1
|
Brady RP, Drury C, Yurchenko SN, Tennyson J. Numerical Equivalence of Diabatic and Adiabatic Representations in Diatomic Molecules. J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:2127-2139. [PMID: 38171539 PMCID: PMC10938500 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c01150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
The (time-independent) Schrödinger equation for atomistic systems is solved by using the adiabatic potential energy curves (PECs) and the associated adiabatic approximation. In cases where interactions between electronic states become important, the associated nonadiabatic effects are taken into account via derivative couplings (DDRs), also known as nonadiabatic couplings (NACs). For diatomic molecules, the corresponding PECs in the adiabatic representation are characterized by avoided crossings. The alternative to the adiabatic approach is the diabatic representation obtained via a unitary transformation of the adiabatic states by minimizing the DDRs. For diatomics, the diabatic representation has zero DDR and nondiagonal diabatic couplings ensue. The two representations are fully equivalent and so should be the rovibronic energies and wave functions, which result from the solution of the corresponding Schrödinger equations. We demonstrate (for the first time) the numerical equivalence between the adiabatic and diabatic rovibronic calculations of diatomic molecules using the ab initio curves of yttrium oxide (YO) and carbon monohydride (CH) as examples of two-state systems, where YO is characterized by a strong NAC, while CH has a strong diabatic coupling. Rovibronic energies and wave functions are computed using a new diabatic module implemented in the variational rovibronic code Duo. We show that it is important to include both the diagonal Born-Oppenheimer correction and nondiagonal DDRs. We also show that the convergence of the vibronic energy calculations can strongly depend on the representation of nuclear motion used and that no one representation is best in all cases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P. Brady
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K.
| | - Charlie Drury
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K.
| | - Sergei N. Yurchenko
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K.
| | - Jonathan Tennyson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Powell D, Feinstein AD, Lee EKH, Zhang M, Tsai SM, Taylor J, Kirk J, Bell T, Barstow JK, Gao P, Bean JL, Blecic J, Chubb KL, Crossfield IJM, Jordan S, Kitzmann D, Moran SE, Morello G, Moses JI, Welbanks L, Yang J, Zhang X, Ahrer EM, Bello-Arufe A, Brande J, Casewell SL, Crouzet N, Cubillos PE, Demory BO, Dyrek A, Flagg L, Hu R, Inglis J, Jones KD, Kreidberg L, López-Morales M, Lagage PO, Meier Valdés EA, Miguel Y, Parmentier V, Piette AAA, Rackham BV, Radica M, Redfield S, Stevenson KB, Wakeford HR, Aggarwal K, Alam MK, Batalha NM, Batalha NE, Benneke B, Berta-Thompson ZK, Brady RP, Caceres C, Carter AL, Désert JM, Harrington J, Iro N, Line MR, Lothringer JD, MacDonald RJ, Mancini L, Molaverdikhani K, Mukherjee S, Nixon MC, Oza AV, Palle E, Rustamkulov Z, Sing DK, Steinrueck ME, Venot O, Wheatley PJ, Yurchenko SN. Sulfur dioxide in the mid-infrared transmission spectrum of WASP-39b. Nature 2024; 626:979-983. [PMID: 38232945 PMCID: PMC10901732 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07040-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
The recent inference of sulfur dioxide (SO2) in the atmosphere of the hot (approximately 1,100 K), Saturn-mass exoplanet WASP-39b from near-infrared JWST observations1-3 suggests that photochemistry is a key process in high-temperature exoplanet atmospheres4. This is because of the low (<1 ppb) abundance of SO2 under thermochemical equilibrium compared with that produced from the photochemistry of H2O and H2S (1-10 ppm)4-9. However, the SO2 inference was made from a single, small molecular feature in the transmission spectrum of WASP-39b at 4.05 μm and, therefore, the detection of other SO2 absorption bands at different wavelengths is needed to better constrain the SO2 abundance. Here we report the detection of SO2 spectral features at 7.7 and 8.5 μm in the 5-12-μm transmission spectrum of WASP-39b measured by the JWST Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI) Low Resolution Spectrometer (LRS)10. Our observations suggest an abundance of SO2 of 0.5-25 ppm (1σ range), consistent with previous findings4. As well as SO2, we find broad water-vapour absorption features, as well as an unexplained decrease in the transit depth at wavelengths longer than 10 μm. Fitting the spectrum with a grid of atmospheric forward models, we derive an atmospheric heavy-element content (metallicity) for WASP-39b of approximately 7.1-8.0 times solar and demonstrate that photochemistry shapes the spectra of WASP-39b across a broad wavelength range.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Powell
- Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA, USA.
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
| | - Adina D Feinstein
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Elspeth K H Lee
- Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michael Zhang
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Shang-Min Tsai
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Jake Taylor
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Institut Trottier de Recherche sur les Exoplanètes, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Physique, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - James Kirk
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Taylor Bell
- Bay Area Environmental Research Institute, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA
- Space Science and Astrobiology Division, NASA Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, CA, USA
| | - Joanna K Barstow
- School of Physical Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Peter Gao
- Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jacob L Bean
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jasmina Blecic
- Department of Physics, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Center for Astro, Particle, and Planetary Physics (CAP3), New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Katy L Chubb
- Centre for Exoplanet Science, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Ian J M Crossfield
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Sean Jordan
- Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Daniel Kitzmann
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Sarah E Moran
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Giuseppe Morello
- Department of Space, Earth and Environment, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), Tenerife, Spain
- INAF - Palermo Astronomical Observatory, Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Luis Welbanks
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Jeehyun Yang
- Planetary Sciences Section, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Eva-Maria Ahrer
- Centre for Exoplanets and Habitability, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Aaron Bello-Arufe
- Astrophysics Section, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan Brande
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - S L Casewell
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Nicolas Crouzet
- Leiden Observatory, University of Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Patricio E Cubillos
- INAF - Turin Astrophysical Observatory, Pino Torinese, Italy
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | - Brice-Olivier Demory
- Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Space and Planetary Sciences, Institute of Physics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Achrène Dyrek
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, AIM, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Laura Flagg
- Department of Astronomy, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- Carl Sagan Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Renyu Hu
- Astrophysics Section, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Julie Inglis
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Kathryn D Jones
- Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | - Yamila Miguel
- Leiden Observatory, University of Leiden, Leiden, The Netherlands
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Vivien Parmentier
- Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, French Riviera, France
| | - Anjali A A Piette
- Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Benjamin V Rackham
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Michael Radica
- Institut Trottier de Recherche sur les Exoplanètes, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Physique, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Seth Redfield
- Astronomy Department, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, USA
- Van Vleck Observatory, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, USA
| | - Kevin B Stevenson
- Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Munazza K Alam
- Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Natalie M Batalha
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | | | - Björn Benneke
- Institut Trottier de Recherche sur les Exoplanètes, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
- Département de Physique, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Zach K Berta-Thompson
- Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Ryan P Brady
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, UK
| | - Claudio Caceres
- Instituto de Astrofisica, Facultad Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Astrofisica y Tecnologias Afines (CATA), Santiago, Chile
- Núcleo Milenio de Formación Planetaria (NPF), Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Aarynn L Carter
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Jean-Michel Désert
- Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joseph Harrington
- Planetary Sciences Group, Department of Physics and Florida Space Institute, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Nicolas Iro
- Institute of Planetary Research, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael R Line
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | | | - Ryan J MacDonald
- Department of Astronomy, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Luigi Mancini
- INAF - Turin Astrophysical Observatory, Pino Torinese, Italy
- Max Planck Institute for Astronomy, Heidelberg, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Rome, Italy
| | - Karan Molaverdikhani
- Universitäts-Sternwarte, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, München, Germany
- Exzellenzcluster Origins, Garching, Germany
| | - Sagnick Mukherjee
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Matthew C Nixon
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Apurva V Oza
- Astrophysics Section, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Enric Palle
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), Tenerife, Spain
| | - Zafar Rustamkulov
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David K Sing
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Olivia Venot
- Université de Paris Cité and Université Paris-Est Creteil, CNRS, LISA, Paris, France
| | - Peter J Wheatley
- Centre for Exoplanets and Habitability, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Sergei N Yurchenko
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Tsai SM, Lee EKH, Powell D, Gao P, Zhang X, Moses J, Hébrard E, Venot O, Parmentier V, Jordan S, Hu R, Alam MK, Alderson L, Batalha NM, Bean JL, Benneke B, Bierson CJ, Brady RP, Carone L, Carter AL, Chubb KL, Inglis J, Leconte J, Line M, López-Morales M, Miguel Y, Molaverdikhani K, Rustamkulov Z, Sing DK, Stevenson KB, Wakeford HR, Yang J, Aggarwal K, Baeyens R, Barat S, de Val-Borro M, Daylan T, Fortney JJ, France K, Goyal JM, Grant D, Kirk J, Kreidberg L, Louca A, Moran SE, Mukherjee S, Nasedkin E, Ohno K, Rackham BV, Redfield S, Taylor J, Tremblin P, Visscher C, Wallack NL, Welbanks L, Youngblood A, Ahrer EM, Batalha NE, Behr P, Berta-Thompson ZK, Blecic J, Casewell SL, Crossfield IJM, Crouzet N, Cubillos PE, Decin L, Désert JM, Feinstein AD, Gibson NP, Harrington J, Heng K, Henning T, Kempton EMR, Krick J, Lagage PO, Lendl M, Lothringer JD, Mansfield M, Mayne NJ, Mikal-Evans T, Palle E, Schlawin E, Shorttle O, Wheatley PJ, Yurchenko SN. Photochemically produced SO 2 in the atmosphere of WASP-39b. Nature 2023; 617:483-487. [PMID: 37100917 PMCID: PMC10191860 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05902-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
Photochemistry is a fundamental process of planetary atmospheres that regulates the atmospheric composition and stability1. However, no unambiguous photochemical products have been detected in exoplanet atmospheres so far. Recent observations from the JWST Transiting Exoplanet Community Early Release Science Program2,3 found a spectral absorption feature at 4.05 μm arising from sulfur dioxide (SO2) in the atmosphere of WASP-39b. WASP-39b is a 1.27-Jupiter-radii, Saturn-mass (0.28 MJ) gas giant exoplanet orbiting a Sun-like star with an equilibrium temperature of around 1,100 K (ref. 4). The most plausible way of generating SO2 in such an atmosphere is through photochemical processes5,6. Here we show that the SO2 distribution computed by a suite of photochemical models robustly explains the 4.05-μm spectral feature identified by JWST transmission observations7 with NIRSpec PRISM (2.7σ)8 and G395H (4.5σ)9. SO2 is produced by successive oxidation of sulfur radicals freed when hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is destroyed. The sensitivity of the SO2 feature to the enrichment of the atmosphere by heavy elements (metallicity) suggests that it can be used as a tracer of atmospheric properties, with WASP-39b exhibiting an inferred metallicity of about 10× solar. We further point out that SO2 also shows observable features at ultraviolet and thermal infrared wavelengths not available from the existing observations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Min Tsai
- Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA.
| | - Elspeth K H Lee
- Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Diana Powell
- Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Peter Gao
- Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Xi Zhang
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Olivia Venot
- Université de Paris Cité and Univ. Paris Est Creteil, CNRS, LISA, Paris, France
| | - Vivien Parmentier
- Université Côte d'Azur, Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Laboratoire Lagrange, Nice, France
| | - Sean Jordan
- Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Renyu Hu
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Munazza K Alam
- Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Lili Alderson
- School of Physics, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Natalie M Batalha
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Jacob L Bean
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Björn Benneke
- Department of Physics and Institute for Research on Exoplanets, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Carver J Bierson
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Ryan P Brady
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ludmila Carone
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
| | - Aarynn L Carter
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Katy L Chubb
- Centre for Exoplanet Science, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
| | - Julie Inglis
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jérémy Leconte
- Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux, Université de Bordeaux, Pessac, France
| | - Michael Line
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | | | - Yamila Miguel
- Leiden Observatory, University of Leiden, Leiden, the Netherlands
- SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Karan Molaverdikhani
- Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Exzellenzcluster Origins, Munich, Germany
| | - Zafar Rustamkulov
- Department of Earth & Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - David K Sing
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Earth & Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Jeehyun Yang
- Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | | | - Robin Baeyens
- Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Saugata Barat
- Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Tansu Daylan
- Department of Astrophysical Sciences, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Jonathan J Fortney
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Kevin France
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Jayesh M Goyal
- School of Earth and Planetary Sciences (SEPS), National Institute of Science Education and Research (NISER), Homi Bhabha National Institute (HBNI), Odisha, India
| | - David Grant
- School of Physics, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - James Kirk
- Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Amy Louca
- Leiden Observatory, University of Leiden, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Sarah E Moran
- Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Sagnick Mukherjee
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | | | - Kazumasa Ohno
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Benjamin V Rackham
- Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Kavli Institute for Astrophysics and Space Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Seth Redfield
- Astronomy Department and Van Vleck Observatory, Wesleyan University, Middletown, CT, USA
| | - Jake Taylor
- Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- Department of Physics and Institute for Research on Exoplanets, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Pascal Tremblin
- Maison de la Simulation, CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Channon Visscher
- Space Science Institute, Boulder, CO, USA
- Chemistry and Planetary Sciences, Dordt University, Sioux Center, IA, USA
| | - Nicole L Wallack
- Earth and Planets Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington, DC, USA
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Luis Welbanks
- School of Earth and Space Exploration, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | | | - Eva-Maria Ahrer
- Centre for Exoplanets and Habitability, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | | | - Patrick Behr
- Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Zachory K Berta-Thompson
- Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Jasmina Blecic
- Department of Physics, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Center for Astro, Particle, and Planetary Physics (CAP3), New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - S L Casewell
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Ian J M Crossfield
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Nicolas Crouzet
- Leiden Observatory, University of Leiden, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Patricio E Cubillos
- Space Research Institute, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Graz, Austria
- INAF - Turin Astrophysical Observatory, Pino Torinese, Italy
| | - Leen Decin
- Institute of Astronomy, Department of Physics and Astronomy, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jean-Michel Désert
- Anton Pannekoek Institute for Astronomy, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Adina D Feinstein
- Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Neale P Gibson
- School of Physics, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Joseph Harrington
- Planetary Sciences Group, Department of Physics and Florida Space Institute, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Kevin Heng
- Universitäts-Sternwarte München, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | | | - Eliza M-R Kempton
- Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Jessica Krick
- Infrared Processing and Analysis Center (IPAC), California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Pierre-Olivier Lagage
- Maison de la Simulation, CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Monika Lendl
- Département d'Astronomie, Université de Genève, Sauverny, Switzerland
| | | | | | - N J Mayne
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Faculty of Environment, Science and Economy, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | | | - Enric Palle
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (IAC), Tenerife, Spain
| | | | - Oliver Shorttle
- Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Peter J Wheatley
- Centre for Exoplanets and Habitability, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
| | - Sergei N Yurchenko
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Brady RP, Yurchenko SN, Kim GS, Somogyi W, Tennyson J. An ab initio study of the rovibronic spectrum of sulphur monoxide (SO): diabatic vs. adiabatic representation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:24076-24088. [PMID: 36172791 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp03051a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We present an ab initio study of the rovibronic spectra of sulphur monoxide (32S16O) using internally contracted multireference configuration interaction (ic-MRCI) method and aug-cc-pV5Z basis sets. It covers 13 electronic states X3Σ-, a1Δ, b1Σ+, c1Σ-, A''3Σ+, A'3Δ, A3Π, B3Σ-, C3Π, d1Π, e1Π, C'3Π, and (3)1Π ranging up to 66 800 cm-1. The ab initio spectroscopic model includes 13 potential energy curves, 23 dipole and transition dipole moment curves, 23 spin-orbit curves, and 14 electronic angular momentum curves. A diabatic representation is built by removing the avoided crossings between the spatially degenerate pairs C3Π-C'3Π and e1Π-(3)1Π through a property-based diabatisation method. We also present non-adiabatic couplings and diabatic couplings for these avoided crossing systems. All phases for our coupling curves are defined, and consistent, providing the first fully reproducible spectroscopic model of SO covering the wavelength range longer than 147 nm. Finally, an ab initio rovibronic spectrum of SO is computed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R P Brady
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, WC1E 6BT London, UK.
| | - S N Yurchenko
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, WC1E 6BT London, UK.
| | - G-S Kim
- Dharma College, Dongguk University, 30, Pildong-ro 1-gil, Jung-gu, Seoul 04620, Korea
| | - W Somogyi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, WC1E 6BT London, UK.
| | - J Tennyson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, WC1E 6BT London, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Brady RP, Shah AS, Jensen ET, Stafford JM, D’Agostino RB, Dolan LM, Knight L, Imperatore G, Turley CB, Liese AD, Urbina EM, Lawrence JM, Pihoker C, Marcovina S, Dabelea D. Glycemic control is associated with dyslipidemia over time in youth with type 2 diabetes: The SEARCH for diabetes in youth study. Pediatr Diabetes 2021; 22:951-959. [PMID: 34363298 PMCID: PMC8530941 DOI: 10.1111/pedi.13253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dyslipidemia has been documented in youth with type 2 diabetes. There is a paucity of studies examining dyslipidemia over time in youth with type 2 diabetes and associated risk factors. OBJECTIVE To evaluate lipids at baseline and follow-up and associated risk factors in youth with type 2 diabetes. METHODS We studied 212 youth with type 2 diabetes at baseline and after an average of 7 years of follow-up in the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study. Abnormal lipids were defined as high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) < 35, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) > 100, or triglycerides >150 (all mg/dl). We evaluated participants for progression to abnormal lipids (normal lipids at baseline and abnormal at follow-up), regression (abnormal lipids at baseline and normal at follow-up), stable normal, and stable abnormal lipids over time for HDL-C, LDL-C, and triglycerides. Associations between hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) and adiposity over time (area under the curve [AUC]) with progression and stable abnormal lipids were evaluated. RESULTS HDL-C progressed, regressed, was stable normal, and stable abnormal in 12.3%, 11.3%, 62.3%, and 14.2% of participants, respectively. Corresponding LDL-C percentages were 15.6%, 12.7%, 42.9%, and 28.8% and triglycerides were 17.5%, 10.8%, 55.7%, and 16.0%. Each 1% increase in HbA1c AUC was associated with a 13% higher risk of progression and stable abnormal triglycerides and a 20% higher risk of progression and stable abnormal LDL-C. Higher adiposity AUC was marginally (p = 0.049) associated with abnormal HDL-C. CONCLUSIONS Progression and stable abnormal LDL-C and triglycerides occur in youth with type 2 diabetes and are associated with higher HbA1c.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P Brady
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital & University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH USA 45229
| | - Amy S Shah
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital & University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH USA 45229
| | - Elizabeth T Jensen
- Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC USA 27157
| | - Jeanette M Stafford
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC USA 27157
| | - Ralph B D’Agostino
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC USA 27157
| | - Lawrence M Dolan
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital & University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH USA 45229
| | - Lisa Knight
- Department of Pediatrics, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC USA 29203
| | - Giuseppina Imperatore
- Division of Diabetes Translation, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA USA 30341
| | - Christine B Turley
- Department of Pediatrics, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, SC USA 29203
| | - Angela D. Liese
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC USA 29208
| | - Elaine M Urbina
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital & University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH USA 45229
| | - Jean M Lawrence
- Department of Research & Evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA USA 91101
| | - Catherine Pihoker
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA 98195
| | - Santica Marcovina
- Northwest Lipid Metabolism and Diabetes Research Laboratories, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA 98195
| | - Dana Dabelea
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO USA 80045
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Brady RP, Zhang C, DeFrancisco JR, Barrett BJ, Cheng L, Bragg AE. Multiphoton Control of 6π Photocyclization via State-Dependent Reactant-Product Correlations. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:9493-9500. [PMID: 34559534 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c02353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Multiphoton excitation promises opportunities for opening new photochemical reaction pathways and controlling photoproduct distributions. We demonstrate photonic control of the 6π photocyclization of ortho-terphenyl to make 4a,4b-dihydrotriphenylene (DHT). Using pump-repump-probe spectroscopy we show that 1 + 1' excitation to a high-lying reactant electronic state generates a metastable species characterized by a red absorption feature that accompanies a repump-induced depletion in the one-photon trans-dihydro product (trans-DHT); signatures of the new photoproduct are clearer for a structural analogue of the reactant that is sterically inhibited against one-photon cyclization. Quantum-chemical computations support assignment of this species to cis-DHT, which is accessible photochemically along a disrotatory coordinate from high-lying electronic states reached by 1 + 1' excitation. We use time-resolved spectroscopy to track photochemical dynamics producing cis-DHT. In total, we demonstrate that selective multiphoton excitation opens a new photoreaction channel in these photocyclizing reactants by taking advantage of state-dependent correlations between reactant and product electronic states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P Brady
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Chaoqun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Justin R DeFrancisco
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Brandon J Barrett
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Lan Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Arthur E Bragg
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Freeman LA, Anwer B, Brady RP, Smith BC, Edelman TL, Misselt AJ, Cressman EN. In Vitro Thermal Profile Suitability Assessment of Acids and Bases for Thermochemical Ablation: Underlying Principles. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2010; 21:381-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jvir.2009.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2008] [Revised: 06/08/2009] [Accepted: 10/05/2009] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
|
8
|
Klink HA, Brady RP, Topliff CL, Eskridge KM, Srikumaran S, Kelling CL. Influence of bovine respiratory syncytial virus F glycoprotein N-linked glycans on in vitro expression and on antibody responses in BALB/c mice. Vaccine 2006; 24:3388-95. [PMID: 16504352 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.12.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2004] [Revised: 12/05/2005] [Accepted: 12/05/2005] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) is an etiological component of the bovine respiratory tract disease complex. Infection with BRSV following vaccination, or re-infection following natural infection is common since protection is incomplete. The objectives of this study were to create plasmid DNA constructs encoding single or multiple N-glycosylation-site deletion BRSV fusion (F) proteins, and evaluate their expression in cell culture, and potential to induce anti-BRSV F antibody responses in BALB/c mice. Four plasmid DNAs were constructed, each encoding 1-4 N-glycosylation-site deletions: Gly4, Gly2/4, Gly1/2/4 and Gly1/2/3/4. Each of the N-glycosylation-site deletion BRSV F proteins were expressed in COS-7 cells following transfection with plasmid DNA. Inoculation of BALB/c mice with plasmid DNA, resulted in a significant anti-BRSV F IgG response to the wild-type (WT) F and glycosylation-site deletion protein Gly2/4. Gly2/4 elicited a higher antibody titer than the fully glycosylated WT F protein. Significant neutralizing antibody titers were detected following immunization with the Gly2/4 plasmid DNA. These glycosylation-site deletion BRSV F proteins will be useful to characterize the effects of glycosylation on immunogenicity in the natural host, and may lead to a new approach for the generation of BRSV vaccines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Holly A Klink
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska, East Campus Loop and Fair Street, Lincoln, NE 68583-0905, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Brady RP, Topliff CL, Kelling CL. In vitro expression of full-length and truncated bovine respiratory syncytial virus G proteins and their antibody responses in BALB/c mice. Vaccine 2004; 22:3762-8. [PMID: 15315857 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2003] [Revised: 02/16/2004] [Accepted: 03/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) is a primary cause of lower respiratory tract disease in calves. Protection is incomplete following vaccination or natural infection, as re-infections are common. The objectives of this study were to create plasmid DNA constructs encoding the full-length, secreted, or conserved region of the BRSV G glycoprotein, and to compare and evaluate their expression in cell culture and potential to induce antibody responses in BALB/c mice. Transfection of COS-7 cells with plasmid DNA resulted in expression of the BRSV G region from each of the plasmid DNA constructs. Following inoculation of BALB/c mice with plasmid DNA, a significant and equivalent anti-BRSV G IgG response was elicited to the full-length and truncated BRSV G proteins. These constructs may be used to study host pathological and immunological responses.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Viral/analysis
- Antibodies, Viral/biosynthesis
- COS Cells
- Cattle
- Cells, Cultured
- Chlorocebus aethiops
- Conserved Sequence
- DNA/biosynthesis
- DNA/genetics
- DNA, Viral/analysis
- DNA, Viral/biosynthesis
- GTP-Binding Proteins/biosynthesis
- GTP-Binding Proteins/genetics
- GTP-Binding Proteins/immunology
- Genetic Vectors
- Immunoglobulin G/analysis
- Immunoglobulin G/biosynthesis
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Neutralization Tests
- Plasmids/genetics
- Plasmids/immunology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Bovine/immunology
- Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Bovine/metabolism
- Transfection
- Vaccines, Subunit/biosynthesis
- Vaccines, Subunit/immunology
- Vaccines, Synthetic/biosynthesis
- Vaccines, Synthetic/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/biosynthesis
- Viral Vaccines/immunology
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P Brady
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska, East Campus Loop and Fair Street, Veterinary Basic Science, Lincoln, NE 68583-0905, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|