1
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Reichenauer T, Böckmann M, Ziegler K, Kumar V, Ravoo BJ, Doltsinis NL, Schlücker S. Photoswitching of arylazopyrazoles upon S 1 (nπ*) excitation studied by transient absorption spectroscopy and ab initio molecular dynamics. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:10832-10840. [PMID: 38525498 DOI: 10.1039/d4cp00295d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Arylazopyrazoles (AAPs) are an important class of molecular photoswitches with high photostationary states (PSS) and long thermal lifetimes. The ultrafast photoisomerization of four water-soluble arylazopyrazoles, all of them featuring an ortho-dimethylated pyrazole ring, is studied by narrowband femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations. Upon S1 (nπ*) photoexcitation of the planar E-isomers (E-AAPs), excited-state bi-exponential decays with time constants τ1 in the 220-440 fs range and τ2 in the 1.4-1.8 ps range are observed, comparable to those reported for azobenzene (AB). This is indicative of the same photoisomerization mechanism as has been reported for ABs. In contrast to the planar E-AAPs, a twisted E-AAP with two methyl groups in ortho-position of the phenyl ring displays faster initial photoswitching with τ1 = 170 ± 10 fs and τ2 = 1.6 ± 0.1 ps. Our static DFT calculations and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations of E-AAPs on the S0 and S1 potential energy surfaces suggest that twisted E-isomer azo photoswitches exhibit faster initial photoisomerization dynamics out of the Franck-Condon region due to a weaker π-coordination of the central CNNC unit to the aromatic ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Till Reichenauer
- Physical Chemistry I and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), Universität Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Marcus Böckmann
- Institute of Solid-State Theory and Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation, Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Katharina Ziegler
- Organic Chemistry Institute and Center for Soft Nanoscience (SoN), Universität Münster, 48148 Münster, Germany.
| | - Vikas Kumar
- Physical Chemistry I and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), Universität Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Bart Jan Ravoo
- Organic Chemistry Institute and Center for Soft Nanoscience (SoN), Universität Münster, 48148 Münster, Germany.
| | - Nikos L Doltsinis
- Institute of Solid-State Theory and Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation, Universität Münster, 48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Schlücker
- Physical Chemistry I and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), Universität Duisburg-Essen, 45141 Essen, Germany
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2
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Obloy LM, El-Khoury PZ, Tarnovsky AN. Excited-State-Selective Ultrafast Relaxation Dynamics and Photoisomerization of trans-4,4'-Azopyridine. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:10863-10870. [PMID: 36384033 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c02523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Excited-state dynamics of trans-4,4'-azopyridine in ethanol is studied using femtosecond transient absorption with 30 fs temporal resolution. Exciting the system at three different wavelengths, 460 and 290 (275) nm, to access the S1 nπ* and S2 ππ* electronic states, respectively, reveals a 195 cm-1 vibrational coherence, which suggests that the same mode is active in both nπ* and ππ* relaxation channels. Following S1-excitation, relaxation proceeds via a nonrotational pathway, where a fraction of the nπ* population is trapped in a planar minimum (lifetime, 2.1 ps), while the remaining population travels further to a second shallow minimum (lifetime, 300 fs) prior to decay into the ground state. Population of the S2 state leads to 30 fs nonrotational relaxation with a concurrent buildup of nπ* population and nearly simultaneous formation of hot ground-state species. An increase in the cis-isomer quantum yield upon ππ* versus nπ* excitation is observed, which is opposite to trans-azobenzene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Obloy
- Department of Chemistry and the Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
| | - Patrick Z El-Khoury
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Alexander N Tarnovsky
- Department of Chemistry and the Center for Photochemical Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, United States
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3
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He F, Ren X, Jiang J, Zhang G, He L. Real-Time, Time-Dependent Density Functional Theory Study on Photoinduced Isomerizations of Azobenzene Under a Light Field. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:427-432. [PMID: 34989580 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c03442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The trans to cis photoisomerization of azobenzene and its reverse (i.e., the cis to trans) processes are studied using real-time propagation time-dependent density functional theory combined with molecular dynamics for ions. We show that the wavelength of the applied laser may significantly affect the transition process. The simulations also show that the photon-excited electrons play essential roles in the isomerization processes, in which the hot electrons couple to phonon modes that drive the transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuxiang He
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Xinguo Ren
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Guozhen Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, School of Chemistry and Materials Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
| | - Lixin He
- Key Laboratory of Quantum Information, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
- Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information and Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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4
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Merritt ICD, Jacquemin D, Vacher M. cis → trans photoisomerisation of azobenzene: a fresh theoretical look. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:19155-19165. [PMID: 34195720 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01873f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The cis → trans photo-isomerisation mechanism of azobenzene, after excitation to the nπ* and ππ* states, is revisited using high-level ab initio surface hopping mixed quantum-classical dynamics in combination with multi-reference CASSCF electronic structure calculations. A reduction of photoisomerisation quantum yield of 0.10 on exciting to the higher energy ππ* state compared to the lower energy nπ* state is obtained, in close agreement with the most recent experimental values [Ladányi et al., Photochem. Photobiol. Sci., 2017, 16, 1757-1761] which re-examined previous literature values which showed larger changes in quantum yield. By direct comparison of both excitations, we have found that the explanation for the decrease in quantum yield is not the same as for the reduction observed in the trans → cis photoisomerisation. In contrast to the trans → cis scenario, S1 → S0 decay does not occur at 'earlier' C-NN-C angles along the central torsional coordinate after ππ* excitation, as in the cis → trans case the rotation about this coordinate occurs too rapidly. The wavelength dependency of the quantum yield is instead found to be due to a potential well on the S2 surface, from which either cis or trans-azobenzene can be formed. While this well is accessible after both excitations, it is more easily accessed after ππ* excitation - an additional 15-17% of photochromes, which under nπ* excitation would have exclusively formed the trans isomer, are trapped in this well after ππ* excitation. The probability of forming the cis isomer when leaving this well is also higher after ππ* excitation, increasing from 9% to 35%. The combination of these two factors results in the reduction of 0.10 of the quantum yield of photoisomerisation on ππ* excitation of cis-azobenzene, compared to nπ* excitation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Denis Jacquemin
- Laboratoire CEISAM - UMR 6230 - CNRS - Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.
| | - Morgane Vacher
- Laboratoire CEISAM - UMR 6230 - CNRS - Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.
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5
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Hutcheson A, Paul AC, Myhre RH, Koch H, Høyvik IM. Describing ground and excited state potential energy surfaces for molecular photoswitches using coupled cluster models. J Comput Chem 2021; 42:1419-1429. [PMID: 33973669 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we use two extensively studied systems, a retinal model system and azobenzene, to explore the use of coupled cluster models for describing ground and singlet excited state potential energy surfaces of photoswitchable systems. While not being suitable for describing nuclear dynamics of photoisomerization, coupled cluster models have useful attributes, such as the inclusion of dynamical correlation, their black box nature, and the systematic improvement offered by truncation level. Results for the studied systems show that when triple excitations (here through the CC3 model) are included, ground and excited state potential energy surfaces for isomerization paths may reliably be generated, also for states of doubly excited character. For ground state equilibrium cis- and trans-azobenzene, the molecular geometry and basis set is seen to significantly impact the vertical excitation energies for the two lowest excited states. Efficient implementations of coupled cluster models can therefore constitute valuable tools for investigating photoswitchable systems and can be used for preliminary black box studies to gather information before more complicated excited state dynamics approaches are pursued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Hutcheson
- Department of Chemistry, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Rolf H Myhre
- Department of Chemistry, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Ida-Marie Høyvik
- Department of Chemistry, The Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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6
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Lugger JA, Marín San Román PP, Kroonen CCE, Sijbesma RP. Nanoporous Films with Photoswitchable Absorption Kinetics Based on Polymerizable Columnar Discotic Liquid Crystals. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:4385-4392. [PMID: 33430592 PMCID: PMC7844832 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c19180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A photoresponsive nanoporous polymer film has been produced from the templated self-assembly of a columnar liquid crystal containing azo units. A liquid crystalline complex of polymerizable azobenzoic acid and a tris-benzimidazolyl benzene template molecule was cross-linked via thiol-ene radical copolymerization with dodecanedithiol. Subsequent removal of the template yielded nanoporous polymer films with pores of approximately 1 nm in diameter. Both trans-cis and cis-trans photoisomerizations of azobenzoic acid took place in the porous films. At room temperature, the cis isomer was sufficiently long-lived to establish a difference in dye absorption kinetics of the two isomers. The cationic dye rhodamine 6G was bound to both isomers, but the rate of binding to films enriched in the cis isomer was 8 times faster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jody A.
M. Lugger
- Laboratory
of Supramolecular Polymer Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven
University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Patricia P. Marín San Román
- Laboratory
of Supramolecular Polymer Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven
University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Camiel C. E. Kroonen
- Laboratory
of Supramolecular Polymer Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Rint P. Sijbesma
- Laboratory
of Supramolecular Polymer Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven
University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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7
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Yu JK, Bannwarth C, Liang R, Hohenstein EG, Martínez TJ. Nonadiabatic Dynamics Simulation of the Wavelength-Dependent Photochemistry of Azobenzene Excited to the nπ* and ππ* Excited States. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:20680-20690. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c09056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy K. Yu
- Biophysics Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Christoph Bannwarth
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Ruibin Liang
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Edward G. Hohenstein
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Todd J. Martínez
- Biophysics Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
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8
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Otolski CJ, Raj AM, Ramamurthy V, Elles CG. Spatial confinement alters the ultrafast photoisomerization dynamics of azobenzenes. Chem Sci 2020; 11:9513-9523. [PMID: 34094217 PMCID: PMC8162038 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc03955a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy reveals new excited-state dynamics following excitation of trans-azobenzene (t-Az) and several alkyl-substituted t-Az derivatives encapsulated in a water-soluble supramolecular host-guest complex. Encapsulation increases the excited-state lifetimes and alters the yields of the trans → cis photoisomerization reaction compared with solution. Kinetic modeling of the transient spectra for unsubstituted t-Az following nπ* and ππ* excitation reveals steric trapping of excited-state species, as well as an adiabatic excited-state trans → cis isomerization pathway for confined molecules that is not observed in solution. Analysis of the transient spectra following ππ* excitation for a series of 4-alkyl and 4,4'-dialkyl substituted t-Az molecules suggests that additional crowding due to lengthening of the alkyl tails results in deeper trapping of the excited-state species, including distorted trans and cis structures. The variation of the dynamics due to crowding in the confined environment provides new evidence to explain the violation of Kasha's rule for nπ* and ππ* excitation of azobenzenes based on competition between in-plane inversion and out-of-plane rotation channels.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A Mohan Raj
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami Coral Gables Florida USA
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9
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Yu JK, Bannwarth C, Hohenstein EG, Martínez TJ. Ab Initio Nonadiabatic Molecular Dynamics with Hole–Hole Tamm–Dancoff Approximated Density Functional Theory. J Chem Theory Comput 2020; 16:5499-5511. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.0c00644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy K. Yu
- Biophysics Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Christoph Bannwarth
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Edward G. Hohenstein
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Todd J. Martínez
- Biophysics Program, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Chemistry and The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
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10
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Slavov C, Yang C, Heindl AH, Wegner HA, Dreuw A, Wachtveitl J. Thiophenylazobenzene: An Alternative Photoisomerization Controlled by Lone-Pair⋅⋅⋅π Interaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:380-387. [PMID: 31595575 PMCID: PMC6973119 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201909739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Azoheteroarene photoswitches have attracted attention due to their unique properties. We present the stationary photochromism and ultrafast photoisomerization mechanism of thiophenylazobenzene (TphAB). It demonstrates impressive fatigue resistance and photoisomerization efficiency, and shows favorably separated (E)- and (Z)-isomer absorption bands, allowing for highly selective photoconversion. The (Z)-isomer of TphAB adopts an unusual orthogonal geometry where the thiophenyl group is perfectly perpendicular to the phenyl group. This geometry is stabilized by a rare lone-pair⋅⋅⋅π interaction between the S atom and the phenyl group. The photoisomerization of TphAB occurs on the sub-ps to ps timescale and is governed by this interaction. Therefore, the adoption and disruption of the orthogonal geometry requires significant movement along the inversion reaction coordinates (CNN and NNC angles). Our results establish TphAB as an excellent photoswitch with versatile properties that expand the application possibilities of AB derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chavdar Slavov
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical ChemistryGoethe UniversityFrankfurt am MainGermany
| | - Chong Yang
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing (IWR)University of HeidelbergHeidelbergGermany
| | - Andreas H. Heindl
- Institute of Organic ChemistryCenter for Materials Research (LaMa)Justus Liebig UniversityGiessenGermany
| | - Hermann A. Wegner
- Institute of Organic ChemistryCenter for Materials Research (LaMa)Justus Liebig UniversityGiessenGermany
| | - Andreas Dreuw
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing (IWR)University of HeidelbergHeidelbergGermany
| | - Josef Wachtveitl
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical ChemistryGoethe UniversityFrankfurt am MainGermany
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11
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Slavov C, Yang C, Heindl AH, Wegner HA, Dreuw A, Wachtveitl J. Thiophenylazobenzene: An Alternative Photoisomerization Controlled by Lone‐Pair⋅⋅⋅π Interaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201909739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chavdar Slavov
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Goethe University Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Chong Yang
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing (IWR) University of Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany
| | - Andreas H. Heindl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Center for Materials Research (LaMa) Justus Liebig University Giessen Germany
| | - Hermann A. Wegner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Center for Materials Research (LaMa) Justus Liebig University Giessen Germany
| | - Andreas Dreuw
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing (IWR) University of Heidelberg Heidelberg Germany
| | - Josef Wachtveitl
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Goethe University Frankfurt am Main Germany
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12
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Amirjalayer S, Buma WJ. Light on the Structural Evolution of Photoresponsive Molecular Switches in Electronically Excited States. Chemistry 2019; 25:6252-6258. [PMID: 30576061 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201805810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive materials are attracting extensive interest as they offer the opportunity to transform external inputs such as light into a functionality by control at the molecular level. As a result, a large number of molecular building units have been developed that enable switching between two or more states. Since the trajectory describing the transition between the various states defines the efficiency of the usually immobilized unit and the resulting functionality, it does not suffice to merely consider the initial and final states of the switching process. A key challenge is in fact to decipher at the atomic scale the actual motion that takes place after photoexcitation. Understanding and being able to manipulate this trajectory is crucial for an efficient implementation of photoactive molecular switches into functional materials, as well as to rationally develop novel tailor-made materials. In this Concept article, we highlight the potential to characterize in detail photoinitiated switching mechanisms by combining quantum chemical calculations with advanced laser spectroscopic techniques that probe the vibrational manifold of electronically excited states and its evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Amirjalayer
- Physikalisches Institut and Center for Multiscale Theory &, Computation (CMTC), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Willhelm-Klemm-Strasse 10, 48149, Münster, Germany.,Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech), Heisenbergstrasse 11, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Wybren Jan Buma
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098, XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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13
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Nenov A, Borrego-Varillas R, Oriana A, Ganzer L, Segatta F, Conti I, Segarra-Marti J, Omachi J, Dapor M, Taioli S, Manzoni C, Mukamel S, Cerullo G, Garavelli M. UV-Light-Induced Vibrational Coherences: The Key to Understand Kasha Rule Violation in trans-Azobenzene. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:1534-1541. [PMID: 29504764 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b00152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We combine sub-20 fs transient absorption spectroscopy with state-of-the-art computations to study the ultrafast photoinduced dynamics of trans-azobenzene (AB). We are able to resolve the lifetime of the ππ* state, whose decay within ca. 50 fs is correlated to the buildup of the nπ* population and to the emergence of coherences in the dynamics, to date unobserved. Nonlinear spectroscopy simulations call for the CNN in-plane bendings as the active modes in the subps photoinduced coherent dynamics out of the ππ* state. Radiative to kinetic energy transfer into these modes drives the system to a high-energy planar nπ*/ground state conical intersection, inaccessible upon direct excitation of the nπ* state, that triggers an ultrafast (0.45 ps) nonproductive decay of the nπ* state and is thus responsible for the observed Kasha rule violation in UV excited trans-AB. On the other hand, cis-AB is built only after intramolecular vibrational energy redistribution and population of the NN torsional mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Nenov
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale , Università degli Studi di Bologna , Viale del Risorgimento 4 , I-40136 Bologna , Italy
| | - Rocio Borrego-Varillas
- IFN-CNR, Dipartimento di Fisica , Politecnico di Milano , Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32 , I-20133 Milano , Italy
| | - Aurelio Oriana
- IFN-CNR, Dipartimento di Fisica , Politecnico di Milano , Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32 , I-20133 Milano , Italy
| | - Lucia Ganzer
- IFN-CNR, Dipartimento di Fisica , Politecnico di Milano , Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32 , I-20133 Milano , Italy
| | - Francesco Segatta
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale , Università degli Studi di Bologna , Viale del Risorgimento 4 , I-40136 Bologna , Italy
- European Center for Theoretical Studies in Nuclear Physics and Related Areas (ECT*-FBK) and Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications (TIFPA-INFN) , 38123 Trento , Italy
| | - Irene Conti
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale , Università degli Studi di Bologna , Viale del Risorgimento 4 , I-40136 Bologna , Italy
| | - Javier Segarra-Marti
- Laboratoire de Chimie UMR 5182 , Université Lyon, ENS de Lyon, CNRS, Université Lyon 1 , 46 Allée d'Italie , FR-69342 Lyon , France
| | - Junko Omachi
- Institute for Photon Science and Technology , University of Tokyo , 7-3-1 Hongo , Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033 , Japan
| | - Maurizio Dapor
- European Center for Theoretical Studies in Nuclear Physics and Related Areas (ECT*-FBK) and Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications (TIFPA-INFN) , 38123 Trento , Italy
| | - Simone Taioli
- European Center for Theoretical Studies in Nuclear Physics and Related Areas (ECT*-FBK) and Trento Institute for Fundamental Physics and Applications (TIFPA-INFN) , 38123 Trento , Italy
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics , Charles University , Praha 8 , 180 00 Prague , Czech Republic
| | - Cristian Manzoni
- IFN-CNR, Dipartimento di Fisica , Politecnico di Milano , Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32 , I-20133 Milano , Italy
| | - Shaul Mukamel
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Irvine , California 92697-2025 , United States
| | - Giulio Cerullo
- IFN-CNR, Dipartimento di Fisica , Politecnico di Milano , Piazza Leonardo da Vinci 32 , I-20133 Milano , Italy
| | - Marco Garavelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale , Università degli Studi di Bologna , Viale del Risorgimento 4 , I-40136 Bologna , Italy
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14
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Pang X, Jiang C, Qi Y, Yuan L, Hu D, Zhang X, Zhao D, Wang D, Lan Z, Li F. Ultrafast unidirectional chiral rotation in the Z–E photoisomerization of two azoheteroarene photoswitches. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:25910-25917. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp04762f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Based on a large number of trajectories starting from the Z-isomer, for both azoheteroarenes, more than 99% of the trajectories decay through conical intersections with the same helicities as their initial geometries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Pang
- Key Laboratory for Quantum Information and Quantum Optoelectronic Devices Shaanxi, and Department of Applied Physics
- Xi’an Jiaotong University
- Xi’an 710049
- China
| | - Chenwei Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Quantum Information and Quantum Optoelectronic Devices Shaanxi, and Department of Applied Physics
- Xi’an Jiaotong University
- Xi’an 710049
- China
| | - Yongnan Qi
- Key Laboratory for Quantum Information and Quantum Optoelectronic Devices Shaanxi, and Department of Applied Physics
- Xi’an Jiaotong University
- Xi’an 710049
- China
| | - Ling Yuan
- Key Laboratory for Quantum Information and Quantum Optoelectronic Devices Shaanxi, and Department of Applied Physics
- Xi’an Jiaotong University
- Xi’an 710049
- China
| | - Deping Hu
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Xiuxing Zhang
- Department of Physics
- Weinan Normal University
- Weinan 714000
- China
| | - Di Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Quantum Information and Quantum Optoelectronic Devices Shaanxi, and Department of Applied Physics
- Xi’an Jiaotong University
- Xi’an 710049
- China
| | - Dongdong Wang
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- School of Science
- Xi’an Jiaotong University
- Xi’an 710049
- China
| | - Zhenggang Lan
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Qingdao
- China
| | - Fuli Li
- Key Laboratory for Quantum Information and Quantum Optoelectronic Devices Shaanxi, and Department of Applied Physics
- Xi’an Jiaotong University
- Xi’an 710049
- China
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15
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Staniszewska M, Kupfer S, Łabuda M, Guthmuller J. Theoretical Assessment of Excited State Gradients and Resonance Raman Intensities for the Azobenzene Molecule. J Chem Theory Comput 2017; 13:1263-1274. [PMID: 28118003 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.6b00966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The ground state geometries and vibrational frequencies as well as the excitation energies and excited state gradients of the S1(nπ*) and S2(ππ*) states of trans- and cis-azobenzene are investigated by several DFT methods, namely B3LYP, PBE, M06-2X, CAM-B3LYP, and ωB97X. Excited state properties and in particular gradients are also assessed using the wave function based methods EOM-CCSD and RASPT2/RASSCF. Comparison with experimental data shows that the B3LYP functional gives the most accurate results for the ground state geometry and vibrational frequencies. The analysis of the vertical excitation energies reveals that the RASPT2 approach provides the most accurate excitation energies with deviations of the order of 0.1 eV. Among the TDDFT methods, the CAM-B3LYP functional shows the best performance on the excitation energies. By assessing the excited state gradients with respect to the reference RASPT2 data, the most accurate gradients are obtained with B3LYP, whereas other functionals as well as the EOM-CCSD and RASSCF calculations give less consistent results. Overall, despite the tendency of B3LYP to underestimate the excitation energies, this functional provides the most balanced description of both ground and excited state properties for both isomers of azobenzene in the Franck-Condon region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Staniszewska
- Faculty of Applied Physics and Mathematics, Gdańsk University of Technology , Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Stephan Kupfer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Helmholtzweg 4, 07-743 Jena, Germany
| | - Marta Łabuda
- Faculty of Applied Physics and Mathematics, Gdańsk University of Technology , Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Julien Guthmuller
- Faculty of Applied Physics and Mathematics, Gdańsk University of Technology , Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland
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16
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Kumpulainen T, Lang B, Rosspeintner A, Vauthey E. Ultrafast Elementary Photochemical Processes of Organic Molecules in Liquid Solution. Chem Rev 2016; 117:10826-10939. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatu Kumpulainen
- Department of Physical Chemistry,
Sciences II, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Lang
- Department of Physical Chemistry,
Sciences II, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Arnulf Rosspeintner
- Department of Physical Chemistry,
Sciences II, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Eric Vauthey
- Department of Physical Chemistry,
Sciences II, University of Geneva, 30 Quai Ernest Ansermet, CH-1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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17
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Casellas J, Bearpark MJ, Reguero M. Excited-State Decay in the Photoisomerisation of Azobenzene: A New Balance between Mechanisms. Chemphyschem 2016; 17:3068-3079. [PMID: 27398810 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201600502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism of the photoisomerisation of azobenzene has been studied by means of multiconfigurational ab initio calculations. Our results show that it is necessary to account for the dynamic electron correlation in the location of the critical points (CASPT2 optimizations) to obtain a correct description of the topography of the potential energy surfaces of the low energy singlet excited states. By using this methodology, we have found that the state populated by the initial excitation is the S2 (ππ*) state, which decays very efficiently to the S1 (nπ*) state at a pedal-like non-rotated geometry. In the S1 state, relaxation leads to a rotated geometry where the system decays to the ground state, in which further relaxation can lead to either the trans or cis geometries. However, the S1 /S0 conical intersection seam also extends to planar geometries, so this reaction path is also accessible for rotation-constrained systems. Our results explain the experimental observations satisfactorily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josep Casellas
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C. Marcel⋅lí Domingo, 1., 43007-, Tarragona, Spain
| | | | - Mar Reguero
- Departament de Química Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, C. Marcel⋅lí Domingo, 1., 43007-, Tarragona, Spain.
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18
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Slavov C, Yang C, Schweighauser L, Boumrifak C, Dreuw A, Wegner HA, Wachtveitl J. Connectivity matters – ultrafast isomerization dynamics of bisazobenzene photoswitches. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:14795-804. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp00603e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the ultrafast dynamics of o-, m- and p-bisazobenzenes, which represent elementary building blocks for photoswitchable multiazobenzene nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chavdar Slavov
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
- Goethe University
- 60438 Frankfurt am Main
- Germany
| | - Chong Yang
- Theoretical and Computational Chemistry
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing (IWR)
- University of Heidelberg
- 69120 Heidelberg
- Germany
| | - Luca Schweighauser
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Justus-Liebig University Giessen
- 35392 Giessen
- Germany
| | - Chokri Boumrifak
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
- Goethe University
- 60438 Frankfurt am Main
- Germany
| | - Andreas Dreuw
- Theoretical and Computational Chemistry
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing (IWR)
- University of Heidelberg
- 69120 Heidelberg
- Germany
| | - Hermann A. Wegner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry
- Justus-Liebig University Giessen
- 35392 Giessen
- Germany
| | - Josef Wachtveitl
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry
- Goethe University
- 60438 Frankfurt am Main
- Germany
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19
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Light-triggered enhancement of mechanical properties and healing effect in azobenzene-based polymer films. POLYMER 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2015.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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20
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Fast photodynamics of azobenzene probed by scanning excited-state potential energy surfaces using slow spectroscopy. Nat Commun 2015; 6:5860. [PMID: 25562840 PMCID: PMC4308720 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Azobenzene, a versatile and polymorphic molecule, has been extensively and successfully used for photoswitching applications. The debate over its photoisomerization mechanism leveraged on the computational scrutiny with ever-increasing levels of theory. However, the most resolved absorption spectrum for the transition to S1(nπ*) has not followed the computational advances and is more than half a century old. Here, using jet-cooled molecular beam and multiphoton ionization techniques we report the first high-resolution spectra of S1(nπ*) and S2(ππ*). The photophysical characterization reveals directly the structural changes upon excitation and the timescales of dynamical processes. For S1(nπ*), we find that changes in the hybridization of the nitrogen atoms are the driving force that triggers isomerization. In combination with quantum chemical calculations we conclude that photoisomerization occurs along an inversion-assisted torsional pathway with a barrier of ~2 kcal mol−1. This methodology can be extended to photoresponsive molecular systems so far deemed non-accessible to high-resolution spectroscopy. Azobenzene is perhaps the archetypal light-activated molecule, widely used for photoswitching applications, but the mechanism of isomerisation remains in doubt. Here, the authors provide high-resolution excitation spectra of trans-azobenzene, identifying the structural changes accompanying photoisomerisation.
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21
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Corchado JC, Sánchez ML, Fdez. Galván I, Martín ME, Muñoz-Losa A, Barata-Morgado R, Aguilar MA. Theoretical Study of Solvent Effects on the Ground and Low-Lying Excited Free Energy Surfaces of a Push–Pull Substituted Azobenzene. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:12518-30. [DOI: 10.1021/jp506876v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jose C. Corchado
- Área
de Química Física, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda
de Elvas s/n, 06071 Badajoz, Spain
| | - M. Luz Sánchez
- Área
de Química Física, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda
de Elvas s/n, 06071 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Ignacio Fdez. Galván
- Department
of Chemistry—Ångström, The Theoretical Chemistry
Programme, Uppsala University, P.O. Box 518, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - M. Elena Martín
- Área
de Química Física, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda
de Elvas s/n, 06071 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Aurora Muñoz-Losa
- Área
de Química Física, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda
de Elvas s/n, 06071 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Rute Barata-Morgado
- Área
de Química Física, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda
de Elvas s/n, 06071 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Manuel A. Aguilar
- Área
de Química Física, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda
de Elvas s/n, 06071 Badajoz, Spain
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22
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Quick M, Dobryakov AL, Gerecke M, Richter C, Berndt F, Ioffe IN, Granovsky AA, Mahrwald R, Ernsting NP, Kovalenko SA. Photoisomerization Dynamics and Pathways of trans- and cis-Azobenzene in Solution from Broadband Femtosecond Spectroscopies and Calculations. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:8756-71. [DOI: 10.1021/jp504999f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Quick
- Department
of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str.
2, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - A. L. Dobryakov
- Department
of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str.
2, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - M. Gerecke
- Department
of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str.
2, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - C. Richter
- Department
of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str.
2, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - F. Berndt
- Department
of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str.
2, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - I. N. Ioffe
- Department
of Chemistry, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - R. Mahrwald
- Department
of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str.
2, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - N. P. Ernsting
- Department
of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str.
2, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - S. A. Kovalenko
- Department
of Chemistry, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Brook-Taylor-Str.
2, D-12489 Berlin, Germany
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23
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An overview of nonadiabatic dynamics simulations methods, with focus on the direct approach versus the fitting of potential energy surfaces. Theor Chem Acc 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-014-1526-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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24
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25
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Duarte L, Fausto R, Reva I. Structural and spectroscopic characterization of E- and Z-isomers of azobenzene. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:16919-30. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp00240g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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26
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Yuan S, Shen Z, Zhang W, Dou Y, Lo GV. Thymine dimer splitting in the T<>T-G trinucleotide model system: a semiclassical dynamics and TD-DFT study. Int J Biol Macromol 2014; 66:267-72. [PMID: 24589472 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.02.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/21/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The mechanism leading to bond cleavage of a thymine-thymine cyclobutane dimer (T<>T) in a model system consisting of the dimer flanked by guanine trinucleotide was studied using semiclassical dynamics simulation. Pulsed laser excitation of the guanine molecule is found to cause electron transfer from the guanine molecule to the dimer, which then dissociates via sequential cleavage of the C5C5' and C6C6' bonds. Subsequently, electrons transfer back to the guanine molecule as the dimer splits into two monomers. The splitting of the cyclobutane dimer was found to be in the femtosecond time scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Yuan
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, 400065, PR China
| | - Zhi Shen
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, 400065, PR China
| | - Wenying Zhang
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, 400065, PR China
| | - Yusheng Dou
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing, 400065, PR China; Department of Physical Sciences, Nicholls State University, PO Box 2022, Thibodaux, LA 70310, USA.
| | - Glenn V Lo
- Department of Physical Sciences, Nicholls State University, PO Box 2022, Thibodaux, LA 70310, USA
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27
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Maurer RJ, Reuter K. Excited-state potential-energy surfaces of metal-adsorbed organic molecules from linear expansion Δ-self-consistent field density-functional theory (ΔSCF-DFT). J Chem Phys 2013; 139:014708. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4812398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
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28
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Harabuchi Y, Ishii M, Nakayama A, Noro T, Taketsugu T. A multireference perturbation study of the NN stretching frequency of trans-azobenzene in nπ* excitation and an implication for the photoisomerization mechanism. J Chem Phys 2013; 138:064305. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4790611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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29
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Dou Y, Liu Z, Yuan S, Zhang W, Tang H, Zhao J, Fang W, Lo GV. Dynamics of laser-excited stacked adenines: Semiclassical simulations. Int J Biol Macromol 2013; 52:358-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2012.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 10/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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30
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Lin TY, Chaudhari A, Lee SL. Correlation between substituent constants and hyperpolarizabilities for di-substituted trans-azobenzenes. J Mol Model 2012; 19:529-38. [DOI: 10.1007/s00894-012-1577-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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31
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Ultrafast cis-to-trans photoisomerization of a bridged azobenzene through nπ∗ excitation: Rotational pathway is not restricted. Chem Phys Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2011.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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32
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Maurer RJ, Reuter K. Assessing computationally efficient isomerization dynamics: ΔSCF density-functional theory study of azobenzene molecular switching. J Chem Phys 2011; 135:224303. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3664305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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33
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Yuan S, Zhang W, Liu L, Dou Y, Fang W, Lo GV. Detailed mechanism for photoinduced cytosine dimerization: a semiclassical dynamics simulation. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:13291-7. [PMID: 21988470 DOI: 10.1021/jp207550a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Semiclassical dynamics simulation is used to study dimerization of two stacked cytosine molecules following excitation by ultrashort laser pulses (25 fs fwhm, Gaussian, 4.1 eV photon energy). The initial excited state was found to form an ultrashort exciton state, which eventually leads to the formation of an excimer state by charge transfer. When the interbase distance, defined as an average value of C(5)-C(5)' and C(6)-C(6)', becomes less than 3 Å, charge recombination occurs due to strong intermolecular interaction, eventually leading to an avoided crossing within 20-30 fs. Geometries at the avoided crossing, with average intermolecular distance of about 2.1 Å, are in accord with CASSCF/CASPT2 calculations. Results indicate that the C(2)-N(1)-C(6)-C(5) and C(2)'-N(1)'-C(6)'-C(5)' dihedral angles' bending vibrations play a significant role in the vibronic coupling between the HOMO and LUMO, which leads to a nonadiabatic transition to the electronic ground state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China
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34
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Abstract
Azobenzene undergoes trans→cis isomerization when irradiated with light tuned to an appropriate wavelength. The reverse cis→trans isomerization can be driven by light or occurs thermally in the dark. Azobenzene's photochromatic properties make it an ideal component of numerous molecular devices and functional materials. Despite the abundance of application-driven research, azobenzene photochemistry and the isomerization mechanism remain topics of investigation. Additional substituents on the azobenzene ring system change the spectroscopic properties and isomerization mechanism. This critical review details the studies completed to date on the 3 main classes of azobenzene derivatives. Understanding the differences in photochemistry, which originate from substitution, is imperative in exploiting azobenzene in the desired applications.
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35
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Liu L, Yuan S, Fang WH, Zhang Y. Probing Highly Efficient Photoisomerization of a Bridged Azobenzene by a Combination of CASPT2//CASSCF Calculation with Semiclassical Dynamics Simulation. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:10027-34. [DOI: 10.1021/jp203704x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Liu
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Shuai Yuan
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Wei-Hai Fang
- College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Chemical Biology, Biomedical Engineering, Stevens Institute of Technology, Castle Point on the Hudson, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, United States
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36
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Zhang W, Yuan S, Wang Z, Qi Z, Zhao J, Dou Y, Lo GV. A semiclassical dynamics simulation for a long-lived excimer state of π-stacked adenines. Chem Phys Lett 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2011.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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37
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Cusati T, Granucci G, Persico M. Photodynamics and Time-Resolved Fluorescence of Azobenzene in Solution: A Mixed Quantum-Classical Simulation. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:5109-23. [DOI: 10.1021/ja1113529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Cusati
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, v. Risorgimento 35, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Giovanni Granucci
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, v. Risorgimento 35, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Maurizio Persico
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, Università di Pisa, v. Risorgimento 35, I-56126 Pisa, Italy
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38
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Siewertsen R, Schönborn JB, Hartke B, Renth F, Temps F. Superior Z → E and E → Z photoswitching dynamics of dihydrodibenzodiazocine, a bridged azobenzene, by S1(nπ*) excitation at λ = 387 and 490 nm. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:1054-63. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp01148g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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39
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Garcia-Fernandez P, Liu Y, Bersuker IB, Boggs JE. Pseudo Jahn–Teller origin of cis–trans and other conformational changes. The role of double bonds. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:3502-13. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp00900h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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40
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Yuan S, Wu W, Wei Z, Shu K, Tang H, Dou Y, Lo GV. A semiclassical dynamics study of the photoisomerization of methyl-substituted azobenzene. Mol Phys 2010. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2010.520755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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41
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Jiang CW, Xie RH, Li FL, Allen RE. Comparative Studies of the trans−cis Photoisomerizations of Azobenzene and a Bridged Azobenzene. J Phys Chem A 2010; 115:244-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jp107991a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Wei Jiang
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, and Department of Applied Physics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China, Department of Physics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States, and Department of Physics, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Rui-Hua Xie
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, and Department of Applied Physics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China, Department of Physics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States, and Department of Physics, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Fu-Li Li
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, and Department of Applied Physics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China, Department of Physics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States, and Department of Physics, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Roland E. Allen
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, and Department of Applied Physics, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China, Department of Physics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States, and Department of Physics, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
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