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Meta M, Huber ME, Birk M, Wedele M, Ončák M, Meyer J. Dynamics of carbene formation in the reaction of methane with the tantalum cation in the gas phase. Faraday Discuss 2024; 251:587-603. [PMID: 38764361 DOI: 10.1039/d3fd00171g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
The controlled activation of methane has drawn significant attention throughout various disciplines over the last few decades. In gas-phase experiments, the use of model systems with reduced complexity compared to condensed-phase catalytic systems allows us to investigate the intrinsic reactivity of elementary reactions down to the atomic level. Methane is rather inert in chemical reactions, as the weakening or cleavage of a C-H bond is required to make use of methane as C1-building block. The simplest model system for transition-metal-based catalysts is a mono-atomic metal ion. Only a few atomic transition-metal cations activate methane at room temperature. One of the most efficient elements is tantalum, which forms a carbene and releases molecular hydrogen in the reaction with methane: Ta+ + CH4 → TaCH2+ + H2. The reaction takes place at room temperature due to efficient intersystem crossing from the quintet to the triplet surface, i.e., from the electronic ground state of the tantalum cation to the triplet ground state of the tantalum carbene. This multi-state reactivity is often seen for reactions involving transition-metal centres, but leads to their theoretical treatment being a challenge even today. Chemical reactions, or to be precise reactive collisions, are dynamic processes making their description even more of a challenge to experiment and theory alike. Experimental energy- and angle-differential cross sections allow us to probe the rearrangement of atoms during a reactive collision. By interpreting the scattering signatures, we gain insight into the atomistic mechanisms and can move beyond stationary descriptions. Here, we present a study combining collision energy dependent experimentally measured differential cross sections with ab initio calculations of the minimum energy pathway. Product ion velocity distributions were recorded using our crossed-beam velocity map imaging experiment dedicated to studying transition-metal ion molecule reactions. TaCH2+ velocity distributions reveal a significant degree of indirect dynamics. However, the scattering distributions also show signatures of rebound dynamics. We compare the present results to the oxygen transfer reaction between Ta+ and carbon dioxide, which we recently studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Meta
- RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Fachbereich Chemie und Forschungszentrum OPTIMAS, Erwin-Schrödinger Str. 52, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany.
| | - Maximilian E Huber
- RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Fachbereich Chemie und Forschungszentrum OPTIMAS, Erwin-Schrödinger Str. 52, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany.
| | - Maurice Birk
- RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Fachbereich Chemie und Forschungszentrum OPTIMAS, Erwin-Schrödinger Str. 52, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany.
| | - Martin Wedele
- RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Fachbereich Chemie und Forschungszentrum OPTIMAS, Erwin-Schrödinger Str. 52, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany.
| | - Milan Ončák
- Universität Innsbruck, Institut für Ionenenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Technikerstr. 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jennifer Meyer
- RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Fachbereich Chemie und Forschungszentrum OPTIMAS, Erwin-Schrödinger Str. 52, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany.
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Armentrout PB, Lushchikova OV, Schuurman JL, Nooteboom S, Ghiassee M, Boles GC, Bakker JM. Infrared Spectroscopic Characterization of Early 4d Transition Metal Carbene Cations, ZrCH 2+ and NbCH 2. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:6658-6667. [PMID: 39083656 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c03553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
IR multiple-photon dissociation (IRMPD) action spectroscopy is combined with quantum chemical calculations to examine the [M,C,2H]+ species for the early 4d metals, M = Zr and Nb. These ions were formed by reacting laser ablated M+ ions with cyclopropane (c-C3H6) in a molecular beam apparatus. Both IRMPD spectra exhibit one major band near 700 cm-1 and a second weaker band at about twice that wavenumber, more evident when irradiated in focus. The [Nb,C,2H]+ species also has a sharp band at 800 cm-1. Comparison with B3LYP calculations allow assignment of the [M,C,2H]+ structures to agostic carbenes, which is similar to the structures found for the 5d analogues, WCH2+ and TaCH2+. A molecular orbital analysis traces the reasons for the agostic deformation from a classic C2v symmetric carbene.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Armentrout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Olga V Lushchikova
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, HFML-FELIX, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jelle L Schuurman
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, HFML-FELIX, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Sjoerd Nooteboom
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, HFML-FELIX, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Maryam Ghiassee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Georgia C Boles
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Joost M Bakker
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, HFML-FELIX, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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3
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Wensink FJ, Smink CE, Stevenson BC, Steele RP, Bakker JM, Armentrout PB. IR spectroscopic characterization of [M,C,2H] + (M = Ru and Rh) products formed by reacting 4d transition metal cations with oxirane: Spectroscopic evidence for multireference character in RhCH 2. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:11445-11458. [PMID: 38572552 PMCID: PMC11022548 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00012a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
A combination of infrared multiple-photon dissociation (IRMPD) action spectroscopy and quantum chemical calculations was employed to investigate the [M,C,2H]+ (M = Ru and Rh) species. These ions were formed by reacting laser ablated M+ ions with oxirane (ethylene oxide, c-C2H4O) in a room-temperature ion trap. IRMPD spectra for the Ru species exhibit one major band and two side bands, whereas spectra for the Rh species contain more distinct bands. Comparison with density functional theory (DFT), coupled-cluster (CCSD), and equation-of-motion spin-flip CCSD (EOM-SF-CCSD) calculations allows assignment of the [M,C,2H]+ structures. For the spectrum of [Ru,C,2H]+, a combination of HRuCH+ and RuCH2+ structures reproduces the observed spectrum at all levels of theory. The well-resolved spectrum of [Rh,C,2H]+ could not be assigned unambiguously to any calculated structure using DFT approaches. The EOM-SF-CCSD calculations showed that the ground-state surface has multireference electronic character, and symmetric carbenes in both the 1A1 and 3A2 states are needed to reproduce the observed spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank J Wensink
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, HFML-FELIX, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Corry E Smink
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, HFML-FELIX, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Brandon C Stevenson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA.
| | - Ryan P Steele
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA.
| | - Joost M Bakker
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, HFML-FELIX, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - P B Armentrout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA.
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4
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Wensink FJ, Smink CE, Armentrout PB, Bakker JM. IR spectroscopic characterization of 3d transition metal carbene cations, FeCH 2+ and CoCH 2+: periodic trends and a challenge for DFT approaches. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:9948-9962. [PMID: 38497938 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00026a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
A combination of IR multiple-photon dissociation (IRMPD) action spectroscopy and quantum chemical calculations was employed to investigate the [M,C,2H]+ (M = Fe and Co) species. These were formed by reacting laser ablated M+ ions with oxirane (ethylene oxide, c-C2H4O) in a room temperature ion trap. IRMPD spectra for the Fe and Co species are very similar and exhibit one major band. Comparison with density functional theory (DFT) and coupled cluster with single and double excitations (CCSD) calculations allows assignment of the spectra to MCH2+ carbene structures. For these 3d transition metal systems, experimental IRMPD spectra compare relatively poorly with DFT calculated IR spectra, but CCSD calculated spectra are a much better match primarily because the M-C stretch gains significant intensity. The origins of this behavior are explored in some detail. The present results are also compared to previous results for the 4d and 5d congeners and the periodic trends in these structures are evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank J Wensink
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Corry E Smink
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - P B Armentrout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA.
| | - Joost M Bakker
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Ding YQ, Zhang FX, Li Y, Ma JB. Manipulating Reactivity of Ir(CH 2) 0-2+ Cations toward Dinitrogen at Room Temperature: A Unique Dependence on the Organic Ligand Structures. J Phys Chem A 2024; 128:449-455. [PMID: 38174707 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c07579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N2) activation at room temperature has long been a great challenge. Therefore, the rational design of reactive species to adsorb N2, which is a prerequisite for cleavage of the strong N≡N triple bond in industrial and biological processes, is highly desirable and meaningful. Herein, the N2 adsorption process is controlled by regulating the types and numbers of organic ligands, and the organic ligands are produced through the reactions of Ir+ with methane and ethane. CH4 molecules dissociate on the Ir+ cations to form Ir(CH2)1,2+. The reaction of Ir+ with C2H6 can generate HIrC2H3+, which is different from the structure of Ir(CH2)2+ obtained from Ir+/CH4. The reactivity order of N2 adsorption is Ir(CH2)2+ > HIrC2H3+ ≫ HIrCH+ ≈ Ir+ (almost inert under similar reaction conditions), indicating that different organic ligand structures affect reactivity dramatically. The main reason for this interesting reactivity difference is that the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) level of Ir(CH2)2+ is much closer to the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) level of N2 than those of the other three systems. This study provides new insights into the adsorption of N2 on metal-organic ligand species, in which the organic ligand dominates the reactivity, and it discovers new clues in designing effective transition metal carbine species for N2 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Qi Ding
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Pollutant Analysis & Reuse Technology, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hubei Normal University, Huangshi 435002, P. R. China
| | - Feng-Xiang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Ying Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Jia-Bi Ma
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, China
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6
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Armentrout PB. Quantitative Aspects of Gas-Phase Metal Ion Chemistry: Conservation of Spin, Participation of f Orbitals, and C-H Activation and C-C Coupling. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:9641-9653. [PMID: 37957118 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c06023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
In this Featured Article, I reflect on over 40 years of guided ion beam tandem mass spectrometry (GIBMS) studies involving atomic metal cations and their clusters throughout the periodic table. Studies that have considered the role of spin conservation (or lack thereof) are a primary focus with a quantitative assessment of the effects examined. A need for state-specific studies of heavier elements is noted, as is a more quantitative assessment of spin-orbit interactions in reactivity. Because GIBMS experiments explicitly evaluate the kinetic energy dependence of reactions over a wide range, several interesting and unusual observations are highlighted. More detailed studies of such unusual reaction events would be welcome. Activation of C-H bonds and ensuing C-C coupling events are reviewed, with future work encouraged. Finally, studies of lanthanides and actinides are examined with an eye on understanding the role of f orbitals in the chemistry, both as participants (or not) in the bonding and as sources/sinks of electron density. This area seems to be ripe for more quantitative experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Armentrout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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7
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Li S, Qian C, Wu XN, Zhou S. On the performance of the M-C (M = Fe, Ru, Os) unit toward methane activation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:24287-24292. [PMID: 37665250 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp02894a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Gas-phase reactions of [MC]+ (M = Os and Ru) with methane at ambient temperature have been studied by using quadrupole-ion trap (Q-IT) mass spectrometry combined with quantum chemical calculations. Theoretical calculations reveal the influence of electronic signatures and that it is the energy gap of the associated frontier molecular orbitals that dominates the ability of the cluster in the initial H3C-H bond breaking. By extension, a theoretical consideration upon changing the ligand from carbide to carbyne and eventually to carbene reveals that the reactivities of the M-complex (M = Os, Ru and Fe) are determined by the energy gap of the involved orbitals. In addition, a few factors like the dipole moment, spin density and charge distributions influence the orbital energy gap to different extents. Thus, altering the local structure of the active center to modulate the orbital distribution may be a possible means of regulation of the activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihan Li
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Provincial Innovation Center of Advanced Chemicals Technology, Institute of Zhejiang University - Quzhou, Quzhou 324000, P. R. China.
| | - Chao Qian
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Provincial Innovation Center of Advanced Chemicals Technology, Institute of Zhejiang University - Quzhou, Quzhou 324000, P. R. China.
| | - Xiao-Nan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China.
| | - Shaodong Zhou
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Chemical Engineering Manufacture Technology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, P. R. China
- Zhejiang Provincial Innovation Center of Advanced Chemicals Technology, Institute of Zhejiang University - Quzhou, Quzhou 324000, P. R. China.
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8
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Meta M, Huber ME, Michaelsen T, Ayasli A, Ončák M, Wester R, Meyer J. Dynamics of the Oxygen Atom Transfer Reaction between Carbon Dioxide and the Tantalum Cation. J Phys Chem Lett 2023:5524-5530. [PMID: 37290113 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c01078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The understanding of fundamental atomic-level processes often requires well-defined model systems. The oxygen atom transfer from CO2 to a transition metal cation in the gas phase presents such a model system. We investigate the reaction of Ta+ + CO2 for which the formation of TaO+ is highly efficient and attributed to multistate reactivity. Here, we study the atomistic dynamics of the oxygen atom transfer reaction by recording experimental energy and angle differential cross sections by crossed beam velocity map imaging supported by ab initio quantum chemical calculations. Product ion velocity distributions are dominated by signatures for indirect dynamics, despite the reaction being highly exothermic. Product kinetic energy distributions show little dependence on additional collision energy even with only four atoms involved, which hints at dynamical trapping behind a submerged barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Meta
- Fachbereich Chemie und Forschungszentrum OPTIMAS, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Erwin-Schrödinger Straße 52, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Maximilian E Huber
- Fachbereich Chemie und Forschungszentrum OPTIMAS, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Erwin-Schrödinger Straße 52, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Tim Michaelsen
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Atilay Ayasli
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Milan Ončák
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Roland Wester
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Jennifer Meyer
- Fachbereich Chemie und Forschungszentrum OPTIMAS, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Erwin-Schrödinger Straße 52, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
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9
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Li W, Ding N, Ding X, Wu X. The study on gas phase dehydrogenation reactions of transition metal cation and ethylene. Mol Phys 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2023.2179349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, North China Electric Power University, Huilongguan, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Clusters and Low Dimensional Nanomaterials, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ning Ding
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, North China Electric Power University, Huilongguan, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Clusters and Low Dimensional Nanomaterials, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xunlei Ding
- Department of Mathematics and Physics, North China Electric Power University, Huilongguan, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Clusters and Low Dimensional Nanomaterials, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaonan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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Lengyel J, Levin N, Ončák M, Jakob K, Tschurl M, Heiz U. Direct Coupling of Methane and Carbon Dioxide on Tantalum Cluster Cations. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203259. [PMID: 36404276 PMCID: PMC10107500 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Understanding molecular-scale reaction mechanisms is crucial for the design of modern catalysts with industrial prospect. Through joint experimental and computational studies, we investigate the direct coupling reaction of CH4 and CO2 , two abundant greenhouse gases, mediated by Ta1,4 + ions to form larger oxygenated hydrocarbons. Coherent with proposed elementary steps, we expose products of CH4 dehydrogenation [Ta1,4 CH2 ]+ to CO2 in a ring electrode ion trap. Product analysis and reaction kinetics indicate a predisposition of the tetramers for C-O coupling with a conversion to products of CH2 O, whereas atomic cations enable C-C coupling yielding CH2 CO. Selected experimental findings are supported by thermodynamic computations, connecting structure, electronic properties, and catalyst function. Moreover, the study of bare Ta1,4 + compounds indicates that methane dehydrogenation is a significant initial step in the direct coupling reaction, enabling new, yet unknown reaction pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozef Lengyel
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Nikita Levin
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Milan Ončák
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Konstantin Jakob
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Martin Tschurl
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Ueli Heiz
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
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11
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He CC, Hamlow LA, Roy HA, Devereaux ZJ, Hasan MA, Israel E, Cunningham NA, Martens J, Berden G, Oomens J, Rodgers MT. Structural Determination of Lysine-Linked Cisplatin Complexes via IRMPD Action Spectroscopy: NN s and NO - Binding Modes of Lysine to Platinum Coexist. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:9246-9260. [PMID: 36326184 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c06234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Despite its success as an anticancer drug, cisplatin suffers from resistance and produces side effects. To overcome these limitations, amino-acid-linked cisplatin analogues have been investigated. Lysine-linked cisplatin, Lysplatin, (Lys)PtCl2, exhibited outstanding reactivity toward DNA and RNA that differs from that of cisplatin. To gain insight into its differing reactivity, the structure of Lysplatin is examined here using infrared multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD) action spectroscopy. To probe the influence of the local chemical environment on structure, the deprotonated and sodium-cationized Lysplatin complexes are examined. Electronic structure calculations are performed to explore possible modes of binding of Lys to Pt, their relative stabilities, and to predict their infrared spectra. Comparisons of the measured IRMPD and predicted IR spectra elucidate the structures contributing to the experimental spectra. Coexistence of two modes of binding of Lys to Pt is found where Lys binds via the backbone and side-chain amino nitrogen atoms, NNs, or to the backbone amino and carboxylate oxygen atoms, NO-. Glycine-linked cisplatin and arginine-linked cisplatin complexes have previously been found to bind only via the NO- binding mode. Present results suggest that the NNs binding conformers may be key to the outstanding reactivity of Lysplatin toward DNA and RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C He
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - L A Hamlow
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - H A Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - Zachary J Devereaux
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - M A Hasan
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - E Israel
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - N A Cunningham
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
| | - J Martens
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - G Berden
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - J Oomens
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M T Rodgers
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
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12
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Lushchikova OV, Reijmer S, Armentrout PB, Bakker JM. IR Spectroscopic Characterization of Methane Adsorption on Copper Clusters Cu n+ ( n = 2-4). JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2022; 33:1393-1400. [PMID: 35411768 PMCID: PMC9354255 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of CH4 with cationic copper clusters has been studied with infrared-multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD) spectroscopy. Cun+ (n = 2-4) formed by laser ablation were reacted with CH4. The formed complexes were irradiated with the IR light of the free-electron laser for intracavity experiments (FELICE), and the fragments were mass-analyzed with a reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometer. The structures of the Cun+-CH4 complexes are assigned on the basis of comparison between the resulting IRMPD spectra to spectra of different isomers calculated with density functional theory (DFT). For all sizes n, the structure found is one with molecularly adsorbed CH4. Only slight deformations of the CH4 molecule have been identified upon adsorption on the clusters, which results in redshifts of the spectroscopic bands. This deformation can be explained by charge transfer from the cluster to the adsorbed methane molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga V. Lushchikova
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Institut
für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stijn Reijmer
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - P. B. Armentrout
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Joost M. Bakker
- Institute
for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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13
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Wensink FJ, Roos N, Bakker JM, Armentrout PB. C-H Bond Activation and C-C Coupling of Methane on a Single Cationic Platinum Center: A Spectroscopic and Theoretical Study. Inorg Chem 2022; 61:11252-11260. [PMID: 35819891 PMCID: PMC9326971 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.2c01328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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We spectroscopically investigated the activation products
resulting
from reacting one and multiple methane molecules with Pt+ ions. Pt+ ions were formed by laser ablation of a metal
target and were cooled to the electronic ground state in a supersonic
expansion. The ions were then transferred to a room temperature ion
trap, where they were reacted with methane at various partial pressures
in an argon buffer gas. Product masses observed were [Pt,C,2H]+, [Pt,2C,4H]+, [Pt,4C,8H]+, and [Pt,2C,O,6H]+, which were mass-isolated and characterized using infrared
multiple-photon dissociation (IRMPD) spectroscopy employing the free
electron laser for intra-cavity experiments (FELICE). The spectra
for [Pt,2C,4H]+ and [Pt,4C,8H]+ have several
well-defined bands and, when compared to density functional theory-calculated
spectra for several possible product structures, lead to unambiguous
assignments to species with ethene ligands, proving Pt+-mediated C–C coupling involving up to four methane molecules.
These findings contrast with earlier experiments where Pt+ ions were reacted in a flow-tube type reaction channel at significantly
higher pressures of helium buffer gas, resulting in the formation
of a Pt(CH3)2+ product. Our DFT calculations
show a reaction barrier of +0.16 eV relative to the PtCH2+ + CH4 reactants that are required for C–C
coupling. The different outcomes in the two experiments suggest that
the higher pressure in the earlier work could kinetically trap the
dimethyl product, whereas the lower pressure and longer residence
times in the ion trap permit the reaction to proceed, resulting in
ethene formation and dihydrogen elimination. Methane is reacted with gas-phase atomic
platinum cations
in a room temperature ion trap, and the resulting product ions are
characterized using IR light of the Free Electron Laser for Intra-Cavity
Experiments (FELICE). We observed the formation of PtCH2+, Pt(ethene)+, and Pt(ethene)2+. These findings demonstrate the C−H bond activation
and C−C coupling of methane molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank J Wensink
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, Nijmegen 6525 ED, The Netherlands
| | - Noa Roos
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, Nijmegen 6525 ED, The Netherlands
| | - Joost M Bakker
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7, Nijmegen 6525 ED, The Netherlands
| | - P B Armentrout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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14
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Roithová J, Bakker JM. Ion spectroscopy in methane activation. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2022; 41:513-528. [PMID: 34008884 PMCID: PMC9292810 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
This review is devoted to ion spectroscopy studies of complexes relevant for the understanding of methane activation with metal ions and clusters. Methane activation starts with the formation of a complex with a metal ion. The degree of the interaction between an intact methane molecule and the ion can be monitored by the perturbations of C-H stretch vibrations in the methane molecule. Binding mediated by the electrostatic interaction results in a η3 type coordination of methane. In contrast, binding governed by orbital interactions results in a η2 type coordination of methane. We further review the spectroscopic characterization of activation products of metal-methane reactions, such as the metal-carbene and carbyne products resulting from the interaction of selected 5d metals with methane. The focus of recent research in the field has shifted towards the investigation of interactions between methane and metal clusters. We show examples highlighting that metal clusters can be more reactive in methane activation reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Roithová
- Department of Spectroscopy and CatalysisRadboud University NijmegenNijmegenThe Netherlands
| | - Joost M. Bakker
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and MaterialsFELIX LaboratoryNijmegenThe Netherlands
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15
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Shen X, Wu D, Fu XZ, Luo JL. Highly selective conversion of methane to ethanol over CuFe2O4-carbon nanotube catalysts at low temperature. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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16
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Rehbein SM, Kania MJ, Neufeldt SR. Experimental and Computational Evaluation of Tantalocene Hydrides for C–H Activation of Arenes. Organometallics 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.1c00308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven M. Rehbein
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Matthew J. Kania
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
| | - Sharon R. Neufeldt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, United States
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17
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Eckhard JF, Masubuchi T, Tschurl M, Barnett RN, Landman U, Heiz U. Room-Temperature Methane Activation Mediated by Free Tantalum Cluster Cations: Size-by-Size Reactivity. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:5289-5302. [PMID: 34128681 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c02384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The energetics of small cationic tantalum clusters and their gas-phase adsorption and dehydrogenation reaction pathways with methane are investigated with ion-trap experiments and spin-density-functional-theory calculations. Tan+ clusters are exposed to methane under multicollision conditions in a cryogenic ring electrode ion-trap. The cluster size affects the reaction efficiency and the number of consecutively dehydrogenated methane molecules. Small clusters (n = 1-4) dehydrogenate CH4 and concurrently eliminate H2, while larger clusters (n > 4) demonstrate only molecular adsorption of methane. Unique behavior is found for the Ta+ cation, which dehydrogenates consecutively up to four CH4 molecules and is predicted theoretically to promote formation of a [Ta(CH2-CH2-CH2)(CH2)]+ product, exhibiting C-C coupled groups. Underlying mechanisms, including reaction-enhancing couplings between potential energy surfaces of different spin-multiplicities, are uncovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan F Eckhard
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie, Chemistry Department & Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Tsugunosuke Masubuchi
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie, Chemistry Department & Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Martin Tschurl
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie, Chemistry Department & Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Robert N Barnett
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0430, United States
| | - Uzi Landman
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0430, United States
| | - Ueli Heiz
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie, Chemistry Department & Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstrasse 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
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18
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Sader S, Miliordos E. Methane to Methanol Conversion Facilitated by Anionic Transition Metal Centers: The Case of Fe, Ni, Pd, and Pt. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:2364-2373. [PMID: 33710883 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c10577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Density functional theory and high-level ab initio electronic structure calculations are performed to study the mechanism of the partial oxidation of methane to methanol facilitated by the titled anionic transition metal atoms. The energy landscape for the overall reaction M- + N2O + CH4 → M- + N2 + CH3OH (M = Fe, Ni, Pd, Pt) is constructed for different reaction pathways for all four metals. The comparison with earlier experimental and theoretical results for cationic centers demonstrates the better performance of the metal anions. The main advantage is that anionic centers interact weakly with the produced methanol. This fact facilitates the fast removal of methanol from the catalytic center and prevents the overoxidation of methane. Moreover, a moderate or high energy barrier for the M- + CH4 → HMCH3- reaction step is observed, which protects the metal center from deactivation. Future work should focus on the identification of proper ligands, which stabilize the negative charge on the metal (electronic factors) and prevent the formation of the global CH3MOH- minimum (steric factors). Finally, a composite electronic structure method (combining size extensive coupled clusters approaches and accurate multireference configuration interaction) is proposed for computationally demanding systems and is applied to Fe-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safaa Sader
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Evangelos Miliordos
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
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19
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Wiersma SD, Candian A, Bakker JM, Berden G, Eyler JR, Oomens J, Tielens AGGM, Petrignani A. IR photofragmentation of the phenyl cation: spectroscopy and fragmentation pathways. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:4334-4343. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp05554a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We present the gas-phase infrared spectra of the phenyl cation, phenylium, in its perprotio (C6H5+) and perdeutero (C6D5+) forms, in the 260–1925 cm−1 (5.2–38 μm) spectral range, and investigate the observed photofragmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra D. Wiersma
- Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
- University of Amsterdam
- Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
- Radboud University
| | - Alessandra Candian
- Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
- University of Amsterdam
- Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
| | - Joost M. Bakker
- Radboud University
- Institute for Molecules and Materials
- FELIX Laboratory
- 6525 ED Nijmegen
- The Netherlands
| | - Giel Berden
- Radboud University
- Institute for Molecules and Materials
- FELIX Laboratory
- 6525 ED Nijmegen
- The Netherlands
| | - John R. Eyler
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Florida
- Gainesville
- USA
| | - Jos Oomens
- Radboud University
- Institute for Molecules and Materials
- FELIX Laboratory
- 6525 ED Nijmegen
- The Netherlands
| | | | - Annemieke Petrignani
- Van’t Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences
- University of Amsterdam
- Amsterdam
- The Netherlands
- Leiden Observatory
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20
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Li Y, Wang M, Ding YQ, Zhao CY, Ma JB. Consecutive methane activation mediated by single metal boride cluster anions NbB 4. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:12592-12599. [PMID: 34047332 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01418h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cleavage of all C-H bonds in two methane molecules by gas-phase cluster ions at room temperature is a challenging task. Herein, mass spectrometry and quantum chemical calculations have been used to identify one single metal boride cluster anions NbB4- that can activate eight C-H bonds in two methane molecules and release one H2 molecule each time under thermal collision conditions. In these consecutive reactions, the loaded Nb atoms and the support B4 units play different roles but act synergistically to activate CH4, which is responsible for the interesting reactivity of NbB4-. Moreover, there are some mechanistic differences in these two reactions, including the mechanisms for the first C-H bond activation steps, dihydrogen desorption sites, and major electron donors. This study shows that non-noble metal boride species are reactive enough to facilitate thermal C-H bond cleavages, and boron-based materials may be one kind of potential support material facilitating surface hydrogen transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, P. R. China.
| | - Ming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, P. R. China.
| | - Yong-Qi Ding
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, P. R. China.
| | - Chong-Yang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, P. R. China.
| | - Jia-Bi Ma
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science of Ministry of Education, Beijing Key Laboratory of Photoelectronic/Electrophotonic Conversion Materials, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 102488, P. R. China.
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21
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Lengyel J, Levin N, Wensink FJ, Lushchikova OV, Barnett RN, Landman U, Heiz U, Bakker JM, Tschurl M. Carbide Dihydrides: Carbonaceous Species Identified in Ta 4 + -Mediated Methane Dehydrogenation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:23631-23635. [PMID: 32966698 PMCID: PMC7814672 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202010794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The products of methane dehydrogenation by gas‐phase Ta4+ clusters are structurally characterized using infrared multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD) spectroscopy in conjunction with quantum chemical calculations. The obtained spectra of [4Ta,C,2H]+ reveal a dominance of vibrational bands of a H2Ta4C+ carbide dihydride structure over those indicative for a HTa4CH+ carbyne hydride one, as is unambiguously verified by studies employing various methane isotopologues. Because methane dehydrogenation by metal cations M+ typically leads to the formation of either MCH2+ carbene or HMCH+ carbyne hydride structures, the observation of a H2MC+ carbide dihydride structure implies that it is imperative to consider this often‐neglected class of carbonaceous intermediates in the reaction of metals with hydrocarbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozef Lengyel
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Nikita Levin
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Frank J Wensink
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7, 6525, ED, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Olga V Lushchikova
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7, 6525, ED, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert N Barnett
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Uzi Landman
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332, USA
| | - Ueli Heiz
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
| | - Joost M Bakker
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7, 6525, ED, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Tschurl
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748, Garching, Germany
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22
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Lengyel J, Levin N, Wensink FJ, Lushchikova OV, Barnett RN, Landman U, Heiz U, Bakker JM, Tschurl M. Carbid‐Dihydride: kohlenstoffhaltige Spezies identifiziert in der Ta
4
+
‐vermittelten Methandehydrierung. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202010794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jozef Lengyel
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Deutschland
| | - Nikita Levin
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Deutschland
| | - Frank J. Wensink
- Radboud University Institute for Molecules and Materials FELIX Laboratory Toernooiveld 7 6525 ED Nijmegen Niederlande
| | - Olga V. Lushchikova
- Radboud University Institute for Molecules and Materials FELIX Laboratory Toernooiveld 7 6525 ED Nijmegen Niederlande
| | - Robert N. Barnett
- School of Physics Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Uzi Landman
- School of Physics Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Ueli Heiz
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Deutschland
| | - Joost M. Bakker
- Radboud University Institute for Molecules and Materials FELIX Laboratory Toernooiveld 7 6525 ED Nijmegen Niederlande
| | - Martin Tschurl
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 4 85748 Garching Deutschland
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23
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Li W, Wu X, Liu Z, Wu H, Zhang D, Ding X. C/C Exchange in Activation/Coupling Reaction of Acetylene and Methane Mediated by Os +: A Comparison with Ir +, Pt +, and Au . J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:8346-8351. [PMID: 32885973 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c02068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The activation and coupling reactions of methane and acetylene mediated by M+ (M = Os, Ir, Pt, and Au) have been comparatively studied at room temperature by the techniques of mass spectrometry in conjunction with theoretical calculations. Studies have shown that Os+ and Ir+ can mediate the activation/coupling reaction of CH4 and C2H2, while Pt+ and Au+ cannot, which could be explained by the number of empty valence orbitals in the metal atom. In addition, there are different competition channels for the reaction mediated by Os+ and Ir+: an expected dehydrogenation and an unexpected C/C exchange. We find that if the rare C/C exchange reaction takes place, there are symmetric carbon atoms in the reaction intermediate and the C/C exchange reaction is favored kinetically. The C/C exchange reaction must be considered, which will affect the yield of the products in the primary reaction. This study shows the molecular-level mechanisms which include the C/C exchange reaction in the activation and coupling reaction of organic compounds mediated by different metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- School of Mathematics and Physics, North China Electric Power University, Beinong Road 2, Huilongguan, Beijing 102206, China
- Institute of Clusters and Low Dimensional Nanomaterials, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xiaonan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zizhuang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hechen Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Di Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xunlei Ding
- School of Mathematics and Physics, North China Electric Power University, Beinong Road 2, Huilongguan, Beijing 102206, China
- Institute of Clusters and Low Dimensional Nanomaterials, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
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24
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Kozubal J, Heck T, Metz RB. Vibrational Spectroscopy of Intermediates and C–H Activation Products of Sequential Zr+ Reactions with CH4. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:8235-8245. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c07027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justine Kozubal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Tristan Heck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Ricardo B. Metz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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25
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Liu Z, Li Z, Li G, Wang Z, Lai C, Wang X, Pidko EA, Xiao C, Wang F, Li G, Yang X. Single-Atom Pt + Derived from the Laser Dissociation of a Platinum Cluster: Insights into Nonoxidative Alkane Conversion. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:5987-5991. [PMID: 32633522 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we construct a 193 nm ultraviolet laser dissociation high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) platform to produce Pt+ cations with high efficiency, which is in situ applied for monitoring the "Pt+ + alkanes" reactions (where alkanes include methane, ethane, and propane). The conversion intermediates and products could be accurately determined by an orbitrap detector with high resolution (up to 150 000). Importantly, methane conversion by Pt+ cations yields [Pt + ethane]+ and [Pt + ethylene]+ as the sole products formed via the cross-coupling reaction of the Pt-CH2 intermediate with gaseous methane. However, the Pt+ cations promote only the nonoxidative dehydrogenation of ethane and propane to give the corresponding [Pt + alkenes]+ and [Pt + alkynes]+. The details of the reaction mechanism are corroborated by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. These results highlight the power of HRMS with the laser dissociation of metal clusters in the generation and reaction characterization of metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhimin Li
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guanna Li
- Inorganic Systems Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Evgeny A Pidko
- Inorganic Systems Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | | | - Fanjun Wang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Gao Li
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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26
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Bersenkowitsch NK, Ončák M, Heller J, Pascher TF, van der Linde C, Beyer MK. Evidence for lactone formation during infrared multiple photon dissociation spectroscopy of bromoalkanoate doped salt clusters. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:12028-12038. [PMID: 32421138 PMCID: PMC7116335 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp00272k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Reaction mechanisms of organic molecules in a salt environment are of
fundamental interest and are potentially relevant for atmospheric chemistry, in
particular sea-salt aerosols. Here, we found evidence for lactone formation upon
infrared multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD) of non-covalent bromoalkanoate
complexes as well as bromoalkanoate embedded in sodium iodide clusters. The
mechanism of lactone formation from bromoalkanoates of different chain lengths
is studied in the gas phase with and without salt environment by a combination
of IRMPD and quantum chemical calculations. IRMPD spectra are recorded in the
833-3846 cmT1 range by
irradiating the clusters with tunable laser systems while they are stored in the
cell of a Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) mass spectrometer.
The measurements of the binary complex
Br(CH2)mCOOH·Br(CH2)mCOO- for
m = 4 indicate valerolactone formation without salt
environment while lactone formation is hindered for longer chain lengths. When
embedded in sodium iodide clusters, butyrolactone formation from 4-bromobutyrate
seems to take place already during formation of the doped clusters in the
electrospray process, evidenced by the infrared (IR) signature of the lactone.
In contrast, IRMPD spectra of sodium iodide clusters containing 5-bromovalerate
contain signatures for both valerate as well as valerolactone. In both cases,
however, a neutral fragment corresponding to the mass of valerolactone is
eliminated, indicating that ring formation can be activated by IR light in the
salt cluster. Quantum chemical calculations show that already complexation with
one sodium ion significantly increases the barrier for lactone formation for all
chain lengths. IRMPD of sodium iodide clusters doped with neutral bromoalkanoic
acid molecules proceeds by elimination of HI or desorption of the intact acid
molecule from the cluster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina K Bersenkowitsch
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Milan Ončák
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Jakob Heller
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Tobias F Pascher
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Christian van der Linde
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Martin K Beyer
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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27
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Wang MM, Zhao YX, Ding XL, Li W, He SG. Methane activation by heteronuclear diatomic AuRh + cation: comparison with homonuclear Au 2+ and Rh 2. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:6231-6238. [PMID: 32129335 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp05699h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The ability to activate methane differs appreciably for different transition metals, and it is attractive to find the most suitable metal for the direct conversion of methane to value-added chemicals. Herein, we performed a comparative study on the reactions of CH4 with Au2+, AuRh+ and Rh2+ cations by mass-spectrometry based experiments and DFT-based theoretical analysis. Different reactivity has been found for these cations: Au2+ has the lowest reactivity, and it can activate methane but only produce H-Au2-CH3+ without H2 release; Rh2+ has the highest reactivity, and it can produce both carbene-type Rh2-CH2+ and carbyne-type H-Rh2-CH+ with H2 release; AuRh+ also has high reactivity to produce only AuRh-CH2+ with H2, avoiding the excessive dehydrogenation of CH4. Our theoretical results demonstrate that Rh is responsible for the high reactivity, while Au leads to selectivity, which may be caused by the unique intrinsic bonding properties of the metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Meng Wang
- School of Mathematics and Physics, North China Electric Power University, Beinong Road 2, Huilongguan, Beijing 102206, P. R. China.
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28
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Wu XN, Liu Z, Wu H, Zhang D, Li W, Huang Z, Wang G, Xu F, Ding CF, Zhou M. Reactions of Transition-Metal Carbyne Cations with Ethylene in the Gas Phase. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:2628-2633. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c00371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Nan Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zizhuang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hechen Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Di Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zejian Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Guanjun Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Fuxing Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chuan-fan Ding
- Department of Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Mingfei Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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29
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Levin N, Lengyel J, Eckhard JF, Tschurl M, Heiz U. Catalytic Non-Oxidative Coupling of Methane on Ta 8O 2.. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:5862-5869. [PMID: 32125833 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c01306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mass-selected Ta8O2+ cluster ions catalyze the transformation of methane in a gas-phase ion trap experiment via nonoxidative coupling into ethane and H2, which is a prospective reaction for the generation of valuable chemicals on an industrial scale. Systematic variation of the reaction conditions and the isotopic labeling of methane by deuterium allow for an unambiguous identification of a catalytic cycle. Comparison with the proposed catalytic cycle for tantalum-doped silica catalysts reveals surprising similarities as the mechanism of the C-C coupling step, but also peculiar differences like the mechanism of the eventual formation of molecular hydrogen and ethane. Therefore, this work not only supplies insights into the mechanisms of methane coupling reactions but also illustrates how the study of trapped ionic catalysts can contribute to the understanding of reactions, which are otherwise difficult to study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Levin
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Jozef Lengyel
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Jan F Eckhard
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Martin Tschurl
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Ueli Heiz
- Department of Chemistry and Catalysis Research Center, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
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30
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Armentrout PB, Stevenson BC, Yang F, Wensink FJ, Lushchikova OV, Bakker JM. Infrared Spectroscopy of Gold Carbene Cation (AuCH 2+): Covalent or Dative Bonding? J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:8932-8941. [PMID: 31542925 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b08049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The present work explores the structure of the gold carbene cation, AuCH2+, using infrared multiple photon dissociation action spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT). Unlike several other 5d transition-metal cations (M+ = Ta+, W+, Os+, Ir+, and Pt+) that react with methane by dehydrogenation to form MCH2+ species, gold cations are unreactive with methane at thermal energies. Instead, the metal carbene is formed by reacting atomic gold cations formed in a laser ablation source with ethylene oxide (cC2H4O) pulsed into a reaction channel downstream. The resulting [Au,C,2H]+ product photofragmented by loss of H2 as induced by radiation provided by the free-electron laser for intracavity experiments in the 300-1800 cm-1 range. Comparison of the experimental spectrum, obtained by monitoring the appearance of AuC+, and DFT calculated spectra leads to the identification of the ground-state carbene, AuCH2+ (1A1), as the species formed, as previously postulated theoretically. Unlike the covalent double bonds formed by the lighter, open-shell 5d transition metals, the closed-shell Au+ (1S, 5d10) atom binds to methylene by donation of a pair of electrons from CH2(1A1) into the empty 6s orbital of gold coupled with π back-bonding, i.e., dative bonding, as explored computationally. Contributions to the AuC+ appearance spectrum from larger complexes are also considered, and H2CAu+(c-C2H4O) seems likely to contribute one band observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Armentrout
- Department of Chemistry , University of Utah , 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020 , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112 , United States
| | - Brandon C Stevenson
- Department of Chemistry , University of Utah , 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020 , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112 , United States
| | - Fan Yang
- Department of Chemistry , University of Utah , 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020 , Salt Lake City , Utah 84112 , United States
| | - Frank J Wensink
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory , Radboud University , Toernooiveld 7 , 6525 ED Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - Olga V Lushchikova
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory , Radboud University , Toernooiveld 7 , 6525 ED Nijmegen , The Netherlands
| | - Joost M Bakker
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory , Radboud University , Toernooiveld 7 , 6525 ED Nijmegen , The Netherlands
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31
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Kozubal J, Heck TR, Metz RB. Vibrational Spectroscopy of Cr+(NH3)n (n = 1–6) Reveals Coordination and Hydrogen-Bonding Motifs. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:4929-4936. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b03196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justine Kozubal
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Tristan R. Heck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Ricardo B. Metz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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32
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Cao W, Zhang Y, Yang DS. La-mediated dehydrogenation and C C bond cleavage of 1,4-pentadiene and 1-pentyne: Spectroscopy and formation of La(C5H6) and La(C3H4) radicals. J Organomet Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2018.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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33
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Stotz H, Maier L, Boubnov A, Gremminger A, Grunwaldt JD, Deutschmann O. Surface reaction kinetics of methane oxidation over PdO. J Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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34
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Masubuchi T, Eckhard JF, Goddard G, Tschurl M, Heiz U. Thermal C–O coupling reactions of Ta methylene clusters [TanCH2]+ (n = 1, 4) with O2. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:20743-20749. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp02739d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cationic tantalum carbenes [TaCH2]+ and [Ta4CH2]+, products of methane dehydrogenation, are reacted with dioxygen in an ion trap. Detected products suggest a formation of value-added molecules originating from C–O coupling reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Masubuchi
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie, Chemistry Department & Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4
- Garching
- Germany
| | - J. F. Eckhard
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie, Chemistry Department & Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4
- Garching
- Germany
| | - G. Goddard
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie, Chemistry Department & Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4
- Garching
- Germany
| | - M. Tschurl
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie, Chemistry Department & Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4
- Garching
- Germany
| | - U. Heiz
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie, Chemistry Department & Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstr. 4
- Garching
- Germany
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35
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Chen YM, Wang LN, Chen JJ, Chen Q, Jiang LX, Zhao YX, Ding XL, He SG. Mechanistic Variants in Methane Activation Mediated by Gold(I) Supported on Silicon Oxide Clusters. Chemistry 2018; 24:17506-17512. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201803432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ming Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry, of Unstable and Stable Species; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- Department of Mathematics and Physics; North China Electric Power University; Beinong Road 2, Huilongguan Beijing 102206 P. R. China
| | - Li-Na Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry, of Unstable and Stable Species; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 P. R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS; Research/Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences; Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Jiao-Jiao Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry, of Unstable and Stable Species; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 P. R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS; Research/Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences; Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Qiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry, of Unstable and Stable Species; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS; Research/Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences; Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Li-Xue Jiang
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry, of Unstable and Stable Species; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 P. R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS; Research/Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences; Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Yan-Xia Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry, of Unstable and Stable Species; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS; Research/Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences; Beijing 100190 P. R. China
| | - Xun-Lei Ding
- Department of Mathematics and Physics; North China Electric Power University; Beinong Road 2, Huilongguan Beijing 102206 P. R. China
| | - Sheng-Gui He
- State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry, of Unstable and Stable Species; Institute of Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 P. R. China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS; Research/Education Center of Excellence in Molecular Sciences; Beijing 100190 P. R. China
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36
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Armentrout PB, Kuijpers SEJ, Lushchikova OV, Hightower RL, Boles GC, Bakker JM. Spectroscopic Identification of the Carbyne Hydride Structure of the Dehydrogenation Product of Methane Activation by Osmium Cations. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2018; 29:1781-1790. [PMID: 29633220 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-018-1929-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The present work explores the structures of species formed by dehydrogenation of methane (CH4) and perdeuterated methane (CD4) by the 5d transition metal cation osmium (Os+). Using infrared multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD) action spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT), the structures of the [Os,C,2H]+ and [Os,C,2D]+ products are explored. This study complements previous work on the related species formed by dehydrogenation of methane by four other 5d transition metal cations (M+ = Ta+, W+, Ir+, and Pt+). Osmium cations are formed in a laser ablation source, react with methane pulsed into a reaction channel downstream, and the resulting products spectroscopically characterized through photofragmentation using the Free-Electron Laser for IntraCavity Experiments (FELICE) in the 300-1800 cm-1 range. Photofragmentation was monitored by the loss of H2/D2. Comparison of the experimental spectra and DFT calculated spectra leads to identification of the ground state carbyne hydride, HOsCH+ (2A') as the species formed, as previously postulated theoretically. Further, a full description of the systematic spectroscopic shifts observed for deuterium labeling of these complexes, some of the smallest systems to be studied using IRMPD action spectroscopy, is achieved. A full rotational contour analysis explains the observed linewidths as well as the observation of doublet structures in several bands, consistent with previous observations for HIrCH+ (2A'). Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- P B Armentrout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA.
| | - Stach E J Kuijpers
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7c, 6525 ED, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Olga V Lushchikova
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7c, 6525 ED, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Randy L Hightower
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Georgia C Boles
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Joost M Bakker
- Radboud University, Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Toernooiveld 7c, 6525 ED, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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37
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Cao W, Zhang Y, Nyambo S, Yang DS. Spectroscopy and formation of lanthanum-hydrocarbon radicals formed by C—H and C—C bond activation of 1-pentene and 2-pentene. J Chem Phys 2018; 149:034303. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5022771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjin Cao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, USA
| | - Yuchen Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, USA
| | - Silver Nyambo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, USA
| | - Dong-Sheng Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, USA
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38
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Owen CJ, Boles GC, Chernyy V, Bakker JM, Armentrout PB. Structures of the dehydrogenation products of methane activation by 5d transition metal cations revisited: Deuterium labeling and rotational contours. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:044307. [PMID: 29390852 DOI: 10.1063/1.5016820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A previous infrared multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD) action spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT) study explored the structures of the [M,C,2H]+ products formed by dehydrogenation of methane by four, gas-phase 5d transition metal cations (M+ = Ta+, W+, Ir+, and Pt+). Complicating the analysis of these spectra for Ir and Pt was observation of an extra band in both spectra, not readily identified as a fundamental vibration. In an attempt to validate the assignment of these additional peaks, the present work examines the gas phase [M,C,2D]+ products of the same four metal ions formed by reaction with perdeuterated methane (CD4). As before, metal cations are formed in a laser ablation source and react with methane pulsed into a reaction channel downstream, and the resulting products are spectroscopically characterized through photofragmentation using the free-electron laser for intracavity experiments in the 350-1800 cm-1 range. Photofragmentation was monitored by the loss of D for [Ta,C,2D]+ and [W,C,2D]+ and of D2 in the case of [Pt,C,2D]+ and [Ir,C,2D]+. Comparison of the experimental spectra and DFT calculated spectra leads to structural assignments for all [M,C,2H/2D]+ systems that are consistent with previous identifications and allows a full description of the systematic spectroscopic shifts observed for deuterium labeling of these complexes, some of the smallest systems to be studied using IRMPD action spectroscopy. Further, full rotational contours are simulated for each vibrational band and explain several observations in the present spectra, such as doublet structures in several bands as well as the observed linewidths. The prominent extra bands in the [Pt,C,2D/2H]+ spectra appear to be most consistent with an overtone of the out-of-plane bending vibration of the metal carbene cation structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron J Owen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Georgia C Boles
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
| | - Valeriy Chernyy
- FELIX Laboratory, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7c, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Joost M Bakker
- FELIX Laboratory, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Toernooiveld 7c, 6525 ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - P B Armentrout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA
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39
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Cao W, Hewage D, Yang DS. Spectroscopy and formation of lanthanum-hydrocarbon radicals formed by association and carbon-carbon bond cleavage of isoprene. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:194302. [PMID: 30307187 DOI: 10.1063/1.5026899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
La atom reaction with isoprene is carried out in a laser-vaporization molecular beam source. The reaction yields an adduct as the major product and C-C cleaved and dehydrogenated species as the minor ones. La(C5H8), La(C2H2), and La(C3H4) are characterized with mass-analyzed threshold ionization (MATI) spectroscopy and quantum chemical computations. The MATI spectra of all three species exhibit a strong origin band and several weak vibronic bands corresponding to La-ligand stretch and ligand-based bend excitations. La(C5H8) is a five-membered metallacycle, whereas La(C2H2) and La(C3H4) are three-membered rings. All three metallacycles prefer a doublet ground state with a La 6s1-based valence electron configuration and a singlet ion. The five-membered metallacycle is formed through La addition and isoprene isomerization, whereas the two three-membered rings are produced by La addition and insertion, hydrogen migration, and carbon-carbon bond cleavage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjin Cao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, USA
| | - Dilrukshi Hewage
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, USA
| | - Dong-Sheng Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, USA
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40
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Cao W, Hewage D, Yang DS. Lanthanum-mediated dehydrogenation of butenes: Spectroscopy and formation of La(C4H6) isomers. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:044312. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5017615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjin Cao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, USA
| | - Dilrukshi Hewage
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, USA
| | - Dong-Sheng Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, USA
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41
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Lang SM, Bernhardt TM, Chernyy V, Bakker JM, Barnett RN, Landman U. Selective C−H Bond Cleavage in Methane by Small Gold Clusters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201706009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M. Lang
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis University of Ulm Albert-Einstein-Allee 47 89069 Ulm Germany
| | - Thorsten M. Bernhardt
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis University of Ulm Albert-Einstein-Allee 47 89069 Ulm Germany
| | - Valeriy Chernyy
- Institute for Molecules and Materials FELIX Laboratory Radboud University 6525 ED Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Joost M. Bakker
- Institute for Molecules and Materials FELIX Laboratory Radboud University 6525 ED Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Robert N. Barnett
- School of Physics Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta GA 30332-0430 USA
| | - Uzi Landman
- School of Physics Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta GA 30332-0430 USA
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Lang SM, Bernhardt TM, Chernyy V, Bakker JM, Barnett RN, Landman U. Selective C-H Bond Cleavage in Methane by Small Gold Clusters. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:13406-13410. [PMID: 28869784 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201706009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Methane represents the major constituent of natural gas. It is primarily used only as a source of energy by means of combustion, but could also serve as an abundant hydrocarbon feedstock for high quality chemicals. One of the major challenges in catalysis research nowadays is therefore the development of materials that selectively cleave one of the four C-H bonds of methane and thus make it amenable for further chemical conversion into valuable compounds. By employing infrared spectroscopy and first-principles calculations it is uncovered herein that the interaction of methane with small gold cluster cations leads to selective C-H bond dissociation and the formation of hydrido methyl complexes, H-Aux+ -CH3 . The distinctive selectivity offered by these gold clusters originates from a fine interplay between the closed-shell nature of the d states and relativistic effects in gold. Such fine balance in fundamental interactions could prove to be a tunable feature in the rational design of a catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M Lang
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89069, Ulm, Germany
| | - Thorsten M Bernhardt
- Institute of Surface Chemistry and Catalysis, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89069, Ulm, Germany
| | - Valeriy Chernyy
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, 6525, ED, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Joost M Bakker
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, FELIX Laboratory, Radboud University, 6525, ED, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert N Barnett
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0430, USA
| | - Uzi Landman
- School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, 30332-0430, USA
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43
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Cao W, Hewage D, Yang DS. Lanthanum-mediated dehydrogenation of 1- and 2-butynes: Spectroscopy and formation of La(C4H4) isomers. J Chem Phys 2017; 147:064303. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4997567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wenjin Cao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, USA
| | - Dilrukshi Hewage
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, USA
| | - Dong-Sheng Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, USA
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Hewage D, Cao W, Kumari S, Silva R, Li TH, Yang DS. Spectroscopy and formation of lanthanum-hydrocarbon radicals formed by C—C bond cleavage and coupling of propene. J Chem Phys 2017. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4982949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dilrukshi Hewage
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, USA
| | - Wenjin Cao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, USA
| | - Sudesh Kumari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, USA
| | - Ruchira Silva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, USA
| | - Tao Hong Li
- Department of Chemistry, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming 650224, China
| | - Dong-Sheng Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, USA
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45
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Zhou S, Li J, Schlangen M, Schwarz H. On the Origin of Reactivity Enhancement/Suppression upon Sequential Ligation: [Re(CO) x ] + /CH 4 (x=0-3) Couples. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:2951-2954. [PMID: 28140500 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201611826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The thermal gas-phase reactions of rhenium carbonyl complexes [Re(CO)x ]+ (x=0-3) with methane have been explored by using FT-ICR mass spectrometry complemented by high-level quantum chemical calculation. While it had been concluded in previous studies that addition of closed-shell ligands in general decreases the reactivity of metal ions, the current work provides an exception: the previously demonstrated inertness of atomic Re+ towards methane is completely changed upon ligation with CO. Both [Re(CO)]+ and [Re(CO)2 ]+ bring about efficient dehydrogenation of the hydrocarbon under ambient conditions. However, addition of a third ligand to form [Re(CO)3 ]+ completely quenches the reactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaodong Zhou
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jilai Li
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany.,Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130023, P.R. China
| | - Maria Schlangen
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
| | - Helmut Schwarz
- Institut für Chemie, Technische Universität Berlin, Strasse des 17. Juni 135, 10623, Berlin, Germany
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46
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Kumari S, Cao W, Hewage D, Silva R, Yang DS. Mass-analyzed threshold ionization spectroscopy of lanthanum-hydrocarbon radicals formed by C—H bond activation of propene. J Chem Phys 2017; 146:074305. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4976316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sudesh Kumari
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, USA
| | - Wenjin Cao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, USA
| | - Dilrukshi Hewage
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, USA
| | - Ruchira Silva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, USA
| | - Dong-Sheng Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, USA
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47
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Hewage D, Cao W, Kim JH, Wang Y, Liu Y, Yang DS. Spectroscopic Characterization of Nonconcerted [4 + 2] Cycloaddition of 1,3-Butadiene with Lanthanacyclopropene To Form Lanthanum–Benzene in the Gas Phase. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:1233-1239. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b12239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dilrukshi Hewage
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, United States
| | - Wenjin Cao
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, United States
| | - Jong Hyun Kim
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, United States
| | - Ya Wang
- MIIT
Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion
and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Yang Liu
- MIIT
Key Laboratory of Critical Materials Technology for New Energy Conversion
and Storage, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Dong-Sheng Yang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0055, United States
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48
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Zhou S, Li J, Schlangen M, Schwarz H. On the Origin of Reactivity Enhancement/Suppression upon Sequential Ligation: [Re(CO)
x
]+
/CH4
(x=
0-
3) Couples. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201611826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaodong Zhou
- Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Strasse des 17. Juni 135 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Jilai Li
- Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Strasse des 17. Juni 135 10623 Berlin Germany
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry; Jilin University; Changchun 130023 P.R. China
| | - Maria Schlangen
- Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Strasse des 17. Juni 135 10623 Berlin Germany
| | - Helmut Schwarz
- Institut für Chemie; Technische Universität Berlin; Strasse des 17. Juni 135 10623 Berlin Germany
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49
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixun Luo
- State
Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species,
Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - A. W. Castleman
- Departments
of Chemistry and Physics, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Shiv N. Khanna
- Department
of Physics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284, United States
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50
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Wheeler OW, Salem M, Gao A, Bakker JM, Armentrout PB. Activation of C-H Bonds in Pt(+) + x CH4 Reactions, where x = 1-4: Identification of the Platinum Dimethyl Cation. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:6216-27. [PMID: 27438025 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b05361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Activation of C-H bonds in the sequential reactions of Pt(+) + x(CH4/CD4), where x = 1-4, have been investigated using infrared multiple photon dissociation (IRMPD) spectroscopy and theoretical calculations. Pt(+) cations are formed by laser ablation and exposed to controlled amounts of CH4/CD4 leading to [Pt,xC,(4x-2)H/D](+) dehydrogenation products. Irradiation of these products in the 400-2100 cm(-1) range leads to CH4/CD4 loss from the x = 3 and 4 products, whereas PtCH2(+)/PtCD2(+) products do not decompose at all, and x = 2 products dissociate only when formed from a higher order product. The structures of these complexes were explored theoretically at several levels of theory with three different basis sets. Comparison of the experimental and theoretical results indicate that the species formed have a Pt(CH3)2(+)(CH4)x-2/Pt(CD3)2(+)(CD4)x-2 binding motif for x = 2-4. Thus, reaction of Pt(+) with methane occurs by C-H bond activation to form PtCH2(+), which reacts with an additional methane molecule by C-H bond activation to form the platinum dimethyl cation. This proposed reaction mechanism is consistent with theoretical explorations of the potential energy surface for reactions of Pt(+) with one and two methane molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar W Wheeler
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah , 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Michelle Salem
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah , 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Amanda Gao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah , 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Joost M Bakker
- FELIX Laboratory, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University , Toernooiveld 7c, 6525ED Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - P B Armentrout
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah , 315 South 1400 East, Room 2020, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
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