1
|
Richards R, Song Y, O’Connor L, Wang X, Dailing EA, Bragg AE, Ayzner AL. Exciton Transfer Between Extended Electronic States in Conjugated Inter-Polyelectrolyte Complexes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16. [PMID: 38289236 PMCID: PMC11056932 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c14657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Artificial light harvesting, a process that involves converting sunlight into chemical potential energy, is considered to be a promising part of the overall solution to address urgent global energy challenges. Conjugated polyelectrolyte complexes (CPECs) are particularly attractive for this purpose due to their extended electronic states, tunable assembly thermodynamics, and sensitivity to their local environment. Importantly, ionically assembled complexes of conjugated polyelectrolytes can act as efficient donor-acceptor pairs for electronic energy transfer (EET). However, to be of use in material applications, we must understand how modifying the chemical structure of the CPE backbone alters the EET rate beyond spectral overlap considerations. In this report we investigate the dependence of the EET efficiency and rate on the electronic structure and excitonic wave function of the CPE backbone. To do so, we synthesized a series of alternating copolymers where the electronic states are systematically altered by introducing comonomers with electron withdrawing and electron-rich character while keeping the linear ionic charge density nearly fixed. We find evidence that the excitonic coupling may be significantly affected by the exciton delocalization radius, in accordance with analytical models based on the line-dipole approximation and quantum chemistry calculations. Our results imply that care should be taken when selecting CPE components for optimal CPEC EET. These results have implications for using CPECs as key components in water-based light-harvesting materials, either as standalone assemblies or as adsorbates on nanoparticles and thin films.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Richards
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California Santa Cruz, Santa
Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Yuqi Song
- Department
of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Luke O’Connor
- Department
of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California Santa Cruz, Santa
Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Eric A. Dailing
- The
Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720,United States
| | - Arthur E. Bragg
- Department
of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Alexander L. Ayzner
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California Santa Cruz, Santa
Cruz, California 95064, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hulley EB, Clennan EL. Dihydrophenanthrene Open-Shell Singlet Diradicals and Their Roles in the Mallory Photocyclization Reaction. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:1122-1131. [PMID: 38163932 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c12400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
A computational study (ωB97X-D/6-31G(d)) of the Mallory photocyclization reaction has revealed that the well-established dihydrophenanthrene (DHP) intermediates can adopt either closed-shell (CS) or open-shell-diradical (OS) singlet ground states. A detailed study of the properties of DHPs allowed their classifications as OS, borderline-OS, borderline-CS, or CS intermediates. The triplet electronic state and higher energy CS* isomer of all the OS singlet diradicals were computationally located, and the expected relationship between the diradical index, yo, and the triplet energy and the OS-CS* energy gaps was established. The importance of aromaticity in stabilizing the OS singlet diradicals was confirmed by using the Harmonic Oscillator Model of Aromaticity (HOMA). The thermal decompositions of DHPs by cycloreversions to regenerate the Mallory starting materials were also studied. The cycloreversion mechanism was described as a homolytic cleavage characterized by an anchimeric assistance continuum promoted by bis-β-homolytic cleavage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elliott B Hulley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
| | - Edward L Clennan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming 82071, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tay NES, Lehnherr D, Rovis T. Photons or Electrons? A Critical Comparison of Electrochemistry and Photoredox Catalysis for Organic Synthesis. Chem Rev 2022; 122:2487-2649. [PMID: 34751568 PMCID: PMC10021920 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Redox processes are at the heart of synthetic methods that rely on either electrochemistry or photoredox catalysis, but how do electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis compare? Both approaches provide access to high energy intermediates (e.g., radicals) that enable bond formations not constrained by the rules of ionic or 2 electron (e) mechanisms. Instead, they enable 1e mechanisms capable of bypassing electronic or steric limitations and protecting group requirements, thus enabling synthetic chemists to disconnect molecules in new and different ways. However, while providing access to similar intermediates, electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis differ in several physical chemistry principles. Understanding those differences can be key to designing new transformations and forging new bond disconnections. This review aims to highlight these differences and similarities between electrochemistry and photoredox catalysis by comparing their underlying physical chemistry principles and describing their impact on electrochemical and photochemical methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas E S Tay
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Dan Lehnherr
- Process Research and Development, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Tomislav Rovis
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Brady RP, Zhang C, DeFrancisco JR, Barrett BJ, Cheng L, Bragg AE. Multiphoton Control of 6π Photocyclization via State-Dependent Reactant-Product Correlations. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:9493-9500. [PMID: 34559534 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c02353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Multiphoton excitation promises opportunities for opening new photochemical reaction pathways and controlling photoproduct distributions. We demonstrate photonic control of the 6π photocyclization of ortho-terphenyl to make 4a,4b-dihydrotriphenylene (DHT). Using pump-repump-probe spectroscopy we show that 1 + 1' excitation to a high-lying reactant electronic state generates a metastable species characterized by a red absorption feature that accompanies a repump-induced depletion in the one-photon trans-dihydro product (trans-DHT); signatures of the new photoproduct are clearer for a structural analogue of the reactant that is sterically inhibited against one-photon cyclization. Quantum-chemical computations support assignment of this species to cis-DHT, which is accessible photochemically along a disrotatory coordinate from high-lying electronic states reached by 1 + 1' excitation. We use time-resolved spectroscopy to track photochemical dynamics producing cis-DHT. In total, we demonstrate that selective multiphoton excitation opens a new photoreaction channel in these photocyclizing reactants by taking advantage of state-dependent correlations between reactant and product electronic states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P Brady
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Chaoqun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Justin R DeFrancisco
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Brandon J Barrett
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Lan Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Arthur E Bragg
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Barrett BJ, Jimenez D, Klausen RS, Bragg AE. Intramolecular Photoinduced Charge Transfer and Recombination Dynamics in Vinylarene Terminated Organosilanes. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:8460-8471. [PMID: 34296881 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c01297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report on charge-transfer dynamics of newly designed acceptor-donor-acceptor organosilanes, with a specific focus on how donor-acceptor combination and local chemical environment can be used to control the lifetime for intramolecular charge-separation between silane electron donors and organic acceptors. In this work linear oligosilanes were capped with arene-vinyl end groups of variable electron-accepting strength: weak (diester vinyl), intermediate (ester,cyano vinyl), and strong (dicyanovinyl). Ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy was used to characterize their structure-dependent charge-transfer and recombination behaviors. All structures exhibit similar photoinduced ultrafast spectral dynamics that we ascribe to relaxation of the nascent charge-separated excited state followed by a return to the ground state via charge recombination. We find that relaxation of the nascent "hot" charge-separated excited state scales with the strength of dipole-dipole interactions between solvent molecules and the polar arene-vinyl acceptor. Furthermore, electron-accepting strength governs whether electronic coupling dictates charge recombination rate: weak acceptors produce charge-separated states that exhibit relatively large electronic coupling for back-electron transfer (approaching the adiabatic limit) that result in fast recombination, whereas the strong and moderate-strength acceptors support more stable charge-separated states with weaker coupling and longer lifetimes. We find that recombination rates increase substantially for structures with weak and moderate-strength acceptors in cyclohexane (i.e., negligible solvent reorganization energy), which we attribute to an increased electronic coupling in a nonpolar solvent environment where charge pairs are weakly screened. In contrast, for structures with strong electron acceptors, the very low reorganization energy of cyclohexane places back-electron transfer even further into the Marcus inverted regime, with a resultant increase in charge-separation lifetime. Together these results provide critical insights on how to tune photoinduced charge-transfer behavior in organic-inorganic hybrids that have potential material applications in molecular electronics and optoelectronics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brandon J Barrett
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Daniel Jimenez
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Rebekka S Klausen
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Arthur E Bragg
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Honick CR, Peters GM, Young JD, Tovar JD, Bragg AE. Core structure dependence of cycloreversion dynamics in diarylethene analogs. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:3314-3328. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp05797h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Increased core rigidity in diarylethene-type photoswitches results in shallower excited-state potential energy surfaces and faster funneling towards the conical intersections from which cycloreversion and nonreactive deactivation occur.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jamie D. Young
- Department of Chemistry
- Johns Hopkins University
- Baltimore
- USA
| | - John D. Tovar
- Department of Chemistry
- Johns Hopkins University
- Baltimore
- USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Young JD, Honick CR, Zhou J, Pitts CR, Ghorbani F, Peters GM, Lectka T, Tovar JD, Bragg AE. Energy- and conformer-dependent excited-state relaxation of an E/Z photoswitchable thienyl-ethene. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:14440-14452. [PMID: 30920561 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp01226e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bis(bithienyl)-1,2-dicyanoethene (4TCE) is a photoswitch that operates via reversible E/Z photoisomerization following absorption of visible light. cis-to-trans photoisomerization of 4TCE requires excitation below 470 nm, is relatively inefficient (quantum yield < 5%) and occurs via the lowest-lying triplet. We present excitation-wavelength dependent (565-420 nm) transient absorption (TA) studies to probe the photophysics of cis-to-trans isomerization to identify sources of switching inefficiency. TA data reveals contributions from more than one switch conformer and relaxation cascades between multiple states. Fast (∼4 ps) and slow (∼40 ps) components of spectral dynamics observed at low excitation energies (>470 nm) are readily attributed to deactivation of two conformers; this assignment is supported by computed thermal populations and absorption strengths of two molecular geometries (PA and PB) characterized by roughly parallel dipoles for the thiophenes on opposite sides of the ethene bond. Only the PB conformer is found to contribute to triplet population and the switching of cis-4TCE: high-energy excitation (<470 nm) of PB involves direct excitation to S2, relaxation from which prepares an ISC-active S1 geometry (ISC QY 0.4-0.67, kISC∼ 1.6-2.6 × 10-9 s-1) that is the gateway to triplet population and isomerization. We ascribe low cis-to-trans isomerization yield to excitation of the nonreactive PA conformer (75-85% loss) as well as loses along the PB S2→ S1→ T1 cascade (10-20% loss). In contrast, electrocyclization is inhibited by the electronic character of the excited states, as well as a non-existent thermal population of a reactive "antiparallel" ring conformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jamie D Young
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
| | - Chana R Honick
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
| | - Jiawang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
| | - Cody R Pitts
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
| | - Fereshte Ghorbani
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
| | - Garvin M Peters
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
| | - Thomas Lectka
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
| | - John D Tovar
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
| | - Arthur E Bragg
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wonanke ADD, Ferguson JL, Fitchett CM, Crittenden DL. Predicting the Outcome of Photocyclisation Reactions: A Joint Experimental and Computational Investigation. Chem Asian J 2019; 14:1293-1303. [PMID: 30719870 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201801761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Photochemical oxidative cyclodehydrogenation reactions are a versatile class of aromatic ring-forming reactions. They are tolerant to functional group substitution and heteroatom inclusion, so can be used to form a diverse range of extended polyaromatic systems by fusing existing ring substituents. However, despite their undoubted synthetic utility, there are no existing models-computational or heuristic-that predict the outcome of photocyclisation reactions across all possible classes of reactants. This can be traced back to the fact that "negative" results are rarely published in the synthetic literature and the lack of a general conceptual framework for understanding how photoexcitation affects reactivity. In this work, we address both of these issues. We present experimental data for a series of aromatically substituted pyrroles and indoles, and show that quantifying induced atomic forces upon photoexcitation provides a powerful predictive model for determining whether a given reactant will photoplanarise and hence proceed to photocyclised product under appropriate reaction conditions. The propensity of a molecule to photoplanarise is related to localised changes in charge distribution around the putative forming ring upon photoexcitation. This is promoted by asymmetry in molecular structures and/or charge distributions, inclusion of heteroatoms and ethylene bridging and well-separated or isolated photocyclisation sites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A D Dinga Wonanke
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Jayne L Ferguson
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Christopher M Fitchett
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Deborah L Crittenden
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Snyder JA, Bragg AE. Ultrafast Pump-Repump-Probe Photochemical Hole Burning as a Probe of Excited-State Reaction Pathway Branching. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:5847-5854. [PMID: 30226782 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b02489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate pump-repump-probe (PRP) transient hole burning as a spectroscopic tool for differentiating reactive from nonreactive deactivation of excited photochemical reactants observed by transient absorption spectroscopy (TAS). This method utilizes a time-delayed, wavelength-tunable ultrafast pulse to alter the excited reactant population, with the impact of "repumping" quantified through depletions in photoproduct absorption. We apply this approach to characterize dynamics affecting the nonadiabatic photocyclization efficiency to form S0 dihydrotriphenylene (DHT) following 266 nm excitation of ortho-terphenyl (OTP). TAS studies revealed bimodal deactivation of OTP*, but neither relaxation time scale (700 fs and 3.0 ps) could be assigned unambiguously to DHT formation due to overlap of excited-state and product spectra. PRP studies reveal that S1 OTP only cyclizes on the slower of these time scales, with the faster process attributable to nonreactive deactivation. We demonstrate that this method offers greater photochemical insights without assuming models to globally fit spectral transients collected by TAS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Snyder
- Department of Chemistry , Johns Hopkins University , 3400 North Charles Street , Baltimore , Maryland 21218 , United States
| | - Arthur E Bragg
- Department of Chemistry , Johns Hopkins University , 3400 North Charles Street , Baltimore , Maryland 21218 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Snyder JA, Grüninger P, Bettinger HF, Bragg AE. BN Doping and the Photochemistry of Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons: Photocyclization of Hexaphenyl Benzene and Hexaphenyl Borazine. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:8359-8367. [PMID: 28949535 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b08190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Boron-nitrogen doping of polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) materials can be used to tune their electronic properties while preserving the structural characteristics of pure hydrocarbons. Many multicycle PAHs can be synthesized photochemically; in contrast, very little is known about the photochemistry of their BN-doped counterparts. We present results of fs, ns, and μs time-resolved spectroscopic studies on the photoinduced dynamics of hexaphenyl benzene and hexaphenyl borazine in order to examine how BN doping alters photochemical C-C bond formation via 6π electrocyclization as well as the stability of resulting cyclized structures. Ultrafast measurements reveal photoinduced behaviors reflecting differences in excited-state decay pathways for the two molecules, with hexaphenyl borazine relaxing from its excited state with a rate that is 2 orders of magnitude faster than that of hexaphenyl benzene (3.0 vs 428 ps). Tetraphenyl dihydrotriphenylene generated from hexaphenyl benzene is observed to reopen with a ∼2 μs lifetime controlled by entropic stabilization of the cyclized structure; in contrast, photoinduced dynamics appear to be complete within 100 ps after excitation of hexaphenyl borazine. This significant difference in photochemical dynamics is reflected in the cyclodehydrogentation yields obtained for the two reactants (25 vs 0% for hexaphenyl benzene and borazine, respectively). Quantum-chemical computations predict that BN doping gives rise to energetic destabilization and increased singlet diradical character in cyclized structures. These findings indicate that the polarized BN bonds of the borazine core adversely impact photochemical bond formation relative to analogous hydrocarbons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Snyder
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University , 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Peter Grüninger
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Tübingen , Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Holger F Bettinger
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Tübingen , Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Arthur E Bragg
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University , 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gao YJ, Chang XP, Liu XY, Li QS, Cui G, Thiel W. Excited-State Decay Paths in Tetraphenylethene Derivatives. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:2572-2579. [PMID: 28318255 PMCID: PMC5385518 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The photophysical properties of tetraphenylethene (TPE) compounds may differ widely depending on the substitution pattern, for example, with regard to the fluorescence quantum yield ϕf and the propensity to exhibit aggregation-induced emission (AIE). We report combined electronic structure calculations and nonadiabatic dynamics simulations to study the excited-state decay mechanisms of two TPE derivatives with four methyl substituents, either in the meta position (TPE-4mM, ϕf = 0.1%) or in the ortho position (TPE-4oM, ϕf = 64.3%). In both cases, two excited-state decay pathways may be relevant, namely, photoisomerization around the central ethylenic double bond and photocyclization involving two adjacent phenyl rings. In TPE-4mM, the barrierless S1 cyclization is favored; it is responsible for the ultralow fluorescence quantum yield observed experimentally. In TPE-4oM, both the S1 photocyclization and photoisomerization paths are blocked by non-negligible barriers, and fluorescence is thus feasible. Nonadiabatic dynamics simulations with more than 1000 surface hopping trajectories show ultrafast cyclization upon photoexcitation of TPE-4mM, whereas TPE-4oM remains unreactive during the 1 ps simulations. We discuss the chances for spectroscopic detection of the postulated cyclic photoproduct of TPE-4mM and the relevance of our findings for the AIE process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Jun Gao
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xue-Ping Chang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xiang-Yang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875, China
| | - Quan-Song Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology , Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ganglong Cui
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University Beijing 100875, China
| | - Walter Thiel
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung , Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470 Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kumpulainen T, Lang B, Rosspeintner A, Vauthey E. Ultrafast Elementary Photochemical Processes of Organic Molecules in Liquid Solution. Chem Rev 2016; 117:10826-10939. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatu Kumpulainen
- Department of Physical Chemistry,
Sciences II, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Lang
- Department of Physical Chemistry,
Sciences II, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Arnulf Rosspeintner
- Department of Physical Chemistry,
Sciences II, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Eric Vauthey
- Department of Physical Chemistry,
Sciences II, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Skonieczny K, Gryko DT. Light-Induced Direct Arylation in the Solid Crystalline State as a Strategy Towards π-Expanded Imidazoles. Chem Asian J 2016; 11:2513-7. [PMID: 27452918 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201600752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
π-Expanded imidazoles bearing the 2-iodophenyl substituent at position 2 undergo direct photoinduced intramolecular arylation in the solid, crystalline state leading to large non-planar heterocycles. An analogous reaction employing 2-bromophenyl and 2-chlorophenyl substituents is considerably slower. Such processes have never before been demonstrated to occur in crystals and have allowed the efficient synthesizes of structurally unique compounds containing either the phenanthro[9',10':4,5]imidazo[1,2-f]phenanthridine moiety or structurally related skeletons. The reaction occurs in the thin crystalline layers irradiated with UV photons in an almost quantitative manner over 48-72 h. Several previously unknown architectures have been prepared using this methodology. Furthermore, the optical properties of these π-expanded imidazoles can be altered with the addition of heteroatoms and/or electron-donating groups.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Skonieczny
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44-52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Daniel T Gryko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44-52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Molloy MS, Snyder JA, DeFrancisco JR, Bragg AE. Structural Control of Nonadiabatic Photochemical Bond Formation: Photocyclization in Structurally Modified ortho-Terphenyls. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:3998-4007. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b02925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Molly S. Molloy
- Department
of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Joshua A. Snyder
- Department
of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Justin R. DeFrancisco
- Department
of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Arthur E. Bragg
- Department
of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Prlj A, Došlić N, Corminboeuf C. How does tetraphenylethylene relax from its excited states? Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:11606-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp04546k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Photocyclization play a key role in the deactivation mechanism of tetraphenylethylene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Prlj
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
- CH-1015 Lausanne
- Switzerland
| | - Nađa Došlić
- Department of Physical Chemistry
- Ruđer Bošković Institute
- HR-10000 Zagreb
- Croatia
| | - Clémence Corminboeuf
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne
- CH-1015 Lausanne
- Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Skonieczny K, Gryko DT. Photochemical Conversion of Phenanthro[9,10-d]imidazoles into π-Expanded Heterocycles. J Org Chem 2015; 80:5753-63. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b00714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kamil Skonieczny
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Daniel T. Gryko
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Snyder JA, Bragg AE. Structural Control of Nonadiabatic Bond Formation: The Photochemical Formation and Stability of Substituted 4a,4b-Dihydrotriphenylenes. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:3972-85. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.5b01749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A. Snyder
- Department
of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Arthur E. Bragg
- Department
of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Guiglion P, Zwijnenburg MA. Contrasting the optical properties of the different isomers of oligophenylene. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:17854-63. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp01916h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We use a combination of Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory (TD-DFT) and approximate Coupled Cluster Theory (RI-CC2) to compare trends in the optical gap and fluorescence energies of ortho-, meta- and para-oligomers of phenylene.
Collapse
|
19
|
Müller M, Behnle S, Maichle-Mössmer C, Bettinger HF. Boron–nitrogen substituted perylene obtained through photocyclisation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2014; 50:7821-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc01424c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A BN substituted hexabenzotriphenylene (B3N3) closes one C–C-bond upon irradiation in the presence of iodine to yield a phenanthrene annelated B3N3 tribenzoperylene. Upon hydrolysis a B2N2 dibenzoperylene is obtained.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Müller
- Institut für Organische Chemie
- Universität Tübingen
- 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Behnle
- Institut für Organische Chemie
- Universität Tübingen
- 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|