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Sharkey AM, Parker KM. Elucidating Factors Contributing to Dicamba Volatilization by Characterizing Chemical Speciation in Dried Dicamba-Amine Residues. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:12062-12072. [PMID: 38917340 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c01591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Dicamba is a semivolatile herbicide that has caused widespread unintentional damage to vegetation due to its volatilization from genetically engineered dicamba-tolerant crops. Strategies to reduce dicamba volatilization rely on the use of formulations containing amines, which deprotonate dicamba to generate a nonvolatile anion in aqueous solution. Dicamba volatilization in the field is also expected to occur after aqueous spray droplets dry to produce a residue; however, dicamba speciation in this phase is poorly understood. We applied Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to evaluate dicamba protonation state in dried dicamba-amine residues. We first demonstrated that commercially relevant amines such as diglycolamine (DGA) and n,n-bis(3-aminopropyl)methylamine (BAPMA) fully deprotonated dicamba when applied at an equimolar molar ratio, while dimethylamine (DMA) allowed neutral dicamba to remain detectable, which corresponded to greater dicamba volatilization. Expanding the amines tested, we determined that dicamba speciation in the residues was unrelated to solution-phase amine pKa, but instead was affected by other amine characteristics (i.e., number of hydrogen bonding sites) that also correlated with greater dicamba volatilization. Finally, we characterized dicamba-amine residues containing an additional component (i.e., the herbicide S-metolachlor registered for use alongside dicamba) to investigate dicamba speciation in a more complex chemical environment encountered in field applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andromeda M Sharkey
- Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Kimberly M Parker
- Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
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2
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Sharkey AM, Hartig AM, Dang AJ, Chatterjee A, Williams BJ, Parker KM. Amine Volatilization from Herbicide Salts: Implications for Herbicide Formulations and Atmospheric Chemistry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:13644-13653. [PMID: 36150089 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c03740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Amines are frequently included in formulations of the herbicides glyphosate, 2,4-D, and dicamba to increase herbicide solubility and reduce herbicide volatilization by producing herbicide-amine salts. Amines, which typically have higher vapor pressures than the corresponding herbicides, could potentially volatilize from these salts and enter the atmosphere, where they may impact atmospheric chemistry, human health, and climate. Amine volatilization from herbicide-amine salts may additionally contribute to volatilization of dicamba and 2,4-D. In this study, we established that amines applied in herbicide-amine salt formulations undergo extensive volatilization. Both dimethylamine and isopropylamine volatilized when aqueous salt solutions were dried to a residue at ∼20 °C, while lower-vapor pressure amines like diglycolamine and n,n-bis-(3-aminopropyl)methylamine did not. However, all four amines volatilized from salt residues at 40-80 °C. Because amine loss typically exceeded herbicide loss, we proposed that neutral amines dominated volatilization and that higher temperatures altered their protonation state and vapor pressure. Due to an estimated 4.0 Gg N/yr applied as amines to major U.S. crops, amine emissions from herbicide-amine salts may be important on regional scales. Further characterization of worldwide herbicide-amine use would enable this contribution to be compared to the 285 Gg N/yr of methylamines emitted globally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andromeda M Sharkey
- Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Anna M Hartig
- Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Audrey J Dang
- Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Anamika Chatterjee
- Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Brent J Williams
- Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
| | - Kimberly M Parker
- Department of Energy, Environmental, and Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, United States
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3
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Hayashi M, Ichihara R, Akai N, Nakata M. Photoreaction of 2-chlorothiophenol studied by low-temperature matrix-isolation IR spectroscopy with DFT calculation. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.130909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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4
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Massicot S, Sasaki T, Lexow M, Shin S, Maier F, Kuwabata S, Steinrück HP. Adsorption, Wetting, Growth, and Thermal Stability of the Protic Ionic Liquid Diethylmethylammonium Trifluoromethanesulfonate on Ag(111) and Au(111). LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:11552-11560. [PMID: 34569794 PMCID: PMC8495895 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c01823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the adsorption, wetting, growth, and thermal evolution of the protic IL diethylmethylammonium trifluoromethanesulfonate ([dema][TfO]) on Au(111) and Ag(111). Ultrathin films were deposited at room temperature (RT) and at 90 K, and were characterized in situ by angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. For both surfaces, we observe that independent of temperature, initially, a closed 2D wetting layer forms. While the film thickness does not increase past this wetting layer at RT, at 200 K and below, "moderate" 3D island growth occurs on top of the wetting layer. Upon heating, on Au(111), the [dema][TfO] multilayers desorb at 292 K, leaving an intact [dema][TfO] wetting layer, which desorbs intact at 348 K. The behavior on Ag(111) is much more complex. Upon heating [dema][TfO] deposited at 90 K, the [dema]+ cations deprotonate in two steps at 185 and 305 K, yielding H[TfO] and volatile [dema]0. At 355 K, the formed H[TfO] wetting layer partly desorbs (∼50%) and partly decomposes to form an F-containing surface species, which is stable up to 570 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Massicot
- Lehrstuhl
für Physikalische Chemie 2, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität
Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tomoya Sasaki
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Yamada-oka 2-1, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Matthias Lexow
- Lehrstuhl
für Physikalische Chemie 2, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität
Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sunghwan Shin
- Lehrstuhl
für Physikalische Chemie 2, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität
Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Florian Maier
- Lehrstuhl
für Physikalische Chemie 2, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität
Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Susumu Kuwabata
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Yamada-oka 2-1, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hans-Peter Steinrück
- Lehrstuhl
für Physikalische Chemie 2, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität
Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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5
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Shmukler L, Fedorova I, Fadeeva YA, Safonova L. The physicochemical properties and structure of alkylammonium protic ionic liquids of RnH4-nNX (n = 1–3) family. A mini–review. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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6
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Kamata K, Akai N, Nakata M. Red-light induced photoreaction of ozone-dimethylamine complex; matrix-isolation infrared spectra of dimethylamine-N-oxide and N,N-dimethylhydroxylamine. Chem Phys Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2018.07.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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7
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Saielli G. Computational Spectroscopy of Ionic Liquids for Bulk Structure Elucidation. ADVANCED THEORY AND SIMULATIONS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adts.201800084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Saielli
- CNR Institute on Membrane Technology; Unit of Padova; Via Marzolo 1-35131 Padova Italy
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Padova; Via Marzolo 1-35131 Padova Italy
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Verma PL, Gejji SP. Unveiling Noncovalent Interactions in Imidazolium, Pyrrolidinium, or Quaternary Ammonium Cation and Acetate Anion Based Protic Ionic Liquids: Structure and Spectral Characteristics. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:6225-6235. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b04303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Prakash L. Verma
- Department of Chemistry, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411 007, India
| | - Shridhar P. Gejji
- Department of Chemistry, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune 411 007, India
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Ingenmey J, von Domaros M, Perlt E, Verevkin SP, Kirchner B. Thermodynamics and proton activities of protic ionic liquids with quantum cluster equilibrium theory. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:193822. [PMID: 30307228 DOI: 10.1063/1.5010791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Ingenmey
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Universität Bonn, Beringstr. 4, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael von Domaros
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Universität Bonn, Beringstr. 4, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Eva Perlt
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Universität Bonn, Beringstr. 4, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Sergey P. Verevkin
- Abteilung Physikalische Chemie, Universität Rostock, Dr.-Lorenz-Weg 2, D-18059 Rostock, Germany
| | - Barbara Kirchner
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Universität Bonn, Beringstr. 4, D-53115 Bonn, Germany
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Lovelock KRJ. Quantifying intermolecular interactions of ionic liquids using cohesive energy densities. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2017; 4:171223. [PMID: 29308254 PMCID: PMC5750021 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.171223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
For ionic liquids (ILs), both the large number of possible cation + anion combinations and their ionic nature provide a unique challenge for understanding intermolecular interactions. Cohesive energy density, ced, is used to quantify the strength of intermolecular interactions for molecular liquids, and is determined using the enthalpy of vaporization. A critical analysis of the experimental challenges and data to obtain ced for ILs is provided. For ILs there are two methods to judge the strength of intermolecular interactions, due to the presence of multiple constituents in the vapour phase of ILs. Firstly, cedIP, where the ionic vapour constituent is neutral ion pairs, the major constituent of the IL vapour. Secondly, cedC+A, where the ionic vapour constituents are isolated ions. A cedIP dataset is presented for 64 ILs. For the first time an experimental cedC+A, a measure of the strength of the total intermolecular interaction for an IL, is presented. cedC+A is significantly larger for ILs than ced for most molecular liquids, reflecting the need to break all of the relatively strong electrostatic interactions present in ILs. However, the van der Waals interactions contribute significantly to IL volatility due to the very strong electrostatic interaction in the neutral ion pair ionic vapour. An excellent linear correlation is found between cedIP and the inverse of the molecular volume. A good linear correlation is found between IL cedIP and IL Gordon parameter (which are dependent primarily on surface tension). ced values obtained through indirect methods gave similar magnitude values to cedIP. These findings show that cedIP is very important for understanding IL intermolecular interactions, in spite of cedIP not being a measure of the total intermolecular interactions of an IL. In the outlook section, remaining challenges for understanding IL intermolecular interactions are outlined.
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11
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Hunt PA. Quantum Chemical Modeling of Hydrogen Bonding in Ionic Liquids. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2017; 375:59. [PMID: 28523638 PMCID: PMC5480408 DOI: 10.1007/s41061-017-0142-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen bonding (H-bonding) is an important and very general phenomenon. H-bonding is part of the basis of life in DNA, key in controlling the properties of water and ice, and critical to modern applications such as crystal engineering, catalysis applications, pharmaceutical and agrochemical development. H-bonding also plays a significant role for many ionic liquids (IL), determining the secondary structuring and affecting key physical parameters. ILs exhibit a particularly diverse and wide range of traditional as well as non-standard forms of H-bonding, in particular the doubly ionic H-bond is important. Understanding the fundamental nature of the H-bonds that form within ILs is critical, and one way of accessing this information, that cannot be recovered by any other computational method, is through quantum chemical electronic structure calculations. However, an appropriate method and basis set must be employed, and a robust procedure for determining key structures is essential. Modern generalised solvation models have recently been extended to ILs, bringing both advantages and disadvantages. QC can provide a range of information on geometry, IR and Raman spectra, NMR spectra and at a more fundamental level through analysis of the electronic structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A Hunt
- Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, UK.
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12
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Abstract
Vibrational spectroscopy has continued use as a powerful tool to characterize ionic liquids since the literature on room temperature molten salts experienced the rapid increase in number of publications in the 1990's. In the past years, infrared (IR) and Raman spectroscopies have provided insights on ionic interactions and the resulting liquid structure in ionic liquids. A large body of information is now available concerning vibrational spectra of ionic liquids made of many different combinations of anions and cations, but reviews on this literature are scarce. This review is an attempt at filling this gap. Some basic care needed while recording IR or Raman spectra of ionic liquids is explained. We have reviewed the conceptual basis of theoretical frameworks which have been used to interpret vibrational spectra of ionic liquids, helping the reader to distinguish the scope of application of different methods of calculation. Vibrational frequencies observed in IR and Raman spectra of ionic liquids based on different anions and cations are discussed and eventual disagreements between different sources are critically reviewed. The aim is that the reader can use this information while assigning vibrational spectra of an ionic liquid containing another particular combination of anions and cations. Different applications of IR and Raman spectroscopies are given for both pure ionic liquids and solutions. Further issues addressed in this review are the intermolecular vibrations that are more directly probed by the low-frequency range of IR and Raman spectra and the applications of vibrational spectroscopy in studying phase transitions of ionic liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor H Paschoal
- Laboratório de Espectroscopia Molecular, Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo , Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Luiz F O Faria
- Laboratório de Espectroscopia Molecular, Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo , Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Mauro C C Ribeiro
- Laboratório de Espectroscopia Molecular, Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo , Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
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13
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Degradation mechanism of γ-irradiated polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) powder by low-temperature matrix-isolation infrared spectroscopy and chemiluminescence spectroscopy. Polym J 2016. [DOI: 10.1038/pj.2015.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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14
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Shmukler LE, Gruzdev MS, Kudryakova NO, Fadeeva YA, Kolker A, Safonova LP. Thermal behavior and electrochemistry of protic ionic liquids based on triethylamine with different acids. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra21360j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Protic ionic liquids (PILs) composed of the triethylammonium cation with dihydrogen phosphite, tosylate, and trifluoroacetat anions were synthesized.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. E. Shmukler
- G. A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences
- Ivanovo
- Russia
| | - M. S. Gruzdev
- G. A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences
- Ivanovo
- Russia
| | - N. O. Kudryakova
- G. A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences
- Ivanovo
- Russia
| | - Yu. A. Fadeeva
- G. A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences
- Ivanovo
- Russia
| | - A. M. Kolker
- G. A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences
- Ivanovo
- Russia
| | - L. P. Safonova
- G. A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Sciences
- Ivanovo
- Russia
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15
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Patil AB, Mahadeo Bhanage B. Brønsted acidity of protic ionic liquids: a modern ab initio valence bond theory perspective. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:26020-26025. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp04220a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Modern ab initio valence bond theory calculations of representative primary and tertiary ammonium protic ionic liquids indicate that modern ab initio valence bond theory can be employed to assess the acidity and ionicity of protic ionic liquids a priori.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amol Baliram Patil
- Department of Green Technology
- Institute of Chemical Technology
- Mumbai
- India
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16
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Cui Y, Yin J, Li C, Li S, Wang A, Yang G, Jia Y. Experimental and theoretical studies on compositions, structures, and IR and NMR spectra of functionalized protic ionic liquids. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:19731-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp03293a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
DMCEAP and DMEOAP are composed of neutral and ionized species in the liquid phase as investigated through experimental spectroscopy and DFT calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingna Cui
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Dalian University
- Dalian
- China
| | - Jingmei Yin
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Dalian University
- Dalian
- China
| | - Changping Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Dalian University
- Dalian
- China
| | - Shenmin Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Dalian University
- Dalian
- China
| | - Ailing Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Dalian University
- Dalian
- China
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Dalian University
- Dalian
- China
| | - Yingping Jia
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Dalian University
- Dalian
- China
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17
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Kar BP, Sander W. Reversible Carbene Formation in the Ionic Liquid 1-Ethyl-3-Methylimidazolium Acetate by Vaporization and Condensation. Chemphyschem 2015; 16:3603-6. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201500729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bishnu Prasad Kar
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie II; Ruhr-Universität Bochum; 44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Wolfram Sander
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie II; Ruhr-Universität Bochum; 44780 Bochum Germany
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18
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Greaves TL, Drummond CJ. Protic Ionic Liquids: Evolving Structure-Property Relationships and Expanding Applications. Chem Rev 2015; 115:11379-448. [PMID: 26426209 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 512] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tamar L Greaves
- School of Applied Sciences, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University , GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Calum J Drummond
- School of Applied Sciences, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University , GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
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Finger LH, Wohde F, Grigoryev EI, Hansmann AK, Berger R, Roling B, Sundermeyer J. Access to pure and highly volatile hydrochalcogenide ionic liquids. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:16169-72. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc06224a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of H2S with methylcarbonate salts allows access to pure hydrosulphide ILs, which show an astoundingly high volatility below 100 °C allowing high-end purification and ionic single crystal growth by sublimation.
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Affiliation(s)
- L. H. Finger
- Fachbereich Chemie and Materials Science Center
- Philipps-Universität
- 35043 Marburg
- Germany
| | - F. Wohde
- Fachbereich Chemie and Materials Science Center
- Philipps-Universität
- 35043 Marburg
- Germany
| | - E. I. Grigoryev
- Fachbereich Chemie and Materials Science Center
- Philipps-Universität
- 35043 Marburg
- Germany
| | - A.-K. Hansmann
- Fachbereich Chemie and Materials Science Center
- Philipps-Universität
- 35043 Marburg
- Germany
| | - R. Berger
- Fachbereich Chemie and Materials Science Center
- Philipps-Universität
- 35043 Marburg
- Germany
| | - B. Roling
- Fachbereich Chemie and Materials Science Center
- Philipps-Universität
- 35043 Marburg
- Germany
| | - J. Sundermeyer
- Fachbereich Chemie and Materials Science Center
- Philipps-Universität
- 35043 Marburg
- Germany
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