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Burns KH, Quincy TJ, Elles CG. Excited-state resonance Raman spectroscopy probes the sequential two-photon excitation mechanism of a photochromic molecular switch. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:234302. [PMID: 36550048 DOI: 10.1063/5.0126974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Some diarylethene molecular switches have a low quantum yield for cycloreversion when excited by a single photon, but react more efficiently following sequential two-photon excitation. The increase in reaction efficiency depends on both the relative time delay and the wavelength of the second photon. This paper examines the wavelength-dependent mechanism for sequential excitation using excited-state resonance Raman spectroscopy to probe the ultrafast (sub-30 fs) dynamics on the upper electronic state following secondary excitation. The approach uses femtosecond stimulated Raman scattering (FSRS) to measure the time-gated, excited-state resonance Raman spectrum in resonance with two different excited-state absorption bands. The relative intensities of the Raman bands reveal the initial dynamics in the higher-lying states, Sn, by providing information on the relative gradients of the potential energy surfaces that are accessed via secondary excitation. The excited-state resonance Raman spectra reveal specific modes that become enhanced depending on the Raman excitation wavelength, 750 or 400 nm. Many of the modes that become enhanced in the 750 nm FSRS spectrum are assigned as vibrational motions localized on the central cyclohexadiene ring. Many of the modes that become enhanced in the 400 nm FSRS spectrum are assigned as motions along the conjugated backbone and peripheral phenyl rings. These observations are consistent with earlier measurements that showed higher efficiency following secondary excitation into the lower excited-state absorption band and illustrate a powerful new way to probe the ultrafast dynamics of higher-lying excited states immediately following sequential two-photon excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen H Burns
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
| | - Timothy J Quincy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
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2
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Burns KH, Elles CG. Ultrafast Dynamics of a Molecular Switch from Resonance Raman Spectroscopy: Comparing Visible and UV Excitation. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:5932-5939. [PMID: 36026439 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c05435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Resonance Raman spectroscopy probes the ultrafast dynamics of a diarylethene (DAE) molecular switch following excitation into the first two optical absorption bands. Mode-specific resonance enhancements for Raman excitation at visible (750-560 nm) and near-UV (420-390 nm) wavelengths compared with the calculated and experimental off-resonance Raman spectrum at 785 nm reveal different Franck-Condon active vibrations for the two electronically excited states. The resonance enhancements at visible wavelengths are consistent with initial motion on the first excited-state that promotes the cycloreversion reaction, whereas the enhancements for excitation at near-UV wavelengths highlight motions involving conjugated backbone and phenyl ring stretching modes that are orthogonal to the reaction coordinate. The results support a mechanism involving rapid internal conversion from the higher-lying state followed by cycloreversion on the first excited state. These observations provide new information about the reactivity of DAE derivatives following excitation in the visible and near-UV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristen H Burns
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Christopher G Elles
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
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3
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On the Computational Design of Azobenzene-Based Multi-State Photoswitches. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158690. [PMID: 35955820 PMCID: PMC9369132 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to theoretically design multi-state photoswitches with specific properties, an exhaustive computational study is first carried out for an azobenzene dimer that has been recently synthesized and experimentally studied. This study allows for a full comprehension of the factors that govern the photoactivated isomerization processes of these molecules so to provide a conceptual/computational protocol that can be applied to generic multi-state photoswitches. From this knowledge a new dimer with a similar chemical design is designed and also fully characterized. Our theoretical calculations predict that the new dimer proposed is one step further in the quest for a double photoswitch, where the four metastable isomers could be selectively interconverted through the use of different irradiation sequences.
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4
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Cheng HB, Zhang S, Bai E, Cao X, Wang J, Qi J, Liu J, Zhao J, Zhang L, Yoon J. Future-Oriented Advanced Diarylethene Photoswitches: From Molecular Design to Spontaneous Assembly Systems. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2108289. [PMID: 34866257 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202108289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Diarylethene (DAE) photoswitch is a new and promising family of photochromic molecules and has shown superior performance as a smart trigger in stimulus-responsive materials. During the past few decades, the DAE family has achieved a leap from simple molecules to functional molecules and developed toward validity as a universal switching building block. In recent years, the introduction of DAE into an assembly system has been an attractive strategy that enables the photochromic behavior of the building blocks to be manifested at the level of the entire system, beyond the DAE unit itself. This assembly-based strategy will bring many unexpected results that promote the design and manufacture of a new generation of advanced materials. Here, recent advances in the design and fabrication of diarylethene as a trigger in materials science, chemistry, and biomedicine are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Bo Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Shuchun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Enying Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqiao Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Jiaqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Ji Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Jing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Liqun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 15 North Third Ring Road, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Juyoung Yoon
- Department of Chemistry and Nanoscience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, 03760, Korea
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5
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Sotome H, Koga M, Sawada T, Miyasaka H. Femtosecond Dynamics of Stepwise Two-Photon Ionization in Solutions as Revealed by Pump-Repump-Probe Detection with Burst Mode of Photoexcitation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:14187-14197. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cp03866d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Pump-repump-probe spectroscopy with a burst mode of photoexcitation was applied to the direct observation of photoionization dynamics of perylene in the solution phase. The irradiation of the pump pulse train...
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Brady RP, Zhang C, DeFrancisco JR, Barrett BJ, Cheng L, Bragg AE. Multiphoton Control of 6π Photocyclization via State-Dependent Reactant-Product Correlations. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:9493-9500. [PMID: 34559534 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c02353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Multiphoton excitation promises opportunities for opening new photochemical reaction pathways and controlling photoproduct distributions. We demonstrate photonic control of the 6π photocyclization of ortho-terphenyl to make 4a,4b-dihydrotriphenylene (DHT). Using pump-repump-probe spectroscopy we show that 1 + 1' excitation to a high-lying reactant electronic state generates a metastable species characterized by a red absorption feature that accompanies a repump-induced depletion in the one-photon trans-dihydro product (trans-DHT); signatures of the new photoproduct are clearer for a structural analogue of the reactant that is sterically inhibited against one-photon cyclization. Quantum-chemical computations support assignment of this species to cis-DHT, which is accessible photochemically along a disrotatory coordinate from high-lying electronic states reached by 1 + 1' excitation. We use time-resolved spectroscopy to track photochemical dynamics producing cis-DHT. In total, we demonstrate that selective multiphoton excitation opens a new photoreaction channel in these photocyclizing reactants by taking advantage of state-dependent correlations between reactant and product electronic states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan P Brady
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Chaoqun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Justin R DeFrancisco
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Brandon J Barrett
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Lan Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Arthur E Bragg
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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7
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"On-The-Fly" Non-Adiabatic Dynamics Simulations on Photoinduced Ring-Closing Reaction of a Nucleoside-Based Diarylethene Photoswitch. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092724. [PMID: 34066431 PMCID: PMC8125013 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleoside-based diarylethenes are emerging as an especial class of photochromic compounds that have potential applications in regulating biological systems using noninvasive light with high spatio-temporal resolution. However, relevant microscopic photochromic mechanisms at atomic level of these novel diarylethenes remain to be explored. Herein, we have employed static electronic structure calculations (MS-CASPT2//M06-2X, MS-CASPT2//SA-CASSCF) in combination with non-adiabatic dynamics simulations to explore the related photoinduced ring-closing reaction of a typical nucleoside-based diarylethene photoswitch, namely, PS-IV. Upon excitation with UV light, the open form PS-IV can be excited to a spectroscopically bright S1 state. After that, the molecule relaxes to the conical intersection region within 150 fs according to the barrierless relaxed scan of the C1–C6 bond, which is followed by an immediate deactivation to the ground state. The conical intersection structure is very similar to the ground state transition state structure which connects the open and closed forms of PS-IV, and therefore plays a crucial role in the photochromism of PS-IV. Besides, after analyzing the hopping structures, we conclude that the ring closing reaction cannot complete in the S1 state alone since all the C1–C6 distances of the hopping structures are larger than 2.00 Å. Once hopping to the ground state, the molecules either return to the original open form of PS-IV or produce the closed form of PS-IV within 100 fs, and the ring closing quantum yield is estimated to be 56%. Our present work not only elucidates the ultrafast photoinduced pericyclic reaction of the nucleoside-based diarylethene PS-IV, but can also be helpful for the future design of novel nucleoside-based diarylethenes with better performance.
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8
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Kolmar T, Büllmann SM, Sarter C, Höfer K, Jäschke A. Development of High-Performance Pyrimidine Nucleoside and Oligonucleotide Diarylethene Photoswitches. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:8164-8173. [PMID: 33476096 PMCID: PMC8049081 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202014878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Nucleosidic and oligonucleotidic diarylethenes (DAEs) are an emerging class of photochromes with high application potential. However, their further development is hampered by the poor understanding of how the chemical structure modulates the photochromic properties. Here we synthesized 26 systematically varied deoxyuridine- and deoxycytidine-derived DAEs and analyzed reaction quantum yields, composition of the photostationary states, thermal and photochemical stability, and reversibility. This analysis identified two high-performance photoswitches with near-quantitative, fully reversible back-and-forth switching and no detectable thermal or photochemical deterioration. When incorporated into an oligonucleotide with the sequence of a promotor, the nucleotides maintained their photochromism and allowed the modulation of the transcription activity of T7 RNA polymerase with an up to 2.4-fold turn-off factor, demonstrating the potential for optochemical control of biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Kolmar
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular BiotechnologyHeidelberg UniversityIm Neuenheimer Feld 36469120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Simon M. Büllmann
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular BiotechnologyHeidelberg UniversityIm Neuenheimer Feld 36469120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Christopher Sarter
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular BiotechnologyHeidelberg UniversityIm Neuenheimer Feld 36469120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Katharina Höfer
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular BiotechnologyHeidelberg UniversityIm Neuenheimer Feld 36469120HeidelbergGermany
| | - Andres Jäschke
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular BiotechnologyHeidelberg UniversityIm Neuenheimer Feld 36469120HeidelbergGermany
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9
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Kolmar T, Büllmann SM, Sarter C, Höfer K, Jäschke A. Development of High‐Performance Pyrimidine Nucleoside and Oligonucleotide Diarylethene Photoswitches. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202014878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Kolmar
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology Heidelberg University Im Neuenheimer Feld 364 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Simon M. Büllmann
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology Heidelberg University Im Neuenheimer Feld 364 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Christopher Sarter
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology Heidelberg University Im Neuenheimer Feld 364 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Katharina Höfer
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology Heidelberg University Im Neuenheimer Feld 364 69120 Heidelberg Germany
| | - Andres Jäschke
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology Heidelberg University Im Neuenheimer Feld 364 69120 Heidelberg Germany
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10
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Juber S, Wingbermühle S, Nuernberger P, Clever GH, Schäfer LV. Thermodynamic driving forces of guest confinement in a photoswitchable cage. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:7321-7332. [PMID: 33876092 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp06495e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Photoswitchable cages that confine small guest molecules inside their cavities offer a way to control the binding/unbinding process through irradiation with light of different wavelengths. However, detailed characterization of the structural and thermodynamic consequences of photoswitching is very challenging to achieve by experiments alone. Thus, all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were carried out to gain insight into the relationship between the structure and binding affinity. Binding free energies of the B12F122- guest were obtained for all photochemically accessible forms of a photoswitchable dithienylethene (DTE) based coordination cage. The MD simulations show that successive photo-induced closure of the four individual DTE ligands that form the cage gradually decreases the binding affinity. Closure of the first ligand significantly lowers the unbinding barrier and the binding free energy, and therefore favours guest unbinding both kinetically and thermodynamically. The analysis of different enthalpy contributions to the free energy shows that binding is enthalpically unfavourable and thus is an entropy-driven process, in agreement with the experimental data. Separating the enthalpy into the contributions from electrostatic, van der Waals, and bonded interactions in the force field shows that the unfavourable binding enthalpy is due to the bonded interactions being more favourable in the dissociated state, suggesting the presence of structural strain in the bound complex. Thus, the simulations provide microscopic explanations for the experimental findings and provide a possible route towards the targeted design of switchable nanocontainers with modified binding properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selina Juber
- Theoretical Chemistry, Ruhr-University Bochum, D-44780 Bochum, Germany.
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11
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Yoshioka D, Fukuda D, Kobayashi Y. Green and far-red-light induced electron injection from perylene bisimide to wide bandgap semiconductor nanocrystals with stepwise two-photon absorption process. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:1823-1831. [PMID: 33434250 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr08493j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Stepwise two-photon absorption (2PA) processes are becoming an important technique because it can achieve high reductive photochemical reactions with visible and near infrared light and intensity-gated high spatiotemporal selectivity with much lower power thresholds than those of the simultaneous 2PA. However, excited states generated by stepwise 2PA (higher excited states and excited states of transient species) are so short-lived that the efficiency for the stepwise 2PA induced photochemical reactions is usually quite low, which limits the versatility for this technique. Here, we demonstrated that the electron of the higher excited state can be efficiently extracted in a nanohybrid of organic molecules and wide bandgap semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs). Using perylene bisimide (PBI)-coordinated CdS NCs as a model compound, we demonstrated that the electron of the higher excited state of PBI generated by stepwise 2PA can be extracted to the conduction band of CdS NCs with a quantum yield of ∼0.5-0.7. Moreover, the extracted electron survives at the conduction band of CdS NCs over nanoseconds, which is more than hundred times longer than the lifetime of the S2 state of PBI. This method can be applied to other organic molecules and larger wide bandgap semiconductors, and therefore, will expand the versatility for the photochemical reactions utilizing the short-lived excited states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Yoshioka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga 525-8577, Japan.
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12
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Otolski CJ, Raj AM, Ramamurthy V, Elles CG. Spatial confinement alters the ultrafast photoisomerization dynamics of azobenzenes. Chem Sci 2020; 11:9513-9523. [PMID: 34094217 PMCID: PMC8162038 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc03955a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy reveals new excited-state dynamics following excitation of trans-azobenzene (t-Az) and several alkyl-substituted t-Az derivatives encapsulated in a water-soluble supramolecular host-guest complex. Encapsulation increases the excited-state lifetimes and alters the yields of the trans → cis photoisomerization reaction compared with solution. Kinetic modeling of the transient spectra for unsubstituted t-Az following nπ* and ππ* excitation reveals steric trapping of excited-state species, as well as an adiabatic excited-state trans → cis isomerization pathway for confined molecules that is not observed in solution. Analysis of the transient spectra following ππ* excitation for a series of 4-alkyl and 4,4'-dialkyl substituted t-Az molecules suggests that additional crowding due to lengthening of the alkyl tails results in deeper trapping of the excited-state species, including distorted trans and cis structures. The variation of the dynamics due to crowding in the confined environment provides new evidence to explain the violation of Kasha's rule for nπ* and ππ* excitation of azobenzenes based on competition between in-plane inversion and out-of-plane rotation channels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A Mohan Raj
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami Coral Gables Florida USA
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13
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Nagasaka T, Sotome H, Morikawa S, Uriarte LM, Sliwa M, Kawai T, Miyasaka H. Restriction of the conrotatory motion in photo-induced 6π electrocyclic reaction: formation of the excited state of the closed-ring isomer in the cyclization. RSC Adv 2020; 10:20038-20045. [PMID: 35520419 PMCID: PMC9054205 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra03523h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The electrocyclic reaction dynamics of a photochromic dithiazolylarylene derivative, 2,3-dithiazolylbenzothiophene (DTA) was investigated by using time-resolved transient absorption and fluorescence spectroscopies. The closed-ring isomer of DTA undergoes cycloreversion through the conical intersection mediating the potential energy surfaces of the excited and ground states, which is in agreement with the Woodward–Hoffmann rules for the electrocyclic reactions of 6π electron systems. On the other hand, a large portion of the open-ring isomer undergoes cyclization along the distinct reaction scheme, in which the cyclization takes place in the excited state manifold leading to the formation of the excited state of the closed-ring isomer. The suppression of the geometrical motion of DTA due to the intramolecular interaction could open a new efficient reaction pathway resulting in the formation of the electronically excited state of the product. Restriction of the molecular geometry opens up a novel pathway in the cyclization reaction of a photochromic dithiazolylarylene derivative.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuhiro Nagasaka
- Division of Frontier Materials Science and Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Hikaru Sotome
- Division of Frontier Materials Science and Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Soichiro Morikawa
- Division of Frontier Materials Science and Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
| | - Lucas Martinez Uriarte
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516, LASIR, Laboratoire de Spectrochimie Infrarouge et Raman Lille 59000 France
| | - Michel Sliwa
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516, LASIR, Laboratoire de Spectrochimie Infrarouge et Raman Lille 59000 France
| | - Tsuyoshi Kawai
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Division of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology Ikoma Nara 630-0192 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Miyasaka
- Division of Frontier Materials Science and Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University Toyonaka Osaka 560-8531 Japan
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14
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Jarota A, Pastorczak E, Abramczyk H. A deeper look into the photocycloreversion of a yellow diarylethene photoswitch: why is it so fast? Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:5408-5412. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp05452a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The DMT photoswitch features an efficient ring-opening reaction at a sub-picosecond timescale owing to a single-channel relaxation from the S1 state which leads to a conical intersection with the ground state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkadiusz Jarota
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry
- Lodz University of Technology
- 93-590 Łódź
- Poland
| | - Ewa Pastorczak
- Institute of Physics
- Lodz University of Technology
- Łódź
- Poland
| | - Halina Abramczyk
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry
- Lodz University of Technology
- 93-590 Łódź
- Poland
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15
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Honick CR, Peters GM, Young JD, Tovar JD, Bragg AE. Core structure dependence of cycloreversion dynamics in diarylethene analogs. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:3314-3328. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp05797h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Increased core rigidity in diarylethene-type photoswitches results in shallower excited-state potential energy surfaces and faster funneling towards the conical intersections from which cycloreversion and nonreactive deactivation occur.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jamie D. Young
- Department of Chemistry
- Johns Hopkins University
- Baltimore
- USA
| | - John D. Tovar
- Department of Chemistry
- Johns Hopkins University
- Baltimore
- USA
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16
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Young JD, Honick CR, Zhou J, Pitts CR, Ghorbani F, Peters GM, Lectka T, Tovar JD, Bragg AE. Energy- and conformer-dependent excited-state relaxation of an E/Z photoswitchable thienyl-ethene. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:14440-14452. [PMID: 30920561 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp01226e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Bis(bithienyl)-1,2-dicyanoethene (4TCE) is a photoswitch that operates via reversible E/Z photoisomerization following absorption of visible light. cis-to-trans photoisomerization of 4TCE requires excitation below 470 nm, is relatively inefficient (quantum yield < 5%) and occurs via the lowest-lying triplet. We present excitation-wavelength dependent (565-420 nm) transient absorption (TA) studies to probe the photophysics of cis-to-trans isomerization to identify sources of switching inefficiency. TA data reveals contributions from more than one switch conformer and relaxation cascades between multiple states. Fast (∼4 ps) and slow (∼40 ps) components of spectral dynamics observed at low excitation energies (>470 nm) are readily attributed to deactivation of two conformers; this assignment is supported by computed thermal populations and absorption strengths of two molecular geometries (PA and PB) characterized by roughly parallel dipoles for the thiophenes on opposite sides of the ethene bond. Only the PB conformer is found to contribute to triplet population and the switching of cis-4TCE: high-energy excitation (<470 nm) of PB involves direct excitation to S2, relaxation from which prepares an ISC-active S1 geometry (ISC QY 0.4-0.67, kISC∼ 1.6-2.6 × 10-9 s-1) that is the gateway to triplet population and isomerization. We ascribe low cis-to-trans isomerization yield to excitation of the nonreactive PA conformer (75-85% loss) as well as loses along the PB S2→ S1→ T1 cascade (10-20% loss). In contrast, electrocyclization is inhibited by the electronic character of the excited states, as well as a non-existent thermal population of a reactive "antiparallel" ring conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie D Young
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
| | - Chana R Honick
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
| | - Jiawang Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
| | - Cody R Pitts
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
| | - Fereshte Ghorbani
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
| | - Garvin M Peters
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
| | - Thomas Lectka
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
| | - John D Tovar
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
| | - Arthur E Bragg
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles St, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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17
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Li Y, Pérez Lustres JL, Volpp HR, Buckup T, Kolmar T, Jäschke A, Motzkus M. Ultrafast ring closing of a diarylethene-based photoswitchable nucleoside. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 20:22867-22876. [PMID: 30152514 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp03549k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Deoxyuridine nucleosides embodied into diarylethenes form an especial class of photoswitchable compounds that are designed to stack and pair with DNA bases. The molecular geometry can be switched between "open" and "closed" isomers by a pericyclic reaction that affects the stability of the surrounding double helix. This potentially enables light-induced control of DNA hybridization at microscopic resolution. Despite its importance for the optimization of DNA photoswitches, the ultrafast photoisomerization mechanism of these diarylethenes is still not well understood. In this work, femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy is applied to study the ring closing reaction upon UV excitation with 45 fs pulses. Excited-state absorption decays rapidly and gives rise to the UV-Vis difference spectrum of the "closed" form within ≈15 ps. Time constants of 0.09, 0.49 and 6.6 ps characterize the multimodal dynamics, where a swift recurrence in the signal anisotropy indicates transient population of the intermediate 21A-like state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- Physikalisch Chemisches Institut, Ruprecht-Karls University, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
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18
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Otolski CJ, Mohan Raj A, Sharma G, Prabhakar R, Ramamurthy V, Elles CG. Ultrafast trans → cis Photoisomerization Dynamics of Alkyl-Substituted Stilbenes in a Supramolecular Capsule. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:5061-5071. [PMID: 31140802 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b03285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Ultrafast spectroscopy reveals the effects of confinement on the excited-state photoisomerization dynamics for a series of alkyl-substituted trans-stilbenes encapsulated in the hydrophobic cavity of an aqueous supramolecular organic host-guest complex. Compared with the solvated compounds, encapsulated trans-stilbenes have broader excited-state absorption spectra, excited-state lifetimes that are 3-4 times longer, and photoisomerization quantum yields that are 1.7-6.5 times lower in the restricted environment. The organic capsule disrupts the equilibrium structure and restricts torsional rotation around the central C═C double bond in the excited state, which is an important motion for the relaxation of trans-stilbene from S1 to S0. The location and identity of alkyl substituents play a significant role in determining the excited-state dynamics and photoisomerization quantum yields by tuning the relative crowding inside the capsule. The results are discussed in terms of distortions of the ground- and excited-state potential energy surfaces, including the topology of the S1-S0 conical intersection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Otolski
- Department of Chemistry , University of Kansas , Lawrence , Kansas 66045 , United States
| | - A Mohan Raj
- Department of Chemistry , University of Miami , Coral Gables , Florida 33146 , United States
| | - Gaurav Sharma
- Department of Chemistry , University of Miami , Coral Gables , Florida 33146 , United States
| | - Rajeev Prabhakar
- Department of Chemistry , University of Miami , Coral Gables , Florida 33146 , United States
| | | | - Christopher G Elles
- Department of Chemistry , University of Kansas , Lawrence , Kansas 66045 , United States
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19
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Chiariello MG, Raucci U, Coppola F, Rega N. Unveiling anharmonic coupling by means of excited state ab initio dynamics: application to diarylethene photoreactivity. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:3606-3614. [PMID: 30306981 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp04707c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this work, excited state ab initio molecular dynamics together with a time resolved vibrational analysis is employed to shed light on the vibrational photoinduced dynamics of a well-known diarylethene molecule experiencing a ring opening reaction upon electronic excitation. The photoreactivity of diarylethenes is recognized to be controlled by a non-adiabatic intersection point between the ground and the first excited state surfaces. The computation of an energy scan, along a suitable reaction coordinate, allows us to identify the region of potential energy surfaces in which the ground (S0) and the first excited (S1) state are well separated. The adiabatic sampling of that region in S1 shows that in the first 3 picoseconds, the central CC bond, which is subject to break, oscillates in an antiphase with respect to the energy gap ΔE(S1 - S0). A multiresolution analysis based on the wavelet transform was then applied to the structural parameters extracted from the excited state dynamics. The wavelet maps show characteristic oscillations of the frequencies, mainly CC stretching and CCC bending localized on the central 4-ring moiety. Moreover, we have identified the main frequency (methyl wagging motion) involved in the modulation of these oscillations. The anharmonic coupling within a group of vibrational modes was therefore highlighted, in good agreement with experimental evidence. For the first time, a quantitative analysis of time resolved signals from a wavelet transform/ab initio molecular dynamics approach was performed.
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20
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Jarota A, Pastorczak E, Tawfik W, Xue B, Kania R, Abramczyk H, Kobayashi T. Exploring the ultrafast dynamics of a diarylethene derivative using sub-10 fs laser pulses. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:192-204. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp05882b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The fast internal conversion S1 → S0 of a diarylethenes photoswitch, facilitated by two vibrational stretching modes, results in a low quantum yield of the ring-opening reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkadiusz Jarota
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology
- 93-590 Łódź
- Poland
- Advanced Ultrafast Laser Research Center, University of Electro-Communications
- Chofu
| | - Ewa Pastorczak
- Institute of Physics, Lodz University of Technology
- 90-924 Łódź
- Poland
| | - Walid Tawfik
- Advanced Ultrafast Laser Research Center, University of Electro-Communications
- Chofu
- Japan
- National Institute of Laser Enhanced Sciences NILES, Cairo University
- Cairo
| | - Bing Xue
- Advanced Ultrafast Laser Research Center, University of Electro-Communications
- Chofu
- Japan
| | - Rafał Kania
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology
- 93-590 Łódź
- Poland
| | - Halina Abramczyk
- Institute of Applied Radiation Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology
- 93-590 Łódź
- Poland
| | - Takayoshi Kobayashi
- Advanced Ultrafast Laser Research Center, University of Electro-Communications
- Chofu
- Japan
- Brain Science Inspired Life Support Research Center, The University of Electro-Communications
- Chofu
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21
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Uno T, Koga M, Sotome H, Miyasaka H, Tamai N, Kobayashi Y. Stepwise Two-Photon-Induced Electron Transfer from Higher Excited States of Noncovalently Bound Porphyrin-CdS/ZnS Core/Shell Nanocrystals. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:7098-7104. [PMID: 30452267 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b03106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
There has been an increasing amount of interest in stepwise two-photon-absorption (2PA)-induced photochemical reactions because of their extremely lower power thresholds compared to that of the simultaneous process and drastic reaction enhancements in some cases. However, stepwise 2PA-induced photochemical reactions were reported only in single chromophores and covalently bound bichromophores and there are few reports on these reactions in noncovalently bound systems because of weak electronic interactions among chromophores. This study demonstrated the stepwise 2PA-induced electron transfer from higher excited states in noncovalently bound protoporphyrin IX·CdS/ZnS core/shell nanocrystals (NCs). The electron transfer from higher excited states of porphyrin to CdS NCs successfully overcomes the activation barrier associated with the wide bandgap ZnS shell, indicating that a high reduction potential can be obtained with the stepwise 2PA process. The concept presented in this study can be applied to various noncovalently bound multichromophore systems to explore nonlinear photoresponses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuma Uno
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Life Sciences , Ritsumeikan University , 1-1-1 Noji-higashi , Kusatsu , Shiga 525-8577 , Japan
| | - Masafumi Koga
- Division of Frontier Materials Science and Center for Promotion of Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Graduate School of Engineering Science , Osaka University , Toyonaka , Osaka 560-8531 , Japan
| | - Hikaru Sotome
- Division of Frontier Materials Science and Center for Promotion of Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Graduate School of Engineering Science , Osaka University , Toyonaka , Osaka 560-8531 , Japan
| | - Hiroshi Miyasaka
- Division of Frontier Materials Science and Center for Promotion of Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Graduate School of Engineering Science , Osaka University , Toyonaka , Osaka 560-8531 , Japan
| | - Naoto Tamai
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science and Technology , Kwansei Gakuin University , 2-1 Gakuen , Sanda , Hyogo 669-1337 , Japan
| | - Yoichi Kobayashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Life Sciences , Ritsumeikan University , 1-1-1 Noji-higashi , Kusatsu , Shiga 525-8577 , Japan
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22
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Quincy TJ, Barclay MS, Caricato M, Elles CG. Probing Dynamics in Higher-Lying Electronic States with Resonance-Enhanced Femtosecond Stimulated Raman Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:8308-8319. [PMID: 30256101 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b07855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Femtosecond stimulated Raman scattering (FSRS) measurements typically probe the structural dynamics of a molecule in the first electronically excited state, S1. While these measurements often rely on an electronic resonance condition to increase signal strength or enhance species selectivity, the effects of the resonance condition are usually neglected. However, mode-specific enhancements of the vibrational transitions in an FSRS spectrum contain detailed information about the resonant (upper) electronic state. Analogous to ground-state resonance Raman spectroscopy, the relative intensities of the Raman bands reveal displacements of the upper potential energy surface due to changes in the bonding pattern upon S n ← S1 electronic excitation, and therefore provide a sensitive probe of the ultrafast dynamics in the higher-lying state, S n. Raman gain profiles from the wavelength-dependent FSRS spectrum of the model compound 2,5-diphenylthiophene (DPT) reveal several modes with large displacement in the upper potential energy surface, including strong enhancement of a delocalized C-S-C stretching and ring deformation mode. The experimental results provide a benchmark for comparison with calculated spectra using time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) and equation-of-motion coupled-cluster theory with single and double excitations (EOM-CCSD), where the calculations are based on the time-dependent formalism for resonance Raman spectroscopy. The simulated spectra are obtained from S1-S n transition strengths and the energy gradients of the upper (S n) potential energy surfaces along the S1 normal mode coordinates. The experimental results provide a stringent test of the computational approach, and indicate important limitations based on the level of theory and basis set. This work provides a foundation for making more accurate assignments of resonance-enhanced excited-state Raman spectra, as well as extracting novel information about higher-lying excited states in the transient absorption spectrum of a molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Quincy
- Department of Chemistry , University of Kansas , Lawrence , Kansas 66045 , United States
| | - Matthew S Barclay
- Department of Chemistry , University of Kansas , Lawrence , Kansas 66045 , United States
| | - Marco Caricato
- Department of Chemistry , University of Kansas , Lawrence , Kansas 66045 , United States
| | - Christopher G Elles
- Department of Chemistry , University of Kansas , Lawrence , Kansas 66045 , United States
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23
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Snyder JA, Bragg AE. Ultrafast Pump-Repump-Probe Photochemical Hole Burning as a Probe of Excited-State Reaction Pathway Branching. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:5847-5854. [PMID: 30226782 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b02489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate pump-repump-probe (PRP) transient hole burning as a spectroscopic tool for differentiating reactive from nonreactive deactivation of excited photochemical reactants observed by transient absorption spectroscopy (TAS). This method utilizes a time-delayed, wavelength-tunable ultrafast pulse to alter the excited reactant population, with the impact of "repumping" quantified through depletions in photoproduct absorption. We apply this approach to characterize dynamics affecting the nonadiabatic photocyclization efficiency to form S0 dihydrotriphenylene (DHT) following 266 nm excitation of ortho-terphenyl (OTP). TAS studies revealed bimodal deactivation of OTP*, but neither relaxation time scale (700 fs and 3.0 ps) could be assigned unambiguously to DHT formation due to overlap of excited-state and product spectra. PRP studies reveal that S1 OTP only cyclizes on the slower of these time scales, with the faster process attributable to nonreactive deactivation. We demonstrate that this method offers greater photochemical insights without assuming models to globally fit spectral transients collected by TAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Snyder
- Department of Chemistry , Johns Hopkins University , 3400 North Charles Street , Baltimore , Maryland 21218 , United States
| | - Arthur E Bragg
- Department of Chemistry , Johns Hopkins University , 3400 North Charles Street , Baltimore , Maryland 21218 , United States
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24
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Wiley TE, Konar A, Miller NA, Spears KG, Sension RJ. Primed for Efficient Motion: Ultrafast Excited State Dynamics and Optical Manipulation of a Four Stage Rotary Molecular Motor. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:7548-7558. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b06472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Theodore E. Wiley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Arkaprabha Konar
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, 450 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1040, United States
| | - Nicholas A. Miller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Kenneth G. Spears
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Roseanne J. Sension
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
- Department of Physics, University of Michigan, 450 Church Street, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1040, United States
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25
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Nagasaka T, Kunishi T, Sotome H, Koga M, Morimoto M, Irie M, Miyasaka H. Multiphoton-gated cycloreversion reaction of a fluorescent diarylethene derivative as revealed by transient absorption spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:19776-19783. [PMID: 29876548 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp01467a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The one- and two-photon cycloreversion reactions of a fluorescent diarylethene derivative with oxidized benzothiophene moieties were investigated by means of ultrafast laser spectroscopy. Femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy under the one-photon excitation condition revealed that the excited closed-ring isomer is simply deactivated into the initial ground state with a time constant of 2.6 ns without remarkable cycloreversion, the results of which are consistent with the very low cycloreversion reaction yield (<10-5) under steady-state light irradiation. On the other hand, an efficient cycloreversion reaction was observed under irradiation with a picosecond laser pulse at 532 nm. The excitation intensity dependence of the cycloreversion reaction indicates that a highly excited state attained by the stepwise two-photon absorption is responsible for the marked increase of the cycloreversion reaction, and the quantum yield at the highly excited state was estimated to be 0.018 from quantitative analysis, indicating that the reaction is enhanced by a factor of >1800.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuhiro Nagasaka
- Division of Frontier Materials Science and Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan.
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26
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Stepwise two-photon absorption processes utilizing photochromic reactions. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY C-PHOTOCHEMISTRY REVIEWS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochemrev.2017.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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27
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Hamdi I, Buntinx G, Perrier A, Devos O, Jaïdane N, Delbaere S, Tiwari AK, Dubois J, Takeshita M, Wada Y, Aloïse S. New insights into the photoswitching mechanisms of normal dithienylethenes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 18:28091-28100. [PMID: 27711399 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp03471c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The photoswitching and competitive processes of the referent photochromic diarylethene derivative 1,2-bis(2,4-dimethyl-5-phenyl-3-thienyl)perfluorocyclopentene (DTE) and a novel bridged analog DTE-m5 have been investigated by state-of-the-art TD-DFT calculations and ultrafast spectroscopy supported by advanced chemometric data treatments. Focusing on DTE, the overall deactivation pathway of both antiparallel (AP) and parallel (P) conformers of the open form (OF) (1 : 1 in solution) has been resolved and rationalized starting from the Franck-Condon (FC) region to the ground state recovery. For the photo-excited P conformer, after ultrafast relaxation (∼200 fs) towards the S1 relaxed state, an expected ISC occurred (55 ps) to produce a triplet state, 3P, the latter relaxing within 2.5 μs. Concerning the AP conformer, the photocyclization reaction is reported to proceed immediately (100 fs) starting from the FC region while the relaxed singlet state is populated in parallel. For the first time, we discovered that the latter state evolves through an unexpected ISC process (1 ps) giving rise to a second triplet state,3AP. For DTE-m5, by slightly constraining the molecule with the bridge, this triplet becomes reactive and participates in the formation of 10% of closed form (CF) probably through an adiabatic mechanism. Concerning the photoreversion, in accordance with the literature, we report on a two-step process, a 190 fs vibrational relaxation followed by a 6 ps ring-opening reaction. For the overall species at the singlet or triplet manifold, the use of advanced MCR-ALS allows us to obtain specific spectral signatures. This study is therefore a new step within the comprehension of DTE photochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Hamdi
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516, LASIR, Laboratoire de Spectrochimie Infrarouge et Raman, F59 000 Lille, France. and Laboratoire de Spectroscopie Atomique, Moléculaire et Applications-LSAMA, Université de Tunis El Manar, 1060 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - G Buntinx
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516, LASIR, Laboratoire de Spectrochimie Infrarouge et Raman, F59 000 Lille, France.
| | - A Perrier
- Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 5 rue Thomas Mann, 75205 Paris Cedex 13, France and Chimie Paris Tech, PSL Research University, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris (IRCP), F-75005 Paris, France
| | - O Devos
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516, LASIR, Laboratoire de Spectrochimie Infrarouge et Raman, F59 000 Lille, France.
| | - N Jaïdane
- Laboratoire de Spectroscopie Atomique, Moléculaire et Applications-LSAMA, Université de Tunis El Manar, 1060 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - S Delbaere
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516, LASIR, Laboratoire de Spectrochimie Infrarouge et Raman, F59 000 Lille, France.
| | - A K Tiwari
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516, LASIR, Laboratoire de Spectrochimie Infrarouge et Raman, F59 000 Lille, France.
| | - J Dubois
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516, LASIR, Laboratoire de Spectrochimie Infrarouge et Raman, F59 000 Lille, France.
| | - M Takeshita
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Saga University, Honjo 1, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - Y Wada
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Saga University, Honjo 1, Saga 840-8502, Japan
| | - S Aloïse
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8516, LASIR, Laboratoire de Spectrochimie Infrarouge et Raman, F59 000 Lille, France.
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28
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Sotome H, Nagasaka T, Une K, Morikawa S, Katayama T, Kobatake S, Irie M, Miyasaka H. Cycloreversion Reaction of a Diarylethene Derivative at Higher Excited States Attained by Two-Color, Two-Photon Femtosecond Pulsed Excitation. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:17159-17167. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b09763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hikaru Sotome
- Division
of Frontier Materials Science and Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary
Research, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiro Nagasaka
- Division
of Frontier Materials Science and Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary
Research, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Kanako Une
- Division
of Frontier Materials Science and Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary
Research, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Soichiro Morikawa
- Division
of Frontier Materials Science and Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary
Research, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Katayama
- Division
of Frontier Materials Science and Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary
Research, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Seiya Kobatake
- Department
of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University, Sumiyoshi,
Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Masahiro Irie
- Department
of Chemistry and Research Center for Smart Molecules, Rikkyo University, 3-34-1
Nishi-Ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Miyasaka
- Division
of Frontier Materials Science and Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary
Research, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
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29
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Snyder JA, Grüninger P, Bettinger HF, Bragg AE. BN Doping and the Photochemistry of Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons: Photocyclization of Hexaphenyl Benzene and Hexaphenyl Borazine. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:8359-8367. [PMID: 28949535 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b08190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Boron-nitrogen doping of polyaromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) materials can be used to tune their electronic properties while preserving the structural characteristics of pure hydrocarbons. Many multicycle PAHs can be synthesized photochemically; in contrast, very little is known about the photochemistry of their BN-doped counterparts. We present results of fs, ns, and μs time-resolved spectroscopic studies on the photoinduced dynamics of hexaphenyl benzene and hexaphenyl borazine in order to examine how BN doping alters photochemical C-C bond formation via 6π electrocyclization as well as the stability of resulting cyclized structures. Ultrafast measurements reveal photoinduced behaviors reflecting differences in excited-state decay pathways for the two molecules, with hexaphenyl borazine relaxing from its excited state with a rate that is 2 orders of magnitude faster than that of hexaphenyl benzene (3.0 vs 428 ps). Tetraphenyl dihydrotriphenylene generated from hexaphenyl benzene is observed to reopen with a ∼2 μs lifetime controlled by entropic stabilization of the cyclized structure; in contrast, photoinduced dynamics appear to be complete within 100 ps after excitation of hexaphenyl borazine. This significant difference in photochemical dynamics is reflected in the cyclodehydrogentation yields obtained for the two reactants (25 vs 0% for hexaphenyl benzene and borazine, respectively). Quantum-chemical computations predict that BN doping gives rise to energetic destabilization and increased singlet diradical character in cyclized structures. These findings indicate that the polarized BN bonds of the borazine core adversely impact photochemical bond formation relative to analogous hydrocarbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua A Snyder
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University , 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
| | - Peter Grüninger
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Tübingen , Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Holger F Bettinger
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Tübingen , Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Arthur E Bragg
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University , 3400 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21218, United States
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30
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Sotome H, Nagasaka T, Une K, Okui C, Ishibashi Y, Kamada K, Kobatake S, Irie M, Miyasaka H. Efficient Cycloreversion Reaction of a Diarylethene Derivative in Higher Excited States Attained by Off-Resonant Simultaneous Two-Photon Absorption. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:3272-3276. [PMID: 28677972 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b01388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Off-resonant excitation of the closed-ring isomer of a photochromic diarylethene derivative at 730 nm induced the efficient cycloreversion reaction with a yield of ∼20%, while the reaction yield was only 2% under one-photon excitation at 365 nm. Excitation wavelength dependence of the one-photon cycloreversion reaction yield under steady-state irradiation in a wide wavelength range showed that the specific electronic state leading to the large cycloreversion reaction yield, which is originally forbidden in the optical transition but partially allowed owing to the low symmetry of the molecule, is spectrally overlapped with the electronic state accessible by the allowed one-photon optical transition in the UV region. Femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy also revealed that the off-resonant two-photon excitation preferentially pumped the molecule into the specific state, leading to the 10-fold enhancement of the cycloreversion reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hikaru Sotome
- Division of Frontier Materials Science and Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University , Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Tatsuhiro Nagasaka
- Division of Frontier Materials Science and Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University , Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Kanako Une
- Division of Frontier Materials Science and Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University , Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Chiaki Okui
- Division of Frontier Materials Science and Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University , Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Yukihide Ishibashi
- Division of Frontier Materials Science and Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University , Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Ehime University , Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan
| | - Kenji Kamada
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) , Ikeda, Osaka 563-5877, Japan
| | - Seiya Kobatake
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka City University , Sumiyoshi, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Masahiro Irie
- Department of Chemistry and Research Center for Smart Molecules, Rikkyo University , 3-34-1 Nishi-Ikebukuro, Toshima-ku, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Miyasaka
- Division of Frontier Materials Science and Center for Advanced Interdisciplinary Research, Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University , Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
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Migulin VA, Lvov AG, Krayushkin MM. Photoisomerization of cyclopentene-based β-(2-furanyl)- and β-(2-thienyl)enones. Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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de Wergifosse M, Elles CG, Krylov AI. Two-photon absorption spectroscopy of stilbene and phenanthrene: Excited-state analysis and comparison with ethylene and toluene. J Chem Phys 2017; 146:174102. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4982045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marc de Wergifosse
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0482, USA
| | | | - Anna I. Krylov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089-0482, USA
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33
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Kumpulainen T, Lang B, Rosspeintner A, Vauthey E. Ultrafast Elementary Photochemical Processes of Organic Molecules in Liquid Solution. Chem Rev 2016; 117:10826-10939. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatu Kumpulainen
- Department of Physical Chemistry,
Sciences II, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Lang
- Department of Physical Chemistry,
Sciences II, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Arnulf Rosspeintner
- Department of Physical Chemistry,
Sciences II, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Eric Vauthey
- Department of Physical Chemistry,
Sciences II, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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Smith BD, Spears KG, Sension RJ. Probing the Biexponential Dynamics of Ring-Opening in 7-Dehydrocholesterol. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:6575-81. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b06967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Broc D. Smith
- Department of Chemistry and
Department of Physics, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Ave, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Kenneth G. Spears
- Department of Chemistry and
Department of Physics, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Ave, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - Roseanne J. Sension
- Department of Chemistry and
Department of Physics, University of Michigan, 930 N. University Ave, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
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35
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Lei Y, Wu H, Zheng X, Zhai G, Zhu C. Photo-induced 1,3-cyclohexadiene ring opening reaction: Ab initio on-the-fly nonadiabatic molecular dynamics simulation. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2015.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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36
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Buckup T, Sarter C, Volpp HR, Jäschke A, Motzkus M. Ultrafast Time-Resolved Spectroscopy of Diarylethene-Based Photoswitchable Deoxyuridine Nucleosides. J Phys Chem Lett 2015; 6:4717-4721. [PMID: 26554577 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b01949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Photoswitches based on the diarylethene architecture have been attracting considerable attention for the investigation and control of a variety of biological processes. The reversible photoisomerization reaction between their open- and closed-ring forms can be selectively addressed by irradiation with light of two markedly different wavelengths. In this work, the dynamics of the photochromic ring-opening reaction of four novel diarylethene-based photoswitchable deoxyuridine nucleosides is investigated by femtosecond transient absorption. Upon photoexcitation with sub-20 fs pulses in the first absorption band (500 nm), all four photoswitches showed a fast ballistic excited-state deactivation within less than 500 fs toward the S1/S0 conical intersection. Transient data was globally analyzed, and a relaxation kinetic model with a branching between open and closed ring forms without any loss channels was derived. Ring-opening quantum yields, Φr-o, were found to strongly depend on the substituents (R), ranging from 0.64 (dU(PSI): R = 2-naphthyl) to 0.30 (dU(PSIV): R = 2-pyridyl).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago Buckup
- Physikalisch Chemisches Institut and ‡Institut für Pharmazie und Molekulare Biotechnologie, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg , D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christopher Sarter
- Physikalisch Chemisches Institut and ‡Institut für Pharmazie und Molekulare Biotechnologie, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg , D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hans-Robert Volpp
- Physikalisch Chemisches Institut and ‡Institut für Pharmazie und Molekulare Biotechnologie, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg , D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andres Jäschke
- Physikalisch Chemisches Institut and ‡Institut für Pharmazie und Molekulare Biotechnologie, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg , D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marcus Motzkus
- Physikalisch Chemisches Institut and ‡Institut für Pharmazie und Molekulare Biotechnologie, Ruprecht-Karls-Universität Heidelberg , D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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