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Henkel C, Hüffer T, Peng R, Gao X, Ghoshal S, Hofmann T. Photoaging enhances the leaching of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and transformation products from polyvinyl chloride microplastics into aquatic environments. Commun Chem 2024; 7:218. [PMID: 39333700 PMCID: PMC11436666 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-024-01310-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2024] [Accepted: 09/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Increasing chemical pollution is a threat to sustainable water resources worldwide. Plastics and harmful additives released from plastics add to this burden and might pose a risk to aquatic organisms, and human health. Phthalates, which are common plasticizers and endocrine-disrupting chemicals, are released from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) microplastics and are a cause of concern. Therefore, the leaching kinetics of additives, including the influence of environmental weathering, are key to assessing exposure concentrations but remain largely unknown. We show that photoaging strongly enhances the leaching rates of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) by a factor of 1.5, and newly-formed harmful transformation products, such as mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP), phthalic acid, and phthalic anhydride from PVC microplastics into the aquatic environment. Leaching half-lives of DEHP reduced from 449 years for pristine PVC to 121 years for photoaged PVC. Aqueous boundary layer diffusion (ABLD) is the limiting mass transfer process for the release of DEHP from pristine and photoaged PVC microplastics. The leaching of transformation products is limited by intraparticle diffusion (IPD). The calculated mass transfer rates can be used to predict exposure concentrations of harmful additives in the aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Henkel
- University of Vienna, Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Department for Environmental Geosciences, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- University of Vienna, Doctoral School in Microbiology and Environmental Science, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030, Vienna, Austria
- University of Vienna, Research Platform Plastics in the Environment and Society (Plenty), Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- McGill University, Department of Civil Engineering, 817 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0C3, Canada
| | - Thorsten Hüffer
- University of Vienna, Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Department for Environmental Geosciences, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
- University of Vienna, Research Platform Plastics in the Environment and Society (Plenty), Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Ruoting Peng
- University of Vienna, Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Department for Environmental Geosciences, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, 1090, Vienna, Austria
- University of Vienna, Doctoral School in Microbiology and Environmental Science, Djerassiplatz 1, 1030, Vienna, Austria
| | - Xiaoyu Gao
- McGill University, Department of Civil Engineering, 817 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0C3, Canada
| | - Subhasis Ghoshal
- McGill University, Department of Civil Engineering, 817 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0C3, Canada
| | - Thilo Hofmann
- University of Vienna, Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Department for Environmental Geosciences, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
- University of Vienna, Research Platform Plastics in the Environment and Society (Plenty), Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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Peng X, Li X, Zhou J, Tan J, Chen G, Zhu Z, Yang T. Beyond plastic pollution: Unveiling chemical release from plastic debris in river water and seawater using non-target screening. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 267:122515. [PMID: 39340868 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.122515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 09/01/2024] [Accepted: 09/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024]
Abstract
Oceans and rivers are predominant sinks, reservoirs, and carriers of plastic debris that are proposed to be long term sources of a variety of contaminants in the environments. This research unveiled kinetics of chemical releases from plastic debris in freshwater and marine environment via artificial river water (ARW) and seawater (ASW) in combination of nontarget screening. Chemical leaching from PVC cord particles in the ARW and ASW basically followed the first order kinetics, reaching pseudo-equilibrium in 30d and 14d, respectively, associated with both particle surface - water partitioning and inner-particle diffusion of chemicals. Dissolved organic carbon, finer size, and weathering of plastic particles might enhance whereas metal ions potentially hinder chemical releases from plastic debris in waters, respectively. Salinity and pH showed moderate effects on chemical leaching. In addition, chemicals' physiochemical properties might also affect their leaching behavior. Hundreds to thousands of chemicals would be released from plastic debris in days once entering waters, among which > 80% were unknown with rare or no information about eco-toxicity and environmental fate, posing unpredicted risks to the environment. Furthermore, new chemicals may keep being released with increasing weathering and extending retention time of plastics in waters, leading to increases in both numbers and complexities of released chemicals. Chemical leaching from plastics showed product-dependence and certain differences in freshwater and seawater. Large numbers of unknown chemicals potentially released from plastic debris in rivers, lakes, and oceans and subsequent environmental risks warrant in-depth research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianzhi Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Xinling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jianhua Tan
- Guangzhou Quality Supervision and Testing Institute, Guangzhou, 510050, China
| | - Guangshi Chen
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhanjiang), Zhanjiang, 524054, China
| | - Zewen Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Tao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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Wesgate R, Bentley K, Stanton R, Maddalena R, Khosravi C, Teska P, Duggan K, Maillard JY. Impact of artificial accelerated ageing of PVC surfaces and surface degradation on disinfectant efficacy. J Hosp Infect 2024; 149:1-13. [PMID: 38734184 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2023.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Standardized efficacy surface tests for disinfectants are performed on pristine surfaces. There is a growing interest in understanding the impact of surface ageing on disinfectant activity, owing for example to the increased usage of ultraviolet (UV) radiation and oxidative chemistries for surface decontamination. This acknowledges that general surface 'wear and tear' following UV radiation and oxidative biocide exposure may impact biocidal product efficacy. METHODS PVC surfaces were aged through thermal and UV-A radiation (340 nm wavelength) following the use of standard ageing surface protocols to simulate natural surface degradation. Surface roughness, contact angle and scanning electron microscopy were performed to evaluate physical changes in PVC surfaces before and after artificial ageing. The efficacy of five pre-impregnated disinfectant wipes were evaluated using the ASTM E2967-15 on stainless-steel (control) and PVC surfaces (aged and non-aged). RESULTS The type of formulation and the organism tested remained the most significant factors impacting disinfectant efficacy, compared with surface type. Both thermal ageing and UV-A exposure of PVC surfaces clearly showed signs of surface degradation, notably an increase in surface roughness. Physical changes were observed in the roughness of PVC after artificial ageing. A difference in disinfectant efficacy dependent on aged PVC surfaces was observed for some, but not all formulations. CONCLUSION We showed that surface type and surface ageing can affect biocidal product efficacy, although in a non-predictable manner. More research is needed in this field to ascertain whether surface types and aged surfaces should be used in standardized efficacy testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Wesgate
- Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - K Bentley
- Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - R Stanton
- Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - R Maddalena
- School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - C Khosravi
- School of Engineering, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - P Teska
- Diversey, Fontenay-sous-Bois, France
| | - K Duggan
- Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - J-Y Maillard
- Cardiff School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK.
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You H, Cao C, Sun X, Huang B, Qian Q, Chen Q. Microplastics as an emerging vector of Cr(VI) in water: Correlation of aging properties and adsorption behavior. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 904:166480. [PMID: 37611697 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) are emerging contaminants with growing concerns due to their potential adverse effects on the environment. However, understanding the aging properties and adsorption behavior of MPs is still limited. In this study, we investigated the correlation between the adsorption capacity, aging stages, and aging properties of polyethylene MPs using a correlation equation. Our results revealed that the trends of O/C ratio and contact angle of polyethylene MPs with aging time were fitted to be linear under xenon lamp accelerated aging conditions. Conversely, the trends of other properties such as particle size, crystallinity, and molecular weight with time were fitted to conform to the Boltzmann equation. Moreover, the aging curve data for carbonyl index and molecular weight (Mw) perfectly matched, confirming Mw play a crucial role in verifying the aging process. Additionally, the adsorption amount of polyethylene MPs increased sharply with the increase of aging ages, reaching up to 1.850 mg/g. The adsorption data fit well to the pseudo-second-order kinetics and Langmuir model, suggesting that the adsorption process is dominated by chemisorption. The low pH and low salt concentration is beneficial to the adsorption capacity of MPs onto Cr(VI). Further, a relationship equation was established to predict adsorption risk at different aging stages. These findings provide new insights into the impact of aging on pollutants transport and the fate of MPs, enabling the prediction of adsorption risk of MPs at different aging stages in water environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin You
- College of Environmental and Ecology, College of Coastal and Ocean Management Institute, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361000, China; College of Environmental and Resource Sciences; College of Carbon Neutral Modern Industry; Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, Engineering Research Center of Polymer Green Recycling of Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Changlin Cao
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences; College of Carbon Neutral Modern Industry; Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, Engineering Research Center of Polymer Green Recycling of Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Xiaoli Sun
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences; College of Carbon Neutral Modern Industry; Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, Engineering Research Center of Polymer Green Recycling of Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
| | - Baoquan Huang
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences; College of Carbon Neutral Modern Industry; Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, Engineering Research Center of Polymer Green Recycling of Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China.
| | - Qingrong Qian
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences; College of Carbon Neutral Modern Industry; Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, Engineering Research Center of Polymer Green Recycling of Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China.
| | - Qinghua Chen
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences; College of Carbon Neutral Modern Industry; Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, Engineering Research Center of Polymer Green Recycling of Ministry of Education, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou 350007, China
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5
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Labra-Vázquez P, Gressier M, Rioland G, Menu MJ. A review on solution- and vapor-responsive sensors for the detection of phthalates. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1282:341828. [PMID: 37923401 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Phthalic acid esters, largely referred to as phthalates, are today acknowledged as important pollutants used in the manufacture of polyvinyl chloride (PVC)-based plastics, whose use extends to almost every aspect of modern life. The risk of exposure to phthalates is particularly relevant as high concentrations are regularly found in drinking water, food-contact materials and medical devices, motivating an immense body of research devoted to methods for their detection in liquid samples. Conversely, phthalate vapors have only recently been acknowledged as potentially important atmospheric pollutants and as early fire indicators; additionally, deposition of these vapors can pose significant problems to the proper functioning of spacecraft and diverse on-board devices, leading to major space agencies recognizing the need of developing vapor-responsive phthalate sensors. In this manuscript we present a literature survey on solution- and vapor-responsive sensors and analytical assays for the detection of phthalates, providing a detailed analysis of a vast array of analytical data to offer a clear idea on the analytical performance (limits of detection and quantification, linear range) and advantages provided by each class of sensor covered in this review (electrochemical, optical and vapor-responsive) in the context of their potential real-life applications; the manuscript also gives detailed fundamental information on the various physicochemical responses exploited by these sensors and assays that could potentially be harnessed by new researchers entering the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Labra-Vázquez
- CIRIMAT, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse 3 - Paul Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, Cedex 9, France.
| | - Marie Gressier
- CIRIMAT, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse 3 - Paul Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, Cedex 9, France
| | - Guillaume Rioland
- Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales, DTN/QE/LE, 31401, Toulouse, France
| | - Marie-Joëlle Menu
- CIRIMAT, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse 3 - Paul Sabatier, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse, Cedex 9, France.
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Zhang M, Xiao C, Ding L, Wang T, Guo X. Probing the aging process and mechanism of microplastics under reduction conditions. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 451:131185. [PMID: 36921419 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) are becoming a class of pollutants with high global concerns. Research on the aging of MPs has focused on oxidative environments, it is of great interest to study the aging of MPs under reduction conditions. In this study, a reduction environment was constructed by purging nitrogen and adding reducing agents (NaBH4, VC, Na2S, C2Na2O4) to understand the aging behavior and mechanism of MPs. The results proved that PVC occurred aging under four reduction conditions, and the aging degree was the strongest under NaBH4 reduction condition. The aged PVC became broken, particle size decreased, and dechlorination phenomenon was observed. These phenomena were more obvious under the reduction condition in light, which was the superposition of photo-aging and reduction aging. The functional group components of PVC changed (C-C/CC increased, and oxygen-containing functional groups decreased) under reduction conditions, but photo-aging was dominant in the light system. Electron transfer occurred during the reduction process, and the EDC of PVC aged increased and EAC decreased. This study may shed light on a highly efficient aging pathway of MPs that is often overlooked in nature, contributing to understanding the aging behavior of MPs in complex environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengwei Zhang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Chuanqi Xiao
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Ling Ding
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Tiecheng Wang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agro-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Xuetao Guo
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agro-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
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7
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Wang C, Liang S, Bai L, Gu X, Jin X, Ok YS, Gu C. Photoaging of Typical Microplastics as Affected by Air Humidity: Mechanistic Insights into the Important Role of Water Molecules. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:5967-5977. [PMID: 36991324 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c08571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies showed that land is the most important sink for microplastics (MPs); however, limited information is available on the photoaging processes of land surface MPs that are exposed to the air. Herein, this study developed two in situ spectroscopic methods to systematically explore the effect of air humidity on MP photoaging using a microscope of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and a laser Raman microscope, which were equipped with a humidity control system. Polyethylene microplastics, polystyrene microplastics, and poly(vinyl chloride) microplastics (PVC-MPs) were used as model MPs. Our results showed that relative humidity (RH) could significantly influence the MP surface oxygen-containing moieties generated from photo-oxidation, especially for PVC-MPs. As the RH level varied from 10 to 90%, a decrease in the photogenerated carbonyl group and an increase in the hydroxyl group were observed. This could be attributed to the involvement of water molecules in the production of hydroxyl groups, which subsequently inhibited carbonyl generation. Moreover, the adsorption of coexisting contaminants (i.e., tetracycline) on photoaged MPs exhibited strong RH dependence, which could be assigned to the varied hydrogen bonding between tetracycline carbonyls and aged MP surface hydroxyls. This study reveals a ubiquitous but previously overlooked MP aging route, which may account for the changed MP surface physiochemical properties under solar irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Sijia Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Lihua Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Xinyue Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Xin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
| | - Yong Sik Ok
- Korea Biochar Research Center, APRU Sustainable Waste Management Program and Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheng Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, P. R. China
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8
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Viljoen SJ, Brailsford FL, Murphy DV, Hoyle FC, Chadwick DR, Jones DL. Leaching of phthalate acid esters from plastic mulch films and their degradation in response to UV irradiation and contrasting soil conditions. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 443:130256. [PMID: 36327845 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Phthalate acid esters (PAEs) are commonly used plastic additives, not chemically bound to the plastic that migrate into surrounding environments, posing a threat to environmental and human health. Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) are two common PAEs found in agricultural soils, where degradation is attributed to microbial decomposition. Yet the impact of the plastic matrix on PAE degradation rates is poorly understood. Using 14C-labelled DBP and DEHP we show that migration from the plastic matrix into soil represents a key rate limiting step in their bioavailability and subsequent degradation. Incorporating PAEs into plastic film decreased their degradation in soil, DBP (DEHP) from 79% to 21% (9% to <1%), over four months when compared to direct application of PAEs. Mimicking surface soil conditions, we demonstrated that exposure to ultraviolet radiation accelerated PAE mineralisation twofold. Turnover of PAE was promoted by the addition of biosolids, while the presence of plants and other organic residues failed to promote degradation. We conclude that PAEs persist in soil for longer than previously thought due to physical trapping within the plastic matrix, suggesting PAEs released from plastics over very long time periods lead to increasing levels of contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha J Viljoen
- Bioplastics Innovation Hub, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6105, Australia; SoilsWest, Centre for Sustainable Farming Systems, Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6105, Australia; Environment Centre Wales, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK.
| | - Francesca L Brailsford
- Bioplastics Innovation Hub, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6105, Australia; SoilsWest, Centre for Sustainable Farming Systems, Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6105, Australia
| | - Daniel V Murphy
- Bioplastics Innovation Hub, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6105, Australia; SoilsWest, Centre for Sustainable Farming Systems, Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6105, Australia
| | - Frances C Hoyle
- Bioplastics Innovation Hub, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6105, Australia; SoilsWest, Centre for Sustainable Farming Systems, Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6105, Australia
| | - David R Chadwick
- Environment Centre Wales, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK
| | - Davey L Jones
- Bioplastics Innovation Hub, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6105, Australia; SoilsWest, Centre for Sustainable Farming Systems, Food Futures Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6105, Australia; Environment Centre Wales, Bangor University, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, UK
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9
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Henkel C, Hüffer T, Hofmann T. Polyvinyl Chloride Microplastics Leach Phthalates into the Aquatic Environment over Decades. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:14507-14516. [PMID: 36154015 PMCID: PMC9583606 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Phthalic acid esters (phthalates) have been detected everywhere in the environment, but data on leaching kinetics and the governing mass transfer process into aqueous systems remain largely unknown. In this study, we experimentally determined time-dependent leaching curves for three phthalates di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, di(2-ethylhexyl) terephthalate, and diisononyl phthalate from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) microplastics and thereby enabled a better understanding of their leaching kinetics. This is essential for exposure assessment and to predict microplastic-bound environmental concentrations of phthalates. Leaching curves were analyzed using models for intraparticle diffusion (IPD) and aqueous boundary layer diffusion (ABLD). We show that ABLD is the governing diffusion process for the continuous leaching of phthalates because phthalates are very hydrophobic (partitioning coefficients between PVC and water log KPVC/W were higher than 8.6), slowing down the diffusion through the ABL. Also, the diffusion coefficient in the polymer DPVC is relatively high (∼8 × 10-14 m2 s-1) and thus enhances IPD. Desorption half-lives of the studied PVC microplastics are greater than 500 years but can be strongly influenced by environmental factors. By combining leaching experiments and modeling, our results reveal that PVC microplastics are a long-term source of phthalates in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Henkel
- Centre
for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Department for
Environmental Geosciences, University of
Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Doctoral
School in Microbiology and Environmental Science, University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Research
Platform Plastics in the Environment and Society (Plenty), University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thorsten Hüffer
- Centre
for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Department for
Environmental Geosciences, University of
Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Research
Platform Plastics in the Environment and Society (Plenty), University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Thilo Hofmann
- Centre
for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, Department for
Environmental Geosciences, University of
Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Research
Platform Plastics in the Environment and Society (Plenty), University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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10
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Lanzafame GM, Bessagnet B, Srivastava D, Jaffrezo JL, Favez O, Albinet A, Couvidat F. Modelling aerosol molecular markers in a 3D air quality model: Focus on anthropogenic organic markers. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 835:155360. [PMID: 35460764 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We developed and implemented in the 3D air quality model CHIMERE the formation of several key anthropogenic aerosol markers including one primary anthropogenic marker (levoglucosan) and 4 secondary anthropogenic markers (nitrophenols, nitroguaiacols, methylnitrocatechols and phthalic acid). Modelled concentrations have been compared to measurements performed at 12 locations in France for levoglucosan in winter 2014-15, and at a sub-urban station in the Paris region over the whole year 2015 for secondary molecular markers. While a good estimation of levoglucosan concentrations by the model has been obtained for a few sites, a strong underestimation was simulated for most of the stations especially for western locations due to a probable underestimation of residential wood burning emissions. The simulated ratio between wood burning organic matter and particulate phase levoglucosan is constant only at high OM values (>10 μg m-3) indicating that using marker contribution ratio may be valid only under certain conditions. Concentrations of secondary markers were well reproduced by the model for nitrophenols and nitroguaiacols but were underestimated for methylnitrocatechols and phthalic acid highlighting missing formation pathways and/or precursor emissions. By comparing modelled to measured Gas/Particle Partitioning (GPP) of markers, the simulated partitioning of Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds (SVOCs) was evaluated. Except for nitroguaiacols and nitrophenols when ideality was assumed, the GPP for all the markers was underestimated and mainly driven by the hydrophilic partitioning. SVOCs GPP, and more generally of all SVOC contributing to the formation of SOA, could therefore be significantly underestimated by air quality models, especially when only the partitioning on the organic phase is considered. Our results show that marker modelling can give insights on some processes (such as precursor emissions or missing mechanisms) involved in SOA formation and could prove especially useful to evaluate the GPP in 3D air quality models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazia Maria Lanzafame
- INERIS, Parc Technologique Alata, BP 2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, 75252 PARIS cedex 05, France
| | - Bertrand Bessagnet
- INERIS, Parc Technologique Alata, BP 2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC, 75252 PARIS cedex 05, France
| | | | - Jean Luc Jaffrezo
- University of Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, INP-G, IGE (UMR 5001), F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Olivier Favez
- INERIS, Parc Technologique Alata, BP 2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Alexandre Albinet
- INERIS, Parc Technologique Alata, BP 2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Florian Couvidat
- INERIS, Parc Technologique Alata, BP 2, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France.
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11
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Berenstein G, Hughes EA, Zalts A, Basack S, Bonesi SM, Montserrat JM. Environmental fate of dibutylphthalate in agricultural plastics: Photodegradation, migration and ecotoxicological impact on soil. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 290:133221. [PMID: 34906532 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) were determined in polyethylene covers used in horticultural production units located at Moreno and La Plata districts (Buenos Aires, Argentina), detecting 0.69-8.75 mg PAEs kg-1 plastic in greenhouse and tunnel films. The PAEs found were diisobutylphthalate (DIBP), dibutylphthalate (DBP) and diethylhexylphthalate (DEHP). DBP was chosen as a model molecule to carry out the photochemical degradation studies that led to the formation of monobutylphthalate (MBP) and phthalic acid (PA). DBP, MBP and PA migration from plastic covers was studied, finding that while DBP and MBP moved to soil and atmosphere in short times (<48 h), PA remained in the agricultural covers. Further experiments with DBP were made to explore the effect on migration of temperature (20 °C, 50 °C), film thickness (25 μm, 100 μm) and plastic ageing by solarization, observing that temperature increase, film thickness reduction and ageing by solarization favored DBP migration to the environment. DBP and MBP impact on soil were evaluated by avoidance and reproduction tests using Eisenia andrei as bioindicator. Both compounds reduced cocoon viability decreasing the number of juveniles at the lowest concentration assayed (0.1 mg kg-1 of soil). At higher DBP and MBP concentrations the reproductive parameters (number of total cocoons, hatchability and number of juveniles) also showed alterations compared with the controls. Carboxylesterases (CaE), cholinesterases (ChE) and glutathion-S-transferases (GST) activities were analyzed in E. andrei exposed to DBP; cholinesterases activities were reduced at 1 and 10 mg DBP kg-1 soil, and glutathione S-transferases activities were increased at 10 mg DBP kg-1 soil while no effect was observed on carboxylesterases activities. These results emphasize the need to continue studying the impact of PAEs and their photodegradation products on the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giselle Berenstein
- Instituto de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento (UNGS), J. M. Gutiérrez 1150, (B1613GSX) Los Polvorines; Prov. de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Enrique A Hughes
- Instituto de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento (UNGS), J. M. Gutiérrez 1150, (B1613GSX) Los Polvorines; Prov. de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Anita Zalts
- Instituto de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento (UNGS), J. M. Gutiérrez 1150, (B1613GSX) Los Polvorines; Prov. de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvana Basack
- Instituto de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento (UNGS), J. M. Gutiérrez 1150, (B1613GSX) Los Polvorines; Prov. de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sergio M Bonesi
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Cs. Exactas y Naturales, Ciudad Universitaria, Pabellón II, CABA, CP 1428, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina.
| | - Javier M Montserrat
- Instituto de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de General Sarmiento (UNGS), J. M. Gutiérrez 1150, (B1613GSX) Los Polvorines; Prov. de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina.
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12
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Chandrasekar K, Farrugia BL, Johnson L, Marks D, Irving D, Elgundi Z, Lau K, Kim HN, Rnjak‐Kovacina J, Bilek MM, Whitelock JM, Lord MS. Effect of Recombinant Human Perlecan Domain V Tethering Method on Protein Orientation and Blood Contacting Activity on Polyvinyl Chloride. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100388. [PMID: 33890424 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Surface modification of biomaterials is a promising approach to control biofunctionality while retaining the bulk biomaterial properties. Perlecan is the major proteoglycan in the vascular basement membrane that supports low levels of platelet adhesion but not activation. Thus, perlecan is a promising bioactive for blood-contacting applications. This study furthers the mechanistic understanding of platelet interactions with perlecan by establishing that platelets utilize domains III and V of the core protein for adhesion. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is functionalized with recombinant human perlecan domain V (rDV) to explore the effect of the tethering method on proteoglycan orientation and bioactivity. Tethering of rDV to PVC is achieved via either physisorption or covalent attachment via plasma immersion ion implantation (PIII) treatment. Both methods of rDV tethering reduce platelet adhesion and activation compared to the pristine PVC, however, the mechanisms are unique for each tethering method. Physisorption of rDV on PVC orientates the molecule to hinder access to the integrin-binding region, which inhibits platelet adhesion. In contrast, PIII treatment orientates rDV to allow access to the integrin-binding region, which is rendered antiadhesive to platelets via the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chain. These effects demonstrate the potential of rDV biofunctionalization to modulate platelet interactions for blood contacting applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brooke L. Farrugia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Melbourne School of Engineering The University of Melbourne Melbourne VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Lacey Johnson
- Australian Red Cross Lifeblood Alexandria NSW 2015 Australia
| | - Denese Marks
- Australian Red Cross Lifeblood Alexandria NSW 2015 Australia
| | - David Irving
- Australian Red Cross Lifeblood Alexandria NSW 2015 Australia
| | - Zehra Elgundi
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering UNSW Sydney Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Kieran Lau
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering UNSW Sydney Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Ha Na Kim
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering UNSW Sydney Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | | | - Marcela M. Bilek
- The Charles Perkins Centre University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
- School of Physics University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
- School of Biomedical Engineering University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - John M. Whitelock
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering UNSW Sydney Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
| | - Megan S. Lord
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering UNSW Sydney Sydney NSW 2052 Australia
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13
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Zhou L, Wang T, Qu G, Jia H, Zhu L. Probing the aging processes and mechanisms of microplastic under simulated multiple actions generated by discharge plasma. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 398:122956. [PMID: 32504954 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs) are becoming one class of pollutants with high global concerns. Information regarding aging behaviors of MPs in complicated natural conditions is still lacking due to the very slow aging processes. In this study, discharge plasma oxidation was applied to simulate the various radical oxidation and physical effects naturally occurring in the environment to shed light on the aging behaviors and mechanisms of MPs, with polyvinyl chloride microplastic (PVC-MP) as a model. The surface morphology, particle size, specific surface area, crystallinity, and chemical compositions of PVC-MP were comprehensively characterized as a result of aging. The aging degree indicated by carbonyl index and oxygen-to-carbon ratio increased with the plasma oxidation intensity and duration. The aged PVC-MP was characterized as more O-containing functional groups, smaller particle size, larger specific surface area, higher hydrophilicity, and higher crystallinity. Consequently, the aged PVC-MP provided more sites for adsorption of tetrabromobisphenol (TBBPA) in solutions by forming hydrogen-bonds, and electrostatic force. The changes in the properties of the aged PVC-MP, and the strong adsorption with TBBPA led to unexpected synergistic toxic effects to Scenedesmus obliquus. The results provide direct evidences of aging processes of MPs and the potential environmental risks due to aging in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liling Zhou
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Tiecheng Wang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China.
| | - Guangzhou Qu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Hanzhong Jia
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, 712100, PR China; Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, PR China.
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14
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Noguchi M, Yamasaki A. Volatile and semivolatile organic compound emissions from polymers used in commercial products during thermal degradation. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03314. [PMID: 32154401 PMCID: PMC7056656 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Emissions of volatile and semivolatile organic compounds from various kinds of polymer sheets during thermal degradation process were determined by the passive flux sampling method. The polymer sheets used were commercial products made of: polyethylene (PE), ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA), polypropylene (PP), polyacetal (POM), polycarbonate (PC)), and polymer sheet samples: poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polystyrene (PS) and four types of poly vinyl chloride (PVC) with different contents of additives; (bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP)), and triphenylphosphine (TPP)). The emission fluxes from the polymer sheets were measured for up to 30 days stored under a constant temperature (25–75 °C). Emission of various kinds of chemicals were observed from PVC sheets including and products of polymer degradation, while emission of hydrocarbons were dominant from PE, PP and EVA, and the emission of an additive (DEP) only was observed from PMMA, PET, POM and PC. The TVOC (total VOC) emission rates from PVC sheets with DEHP and TPP (soft PVCs) were in the range of 30–120 mg m−2 h−1 at 50 °C, which were much higher than the TVOC emission rates from other polymers. The emission rates for these chemicals for the same sampling period increased dramatically as the temperature increased. The temperature-dependences of the emission rates from the soft PVC sheet for a given sampling period could be expressed using an Arrhenius-type equation, and the apparent emission activation energy EA, correlated well with the enthalpy of vaporization ΔHVAP by the following empirical equation.EA=2.27ΔHvap−115 We also found that the emission rates of chemicals changed with time with different changing characters, and the activation energy decreased with the progress of the polymer degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miyuki Noguchi
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Seikei University, 3-3-1 Kichijoji-kitamachi, Musashino, Tokyo, 180-8633, Japan
| | - Akihiro Yamasaki
- Department of Materials and Life Sciences, Seikei University, 3-3-1 Kichijoji-kitamachi, Musashino, Tokyo, 180-8633, Japan
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15
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Zhang P, Huang P, Sun H, Ma J, Li B. The structure of agricultural microplastics (PT, PU and UF) and their sorption capacities for PAHs and PHE derivates under various salinity and oxidation treatments. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 257:113525. [PMID: 31761592 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Microplastic (MP) pollution and its potential to concentrate and transport organic contaminants in environments have recently gained widespread attention. Compared to traditional nonpolar plastics such as polypropylene (PP) and polyethylene (PE), study about the environmental behavior of polyurethane (PT), polyuria (PU) and urea-formaldehyde resin (UF), which are typically used as shell materials for pesticide microcapsules and have polar structure is scarce. In the present study, we investigated the sorption capacities and binding mechanisms of PT, PU and UF for three polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs, naphthalene, phenanthrene (PHE), and pyrene) and two PHE derivates (ethylphenanthrene-2-carboxylate (2-CPHE) and 2-methylphenathrene (2-MPHE)) selected as the model compounds, and the effects of salinity and UV and/or H2O2 aging treatments on PHE sorption to MPs. The results showed that PT, PU and UF had negative surface charges, micron-scaled sizes and abundant polar functional groups containing O and N elements. PT, PU and UF could sorb PAHs efficiently with sorption coefficients (Kd) being in the range of 8.11 × 103-9.53 × 105 (L/Kg) and partitioning was the main sorption mechanism with polar interactions (H-boning and p/π-π EDA interactions) also contributing. The sorption capacity of the three MPs changed mainly depending on their glass transition temperatures (Tg). Furthermore, high salinity decreased the surface zeta-potential of the MPs and enhanced PHE sorption to MPs. In addition, aging treatments with UV and/or H2O2 markedly decreased the Tg of PT and enhanced its sorption capacity for PHE, while opposite results were obtained for PU. The findings on the sorption mechanisms of PAHs to agricultural MPs are useful for predicting the transport, fate and persistence of the co-existing HOCs in agricultural ecosystems and provide a scientific basis for the comprehensive risk assessment of agricultural MPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory on Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Peng Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory on Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory on Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
| | - Jianli Ma
- Tianjin Academy of Environmental Science, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Beixing Li
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China
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16
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Henkel C, Hüffer T, Hofmann T. The leaching of phthalates from PVC can be determined with an infinite sink approach. MethodsX 2019; 6:2729-2734. [PMID: 31788438 PMCID: PMC6880001 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2019.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is the third most used polymer for plastic products in the European Union (+NO/ CH) and contains the highest amounts of additives, especially phthalic acid esters (phthalates). Leaching kinetics of additives from (micro-) plastics into aqueous environments are highly relevant for environmental risk assessment and modelling of the fluxes of plastics and its associated additives. Investigating the leaching of phthalates into aqueous environments in batch experiments is challenging due to their low solubility and high hydrophobicity and there are no standard methods to study release processes. Here we describe an infinite sink method to investigate the leaching of phthalates from PVC into the aqueous phase. Spiking and leaching experiments using bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate as a model phthalate enabled the validation and evaluation of the designed infinite sink method. The developed method offers: •a low-cost and simple approach to investigate leaching of phthalates from PVC into aqueous environments•the use of a high-surface activated carbon powder as an infinite sink•a tool to elucidate the transport fluxes of plastics and additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Henkel
- Research Platform Plastics in the Environment and Society -PLENTY, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Environmental Geosciences, Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thorsten Hüffer
- Research Platform Plastics in the Environment and Society -PLENTY, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Environmental Geosciences, Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Thilo Hofmann
- Research Platform Plastics in the Environment and Society -PLENTY, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria.,Department of Environmental Geosciences, Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria
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17
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Yin X, Zhang J, Zhang Z, Xu G. Tailoring the desired optical and mechanical performance of polyester-plasticized PVC films: the role of different light stabilizers on the photo-degradation. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.4069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiuping Yin
- College of Materials Science and Engineering; Nanjing Tech University; Nanjing 210009 China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites; Nanjing Tech University; Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Jun Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering; Nanjing Tech University; Nanjing 210009 China
- Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites; Nanjing Tech University; Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering; Nanjing Tech University; Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Guozhong Xu
- Nanjing Huage Electric Plastic Co., Ltd.; Nanjing 210009 China
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18
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Pathak A, Bora A, Braunschweig B, Meltzer C, Yan H, Lemmens P, Daum W, Schwartz J, Tornow M. Nanocylindrical confinement imparts highest structural order in molecular self-assembly of organophosphonates on aluminum oxide. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:6291-6295. [PMID: 28485443 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr02420g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We report the impact of geometrical constraint on intramolecular interactions in self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of alkylphosphonates grown on anodically oxidized aluminum (AAO). Molecular order in these films was determined by sum frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy, a more sensitive measure of order than infrared absorption spectroscopy. Using SFG we show that films grown on AAO are, within detection limits, nearly perfectly ordered in an all-trans alkyl chain configuration. In marked contrast, films formed on planar, plasma-oxidized aluminum oxide or α-Al2O3 (0001) are replete with gauche defects. We attribute these differences to the nanocylindrical structure of AAO, which enforces molecular confinement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshuma Pathak
- Institut für Halbleitertechnik, TU Braunschweig, Germany
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19
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Lu X, Zhang C, Ulrich N, Xiao M, Ma YH, Chen Z. Studying Polymer Surfaces and Interfaces with Sum Frequency Generation Vibrational Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2016; 89:466-489. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Lu
- State
Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and
Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Nathan Ulrich
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Minyu Xiao
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Yong-Hao Ma
- State
Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science and
Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China
| | - Zhan Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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20
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Steinmetz Z, Wollmann C, Schaefer M, Buchmann C, David J, Tröger J, Muñoz K, Frör O, Schaumann GE. Plastic mulching in agriculture. Trading short-term agronomic benefits for long-term soil degradation? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 550:690-705. [PMID: 26849333 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.01.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 470] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2015] [Revised: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Plastic mulching has become a globally applied agricultural practice for its instant economic benefits such as higher yields, earlier harvests, improved fruit quality and increased water-use efficiency. However, knowledge of the sustainability of plastic mulching remains vague in terms of both an environmental and agronomic perspective. This review critically discusses the current understanding of the environmental impact of plastic mulch use by linking knowledge of agricultural benefits and research on the life cycle of plastic mulches with direct and indirect implications for long-term soil quality and ecosystem services. Adverse effects may arise from plastic additives, enhanced pesticide runoff and plastic residues likely to fragment into microplastics but remaining chemically intact and accumulating in soil where they can successively sorb agrochemicals. The quantification of microplastics in soil remains challenging due to the lack of appropriate analytical techniques. The cost and effort of recovering and recycling used mulching films may offset the aforementioned benefits in the long term. However, comparative and long-term agronomic assessments have not yet been conducted. Furthermore, plastic mulches have the potential to alter soil quality by shifting the edaphic biocoenosis (e.g. towards mycotoxigenic fungi), accelerate C/N metabolism eventually depleting soil organic matter stocks, increase soil water repellency and favour the release of greenhouse gases. A substantial process understanding of the interactions between the soil microclimate, water supply and biological activity under plastic mulches is still lacking but required to estimate potential risks for long-term soil quality. Currently, farmers mostly base their decision to apply plastic mulches rather on expected short-term benefits than on the consideration of long-term consequences. Future interdisciplinary research should therefore gain a deeper understanding of the incentives for farmers and public perception from both a psychological and economic perspective in order to develop new support strategies for the transition into a more environment-friendly food production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zacharias Steinmetz
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, Group of Environmental and Soil Chemistry, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, 76829 Landau, Germany
| | - Claudia Wollmann
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, Group of Environmental and Soil Chemistry, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, 76829 Landau, Germany
| | - Miriam Schaefer
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, Group of Environmental and Soil Chemistry, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, 76829 Landau, Germany
| | - Christian Buchmann
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, Group of Environmental and Soil Chemistry, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, 76829 Landau, Germany
| | - Jan David
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, Group of Environmental and Soil Chemistry, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, 76829 Landau, Germany
| | - Josephine Tröger
- Department of Psychology, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, 76829 Landau, Germany; Interdisciplinary Research Group on Environmental Issues, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, 76829 Landau, Germany
| | - Katherine Muñoz
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, Group of Environmental and Soil Chemistry, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, 76829 Landau, Germany; Interdisciplinary Research Group on Environmental Issues, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, 76829 Landau, Germany
| | - Oliver Frör
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, Group of Environmental Economics, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, 76829 Landau, Germany
| | - Gabriele Ellen Schaumann
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, Group of Environmental and Soil Chemistry, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, 76829 Landau, Germany.
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21
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Hankett JM, Collin WR, Yang P, Chen Z, Duhaime M. Low-Volatility Model Demonstrates Humidity Affects Environmental Toxin Deposition on Plastics at a Molecular Level. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:1304-1312. [PMID: 26752114 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b05598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Despite the ever-increasing prevalence of plastic debris and endocrine disrupting toxins in aquatic ecosystems, few studies describe their interactions in freshwater environments. We present a model system to investigate the deposition/desorption behaviors of low-volatility lake ecosystem toxins on microplastics in situ and in real time. Molecular interactions of gas-phase nonylphenols (NPs) with the surfaces of two common plastics, poly(styrene) and poly(ethylene terephthalate), were studied using quartz crystal microbalance and sum frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy. NP point sources were generated under two model environments: plastic on land and plastic on a freshwater surface. We found the headspace above calm water provides an excellent environment for NP deposition and demonstrate significant NP deposition on plastic within minutes at relevant concentrations. Further, NP deposits and orders differently on both plastics under humid versus dry environments. We attributed the unique deposition behaviors to surface energy changes from increased water content during the humid deposition. Lastly, nanograms of NP remained on microplastic surfaces hours after initial NP introduction and agitating conditions, illustrating feasibility for plastic-bound NPs to interact with biota and surrounding matter. Our model studies reveal important interactions between low-volatility environmental toxins and microplastics and hold potential to correlate the environmental fate of endocrine disrupting toxins in the Great Lakes with molecular behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne M Hankett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 United States
| | - William R Collin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 United States
| | - Pei Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 United States
| | - Zhan Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan , 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 United States
| | - Melissa Duhaime
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan , 830 North University Ave, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 United States
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22
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Tao Y, Feng W, Ding G, Cheng G. Polyaniline nanorods/PVC composites with antistatic properties. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s003602441508035x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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23
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Synthesis of New Thiophene Derivatives and Their Use as Photostabilizers for Rigid Poly(vinyl chloride). INT J POLYM SCI 2015. [DOI: 10.1155/2015/510390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Five new thiophenes, namely,N-[(3-bromo-2-methylthiophen-5-yl)methylene]-4-methoxyaniline (4a),N-[(3-bromo-2-methylthiophen-5-yl)methylene]-3,4-dimethoxyaniline (4b),N-[(3-bromo-2-methylthiophen-5-yl)methylene]-3,4-dimethylaniline (4c), 3-[(3-bromo-2-methylthiophen-5-yl)methyleneamino]-2-methylquinazolin-4(3H)-one (4d), and 3-[(3-bromo-2-methylthiophen-5-yl)methyleneamino]-2-isopropylquinazolin-4(3H)-one (4e), have been synthesized. All of these materials brought about a reduction in the level of photodegradation of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) films containing the synthesized thiophenes (0.5%; by weight). The results obtained showed that the extent of photostabilization of PVC in the presence of an additive was in the order4e > 4d > 4b > 4a > 4c. For the most favorable additive (4e), the rate of appearance of infrared absorption bands of degradation products was reduced by around two-thirds, while the quantum yield of chain scission was calculated to be reduced by a factor of more than one thousand. It is suggested that the additives may help stabilize PVC by direct absorption of UV radiation and dissipation of the energy as heat or that electrostatic attraction between the additives and PVC may assist transfer of energy from excited state PVC to the additive, from where it can be dissipated.
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Zhang X, Li Y, Hankett JM, Chen Z. The molecular interfacial structure and plasticizer migration behavior of “green” plasticized poly(vinyl chloride). Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:4472-82. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp05287k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Both oxygen and argon plasma treatment made TBAC–PVC surfaces hydrophilic, but that of argon enhanced the migration of TBAC to water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxian Zhang
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Michigan
- Ann Arbor
- USA
| | - Yaoxin Li
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Michigan
- Ann Arbor
- USA
| | | | - Zhan Chen
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Michigan
- Ann Arbor
- USA
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25
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Hankett JM, Welle A, Lahann J, Chen Z. Evaluating UV/H2O2exposure as a DEHP degradation treatment for plasticized PVC. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.40649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne M. Hankett
- Department of Chemistry; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor Michigan 48109
| | - Alexander Welle
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG); Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF); Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Joerg Lahann
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG); Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT); Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- Department of Chemical Engineering Materials Science and Engineering and Biomedical Engineering; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor Michigan 48109
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor Michigan 48109
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor Michigan 48109
| | - Zhan Chen
- Department of Chemistry; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor Michigan 48109
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Hankett JM, Lu X, Liu Y, Seeley E, Chen Z. Interfacial molecular restructuring of plasticized polymers in water. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:20097-106. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp03206c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
We present a means to study the molecular changes of the top and bottom of polymers contacted to water simultaneously in situ. Plasticizers were found to transfer from polymer surfaces to water in minutes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaolin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics
- School of Biological Science & Medical Engineering
- Southeast University
- Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Yuwei Liu
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Michigan
- Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Emily Seeley
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Michigan
- Ann Arbor, USA
| | - Zhan Chen
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Michigan
- Ann Arbor, USA
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