1
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Pu Z, Wu Y, Zhu Z, Zhao H, Cui D. A new horizon for neuroscience: terahertz biotechnology in brain research. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:309-325. [PMID: 38819036 PMCID: PMC11317941 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-00872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Terahertz biotechnology has been increasingly applied in various biomedical fields and has especially shown great potential for application in brain sciences. In this article, we review the development of terahertz biotechnology and its applications in the field of neuropsychiatry. Available evidence indicates promising prospects for the use of terahertz spectroscopy and terahertz imaging techniques in the diagnosis of amyloid disease, cerebrovascular disease, glioma, psychiatric disease, traumatic brain injury, and myelin deficit. In vitro and animal experiments have also demonstrated the potential therapeutic value of terahertz technology in some neuropsychiatric diseases. Although the precise underlying mechanism of the interactions between terahertz electromagnetic waves and the biosystem is not yet fully understood, the research progress in this field shows great potential for biomedical noninvasive diagnostic and therapeutic applications. However, the biosafety of terahertz radiation requires further exploration regarding its two-sided efficacy in practical applications. This review demonstrates that terahertz biotechnology has the potential to be a promising method in the field of neuropsychiatry based on its unique advantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengping Pu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Department of Psychiatry, Kangci Hospital of Jiaxing, Tongxiang, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yu Wu
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongjie Zhu
- National Facility for Protein Science in Shanghai, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongwei Zhao
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, China
| | - Donghong Cui
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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2
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Chen Y, Xiong S, Wu M, Huang X, Sun H, Cao Y, Li L, Ma L, Wu W, Zhao G, Meng T. An intelligent sensing platform for detecting and identifying biochemical substances based on terahertz spectra. Talanta 2024; 282:126950. [PMID: 39353219 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2024] [Revised: 09/14/2024] [Accepted: 09/24/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024]
Abstract
This paper presents the development of an intelligent sensing platform dedicated to accurately identifying terahertz (THz) spectra obtained from various biochemical substances. The platform currently has two distinct identification modes, which focus on identifying five amino acids, namely phenylalanine, methionine, lysine, leucine, and threonine, and five carbohydrates, namely aspartame, fructose, glucose, lactose monohydrate, and sucrose based on their THz spectra. The first mode, called One-dimensional THz Spectrum Identification (OTSI), combines THz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) with the proposed mini convolutional neural network (MCNN) model. THz-TDS detects biochemical substances, while the MCNN model identifies the THz spectra. The MCNN model has a simple structure and only needs to deal with the THz absorption coefficients of biochemical substances, which are less computationally intensive and easily converged. The model can achieve 99.07 % accuracy in identifying one-dimensional THz spectra of the ten biochemical substances. The second mode, THz Spectrum Image-based Identification (TSII), applies the YOLO-v5 target detection model to THz spectral image recognition. The YOLO-v5 model uses THz absorption peaks as identification features and can identify biochemical substances based on only one or several THz absorption peaks. The overall identifying accuracy of the YOLO-v5 model for ten biochemical substances is 96.20 %. We also compared the MCNN and YOLO-v5 models with other deep learning and machine learning models, which demonstrate that they have better performance. This feature broadens the platform's utility in biomolecular analysis and paves the way for further research and development in detecting and analyzing diverse biological compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusa Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro and Nano Manufacture Technology, Beijing, 100871, PR China; School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, PR China.
| | - Shisong Xiong
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro and Nano Manufacture Technology, Beijing, 100871, PR China; School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, PR China
| | - Meizhang Wu
- School of Instrument Science and Opto-Electronics Engineering, Beijing Information Science and Technology University, Beijing, 100096, PR China
| | - Xiwen Huang
- Department of Physics, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, PR China
| | - Hongshun Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro and Nano Manufacture Technology, Beijing, 100871, PR China; School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, PR China
| | - Yunhao Cao
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro and Nano Manufacture Technology, Beijing, 100871, PR China; School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, PR China
| | - Liye Li
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro and Nano Manufacture Technology, Beijing, 100871, PR China; School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, PR China
| | - Lijun Ma
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro and Nano Manufacture Technology, Beijing, 100871, PR China; School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, PR China
| | - Wengang Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Advanced Micro and Nano Manufacture Technology, Beijing, 100871, PR China; School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, PR China.
| | - Guozhong Zhao
- Department of Physics, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, PR China
| | - Tianhua Meng
- Institute of Solid State Physics, Shanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Microstructure Electromagnetic Functional Materials, Shanxi Datong University, Datong, 037009, PR China
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3
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Li Y, Sun Y, Li Q, Lei J, Yang B, Shen Y, Cai Y, Deng X. Study of temperature-dependent terahertz spectra of isonicotinamide in the form I using the quasi-harmonic approximation. Chemphyschem 2022; 23:e202100849. [PMID: 35098625 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Anharmonicity of molecular vibrational motions is closely associated with the thermal property of crystals. However, the origin of anharmonicity is still not fully understood. Low-frequency vibrations, which are usually defined in the terahertz (THz) range, show excellent sensitivity to anharmonicity. In this work, anharmonicity of isonicotinamide in the form I was investigated by using temperature-dependent terahertz time-domain spectroscopy and quasi-harmonic approximation (QHA) approach at PBE-D3 and PBE-MBD levels. Both DFT calculations suggest the variation of p-p stacking conformation dominates in the thermal expansion of unit cell. The frequency shifts of the modes in THz range obtained by QHA approach are found to be qualitatively consistent with the observation, demonstrating QHA approach is a useful tool for the interpretation of frequency shifts of modes induced by temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yin Li
- Nanchang University, Department of Physics, Nanchang, CHINA
| | - Yiwen Sun
- Shenzhen University, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen, CHINA
| | - Qiqi Li
- Shenzhen University, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen, CHINA
| | - Jiangtao Lei
- Nanchang University, Institute of Space Science and Technology, Nanchang, CHINA
| | - Bo Yang
- Nanchang University, Department of Materials and Chemicals, Nanchang, CHINA
| | - Yun Shen
- Nanchang University, Department of Physics, Nanchang, CHINA
| | - Yingxiang Cai
- Nanchang University, Department of Physics, Nanchang, CHINA
| | - Xiaohua Deng
- Nanchang University, department of physics, Xuefu Avenue 999, Nanchang City, Jiangxi Province, 330031, Nanchang, CHINA
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Wang F, Sun X, Zan J, Li M, Liu Y, Chen J. Terahertz spectra and weak intermolecular interactions of nucleosides or nucleoside drugs. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 265:120344. [PMID: 34481145 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, terahertz (THz) spectra of four DNA nucleosides (Adenosine, Thymidine, Cytidine and Guanosine) and two nucleoside derivatives (Ribavirin and Entecavir, first time reported) in the solid phase were studied experimentally by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) in the frequency of 1-10 THz. The lattice energy, geometric structure, vibration spectrum of them were analyzed theoretically by the generalized energy-based fragmentation approach under periodic boundary conditions (denoted as PBC-GEBF) and the density functional theory (DFT). The intra- and inter-molecular weak interactions corresponding to the vibrational modes of the crystal, polymer and monomer were obtained, with the help of the potential energy distribution (PED) and reduced density gradient (RDG) methods. It was found that the sum of electronic and thermal free energies increased from the monomer to polymer, and from the polymer to crystal. For example, the inter-molecular interaction energy from the monomer to dimer of adenosine increased 6.969 kcal/mol, and that from the dimer to crystal (the periodic boundary conditions were considered) increased 666.792 kcal/mol. Therefore, only the crystal structure constrained the periodic boundary conditions could well describe the experimental results, although the former scholars chose the monomer or polymer as the initial configuration due to the limitation of computing resources and methods. In THz band, the vibrational modes were generally originated from the collective vibration (more than 99% of them were vibration, only less than 1% of them were rotation and translation) of all molecules involved, which could reflect the molecular structure and spatial distribution of different substances. In order to accurately identify the spectra, we studied the location, type and contribution of all weak interactions, and found that the strong characteristic peaks corresponding to the strong hydrogen bonds came from inter-molecular, while the weak hydrogen bonds mainly originated from intra- and inter-molecular, the out-of-plane bending made the largest contribution, accounting for more than 90%. Furthermore, taking guanine, guanosine and two guanosine derivatives (Ribavirin and Entecavir) as examples, the differences of weak interaction among them caused by different molecular configuration, arrangement and substituent position were studied, and the fundamental reason of THz spectrum change was found. This research can lay a foundation for crystal engineering, supramolecular chemistry, molecular recognition and self-assembly, protein-ligand interaction, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- College of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China; College of Electronic Engineering, Nanjing XiaoZhuang University, Nanjing 211171, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolin Sun
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Nanjing Vocational University of Industry Technology, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianan Zan
- College of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingshi Li
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunfei Liu
- College of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jingyi Chen
- College of Electronic Engineering, Nanjing XiaoZhuang University, Nanjing 211171, People's Republic of China
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5
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Fick RJ, Liu AY, Nussbaumer F, Kreutz C, Rangadurai A, Xu Y, Sommer RD, Shi H, Scheiner S, Stelling AL. Probing the Hydrogen-Bonding Environment of Individual Bases in DNA Duplexes with Isotope-Edited Infrared Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:7613-7627. [PMID: 34236202 PMCID: PMC8311644 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c01351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
![]()
Measuring the strength
of the hydrogen bonds between DNA base pairs
is of vital importance for understanding how our genetic code is physically
accessed and recognized in cells, particularly during replication
and transcription. Therefore, it is important to develop probes for
these key hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) that dictate events critical to
cellular function, such as the localized melting of DNA. The vibrations
of carbonyl bonds are well-known probes of their H-bonding environment,
and their signals can be observed with infrared (IR) spectroscopy.
Yet, pinpointing a single bond of interest in the complex IR spectrum
of DNA is challenging due to the large number of carbonyl signals
that overlap with each other. Here, we develop a method using isotope
editing and infrared (IR) spectroscopy to isolate IR signals from
the thymine (T) C2=O carbonyl. We use solvatochromatic studies
to show that the TC2=O signal’s position in the IR spectrum
is sensitive to the H-bonding capacity of the solvent. Our results
indicate that C2=O of a single T base within DNA duplexes experiences
weak H-bonding interactions. This finding is consistent with the existence
of a third, noncanonical CH···O H-bond between adenine
and thymine in both Watson–Crick and Hoogsteen base pairs in
DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Fick
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
| | - Amy Y Liu
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Felix Nussbaumer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Christoph Kreutz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck (CMBI), University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Atul Rangadurai
- Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Yu Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Roger D Sommer
- Molecular Education, Technology, and Research Innovation Center, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Honglue Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
| | - Steve Scheiner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, Logan, Utah 84322, United States
| | - Allison L Stelling
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States.,Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, United States
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6
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Crystallographic evidence of Watson-Crick connectivity in the base pair of anionic adenine with thymine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:18224-18230. [PMID: 32680959 PMCID: PMC7414232 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2008379117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Utilizing an ionic liquid strategy, we report crystal structures of salts of free anionic nucleobases and base pairs previously studied only computationally and in the gas phase. Reaction of tetrabutylammonium ([N4444]+) or tetrabutylphosphonium ([P4444]+) hydroxide with adenine (HAd) and thymine (HThy) led to hydrated salts of deprotonated adenine, [N4444][Ad]·2H2O, and thymine, [P4444][Thy]·2H2O, as well as the double salt cocrystal, [P4444]2[Ad][Thy]·3H2O·2HThy. The cocrystal includes the anionic [Ad-(HThy)] base pair which is a stable formation in the solid state that has previously not even been suggested. It exhibits Watson-Crick connectivity as found in DNA but which is unusual for the free neutral base pairs. The stability of the observed anionic bases and their supramolecular formations and hydrates has also been examined by electronic structure calculations, contributing to more insight into how base pairs can bind when a proton is removed and highlighting mechanisms of stabilization or chemical transformation in the DNA chains.
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7
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Bennett JW, Raglione ME, Oburn SM, MacGillivray LR, Arnold MA, Mason SE. DFT Computed Dielectric Response and THz Spectra of Organic Co-Crystals and Their Constituent Components. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24050959. [PMID: 30857228 PMCID: PMC6429106 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24050959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Terahertz (THz) spectroscopy has been put forth as a non-contact, analytical probe to characterize the intermolecular interactions of biologically active molecules, specifically as a way to understand, better develop, and use active pharmaceutical ingredients. An obstacle towards fully utilizing this technique as a probe is the need to couple features in the THz regions to specific vibrational modes and interactions. One solution is to use density functional theory (DFT) methods to assign specific vibrational modes to signals in the THz region, coupling atomistic insights to spectral features. Here, we use open source planewave DFT packages that employ ultrasoft pseudopotentials to assess the infrared (IR) response of organic compounds and complex co-crystal formulations in the solid state, with and without dispersion corrections. We compare our DFT computed lattice parameters and vibrational modes to experiment and comment on how to improve the agreement between theory and modeling to allow for THz spectroscopy to be used as an analytical probe in complex biologically relevant systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph W Bennett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | | | - Shalisa M Oburn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | | | - Mark A Arnold
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
| | - Sara E Mason
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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8
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Wang F, Zhao D, Jiang L, Song J, Liu Y. THz vibrational spectroscopy for RNA basepair cocrystals and oligonucleotide sequences. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 209:49-54. [PMID: 30343109 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Fourier infrared spectrometer and X-ray diffractometer were used to detect the spectra of lab-made U:A (uracil and adenine hydrate dried at room temperature), lab-made C:G (cytosine and guanine hydrate dried at room temperature), U + A (mixture of uracil and adenine), and C + G (mixture of cytosine and guanine). The results of our testing showed that U:A did not form a eutectic, but C:G did. In order to further characterize the vibrational modes of RNA base pair crystals, the absorption spectra of 1‑methyl‑5‑bromouracil‑9‑methyladenine (abbreviated as 1M5BU:9MA) and 1‑methylcytosine‑9‑ethylguanine (abbreviated as 1MC:9EG) were calculated based on the PBC-GEBF (generalized energy-based fragmentation approach under periodic boundary conditions) method. To further study the effect of substituents on the vibrational mode of the crystal structure, the substituents of 1M5BU:9MA and 1MC:9EG were artificially removed. The results of calculation brought out that methyl and ethyl as substituents have little effect on the vibrational spectrum, but halogen atoms such as Br atom in 1M5BU:9MA has a certain influence on the spectrum. Furthermore, THz (terahertz) spectra of the RNA nucleotide sequence 5'-AUCG-3' was analyzed. In the perspective of the spectra with DNA signatures, their spectra show a great deal of similarity regardless of RNA or DNA, or the base sequence difference. This study will provide a very important information for revealing the role of RNA in the formation of biological macromolecules and its mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- College of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China; School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Sanjiang University, Nanjing 210012, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongbo Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Jiang
- College of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Song
- College of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunfei Liu
- College of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China.
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Wang F, Zhao D, Dong H, Jiang L, Huang L, Liu Y, Li S. THz spectra and corresponding vibrational modes of DNA base pair cocrystals and polynucleotides. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 200:195-201. [PMID: 29689511 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The generalized energy-based fragmentation (GEBF) approach has been applied to study the THz spectra and vibrational modes of base pair cocrystals under periodic boundary conditions (denoted as PBC-GEBF). Results of vibrational mode reveal that hydrogen bonds play a pivotal role in the pairing process of base crystals, where most NH and CH bonds stretch to some extent. We also found that hydrogen bonds of a self-made A:T cocrystal completely break in a transition from liquid to the solid state, while self-made C:G cocrystal is different and easier to form a cocrystal, as confirmed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and terahertz (THz) spectra. Furthermore, we have studied DNA polynucleotides (in both A and B forms) found that the vibrational modes changed a lot during the process of their forming double strand. Despite the key role played by hydrogen bonds, the key contribution originates from collective motions of the main skeleton. A comparative study of the spectra of some stranded fragments suggests that different sequences or forms have similar spectra in THz band. They distinguish from each other mainly in the low-frequency regions, especially below 1 THz. This study would make great contributions to the molecular dynamics model based DNA long-chain structure simulation in the future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Wang
- College of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China; School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Sanjiang University, Nanjing 210012, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongbo Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Dong
- Kuang Yaming Honors School, Nanjing University, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Jiang
- College of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Huang
- Forestry College, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunfei Liu
- College of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shuhua Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
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10
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Zhao Y, Li Z, Liu J, Hu C, Zhang H, Qin B, Wu Y. Intermolecular vibrational modes and H-bond interactions in crystalline urea investigated by terahertz spectroscopy and theoretical calculation. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 189:528-534. [PMID: 28866409 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2017.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The characteristic absorption spectra of crystalline urea in 0.6-1.8 THz region have been measured by terahertz time-domain spectroscopy at room temperature experimentally. Five broad absorption peaks were observed at 0.69, 1.08, 1.27, 1.47 and 1.64 THz respectively. Moreover, density functional theory (DFT) calculation has been performed for the isolated urea molecule, and there is no infrared intensity in the region below 1.8 THz. This means that single molecule calculations are failure to predict the experimental spectra of urea crystals. To simulate these spectra, calculations on a cluster of seven urea molecules using M06-2X and B3LYP-D3 are performed, and we found that M06-2X perform better. The observed THz vibrational modes are assigned to bending and torsional modes related to the intermolecular H-bond interactions with the help of potential energy distribution (PED) method. Using the reduced-density-gradient (RDG) analysis, the positions and types of intermolecular H-bond interactions in urea crystals are visualized. Therefore, we can confirm that terahertz spectroscopy can be used as an effective means to detect intermolecular H-bond interactions in molecular crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghong Zhao
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shanxi 710126,China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Automatic Detecting Technology and Instruments, School of Electronic Engineering and Automation, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China
| | - Zhi Li
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shanxi 710126,China; Guilin University Of Aerospace Technology, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China.
| | - Jianjun Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Automatic Detecting Technology and Instruments, School of Electronic Engineering and Automation, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China; School of Electronic Information Engineering, Yangtze Nomal University, Chongqing 408100, China
| | - Cong Hu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Automatic Detecting Technology and Instruments, School of Electronic Engineering and Automation, Guilin University of Electronic Technology, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, China
| | - Huo Zhang
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shanxi 710126,China
| | - Binyi Qin
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, Shanxi 710126,China
| | - Yifang Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Heze University, Heze, Shandong 274015, China
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11
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Takahashi M, Okamura N, Ding X, Shirakawa H, Minamide H. Intermolecular hydrogen bond stretching vibrations observed in terahertz spectra of crystalline vitamins. CrystEngComm 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ce00095f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Intermolecular hydrogen bond stretching vibrations in the crystal of vitamins has several specific properties in the THz spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masae Takahashi
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science
- Tohoku University
- Sendai 980-0845
- Japan
- RIKEN Advanced Science Institute
| | - Nobuyuki Okamura
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science
- Tohoku University
- Sendai 980-0845
- Japan
- RIKEN Advanced Science Institute
| | - Xiaomeng Ding
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science
- Tohoku University
- Sendai 980-0845
- Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shirakawa
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science
- Tohoku University
- Sendai 980-0845
- Japan
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12
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Ryu YS, Lee DK, Kang JH, Lee SH, Yu ES, Seo M. Ultrasensitive terahertz sensing of gold nanoparticles inside nano slot antennas. OPTICS EXPRESS 2017; 25:30591-30597. [PMID: 29221086 DOI: 10.1364/oe.25.030591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a robust control method of terahertz (THz) transmission by tuning filling factors of Au nanoparticles (AuNPs) inside nano slot antennas. AuNPs in sub-100 nm diameters were spread over the nano slot antennas, followed by sweeping them into the slots. AuNPs can be efficiently localized and inserted into nano slots where the THz fields are greatly enhanced, by a "squeegee" made of the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The sweeping of the AuNPs results in further dramatic reduction of THz transmission by suppressing the fundamental resonance mode of the nano slot, as compared to a typical random dropping case. It definitely works for an accurate THz transmission control, as well as the removal of unwanted ions that occasionally confuse signal accuracy from the target signals. Our approach provides a complete reinterpretation of sample deposition for further steady demands in developing ultrasensitive terahertz (THz) molecule sensors.
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Takahashi M, Okamura N, Fan X, Shirakawa H, Minamide H. Temperature Dependence in the Terahertz Spectrum of Nicotinamide: Anharmonicity and Hydrogen-Bonded Network. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:2558-2564. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b11049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masae Takahashi
- Graduate
School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-0845, Japan
- RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, Sendai 980-0845, Japan
| | - Nubuyuki Okamura
- Graduate
School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-0845, Japan
- RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, Sendai 980-0845, Japan
| | - Xinyi Fan
- Graduate
School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-0845, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Shirakawa
- Graduate
School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-0845, Japan
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14
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Zhang F, Wang HW, Tominaga K, Hayashi M, Hasunuma T, Kondo A. Application of THz Vibrational Spectroscopy to Molecular Characterization and the Theoretical Fundamentals: An Illustration Using Saccharide Molecules. Chem Asian J 2017; 12:324-331. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201601419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- Molecular Photoscience Research Center; Kobe University; Kobe 657-8501 Japan
| | - Houng-Wei Wang
- Center for Condensed Matter Sciences; National; Taiwan) University 1 Roosevelt Rd. Sec. 4 Taipei 10617 Taiwan
| | - Keisuke Tominaga
- Molecular Photoscience Research Center; Kobe University; Kobe 657-8501 Japan
| | - Michitoshi Hayashi
- Center for Condensed Matter Sciences; National; Taiwan) University 1 Roosevelt Rd. Sec. 4 Taipei 10617 Taiwan
| | - Tomohisa Hasunuma
- Graduate School of Science; Technology and Innovation; Kobe University; Kobe 657-8501 Japan
| | - Akihiko Kondo
- Graduate School of Science; Technology and Innovation; Kobe University; Kobe 657-8501 Japan
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15
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Qi L, Gundersen LL, Chamgordani EJ, Görbitz CH. Watson–Crick base pairing in 9-methyladenine and ethylene-9,9′-diadenine structures with close to 70% solvent content. CrystEngComm 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ce01159d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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16
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Takahashi M, Ishikawa Y. Terahertz vibrations of crystalline α-D-glucose and the spectral change in mutual transitions between the anhydride and monohydrate. Chem Phys Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2015.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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17
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Dash J, Ray S, Nallappan K, Kaware V, Basutkar N, Gonnade RG, Ambade AV, Joshi K, Pesala B. Terahertz Spectroscopy and Solid-State Density Functional Theory Calculations of Cyanobenzaldehyde Isomers. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:7991-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b01942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jyotirmayee Dash
- CSIR-Central Electronics Engineering Research Institute, CSIR Madras Complex, Chennai, India 600113
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative
Research, CSIR-SERC, Chennai, India 600113
| | - Shaumik Ray
- CSIR-Central Electronics Engineering Research Institute, CSIR Madras Complex, Chennai, India 600113
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative
Research, CSIR-SERC, Chennai, India 600113
| | - Kathirvel Nallappan
- CSIR-Central Electronics Engineering Research Institute, CSIR Madras Complex, Chennai, India 600113
| | | | | | | | | | - Kavita Joshi
- CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, India 411008
| | - Bala Pesala
- CSIR-Central Electronics Engineering Research Institute, CSIR Madras Complex, Chennai, India 600113
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative
Research, CSIR-SERC, Chennai, India 600113
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18
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Zhang F, Wang HW, Tominaga K, Hayashi M. Intramolecular vibrations in low-frequency normal modes of amino acids: L-alanine in the neat solid state. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:3008-22. [PMID: 25723274 DOI: 10.1021/jp512164y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents a theoretical analysis of the low-frequency phonons of L-alanine by using the solid-state density functional theory at the Γ point. We are particularly interested in the intramolecular vibrations accessing low-frequency phonons via harmonic coupling with intermolecular vibrations. A new mode-analysis method is introduced to quantify the vibrational characteristics of such intramolecular vibrations. We find that the torsional motions of COO(-) are involved in low-frequency phonons, although COO(-) is conventionally assumed to undergo localized torsion. We also find the broad distributions of intramolecular vibrations relevant to important functional groups of amino acids, e.g., the COO(-) and NH3(+) torsions, in the low-frequency phonons. The latter finding is illustrated by the concept of frequency distribution of vibrations. These findings may lead to immediate implications in other amino acid systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhang
- †Molecular Photoscience Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Houng-Wei Wang
- ‡Center for Condensed Matter Sciences, National Taiwan University, 1 Roosevelt Road, Section 4, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Keisuke Tominaga
- †Molecular Photoscience Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Michitoshi Hayashi
- ‡Center for Condensed Matter Sciences, National Taiwan University, 1 Roosevelt Road, Section 4, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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Parrott EPJ, Zeitler JA. Terahertz time-domain and low-frequency Raman spectroscopy of organic materials. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 69:1-25. [PMID: 25506684 DOI: 10.1366/14-07707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
With the ongoing proliferation of terahertz time-domain instrumentation from semiconductor physics into applied spectroscopy over the past decade, measurements at terahertz frequencies (1 THz ≡ 10(12) Hz ≡ 33 cm(-1)) have attracted a sustained growing interest, in particular the investigation of hydrogen-bonding interactions in organic materials. More recently, the availability of Raman spectrometers that are readily able to measure in the equivalent spectral region very close to the elastic scattering background has also grown significantly. This development has led to renewed efforts in performing spectroscopy at the interface between dielectric relaxation phenomena and vibrational spectroscopy. In this review, we briefly outline the underlying technology, the physical phenomena governing the light-matter interaction at terahertz frequencies, recent examples of spectroscopic studies, and the current state of the art in assigning spectral features to vibrational modes based on computational techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward P J Parrott
- Chinese University of Hong Kong, Department of Electronic Engineering, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong Sar, China
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20
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Juliano TR, Korter TM. London Force Correction Disparity in the Modeling of Crystalline Asparagine and Glutamine. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:12221-8. [DOI: 10.1021/jp507924p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R. Juliano
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 1-014 Center
for Science and Technology, Syracuse, New York 13244-4100, United States
| | - Timothy M. Korter
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 1-014 Center
for Science and Technology, Syracuse, New York 13244-4100, United States
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21
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Yang J, Li S, Zhao H, Song B, Zhang G, Zhang J, Zhu Y, Han J. Molecular recognition and interaction between uracil and urea in solid-state studied by terahertz time-domain spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2014; 118:10927-33. [PMID: 25386785 DOI: 10.1021/jp506045q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Using terahertz time-domain spectroscopy characterization, we observe that urea is able to recognize and interact with uracil efficiently even in the solid phase without involving water or solvents. A cocrystal configuration linked by a pair of hydrogen bonds between uracil and urea was formed. The terahertz absorption spectrum of the cocrystal shows a distinct new absorption at 0.8 THz (26.7 cm(-1)), which originates from the intermolecular hydrogen bonding. Both mechanical milling and heating can accelerate the reaction efficiently. Density functional theory was adopted to simulate the vibrational modes of the cocrystal, and the results agree well with the experimental observation. Multiple techniques, including powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, were performed to investigate the reaction process, and they presented supportive evidence. This work enables in-depth understanding of recognition and interaction of urea with nucleobases and comprehension of the denaturation related to RNA. We also demonstrate that terahertz spectroscopy is an effective and alternative tool for online measurement and quality control in pharmaceutical and chemical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingqi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201800, People's Republic of China
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22
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Zhang F, Hayashi M, Wang HW, Tominaga K, Kambara O, Nishizawa JI, Sasaki T. Terahertz spectroscopy and solid-state density functional theory calculation of anthracene: Effect of dispersion force on the vibrational modes. J Chem Phys 2014; 140:174509. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4873421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
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23
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24
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Zhang F, Kambara O, Tominaga K, Nishizawa JI, Sasaki T, Wang HW, Hayashi M. Analysis of vibrational spectra of solid-state adenine and adenosine in the terahertz region. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra44285c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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25
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Williams MRC, Aschaffenburg DJ, Ofori-Okai BK, Schmuttenmaer CA. Intermolecular Vibrations in Hydrophobic Amino Acid Crystals: Experiments and Calculations. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:10444-61. [DOI: 10.1021/jp406730a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael R. C. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O.
Box 208107, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Daniel J. Aschaffenburg
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O.
Box 208107, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Benjamin K. Ofori-Okai
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O.
Box 208107, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Charles A. Schmuttenmaer
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, P.O.
Box 208107, 225 Prospect Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
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26
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King MD, Korter TM. Modified Corrections for London Forces in Solid-State Density Functional Theory Calculations of Structure and Lattice Dynamics of Molecular Crystals. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:6927-34. [DOI: 10.1021/jp303746a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D. King
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 1-014 Center for Science & Technology, Syracuse, New York 13244-4100, United States
| | - Timothy M. Korter
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 1-014 Center for Science & Technology, Syracuse, New York 13244-4100, United States
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27
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Takahashi M, Ishikawa Y, Ito H. The dispersion correction and weak-hydrogen-bond network in low-frequency vibration of solid-state salicylic acid. Chem Phys Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2012.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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28
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Zheng ZP, Fan WH, Yan H. Terahertz absorption spectra of benzene-1,2-diol, benzene-1,3-diol and benzene-1,4-diol. Chem Phys Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2011.12.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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29
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Kambara O, Takahashi K, Hayashi M, Kuo JL. Assessment of density functional theory to calculate the phase transition pressure of ice. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:11484-90. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp41495c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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30
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King MD, Blanton TN, Korter TM. Revealing the true crystal structure of L-phenylalanine using solid-state density functional theory. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 14:1113-6. [PMID: 22143120 DOI: 10.1039/c1cp22831e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state density functional theory can be used for crystal structure determination from powder X-ray diffraction data of molecular crystals that are too large and complex for conventional refinement methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D King
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 1-014 Center for Science & Technology, 111 College Place, Syracuse, New York 13244-4100, USA
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31
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King MD, Korter TM. Noncovalent interactions between modified cytosine and guanine DNA base pair mimics investigated by terahertz spectroscopy and solid-state density functional theory. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:14391-6. [PMID: 22107026 DOI: 10.1021/jp208883t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Modified cytosine and guanine nucleobases cocrystallize in a hydrogen bonding configuration similar to that observed in native DNA. The noncovalent interactions binding these base pairs in the crystalline solid were investigated using terahertz (THz) spectroscopy and solid-state density functional theory (DFT). While stronger hydrogen bonding interactions are responsible for the general molecular orientations in the crystalline state, it is the weaker dipole-dipole and dispersion forces that determine the overall packing arrangement. The inclusion of dispersion interactions in the DFT calculations was found to be necessary to accurately simulate the unit cell structure and THz vibrational spectrum. Using properly modeled intermolecular potentials, the lattice vibrational motions of the cytosine and guanine derivatives were calculated. The vibrational characters of the modes exhibited by the DNA base pair mimic in the THz region were primarily rotational motions and are indicative of the energies and the nature of vibrations that would likely be observed between similar base pairs in DNA molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D King
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, New York 13244-4100, United States
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32
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King MD, Davis EA, Smith TM, Korter TM. Importance of Accurate Spectral Simulations for the Analysis of Terahertz Spectra: Citric Acid Anhydrate and Monohydrate. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:11039-44. [DOI: 10.1021/jp204750v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D. King
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 1-014 Center for Science & Technology, Syracuse, New York 13244-4100, United States
| | - Eric A. Davis
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 1-014 Center for Science & Technology, Syracuse, New York 13244-4100, United States
| | - Tiffany M. Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 1-014 Center for Science & Technology, Syracuse, New York 13244-4100, United States
| | - Timothy M. Korter
- Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, 1-014 Center for Science & Technology, Syracuse, New York 13244-4100, United States
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