1
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Silva IDA, Bartalucci E, Bolm C, Wiegand T. Opportunities and Challenges in Applying Solid-State NMR Spectroscopy in Organic Mechanochemistry. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2304092. [PMID: 37407000 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202304092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years it is shown that mechanochemical strategies can be beneficial in directed conversions of organic compounds. Finding new reactions proved difficult, and due to the lack of mechanistic understanding of mechanochemical reaction events, respective efforts have mostly remained empirical. Spectroscopic techniques are crucial in shedding light on these questions. In this overview, the opportunities and challenges of solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy in the field of organic mechanochemistry are discussed. After a brief discussion of the basics of high-resolution solid-state NMR under magic-angle spinning (MAS) conditions, seven opportunities for solid-state NMR in the field of organic mechanochemistry are presented, ranging from ex situ approaches to structurally elucidated reaction products obtained by milling to the potential and limitations of in situ solid-state NMR approaches. Particular strengths of solid-state NMR, for instance in differentiating polymorphs, in NMR-crystallographic structure-determination protocols, or in detecting weak noncovalent interactions in molecular-recognition events employing proton-detected solid-state NMR experiments at fast MAS frequencies, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ettore Bartalucci
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34-36, 45470, Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Carsten Bolm
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas Wiegand
- Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Stiftstr. 34-36, 45470, Mülheim/Ruhr, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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2
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Juramy M, Mollica G. Recent Progress in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Strategies for Time-Resolved Atomic-Level Investigation of Crystallization from Solution. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2022.101663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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3
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Wang Z, Cui X, Famulari A, Martí-Rujas J, Kariuki BM, Guo F. Solid-state stability of Z′ < 1 and Z′ = 2 polymorphs of N, N, N′, N′-tetrabenzylethylenediamine: a combined experimental and theoretical study. CrystEngComm 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ce01174c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The reported polymorphism in a highly flexible ligand gives a structure that is considered as a “crystal on the way” belonging to a metastable phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wang
- College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Cui
- College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
| | - Antonino Famulari
- Dipartimento di Chimica Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica. “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Via L. Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milan, Italy
- INSTM Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali, 50121, Florence, Italy
| | - Javier Martí-Rujas
- Dipartimento di Chimica Materiali e Ingegneria Chimica. “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Via L. Mancinelli 7, 20131 Milan, Italy
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@Polimi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Benson M. Kariuki
- School of chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Park place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Wales, UK
| | - Fang Guo
- College of Chemistry, Liaoning University, Shenyang 110036, China
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4
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Juramy M, Chèvre R, Cerreia Vioglio P, Ziarelli F, Besson E, Gastaldi S, Viel S, Thureau P, Harris KDM, Mollica G. Monitoring Crystallization Processes in Confined Porous Materials by Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Solid-State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:6095-6103. [PMID: 33856790 PMCID: PMC8154530 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c12982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Establishing mechanistic understanding of crystallization processes at the molecular level is challenging, as it requires both the detection of transient solid phases and monitoring the evolution of both liquid and solid phases as a function of time. Here, we demonstrate the application of dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) enhanced NMR spectroscopy to study crystallization under nanoscopic confinement, revealing a viable approach to interrogate different stages of crystallization processes. We focus on crystallization of glycine within the nanometric pores (7-8 nm) of a tailored mesoporous SBA-15 silica material with wall-embedded TEMPO radicals. The results show that the early stages of crystallization, characterized by the transition from the solution phase to the first crystalline phase, are straightforwardly observed using this experimental strategy. Importantly, the NMR sensitivity enhancement provided by DNP allows the detection of intermediate phases that would not be observable using standard solid-state NMR experiments. Our results also show that the metastable β polymorph of glycine, which has only transient existence under bulk crystallization conditions, remains trapped within the pores of the mesoporous SBA-15 silica material for more than 200 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Juramy
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Romain Chèvre
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR, 13397 Marseille, France
| | | | - Fabio Ziarelli
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, FSCM, 13397 Marseille, France
| | - Eric Besson
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR, 13397 Marseille, France
| | | | - Stéphane Viel
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR, 13397 Marseille, France.,Institut Universitaire de France, 75231 Paris, France
| | | | - Kenneth D M Harris
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff, Wales CF10 3AT, U. K
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5
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Jones CL, Hughes CE, Yeung HHM, Paul A, Harris KDM, Easun TL. Exploiting in situ NMR to monitor the formation of a metal-organic framework. Chem Sci 2020; 12:1486-1494. [PMID: 34163912 PMCID: PMC8179150 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc04892e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation processes of metal-organic frameworks are becoming more widely researched using in situ techniques, although there remains a scarcity of NMR studies in this field. In this work, the synthesis of framework MFM-500(Ni) has been investigated using an in situ NMR strategy that provides information on the time-evolution of the reaction and crystallization process. In our in situ NMR study of MFM-500(Ni) formation, liquid-phase 1H NMR data recorded as a function of time at fixed temperatures (between 60 and 100 °C) afford qualitative information on the solution-phase processes and quantitative information on the kinetics of crystallization, allowing the activation energies for nucleation (61.4 ± 9.7 kJ mol-1) and growth (72.9 ± 8.6 kJ mol-1) to be determined. Ex situ small-angle X-ray scattering studies (at 80 °C) provide complementary nanoscale information on the rapid self-assembly prior to MOF crystallization and in situ powder X-ray diffraction confirms that the only crystalline phase present during the reaction (at 90 °C) is phase-pure MFM-500(Ni). This work demonstrates that in situ NMR experiments can shed new light on MOF synthesis, opening up the technique to provide better understanding of how MOFs are formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corey L Jones
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Colan E Hughes
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Hamish H-M Yeung
- School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham Edgbaston Birmingham B15 2TT UK
| | - Alison Paul
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Kenneth D M Harris
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
| | - Timothy L Easun
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University Main Building, Park Place Cardiff CF10 3AT UK
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6
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Photochemical Methods for the Real-Time Observation of Phase Transition Processes upon Crystallization. Symmetry (Basel) 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/sym12101726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
We have used the fluorescence detection of phase transformation dynamics of organic compounds by photochemical methods to observe a real-time symmetry breaking process. The organic fluorescent molecules vary the fluorescence spectra depending on molecular aggregated states, implying fluorescence spectroscopy can be applied to probe the evolution of the molecular-assembling process. As an example, the amorphous-to-crystal phase transformation and crystallization with symmetry breaking at droplet during the solvent evaporation of mechanofluorochromic molecules are represented in this review.
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7
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Broadhurst ET, Xu H, Clabbers MTB, Lightowler M, Nudelman F, Zou X, Parsons S. Polymorph evolution during crystal growth studied by 3D electron diffraction. IUCRJ 2020; 7:5-9. [PMID: 31949899 PMCID: PMC6949601 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252519016105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
3D electron diffraction (3DED) has been used to follow polymorph evolution in the crystallization of glycine from aqueous solution. The three polymorphs of glycine which exist under ambient conditions follow the stability order β < α < γ. The least stable β polymorph forms within the first 3 min, but this begins to yield the α-form after only 1 min more. Both structures could be determined from continuous rotation electron diffraction data collected in less than 20 s on crystals of thickness ∼100 nm. Even though the γ-form is thermodynamically the most stable polymorph, kinetics favour the α-form, which dominates after prolonged standing. In the same sample, some β and one crystallite of the γ polymorph were also observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward T. Broadhurst
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry and Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions, The University of Edinburgh, King’s Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Hongyi Xu
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Max T. B. Clabbers
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Molly Lightowler
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Fabio Nudelman
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry and Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions, The University of Edinburgh, King’s Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Xiaodong Zou
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
| | - Simon Parsons
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry and Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions, The University of Edinburgh, King’s Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, UK
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8
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Hughes CE, Walkley B, Gardner LJ, Walling SA, Bernal SA, Iuga D, Provis JL, Harris KDM. Exploiting in-situ solid-state NMR spectroscopy to probe the early stages of hydration of calcium aluminate cement. SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2019; 99:1-6. [PMID: 30772677 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We report a high-field in-situ solid-state NMR study of the hydration of CaAl2O4 (the most important hydraulic phase in calcium aluminate cement), based on time-resolved measurements of solid-state 27Al NMR spectra during the early stages of the reaction. A variant of the CLASSIC NMR methodology, involving alternate recording of direct-excitation and MQMAS 27Al NMR spectra, was used to monitor the 27Al species present in both the solid and liquid phases as a function of time. Our results provide quantitative information on the changes in the relative amounts of 27Al sites with tetrahedral coordination (the anhydrous reactant phase) and octahedral coordination (the hydrated product phases) as a function of time, and reveal significantly different kinetic and mechanistic behaviour of the hydration reaction at the different temperatures (20 °C and 60 °C) studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colan E Hughes
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff, Wales, CF10 3AT, UK
| | - Brant Walkley
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sir Robert Hadfield Building, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - Laura J Gardner
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sir Robert Hadfield Building, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - Samuel A Walling
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sir Robert Hadfield Building, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK
| | - Susan A Bernal
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sir Robert Hadfield Building, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK; School of Civil Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Dinu Iuga
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - John L Provis
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Sheffield, Sir Robert Hadfield Building, Mappin Street, Sheffield, S1 3JD, UK.
| | - Kenneth D M Harris
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff, Wales, CF10 3AT, UK.
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9
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Vioglio PC, Thureau P, Juramy M, Ziarelli F, Viel S, Williams PA, Hughes CE, Harris KDM, Mollica G. A Strategy for Probing the Evolution of Crystallization Processes by Low-Temperature Solid-State NMR and Dynamic Nuclear Polarization. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:1505-1510. [PMID: 30882228 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b00306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Crystallization plays an important role in many areas, and to derive a fundamental understanding of crystallization processes, it is essential to understand the sequence of solid phases produced as a function of time. Here, we introduce a new NMR strategy for studying the time evolution of crystallization processes, in which the crystallizing system is quenched rapidly to low temperature at specific time points during crystallization. The crystallized phase present within the resultant "frozen solution" may be investigated in detail using a range of sophisticated NMR techniques. The low temperatures involved allow dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) to be exploited to enhance the signal intensity in the solid-state NMR measurements, which is advantageous for detection and structural characterization of transient forms that are present only in small quantities. This work opens up the prospect of studying the very early stages of crystallization, at which the amount of solid phase present is intrinsically low.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pierre Thureau
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR , 13397 Marseille , France
| | - Marie Juramy
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR , 13397 Marseille , France
| | - Fabio Ziarelli
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, FSCM , 13397 Marseille , France
| | - Stéphane Viel
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR , 13397 Marseille , France
- Institut Universitaire de France , 75231 Paris , France
| | - P Andrew Williams
- School of Chemistry , Cardiff University , Park Place , Cardiff , Wales CF10 3AT , U.K
| | - Colan E Hughes
- School of Chemistry , Cardiff University , Park Place , Cardiff , Wales CF10 3AT , U.K
| | - Kenneth D M Harris
- School of Chemistry , Cardiff University , Park Place , Cardiff , Wales CF10 3AT , U.K
| | - Giulia Mollica
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR , 13397 Marseille , France
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10
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Jin T, Zhang W. Geometric H/D isotope effect in a series of organic salts involving short O–H⋯O hydrogen bonds between carboxyl and carboxylate groups. CrystEngComm 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ce00734b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Noticeable elongations of donor–acceptor distances upon deuteration are confirmed in short O–H⋯O hydrogen bonds between carboxyl and carboxylate groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Jin
- Ordered Matter Science Research Center and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Science and Applications of Molecular Ferroelectrics
- Southeast University
- Nanjing 211189
- China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Ordered Matter Science Research Center and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Science and Applications of Molecular Ferroelectrics
- Southeast University
- Nanjing 211189
- China
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11
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Hughes CE, Williams PA, Kariuki BM, Harris KDM. Establishing the Transitory Existence of Amorphous Phases in Crystallization Pathways by the CLASSIC NMR Technique. Chemphyschem 2018; 19:3341-3345. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201800976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Colan E. Hughes
- School of Chemistry; Cardiff University Park Place; Cardiff CF10 3AT U.K
| | - P. Andrew Williams
- School of Chemistry; Cardiff University Park Place; Cardiff CF10 3AT U.K
| | - Benson M. Kariuki
- School of Chemistry; Cardiff University Park Place; Cardiff CF10 3AT U.K
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12
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Ashbrook SE, Griffin JM, Johnston KE. Recent Advances in Solid-State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2018; 11:485-508. [PMID: 29324182 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-061417-125852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The sensitivity of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy to the local atomic-scale environment offers great potential for the characterization of a diverse range of solid materials. Despite offering more information than its solution-state counterpart, solid-state NMR has not yet achieved a similar level of recognition, owing to the anisotropic interactions that broaden the spectral lines and hinder the extraction of structural information. Here, we describe the methods available to improve the resolution of solid-state NMR spectra and the continuing research in this area. We also highlight areas of exciting new and future development, including recent interest in combining experiment with theoretical calculations, the rise of a range of polarization transfer techniques that provide significant sensitivity enhancements, and the progress of in situ measurements. We demonstrate the detailed information available when studying dynamic and disordered solids and discuss the future applications of solid-state NMR spectroscopy across the chemical sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon E Ashbrook
- School of Chemistry, EaStCHEM and Centre of Magnetic Resonance, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews KY16 9ST, United Kingdom;
| | - John M Griffin
- Department of Chemistry and Materials Science Institute, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YB, United Kingdom
| | - Karen E Johnston
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, United Kingdom
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13
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Cerreia Vioglio P, Mollica G, Juramy M, Hughes CE, Williams PA, Ziarelli F, Viel S, Thureau P, Harris KDM. Insights into the Crystallization and Structural Evolution of Glycine Dihydrate by In Situ Solid‐State NMR Spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:6619-6623. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201801114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Colan E. Hughes
- School of ChemistryCardiff University Park Place Cardiff Wales CF10 3AT UK
| | - P. Andrew Williams
- School of ChemistryCardiff University Park Place Cardiff Wales CF10 3AT UK
| | - Fabio Ziarelli
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRSCentrale Marseille, FSCM FR1739 Marseille France
| | - Stéphane Viel
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR Marseille France
- Institut Universitaire de France Paris France
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14
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Cerreia Vioglio P, Mollica G, Juramy M, Hughes CE, Williams PA, Ziarelli F, Viel S, Thureau P, Harris KDM. Insights into the Crystallization and Structural Evolution of Glycine Dihydrate by In Situ Solid‐State NMR Spectroscopy. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201801114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Colan E. Hughes
- School of ChemistryCardiff University Park Place Cardiff Wales CF10 3AT UK
| | - P. Andrew Williams
- School of ChemistryCardiff University Park Place Cardiff Wales CF10 3AT UK
| | - Fabio Ziarelli
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRSCentrale Marseille, FSCM FR1739 Marseille France
| | - Stéphane Viel
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, ICR Marseille France
- Institut Universitaire de France Paris France
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15
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Oka N, Ito F, Haketa Y, Maeda H, Miyano T, Tohnai N, Ito S, Miyasaka H, Ozeki S. Dynamic Polymorph Formation during Evaporative Crystallization from Solution: The Key Role of Liquid-Like Clusters as "Crucible" at Ambient Temperature. Chemistry 2018; 24:4343-4349. [PMID: 29356156 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the polymorph phenomenon for organic crystals is essential for the development of organic solid materials. Here, the fluorescence study of the evaporative crystallization of 1,3-dipyrrol-2-yl-1,3-propanedione boron difluoride complex (1), which has three polymorphs showing different emission profiles, is reported. The droplet of 1 in 1,2-dichloroethane showed blue emission just after dropping. Solids with bluish-green emission were observed. As time elapsed, a solid with red or orange emission was observed around the droplet. Time evolution of the fluorescence spectra, observed for the first time, implied that the molten state of 1 was observed by emission of an intermediate, even at ambient temperature. These findings suggested that the liquid-like cluster incidentally forms an ordered array as the crystallites nucleate. The liquid-like cluster can be considered as the "crucible" in the nucleation of polymorphs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narumi Oka
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan
| | - Fuyuki Ito
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Education, Shinshu University, Nagano, 380-8544, Japan
| | - Yohei Haketa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Maeda
- Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Miyano
- Department of Material and Life Science, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Norimitsu Tohnai
- Department of Material and Life Science, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Syoji Ito
- Division of Frontier Materials Science, Graduate School of, Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Miyasaka
- Division of Frontier Materials Science, Graduate School of, Engineering Science, Osaka University, Toyonaka, Osaka, 560-8531, Japan
| | - Sumio Ozeki
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Shinshu University, Matsumoto, 390-8621, Japan
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16
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Deshmukh R, Niederberger M. Mechanistic Aspects in the Formation, Growth and Surface Functionalization of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles in Organic Solvents. Chemistry 2017; 23:8542-8570. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201605957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rupali Deshmukh
- Laboratory for Multifunctional Materials, Department of Materials; ETH Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5 8093 Zürich Switzerland
| | - Markus Niederberger
- Laboratory for Multifunctional Materials, Department of Materials; ETH Zürich; Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 5 8093 Zürich Switzerland
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17
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Aguilar-Granda A, Pérez-Estrada S, Sánchez-González E, Álvarez JR, Rodríguez-Hernández J, Rodríguez M, Roa AE, Hernández-Ortega S, Ibarra IA, Rodríguez-Molina B. Transient Porosity in Densely Packed Crystalline Carbazole–(p-Diethynylphenylene)–Carbazole Rotors: CO2 and Acetone Sorption Properties. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:7549-7557. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b02015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Salvador Pérez-Estrada
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | | | | | - Joelis Rodríguez-Hernández
- Centro de Investigación en Química Aplicada (CIQA), Blvd. Enrique Reyna Hermosillo,
No. 140, Saltillo, Coahuila 25294, México
| | - Mario Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, A.P. 1-948, León, Guanajuato 37000, México
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18
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Moran RF, Dawson DM, Ashbrook SE. Exploiting NMR spectroscopy for the study of disorder in solids. INT REV PHYS CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/0144235x.2017.1256604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert F. Moran
- School of Chemistry, EaStCHEM and St Andrews Centre of Magnetic Resonance, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Daniel M. Dawson
- School of Chemistry, EaStCHEM and St Andrews Centre of Magnetic Resonance, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK
| | - Sharon E. Ashbrook
- School of Chemistry, EaStCHEM and St Andrews Centre of Magnetic Resonance, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, UK
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19
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Harris KDM, Hughes CE, Williams PA, Edwards-Gau GR. `NMR Crystallization': in-situ NMR techniques for time-resolved monitoring of crystallization processes. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION C-STRUCTURAL CHEMISTRY 2017; 73:137-148. [PMID: 28257007 DOI: 10.1107/s2053229616019811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Solid-state NMR spectroscopy is a well-established and versatile technique for studying the structural and dynamic properties of solids, and there is considerable potential to exploit the power and versatility of solid-state NMR for in-situ studies of chemical processes. However, a number of technical challenges are associated with adapting this technique for in-situ studies, depending on the process of interest. Recently, an in-situ solid-state NMR strategy for monitoring the evolution of crystallization processes has been developed and has proven to be a promising approach for identifying the sequence of distinct solid forms present as a function of time during crystallization from solution, and for the discovery of new polymorphs. The latest development of this technique, called `CLASSIC' NMR, allows the simultaneous measurement of both liquid-state and solid-state NMR spectra as a function of time, thus yielding complementary information on the evolution of both the liquid phase and the solid phase during crystallization from solution. This article gives an overview of the range of NMR strategies that are currently available for in-situ studies of crystallization processes, with examples of applications that highlight the potential of these strategies to deepen our understanding of crystallization phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth D M Harris
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Wales
| | - Colan E Hughes
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Wales
| | - P Andrew Williams
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Wales
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Harris KDM. Explorations in the Dynamics of Crystalline Solids and the Evolution of Crystal Formation Processes. Isr J Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201600088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Harris KDM. New in situ solid-state NMR strategies for exploring materials formation and adsorption processes: prospects in heterogenous catalysis. APPLIED PETROCHEMICAL RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13203-016-0152-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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22
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Direct Visualization of the Two-step Nucleation Model by Fluorescence Color Changes during Evaporative Crystallization from Solution. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22918. [PMID: 26953165 PMCID: PMC4782171 DOI: 10.1038/srep22918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The two-step nucleation model for crystal nuclei formation explains several experimental and theoretical results better than the classical nucleation theory. We report here direct visualization of the two-step nucleation model for organic molecular crystallization. Evaporative crystallization from a solution of a dibenzoylmethane boron complex that displays mechanofluorochromism, a fluorescence color change induced by mechanical perturbation, was probed by fluorescence change. The dependence of fluorescence change on dispersion concentration of the complex in a polymer matrix was also investigated. We detected transitional emission from the amorphous cluster state prior to crystallization. This is the first demonstration of the two-step nucleation model based on fluorescence color changes.
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Harris KDM, Hughes CE, Williams PA. Monitoring the evolution of crystallization processes by in-situ solid-state NMR spectroscopy. SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2015; 65:107-113. [PMID: 25542671 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2014.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Crystallization processes play a crucial role in many aspects of biological and physical sciences. Progress in deepening our fundamental understanding of such processes relies, to a large extent, on the development and application of new experimental strategies that allow direct in-situ monitoring of the process. In this paper, we give an overview of an in-situ solid-state NMR strategy that we have developed in recent years for monitoring the time-evolution of different polymorphic forms (or other solid forms) that arise as the function of time during crystallization from solution. The background to the strategy is described and several examples of the application of the technique are highlighted, focusing on both the evolution of different polymorphs during crystallization and the discovery of new polymorphs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth D M Harris
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Wales, UK.
| | - Colan E Hughes
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Wales, UK
| | - P Andrew Williams
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Wales, UK
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Hughes CE, Williams PA, Keast VL, Charalampopoulos VG, Edwards-Gau GR, Harris KDM. New in situ solid-state NMR techniques for probing the evolution of crystallization processes: pre-nucleation, nucleation and growth. Faraday Discuss 2015; 179:115-40. [DOI: 10.1039/c4fd00215f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The application of in situ techniques for investigating crystallization processes promises to yield significant new insights into fundamental aspects of crystallization science. With this motivation, we recently developed a new in situ solid-state NMR technique that exploits the ability of NMR to selectively detect the solid phase in heterogeneous solid–liquid systems (of the type that exist during crystallization from solution), with the liquid phase “invisible” to the measurement. As a consequence, the technique allows the first solid particles produced during crystallization to be observed and identified, and allows the evolution of different solid phases (e.g., polymorphs) present during the crystallization process to be monitored as a function of time. This in situ solid-state NMR strategy has been demonstrated to be a powerful approach for establishing the sequence of solid phases produced during crystallization and for the discovery of new polymorphs. The most recent advance of the in situ NMR methodology has been the development of a strategy (named “CLASSIC NMR”) that allows both solid-state NMR and liquid-state NMR spectra to be measured (essentially simultaneously) during the crystallization process, yielding information on the complementary changes that occur in both the solid and liquid phases as a function of time. In this article, we present new results that highlight the application of our in situ NMR techniques to successfully unravel different aspects of crystallization processes, focusing on: (i) the application of a CLASSIC NMR approach to monitor competitive inclusion processes in solid urea inclusion compounds, (ii) exploiting liquid-state NMR to gain insights into co-crystal formation between benzoic acid and pentafluorobenzoic acid, and (iii) applications of in situ solid-state NMR for the discovery of new solid forms of trimethylphosphine oxide and l-phenylalanine. Finally, the article discusses a number of important fundamental issues relating to practical aspects, the interpretation of results and the future scope of these techniques, including: (i) an assessment of the smallest size of solid particle that can be detected in in situ solid-state NMR studies of crystallization, (ii) an appraisal of whether the rapid sample spinning required by the NMR measurement technique may actually influence or perturb the crystallization behaviour, and (iii) a discussion of factors that influence the sensitivity and time-resolution of in situ solid-state NMR experiments.
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Mandala VS, Loewus SJ, Mehta MA. Monitoring Cocrystal Formation via In Situ Solid-State NMR. J Phys Chem Lett 2014; 5:3340-3344. [PMID: 26278442 DOI: 10.1021/jz501699h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A detailed understanding of the mechanism of organic cocrystal formation remains elusive. Techniques that interrogate a reacting system in situ are preferred, though experimentally challenging. We report here the results of a solid-state in situ NMR study of the spontaneous formation of a cocrystal between a pharmaceutical mimic (caffeine) and a coformer (malonic acid). Using (13)C magic angle spinning NMR, we show that the formation of the cocrystal may be tracked in real time. We find no direct evidence for a short-lived, chemical shift-resolved amorphous solid intermediate. However, changes in the line width and line center of the malonic acid methylene resonance, in the course of the reaction, provide subtle clues to the mode of mass transfer that underlies cocrystal formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkata S Mandala
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Oberlin College, 119 Woodland Street, Oberlin, Ohio 44074, United States
| | - Sarel J Loewus
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Oberlin College, 119 Woodland Street, Oberlin, Ohio 44074, United States
| | - Manish A Mehta
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Oberlin College, 119 Woodland Street, Oberlin, Ohio 44074, United States
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Iwama S, Kuyama K, Mori Y, Manoj K, Gonnade RG, Suzuki K, Hughes CE, Williams PA, Harris KDM, Veesler S, Takahashi H, Tsue H, Tamura R. Highly Efficient Chiral Resolution ofdl-Arginine by Cocrystal Formation Followed by Recrystallization under Preferential-Enrichment Conditions. Chemistry 2014; 20:10343-50. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201402446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Hughes CE, Williams PA, Harris KDM. “CLASSIC NMR”: An In-Situ NMR Strategy for Mapping the Time-Evolution of Crystallization Processes by Combined Liquid-State and Solid-State Measurements. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201404266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Hughes CE, Williams PA, Harris KDM. "CLASSIC NMR": an in-situ NMR strategy for mapping the time-evolution of crystallization processes by combined liquid-state and solid-state measurements. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:8939-43. [PMID: 25044662 PMCID: PMC4227553 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201404266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A new in-situ NMR strategy (termed CLASSIC NMR) for mapping the evolution of crystallization processes is reported, involving simultaneous measurement of both liquid-state and solid-state NMR spectra as a function of time. This combined strategy allows complementary information to be obtained on the evolution of both the solid and liquid phases during the crystallization process. In particular, as crystallization proceeds (monitored by solid-state NMR), the solution state becomes more dilute, leading to changes in solution-state speciation and the modes of molecular aggregation in solution, which are monitored by liquid-state NMR. The CLASSIC NMR experiment is applied here to yield new insights into the crystallization of m-aminobenzoic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colan E Hughes
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Wales (UK)
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Borissova AO, Lyssenko KA, Gurinov AA, Shenderovich IG. Energy Analysis of Competing Non-Covalent Interaction in 1:1 and 1:2 Adducts of Collidine with Benzoic Acids by Means of X-Ray Diffraction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1524/zpch.2013.0400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The hydrogen bond pattern and the types of non-covalent interactions in the crystals of the 1:1 and 1:2 adducts of 2,4,6-trimethylpyridine and benzoic acids are studied using high-resolution X-ray diffraction. The geometries of the hydrogen bonds are estimated using a combined XRD/DFT approach that provides the geometrical parameters within the margin of error of neutron diffraction studies. The energies of the non-covalent interactions are estimated on the base of the experimental electron density distribution function. It is shown that the structures of the adducts are governed by the NOH and OHO hydrogen bonds. In turn, C-H...O contacts and stacking interactions define the packing of the adducts in the crystal. On the other hand, it is important to note that the latter interactions affect the competition of the former hydrogen bonds in some 1:2 adducts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Konstantin A. Lyssenko
- Russian Academy of Sciences, A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compoun, Moscow, Russische Föderation
| | - Andrey A. Gurinov
- St. Petersburg State University, Department of Physics, St. Petersburg, Russische Föderation
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Hughes CE, Williams PA, Peskett TR, Harris KDM. Exploiting In Situ Solid-State NMR for the Discovery of New Polymorphs during Crystallization Processes. J Phys Chem Lett 2012; 3:3176-3181. [PMID: 26296025 DOI: 10.1021/jz301252u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We report the discovery of new polymorphic forms of solids by exploiting a solid-state NMR technique that has been developed for in situ monitoring of the evolution of crystallization processes. The capability of the technique to reveal the existence of new polymorphic forms of molecular solids is illustrated by the discovery of two new polymorphs of methyldiphenylphosphine oxide and a new solid form of the 1,10-dihydroxydecane/urea system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colan E Hughes
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, Wales, U.K
| | - P Andrew Williams
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, Wales, U.K
| | - Thomas R Peskett
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, Wales, U.K
| | - Kenneth D M Harris
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, Wales, U.K
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Ip BCK, Shenderovich IG, Tolstoy PM, Frydel J, Denisov GS, Buntkowsky G, Limbach HH. NMR Studies of Solid Pentachlorophenol-4-Methylpyridine Complexes Exhibiting Strong OHN Hydrogen Bonds: Geometric H/D Isotope Effects and Hydrogen Bond Coupling Cause Isotopic Polymorphism. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:11370-87. [DOI: 10.1021/jp305863n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brenda C. K. Ip
- Institut für Chemie und
Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, D-14195 Berlin,
Germany
| | - Ilya G. Shenderovich
- Institut für Chemie und
Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, D-14195 Berlin,
Germany
- St. Petersburg State University, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Peter M. Tolstoy
- Institut für Chemie und
Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, D-14195 Berlin,
Germany
- St. Petersburg State University, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Jaroslaw Frydel
- Institut für Chemie und
Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, D-14195 Berlin,
Germany
| | - Gleb S. Denisov
- St. Petersburg State University, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
| | - Gerd Buntkowsky
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für
Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Petersenstr. 20, D-64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Hans-Heinrich Limbach
- Institut für Chemie und
Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustrasse 3, D-14195 Berlin,
Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Zaera
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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Aliev AE, Mann SE, Rahman AS, McMillan PF, Corà F, Iuga D, Hughes CE, Harris KDM. High-Resolution Solid-State 2H NMR Spectroscopy of Polymorphs of Glycine. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:12201-11. [DOI: 10.1021/jp207592u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Abil E. Aliev
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Sam E. Mann
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Aisha S. Rahman
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Paul F. McMillan
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Furio Corà
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Dinu Iuga
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom
| | - Colan E. Hughes
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Wales
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Pienack N, Bensch W. In-Situ Monitoring of the Formation of Crystalline Solids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 50:2014-34. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201001180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Martí-Rujas J, Kariuki BM, Hughes CE, Morte-Ródenas A, Guo F, Glavcheva-Laleva Z, Taştemür K, Ooi LL, Yeo L, Harris KDM. Structural diversity, but no polymorphism, in a homologous family of co-crystals of urea and α,ω-dihydroxyalkanes. NEW J CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1nj20040b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Moreira ML, Andrés J, Mastelaro VR, Varela JA, Longo E. On the reversed crystal growth of BaZrO3 decaoctahedron: shape evolution and mechanism. CrystEngComm 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ce05361b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Palmer B, Harris K, Guillaume F. A Strategy for Retrospectively Mapping the Growth History of a Crystal. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201000952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Palmer BA, Harris KDM, Guillaume F. A Strategy for Retrospectively Mapping the Growth History of a Crystal. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2010; 49:5096-100. [PMID: 20607872 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201000952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Palmer
- School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Wales, UK
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Hughes CE, Harris KDM. Direct observation of a transient polymorph during crystallization. Chem Commun (Camb) 2010; 46:4982-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cc01007c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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41
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Hughes CE, Harris KDM. The effect of deuteration on polymorphic outcome in the crystallization of glycine from aqueous solution. NEW J CHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/b819199a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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