain an oil/water (O/W) nanoemulsion (NE) containing garden savory (Satureja hortensis) essential oil (EO) and evaluating its herbicidal activity against Amaranthus retroflexus and Chenopodium album. Gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were employed to determine the chemical composition of the EO. Carvacrol (55.6%) and γ-terpinene (31.9%) were the major EO components. Low energy method was applied, allowing achievement of EO nanodroplets. The NE also presented low polydispersity, and the mean droplet was below 130nm even after storage for 30d. Laboratory tests showed that the NE at different concentrations (100, 200, 400, 800, and 1000μL.L-1) significantly (P≤0.05) reduced the germination indices and the seedling's growth in dose-response. The inhibitory effect was the greatest at 800μL.L-1 NE. Overall, root length was more inhibited as compared to shoot length. Post-emergence application of NE at different concentrations (1000, 2000, 3000, 4000 and 5000μL.L-1 of EO) on 2-4 true leaves' stage of the weeds caused significant (P≤0.05) decrease in the growth factors in dose-dependent manner. Complete lethality was observed by 4000μL.L-1 NE sprayed on the weeds. Spraying of NE significantly (P≤0.05) reduced chlorophyll content in the tested weeds. Increasing in relative electrolyte leakage (REL) 1 and 5d after treatment represented significant cell membrane disruption and increased cell membrane permeability. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) pictures confirmed NE droplet size and demonstrated membrane destruction. The study approved that the NE of S. hortensis EO has herbicidal properties as it has high phytotoxic effect, and interferes with the germination, growth and physiological processes of the weeds. The production of NE from S. hortensis EO is a low energy method that offers a promising practical natural herbicide for weed control in organic agricultural systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Hazrati
- Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Jamal Saharkhiz
- Medicinal Plants Processing Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Mehrdad Niakousari
- Department of Food Science and Technology, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mahmoodreza Moein
- Medicinal Plants Processing Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Faizullin DA, Dzyurkevich MS, Valiullina YA, Islamov DR, Kataeva ON, Zuev YF, Plemenkov VV, Stoikov II. Novel type of isoprenoid membrane anchors: an investigation of binding properties with dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine vesicles. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dzhigangir A. Faizullin
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics; Russian Academy of Sciences; Kazan Russia
- Alexander Butlerov Institute of Chemistry; Kazan Federal University; Kazan Russia
| | | | - Yuliya A. Valiullina
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics; Russian Academy of Sciences; Kazan Russia
| | - Daut R. Islamov
- Alexander Butlerov Institute of Chemistry; Kazan Federal University; Kazan Russia
| | - Olga N. Kataeva
- A.E. Arbuzov Institute of Organic and Physical Chemistry; Russian Academy of Sciences; Kazan Russia
| | - Yuriy F. Zuev
- Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics; Russian Academy of Sciences; Kazan Russia
- Alexander Butlerov Institute of Chemistry; Kazan Federal University; Kazan Russia
| | - Vitaliy V. Plemenkov
- Institute of Biochemistry; Immanuel Kant Baltic Federal University; Kaliningrad Russia
| | - Ivan I. Stoikov
- Alexander Butlerov Institute of Chemistry; Kazan Federal University; Kazan Russia
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21
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Perillyl alcohol, a pleiotropic natural compound suitable for brain tumor therapy, targets free radicals. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2017; 65:285-297. [DOI: 10.1007/s00005-017-0459-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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22
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da Fonseca CO, Khandelia H, Salazar MD, Schönthal AH, Meireles OC, Quirico-Santos T. Perillyl alcohol: Dynamic interactions with the lipid bilayer and implications for long-term inhalational chemotherapy for gliomas. Surg Neurol Int 2016; 7:1. [PMID: 26862440 PMCID: PMC4722523 DOI: 10.4103/2152-7806.173301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Gliomas display a high degree of intratumor heterogeneity, including changes in physiological parameters and lipid composition of the plasma membrane, which may contribute to the development of drug resistance. Biophysical interactions between therapeutic agents and the lipid components at the outer plasma membrane interface are critical for effective drug uptake. Amphipathic molecules such as perillyl alcohol (POH) have a high partition coefficient and generally lead to altered lipid acyl tail dynamics near the lipid-water interface, impacting the lipid bilayer structure and transport dynamics. We therefore hypothesized that glioma cells may display enhanced sensitivity to POH-induced apoptosis due to plasma membrane alterations, while in non-transformed cells, POH may be expelled through thermal agitation. Methods: Interactions between POH and the plasma membrane was studied using molecular dynamics simulations. In this phase I/II trial, we set up to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of long-term (up to 5 years) daily intranasal administration of POH in a cohort of 19 patients with low-grade glioma (LGG). Importantly, in a series of clinical studies previously published by our group, we have successfully established that intranasal delivery of POH to patients with malignant gliomas is a viable and effective therapeutic strategy. Results: POH altered the plasma membrane potential of the lipid bilayer of gliomas and prolonged intranasal administration of POH in a cohort of patients with LGG halted disease progression with virtually no toxicity. Conclusion: Altogether, the results suggest that POH-induced alterations of the plasma membrane might be contributing to its therapeutic efficacy in preventing LGG progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clovis Orlando da Fonseca
- Department of General and Specialized Surgery, Antonio Pedro University Hospital, Fluminense Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Himanshu Khandelia
- Memphys-Center for Biomembrane Physics, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | - Axel H Schönthal
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, California, USA
| | - Osório C Meireles
- Retired Professor from the Rio de Janeiro Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Thereza Quirico-Santos
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Callies O, Hernández Daranas A. Application of isothermal titration calorimetry as a tool to study natural product interactions. Nat Prod Rep 2016; 33:881-904. [DOI: 10.1039/c5np00094g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The study of molecular interactions of natural products by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) is a potent tool to get new insights of the underpinning driving forces.
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Affiliation(s)
- O. Callies
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry “Antonio González”
- Center for Biomedical Research of the Canary Islands
- University of La Laguna
- 38206 La Laguna
- Spain
| | - A. Hernández Daranas
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry “Antonio González”
- Center for Biomedical Research of the Canary Islands
- University of La Laguna
- 38206 La Laguna
- Spain
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Hyldgaard M, Mygind T, Piotrowska R, Foss M, Meyer RL. Isoeugenol has a non-disruptive detergent-like mechanism of action. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:754. [PMID: 26284043 PMCID: PMC4517379 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoeugenol is an essential oil constituent of nutmeg, clove, and cinnamon. Despite isoeugenol's promising antimicrobial activity, no studies have yet investigated its mode of antibacterial action at the molecular level. The aim of this study is to clarify isoeugenol's antibacterial mode of action using the Gram-negative and Gram-positive model organisms Escherichia coli and Listeria innocua, respectively. We determined the antimicrobial activity of isoeugenol against the model organisms, and examined how isoeugenol affects cell morphology, cell membrane permeabilization, and how isoeugenol interacts with phospholipid membranes using vesicle and supported lipid bilayer models. Isoeugenol demonstrated a bactericidal activity against E. coli and L. innocua that did not affect cell morphology, although the cell membrane was permeabilized. We hypothesized that the cell membrane was the primary site of action, and studied this interaction in further detail using purified membrane model systems. Isoeugenol's permeabilization of calcein-encapsulated vesicles was concentration dependent, and isoeugenol's interaction with giant unilamellar vesicles indicated increased membrane fluidity and a non-disruptive permeabilization mechanism. This contradicted membrane fluidity measurements on supported lipid bilayers (SLBs), which indicated decreased membrane fluidity. However, further investigations demonstrated that the interaction between isoeugenol and bilayers was reversible, and caused membranes to display heterogeneous topography, an increased mass, and a higher degree of hydration. In conclusion, we propose that isoeugenol interacts with membranes in a reversible non-disruptive detergent-like manner, which causes membrane destabilization. Furthermore, we argue that isoeugenol increases membrane fluidity. Our work contributes to the understanding of how essential oil constituents interact with cell components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten Hyldgaard
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus UniversityAarhus, Denmark
- Antimicrobials and Antioxidants, Nutrition and Health, DuPont Nutrition BiosciencesBrabrand, Denmark
| | - Tina Mygind
- Antimicrobials and Antioxidants, Nutrition and Health, DuPont Nutrition BiosciencesBrabrand, Denmark
| | - Roxana Piotrowska
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus UniversityAarhus, Denmark
| | - Morten Foss
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus UniversityAarhus, Denmark
| | - Rikke L. Meyer
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, Aarhus UniversityAarhus, Denmark
- Department of Bioscience, Aarhus UniversityAarhus, Denmark
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Areco VA, Figueroa S, Cosa MT, Dambolena JS, Zygadlo JA, Zunino MP. Effect of pinene isomers on germination and growth of maize. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2014.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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GABAergic pharmacological activity of propofol related compounds as possible enhancers of general anesthetics and interaction with membranes. Cell Biochem Biophys 2014; 67:515-25. [PMID: 23456454 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-013-9537-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Phenol compounds, such as propofol and thymol, have been shown to act on the GABAA receptor through interaction with specific sites of this receptor. In addition, considering the high lipophilicity of phenols, it is possible that their pharmacological activity may also be the result of the interaction of phenol molecules with the surrounding lipid molecules, modulating the supramolecular organization of the receptor environment. Thus, in the present study, we study the pharmacological activity of some propofol- and thymol-related phenols on the native GABAA receptor using primary cultures of cortical neurons and investigate the effects of these compounds on the micro viscosity of artificial membranes by means of fluorescence anisotropy. The phenol compounds analyzed in this article are carvacrol, chlorothymol, and eugenol. All compounds were able to enhance the binding of [(3)H]flunitrazepam with EC50 values in the micromolar range and to increase the GABA-evoked Cl(-) influx in a concentration-dependent manner, both effects being inhibited by the competitive GABAA antagonist bicuculline. These results strongly suggest that the phenols studied are positive allosteric modulators of this receptor. Chlorothymol showed a bell-type effect, reducing its positive effect at concentrations >100 μM. The concentrations necessary to induce positive allosteric modulation of GABAA receptor were not cytotoxic. Although all compounds were able to decrease the micro viscosity of artificial membranes, chlorothymol displayed a larger effect which could explain its effects on [(3)H]flunitrazepam binding and on cell viability at high concentrations. Finally, it is suggested that these compounds may exert depressant activity on the central nervous system and potentiate the effects of general anesthetics.
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27
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Dhar P, Chan P, Cohen DT, Khawam F, Gibbons S, Snyder-Leiby T, Dickstein E, Rai PK, Watal G. Synthesis, antimicrobial evaluation, and structure-activity relationship of α-pinene derivatives. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:3548-3552. [PMID: 24716724 DOI: 10.1021/jf403586t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Several (+)- and (-)-α-pinene derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their antimicrobial activity toward Gram-positive bacteria Micrococcus luteus and Staphylococcus aureus, Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli, and the unicellular fungus Candida albicans using bioautographic assays. (+)-α-Pinene 1a showed modest activity against the test organisms, whereas (-)-α-pinene 1b showed no activity at the tested concentration. Of all the α-pinene derivatives evaluated, the β-lactam derivatives (10a and 10b) were the most antimicrobial. The increase in the antimicrobial activity of 10a compared to 1a ranged from nearly 3.5-fold (C. albicans) to 43-fold (S. aureus). The mean ± standard deviation for the zone of inhibition (mm) for 10a (C. albicans) was 31.9 ± 4.3 and that for S. aureus was 51.1 ± 2.9. Although (-)-α-pinene 1b was not active toward the test microorganisms, the corresponding β-lactam 10b, amino ester 13b, and amino alcohol 14b showed antimicrobial activity toward the test microorganisms. The increase in the antimicrobial activity of 10b compared to 1b ranged from 32-fold (S. aureus) to 73-fold (M. luteus). The mean ± standard deviation for the zone of inhibition (mm) for 10b (S. aureus) was 32.0 ± 0.60 and that for M. luteus was 73.2 ± 0.30.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Dhar
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Biology, State University of New York , 1 Hawk Drive, New Paltz 12561, United States
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Kopec W, Khandelia H. Reinforcing the membrane-mediated mechanism of action of the anti-tuberculosis candidate drug thioridazine with molecular simulations. J Comput Aided Mol Des 2014; 28:123-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s10822-014-9737-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/19/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Costa PJ, Marques I, Félix V. Interaction of a calix[4]arene derivative with a DOPC bilayer: Biomolecular simulations towards chloride transport. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2014; 1838:890-901. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2013.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Kopeć W, Telenius J, Khandelia H. Molecular dynamics simulations of the interactions of medicinal plant extracts and drugs with lipid bilayer membranes. FEBS J 2013; 280:2785-805. [DOI: 10.1111/febs.12286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Kopeć
- MEMPHYS - Center for Biomembrane Physics; University of Southern Denmark; Odense; Denmark
| | - Jelena Telenius
- MEMPHYS - Center for Biomembrane Physics; University of Southern Denmark; Odense; Denmark
| | - Himanshu Khandelia
- MEMPHYS - Center for Biomembrane Physics; University of Southern Denmark; Odense; Denmark
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Wang Y, Lim L, DiGuistini S, Robertson G, Bohlmann J, Breuil C. A specialized ABC efflux transporter GcABC-G1 confers monoterpene resistance to Grosmannia clavigera, a bark beetle-associated fungal pathogen of pine trees. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 197:886-898. [PMID: 23252416 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Grosmannia clavigera is a bark beetle-vectored pine pathogen in the mountain pine beetle epidemic in western North America. Grosmannia clavigera colonizes pines despite the trees' massive oleoresin terpenoid defences. We are using a functional genomics approach to identify G. clavigera's mechanisms of adaptation to pine defences. We annotated the ABC transporters in the G. clavigera genome and generated RNA-seq transcriptomes from G. clavigera grown with a range of terpenes. We functionally characterized GcABC-G1, a pleiotropic drug resistance (PDR) transporter that was highly induced by terpenes, using qRT-PCR, gene knock-out and heterologous expression in yeast. Deleting GcABC-G1 increased G. clavigera's sensitivity to monoterpenes and delayed development of symptoms in inoculated young lodgepole pine trees. Heterologous expression of GcABC-G1 in yeast increased tolerance to monoterpenes. G. clavigera but not the deletion mutant, can use (+)-limonene as a carbon source. Phylogenetic analysis placed GcABC-G1 outside the ascomycete PDR transporter clades. G. clavigera appears to have evolved two mechanisms to survive and grow when exposed to monoterpenes: GcABC-G1 controls monoterpene levels within the fungal cells and G. clavigera uses monoterpenes as a carbon source. This work has implications for understanding adaptation to host defences in an important forest insect-fungal system, and potentially for metabolic engineering of terpenoid production in yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Wang
- Department of Wood Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T1Z4
| | - Lynette Lim
- Department of Wood Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T1Z4
| | - Scott DiGuistini
- Department of Wood Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T1Z4
| | - Gordon Robertson
- BC Cancer Agency Genome Sciences Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V5Z 4E6
| | - Jörg Bohlmann
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T1Z4
| | - Colette Breuil
- Department of Wood Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada, V6T1Z4
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Ireland DJ, Greay SJ, Hooper CM, Kissick HT, Filion P, Riley TV, Beilharz MW. Topically applied Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil causes direct anti-cancer cytotoxicity in subcutaneous tumour bearing mice. J Dermatol Sci 2012; 67:120-9. [PMID: 22727730 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Revised: 04/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Melaleuca alternifolia (tea tree) oil (TTO) applied topically in a dilute (10%) dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) formulation exerts a rapid anti-cancer effect after a short treatment protocol. Tumour clearance is associated with skin irritation mediated by neutrophils which quickly and completely resolves upon treatment cessation. OBJECTIVE To examine the mechanism of action underlying the anti-cancer activity of TTO. METHODS Immune cell changes in subcutaneous tumour bearing mice in response to topically applied TTO treatments were assessed by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. Direct cytotoxicity of TTO on tumour cells in vivo was assessed by transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS Neutrophils accumulate in the skin following topical 10% TTO/DMSO treatment but are not required for tumour clearance as neutrophil depletion did not abrogate the anti-cancer effect. Topically applied 10% TTO/DMSO, but not neat TTO, induces an accumulation and activation of dendritic cells and an accumulation of T cells. Although topical application of 10% TTO/DMSO appears to activate an immune response, anti-tumour efficacy is mediated by a direct effect on tumour cells in vivo. The direct cytotoxicity of TTO in vivo appears to be associated with TTO penetration. CONCLUSION Future studies should focus on enhancing the direct cytotoxicity of TTO by increasing penetration through skin to achieve a higher in situ terpene concentration. This coupled with boosting a more specific anti-tumour immune response will likely result in long term clearance of tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demelza J Ireland
- School of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine (M504), Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia.
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Ghai R, Falconer RJ, Collins BM. Applications of isothermal titration calorimetry in pure and applied research--survey of the literature from 2010. J Mol Recognit 2012; 25:32-52. [PMID: 22213449 DOI: 10.1002/jmr.1167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) is a biophysical technique for measuring the formation and dissociation of molecular complexes and has become an invaluable tool in many branches of science from cell biology to food chemistry. By measuring the heat absorbed or released during bond formation, ITC provides accurate, rapid, and label-free measurement of the thermodynamics of molecular interactions. In this review, we survey the recent literature reporting the use of ITC and have highlighted a number of interesting studies that provide a flavour of the diverse systems to which ITC can be applied. These include measurements of protein-protein and protein-membrane interactions required for macromolecular assembly, analysis of enzyme kinetics, experimental validation of molecular dynamics simulations, and even in manufacturing applications such as food science. Some highlights include studies of the biological complex formed by Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin C3 and the murine T-cell receptor, the mechanism of membrane association of the Parkinson's disease-associated protein α-synuclein, and the role of non-specific tannin-protein interactions in the quality of different beverages. Recent developments in automation are overcoming limitations on throughput imposed by previous manual procedures and promise to greatly extend usefulness of ITC in the future. We also attempt to impart some practical advice for getting the most out of ITC data for those researchers less familiar with the method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh Ghai
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
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Poulsen H, Nissen P, Mouritsen OG, Khandelia H. Protein kinase A (PKA) phosphorylation of Na+/K+-ATPase opens intracellular C-terminal water pathway leading to third Na+-binding site in molecular dynamics simulations. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:15959-65. [PMID: 22433860 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.340406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphorylation is one of the major mechanisms for posttranscriptional modification of proteins. The addition of a compact, negatively charged moiety to a protein can significantly change its function and localization by affecting its structure and interaction network. We have used all-atom Molecular Dynamics simulations to investigate the structural consequences of phosphorylating the Na(+)/K(+)-ATPase (NKA) residue Ser(936), which is the best characterized phosphorylation site in NKA, targeted in vivo by protein kinase A (PKA). The Molecular Dynamics simulations suggest that Ser(936) phosphorylation opens a C-terminal hydrated pathway leading to Asp(926), a transmembrane residue proposed to form part of the third sodium ion-binding site. Simulations of a S936E mutant form, for which only subtle effects are observed when expressed in Xenopus oocytes and studied with electrophysiology, does not mimic the effects of Ser(936) phosphorylation. The results establish a structural association of Ser(936) with the C terminus of NKA and indicate that phosphorylation of Ser(936) can modulate pumping activity by changing the accessibility to the ion-binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne Poulsen
- PUMPKIN-Centre for Membrane Pumps in Cells and Disease, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000 C, Denmark
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Duelund L, Amiot A, Fillon A, Mouritsen OG. Influence of the active compounds of Perilla frutescens leaves on lipid membranes. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2012; 75:160-166. [PMID: 22272932 DOI: 10.1021/np200713q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The leaves of the annual plant Perilla frutescens are used widely as a spice and a preservative in Asian food as well as in traditional medicine. The active compounds in the leaves are the cyclic monoterpene limonene (1) and its bio-oxidation products, perillaldehyde (2), perillyl alcohol (3), and perillic acid (4). These compounds are known to be biologically active and exhibit antimicrobial, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory effects that could all be membrane mediated. In order to assess the possible biophysical effects of these compounds on membranes quantitatively, the influence of limonene and its bio-oxidation products has been investigated on a membrane model composed of 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC) using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR). It was found that limonene (1), perillyl alcohol (2), and perillaldehyde (3) partitioned into the DMPC membrane, whereas perillic acid (4) did not. The DSC results demonstrated that all the partitioning compounds strongly perturbed the phase transition of DMPC, whereas no perturbation of the local membrane order was detected by EPR spectroscopy. The results of the study showed that limonene (1) and its bio-oxidation products affect membranes in rather subtle ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Duelund
- MEMPHYS-Center for Biomembrane Physics, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark, Campusvej 55, DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark.
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Cerezo J, Zúñiga J, Bastida A, Requena A, Cerón-Carrasco JP. Atomistic Molecular Dynamics Simulations of the Interactions of Oleic and 2-Hydroxyoleic Acids with Phosphatidylcholine Bilayers. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:11727-38. [DOI: 10.1021/jp203498x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Cerezo
- Departamento de Química Física, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - José Zúñiga
- Departamento de Química Física, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Adolfo Bastida
- Departamento de Química Física, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Alberto Requena
- Departamento de Química Física, Universidad de Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - José Pedro Cerón-Carrasco
- CEISAM, UMR CNRS 6230, BP 92208, Université de Nantes, 2, rue de la Houssiniére, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
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Interaction of salicylate and a terpenoid plant extract with model membranes: reconciling experiments and simulations. Biophys J 2011; 99:3887-94. [PMID: 21156130 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2010.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2010] [Revised: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 11/04/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigate the effects of two structurally similar small cyclic molecules: salicylic acid and perillic acid on a zwitterionic model lipid bilayer, and show that both molecules might have biological activity related to membrane thinning. Salicylic acid is a nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug, some of the pharmacological properties of which arise from its interaction with the lipid bilayer component of the plasma membrane. Prior simulations show that salicylate orders zwitterionic lipid membranes. However, this is in conflict with Raman scattering and vesicle fluctuation analysis data, which suggest the opposite. We show using extensive molecular dynamics simulations, cumulatively >2.5 μs, that salicylic acid indeed disorders membranes with concomitant membrane thinning and that the conflict arose because prior simulations suffered from artifacts related to the sodium-ion induced condensation of zwitterionic lipids modeled by the Berger force field. Perillic acid is a terpenoid plant extract that has antiinfective and anticancer properties, and is extensively used in eastern medicine. We found that perillic acid causes large-scale membrane thinning and could therefore exert its antimicrobial properties via a membrane-lytic mechanism reminiscent of antimicrobial peptides. Being more amphipathic, perillic acid is more potent in disrupting lipid headgroup packing, and significantly modifies headgroup dipole orientation. Like salicylate, the membrane thinning effect of perillic acid is masked by the presence of sodium ions. As an alternative to sodium cations, we advocate the straightforward solution of using larger countercations like potassium or tetra-methyl-ammonium that will maintain electroneutrality but not interact strongly with, and thus not condense, the lipid bilayer.
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