1
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Zika A, Agarwal M, Zika W, Guldi DM, Schweins R, Gröhn F. Photoacid-macroion assemblies: how photo-excitation switches the size of nano-objects. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:923-940. [PMID: 38108137 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr04570f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Electrostatic self-assembly of photoacids with oppositely charged macroions yields supramolecular nano-objects in aqueous solutions, whose size is controlled through light irradiation. Nano-assemblies are formed due to electrostatic attractions and mutual hydrogen bonding of the photoacids. Irradiation with UV light leads to the deprotonation of the photoacid and, consequently, a change in particle size. Overall, the hydrodynamic radii of the well-defined photoacid-macroion nano-objects lie between 130 and 370 nm. For a set of photoacids, we determine the acidity constants in the ground and excited state, discuss the sizes of photoacid-macroion nano-objects (by dynamic and static light scattering), their composition and the particle shapes (by small-angle neutron scattering), and relate their charge characteristics to size, structure and shape. We investigate the association thermodynamics and relate nanoscale structures to thermodynamics and, in turn, thermodynamics to molecular features, particularly the ionization energy of the photoacid hydroxyl group proton. Structure-directing effects completely differ from those for previously investigated systems, with hydrogen bonding and entropic effects playing a major role herein. This combined approach allows developing a comprehensive understanding of assembly formation and photo-response, anchored in molecular parameters (pKa, ionization energy, substituent group location), charge characteristics, and the association enthalpy and entropy. This fundamental understanding again paves the way for tailoring application solutions with novel photoresponsive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Zika
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, and Bavarian Polymer Institute Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Mohit Agarwal
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, and Bavarian Polymer Institute Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany.
- DS LSS Institut Laue - Langevin, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 20 156, 38042 Grenoble CEDEX 9, France
| | - Wiebke Zika
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dirk M Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ralf Schweins
- DS LSS Institut Laue - Langevin, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 20 156, 38042 Grenoble CEDEX 9, France
| | - Franziska Gröhn
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, and Bavarian Polymer Institute Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany.
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2
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Abdinejad M, Yuan T, Tang K, Duangdangchote S, Farzi A, Iglesias van Montfort HP, Li M, Middelkoop J, Wolff M, Seifitokaldani A, Voznyy O, Burdyny T. Electroreduction of Carbon Dioxide to Acetate using Heterogenized Hydrophilic Manganese Porphyrins. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203977. [PMID: 36576084 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2 ) to value-added chemicals is a promising strategy to mitigate climate change. Metalloporphyrins have been used as a promising class of stable and tunable catalysts for the electrochemical reduction reaction of CO2 (CO2 RR) but have been primarily restricted to single-carbon reduction products. Here, we utilize functionalized earth-abundant manganese tetraphenylporphyrin-based (Mn-TPP) molecular electrocatalysts that have been immobilized via electrografting onto a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) to convert CO2 with overall 94 % Faradaic efficiencies, with 62 % being converted to acetate. Tuning of Mn-TPP with electron-withdrawing sulfonate groups (Mn-TPPS) introduced mechanistic changes arising from the electrostatic interaction between the sulfonate groups and water molecules, resulting in better surface coverage, which facilitated higher conversion rates than the non-functionalized Mn-TPP. For Mn-TPP only carbon monoxide and formate were detected as CO2 reduction products. Density-functional theory (DFT) calculations confirm that the additional sulfonate groups could alter the C-C coupling pathway from *CO→*COH→*COH-CO to *CO→*CO-CO→*COH-CO, reducing the free energy barrier of C-C coupling in the case of Mn-TPPS. This opens a new approach to designing metalloporphyrin catalysts for two carbon products in CO2 RR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Abdinejad
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft (the, Netherlands
| | - Tiange Yuan
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1 C 1 A4, Canada
| | - Keith Tang
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1 C 1 A4, Canada
| | - Salatan Duangdangchote
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1 C 1 A4, Canada
| | - Amirhossein Farzi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University Street, Montréal, H3 A 0 C5 QC, Canada
| | | | - Mengran Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft (the, Netherlands
| | - Joost Middelkoop
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft (the, Netherlands
| | - Mädchen Wolff
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft (the, Netherlands
| | - Ali Seifitokaldani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University Street, Montréal, H3 A 0 C5 QC, Canada
| | - Oleksandr Voznyy
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1 C 1 A4, Canada
| | - Thomas Burdyny
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft (the, Netherlands
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3
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Zika A, Agarwal M, Schweins R, Gröhn F. Joining Two Switches in One Nano-Object: Photoacidity and Photoisomerization in Electrostatic Self-Assembly. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202203373. [PMID: 36336659 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202203373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Multi-switchable supramolecular nano-objects that respond to irradiation of different wavelengths with changes in size and shape have been built from two different water-soluble molecular switches, joined by attachment to the same polyelectrolyte. Accordingly, two wavelength-specific reactions, namely the excited-state proton dissociation of a photoacid and the cis-trans isomerization of an azo dye, are combined in one supramolecular nano-object that is stable in aqueous solution. The concept has potential in the fields of sensors, molecular motors, and transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Zika
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy &, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mohit Agarwal
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy &, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.,DS / LSS, Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 20 156, 38042, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Ralf Schweins
- DS / LSS, Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, CS 20 156, 38042, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Franziska Gröhn
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy &, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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4
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Hersbach TJP, Rabin C. pH- and Functionalization-Dependent Host-Guest Interactions Between Fluorescein and Various Poly(amidoamine) Dendrimers. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:9632-9642. [PMID: 36378255 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c06288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Dendrimers are branched macromolecules that can be functionalized with a large variety of chemical moieties. Dendrimers can therefore be specifically designed to interact with target molecules. Although tailored dendrimers hold promise for targeted drug delivery and wastewater cleanup, these applications require more detailed and systematic studies on how dendrimer-guest interactions depend on environmental conditions. In light of this need, we studied pH-dependent interactions between fluorescein and poly(amidoamine) dendrimers with three different terminal groups. Crucially, both fluorescein and dendrimers have multiple protonation equilibria, which can enable interactions in different pH windows through various possible mechanisms. Such interactions are studied through UV-vis and fluorescence spectroscopies, which reveal a redshift that occurs upon fluorescein-dendrimer binding. The resulting pH-dependent spectra are complex but can be analyzed quantitatively with an open-source mathematical protocol. Consequently, we show that fluorescein binds across four pH units with amine-terminated dendrimers, across two units with hydroxyl-terminated dendrimers and does not interact attractively with carboxyl-terminated dendrimers. These functionalization-dependent host-guest interactions stabilize fluorescein's dianionic form and are predominantly electrostatically driven, with likely auxiliary hydrogen and CH-π bonding. Notably, these auxiliary mechanisms appear too weak to drive dendrimer-fluorescein interactions on their own. Overall, this work yields valuable insights into dendrimer-fluorescein association and provides a readily reproducible framework for studying host-guest interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J P Hersbach
- Department of Chemistry and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, 2506 Speedway, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Charlie Rabin
- Department of Chemistry and Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, 2506 Speedway, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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5
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Wagner M, Strassert CA, Gröhn F. Hierarchical electrostatic nanotemplating and self-assembly of electron-transferring hybrid nanostructures: CdS-polymer-porphyrin particles. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:13040-13045. [PMID: 35912789 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr02132c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a versatile route to functional multi-component nanostructures by a hierarchical electrostatic nanotemplating - self-assembly approach: CdS-polyelectrolyte-porphyrin structures are formed in aqueous solution. The system was investigated with regard to its photocatalytic activity in different model reactions, and the mechanisms upon excitation were elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Wagner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials and Bavarian Polymer Institute, Friedrich-Alexander - Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Cristian A Strassert
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Cells in Motion Interfaculty Centre, Center for Soft Nanoscience, Center for Nanotechnology - Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Franziska Gröhn
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials and Bavarian Polymer Institute, Friedrich-Alexander - Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
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6
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Krieger A, Zika A, Gröhn F. Functional Nano-Objects by Electrostatic Self-Assembly: Structure, Switching, and Photocatalysis. Front Chem 2022; 9:779360. [PMID: 35359487 PMCID: PMC8961288 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.779360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The design of functional nano-objects by electrostatic self-assembly in solution signifies an emerging field with great potential. More specifically, the targeted combination of electrostatic interaction with other effects and interactions, such as the positioning of charges on stiff building blocks, the use of additional amphiphilic, π−π stacking building blocks, or polyelectrolytes with certain architectures, have recently promulgated electrostatic self-assembly to a principle for versatile defined structure formation. A large variety of architectures from spheres over rods and hollow spheres to networks in the size range of a few tenths to a few hundred nanometers can be formed. This review discusses the state-of-the-art of different approaches of nano-object formation by electrostatic self-assembly against the backdrop of corresponding solid materials and assemblies formed by other non-covalent interactions. In this regard, particularly promising is the facile formation of triggerable structures, i.e. size and shape switching through light, as well as the use of electrostatically assembled nano-objects for improved photocatalysis and the possible solar energy conversion in the future. Lately, this new field is eliciting an increasing amount of understanding; insights and limitations thereof are addressed in this article. Special emphasis is placed on the interconnection of molecular building block structures and the resulting nanoscale architecture via the key of thermodynamics.
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7
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Liu Z, Qian K, Liu T, Tsige M. Recent advancements in understanding the self-assembly of macroions in solution via molecular modeling. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:12151-12159. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cc04535d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Macroions fill the gap between simple ions and colloids in size but display a completely different self-assembly behavior in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuonan Liu
- School of Polymer Science & Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Kun Qian
- School of Polymer Science & Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Tianbo Liu
- School of Polymer Science & Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
| | - Mesfin Tsige
- School of Polymer Science & Polymer Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH, 44325, USA
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8
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Zika A, Gröhn F. Multiswitchable photoacid-hydroxyflavylium-polyelectrolyte nano-assemblies. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:166-185. [PMID: 33564327 PMCID: PMC7849232 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Light- and pH-responsive nano-assemblies with switchable size and structure are formed by the association of a photoacid, anthocyanidin, and a linear polyelectrolyte in aqueous solution. Specifically, anionic disulfonated naphthol derivatives, neutral hydroxyflavylium, and cationic poly(allylamine) are used as building blocks for the ternary electrostatic self-assembly, forming well-defined supramolecular assemblies with tunable sizes of 50 to 500 nm. Due to the network of possible chemical reactions for the anthocyanidin and the excited-state dissociation of the photoacid upon irradiation, different ways to alter the ternary system through external triggering are accessible. The structure and trigger effects can be controlled through the component ratios of the samples. Dynamic and static light scattering (DLS, SLS) and ζ-potential measurements were applied to study the size and the stability of the particles, and information on the molecular structure was gained by UV-vis spectroscopy. Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) provided information on the thermodynamics and interaction forces in the supramolecular assembly formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Zika
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) and Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Franziska Gröhn
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) and Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
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9
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Zika A, Bernhardt S, Gröhn F. Photoresponsive Photoacid-Macroion Nano-Assemblies. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1746. [PMID: 32764323 PMCID: PMC7464814 DOI: 10.3390/polym12081746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, light-responsive nano-assemblies with light-switchable size based on photoacids are presented. Anionic disulfonated napthol derivates and cationic dendrimer macroions are used as building blocks for electrostatic self-assembly. Nanoparticles are already formed under the exclusion of light as a result of electrostatic interactions. Upon photoexcitation, an excited-state dissociation of the photoacidic hydroxyl group takes place, which leads to a more highly charged linker molecule and, subsequently, to a change in size and structure of the nano-assemblies. The effects of the charge ratio and the concentration on the stability have been examined with absorption spectroscopy and ζ-potential measurements. The influence of the chemical structure of three isomeric photoacids on the size and shape of the nanoscale aggregates has been studied by dynamic light scattering and atomic force microscopy, revealing a direct correlation of the strength of the photoacid with the changes of the assemblies upon irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Franziska Gröhn
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany; (A.Z.); (S.B.)
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10
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Carl N, Müller W, Schweins R, Huber K. Controlling Self-Assembly with Light and Temperature. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:223-231. [PMID: 31820995 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b03040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Complexes between the anionic polyelectrolyte sodium polyacrylate (PA) and an oppositely charged divalent azobenzene dye are prepared in aqueous solution. Depending on the ratio between dye and polyelectrolyte stable aggregates with a well-defined spherical shape are observed. Upon exposure of these complexes to UV light, the trans → cis transition of the azobenzene is excited resulting in a better solubility of the dye and a dissolution of the complexes. The PA chains reassemble into well-defined aggregates when the dye is allowed to relax back into the trans isomer. Varying the temperature during this reformation step has a direct influence on the final size of the aggregates rendering temperature in an efficient way to easily change the size of the self-assemblies. Application of time-resolved small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) to study the structure formation reveals that the cis → trans isomerization is the rate-limiting step followed by a nucleation and growth process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Carl
- Large Scale Structures Group, DS , Institut Laue-Langevin , 71 Avenue des Martyrs , CS 20 156, 38042 Grenoble , France
- Chemistry Department , University of Padeborn , Warburger Str. 100 , 33098 Paderborn , Germany
| | | | - Ralf Schweins
- Large Scale Structures Group, DS , Institut Laue-Langevin , 71 Avenue des Martyrs , CS 20 156, 38042 Grenoble , France
| | - Klaus Huber
- Chemistry Department , University of Padeborn , Warburger Str. 100 , 33098 Paderborn , Germany
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11
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Villamizar-Sarmiento MG, Moreno-Villoslada I, Martínez S, Giacaman A, Miranda V, Vidal A, Orellana SL, Concha M, Pavicic F, Lisoni JG, Leyton L, Oyarzun-Ampuero FA. Ionic Nanocomplexes of Hyaluronic Acid and Polyarginine to Form Solid Materials: A Green Methodology to Obtain Sponges with Biomedical Potential. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:E944. [PMID: 31261871 PMCID: PMC6669755 DOI: 10.3390/nano9070944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We report on the design, development, characterization, and a preliminary cellular evaluation of a novel solid material. This material is composed of low-molecular-weight hyaluronic acid (LMWHA) and polyarginine (PArg), which generate aqueous ionic nanocomplexes (INC) that are then freeze-dried to create the final product. Different ratios of LMWHA/PArg were selected to elaborate INC, the size and zeta potential of which ranged from 100 to 200 nm and +25 to -43 mV, respectively. Turbidimetry and nanoparticle concentration analyses demonstrated the high capacity of the INC to interact with increasing concentrations of LMWHA, improving the yield of production of the nanostructures. Interestingly, once the selected formulations of INC were freeze-dried, only those comprising a larger excess of LMWHA could form reproducible sponge formulations, as seen with the naked eye. This optical behavior was consistent with the scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) images, which showed a tendency of the particles to agglomerate when an excess of LMWHA was present. Mechanical characterization evidenced low stiffness in the materials, attributed to the low density and high porosity. A preliminary cellular evaluation in a fibroblast cell line (RMF-EG) evidenced the concentration range where swollen formulations did not affect cell proliferation (93-464 µM) at 24, 48, or 72 h. Considering that the reproducible sponge formulations were elaborated following inexpensive and non-contaminant methods and comprised bioactive components, we postulate them with potential for biomedical purposes. Additionally, this systematic study provides important information to design reproducible porous solid materials using ionic nanocomplexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Gabriela Villamizar-Sarmiento
- Advanced Center of Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Universidad de Chile, Santos Dumont 964, Independencia, Santiago 8380494, Chile
- Departamento de Ciencias y Tecnología Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santos Dumont 964, Independencia, Santiago 8380494, Chile
| | - Ignacio Moreno-Villoslada
- Instituto de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Isla Teja, Casilla 567, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Samuel Martínez
- Advanced Center of Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Universidad de Chile, Santos Dumont 964, Independencia, Santiago 8380494, Chile
- Laboratory of Cellular Communication, Program of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, Santiago 8380453, Chile
| | - Annesi Giacaman
- Instituto de Anatomía, Histología y Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
- Jeffrey Modell Center of Diagnosis and Research in Primary Immunodeficiencies. Faculty of Medicine, University of La Frontera, Temuco 4780000, Chile
| | - Victor Miranda
- Departamento de Ciencias y Tecnología Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santos Dumont 964, Independencia, Santiago 8380494, Chile
| | - Alejandra Vidal
- Instituto de Anatomía, Histología y Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Sandra L Orellana
- Instituto de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Isla Teja, Casilla 567, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Miguel Concha
- Instituto de Anatomía, Histología y Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Francisca Pavicic
- Instituto de Anatomía, Histología y Patología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Judit G Lisoni
- NM MultiMat, Instituto de Ciencias Físicas y Matemáticas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia 5090000, Chile
| | - Lisette Leyton
- Advanced Center of Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Universidad de Chile, Santos Dumont 964, Independencia, Santiago 8380494, Chile.
- Laboratory of Cellular Communication, Program of Cell and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences (ICBM), Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, Santiago 8380453, Chile.
| | - Felipe A Oyarzun-Ampuero
- Advanced Center of Chronic Diseases (ACCDiS), Universidad de Chile, Santos Dumont 964, Independencia, Santiago 8380494, Chile.
- Departamento de Ciencias y Tecnología Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad de Chile, Santos Dumont 964, Independencia, Santiago 8380494, Chile.
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12
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Buchelnikov AS, Evstigneev VP, Evstigneev MP. Hetero-association models of non-covalent molecular complexation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:7717-7731. [PMID: 30931443 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp03183e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The present review discusses the current state-of-the-art in building models enabling the description of non-covalent equilibrium complexation of different types of molecules in solution, which results in the formation of supramolecular structures different in length and composition (hetero-association or supramolecular multicomponent co-polymerisation). The description is focused on standard physical and chemical quantities such as experimental observables and equilibrium parameters of interaction (equilibrium constants and concentrations). The major partial cases of the hetero-association models, such as finite and indefinite isodesmic and cooperative complexations, and Benesi-Hildebrand and Langmuir adsorption models are considered. Future challenges in the development of the hetero-association models are provided.
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13
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Moldenhauer D, Fuenzalida Werner JP, Strassert CA, Gröhn F. Light-Responsive Size of Self-Assembled Spiropyran-Lysozyme Nanoparticles with Enzymatic Function. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:979-991. [PMID: 30570257 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b01605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Novel light-responsive nanoassemblies with switchable size and enzymatic activity are built from a protein and a water-soluble spiropyran. Assemblies are created by electrostatic self-assembly in aqueous solution such that the photochromic property of the spiropyran enables light responsiveness. Upon visible light exposure, the aggregate size increases from 200 to 400 nm. The enzyme retains its activity upon aggregation into the assembly, while it decreases through visible light irradiation. Fundamentally, we show how the two different spiropyran isomers, the open-ring merocyanine form and the closed-ring spiropyran form, bind differently to the protein, which triggers the assembly size and use of thermodynamic data to understand the binding process and the size response. Thus, as a proof of concept, a self-assembly driven light-tunable enzyme activity in conjunction with a triggerable assembly size is demonstrated for a model system. The concept bears future potential for various possible biological applications ranging from genetic control over vaccine applications to the detection of certain proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Moldenhauer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Egerlandstraße 3 , D-91058 Erlangen , Germany
| | - Juan Pablo Fuenzalida Werner
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Egerlandstraße 3 , D-91058 Erlangen , Germany
| | - Cristian A Strassert
- Institute of Physics and Center for Nanotechnology , Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Heisenbergstraße 11 , D-48149 Münster , Germany
| | - Franziska Gröhn
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM) , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Egerlandstraße 3 , D-91058 Erlangen , Germany
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14
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Mariani G, Krieger A, Moldenhauer D, Schweins R, Gröhn F. Light-Responsive Shape: From Micrometer-Long Nanocylinders to Compact Particles in Electrostatic Self-Assembly. Macromol Rapid Commun 2018; 39:e1700860. [PMID: 29504172 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201700860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A light-triggered shape change of supramolecular nanostructures is achieved through electrostatically self-assembly of linear polyelectrolytes and oppositely charged dyes in aqueous solution: Upon UV-irradiation, 1-µm-long, flexible cylinders with a cross-section of 10 nm convert into ellipsoids of 400 nm × 40 nm. The nano-object shape is encoded in the molecular dye structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Mariani
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, D-91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Institut Laue-Langevin DS/LSS, 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Anja Krieger
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, D-91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Daniel Moldenhauer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, D-91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ralf Schweins
- Institut Laue-Langevin DS/LSS, 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Franziska Gröhn
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, D-91058, Erlangen, Germany
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15
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Kutz A, Mariani G, Schweins R, Streb C, Gröhn F. Self-assembled polyoxometalate-dendrimer structures for selective photocatalysis. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:914-920. [PMID: 29177296 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr07097g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We present a novel, self-assembled nanostructure with selective photocatalytic activity formed from anionic polyoxometalate clusters and cationic dendrimers by electrostatic self-assembly. The association of the components in aqueous solution is driven by ionic interaction and steric factors yielding stable aggregates of a defined size with a coil-like structure. The assemblies show high potential for the application in solar-energy conversion systems due to their enhanced and substrate specific photocatalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kutz
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
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16
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Hoene B, Rivera D. Optical studies of the solution phase reduction and stabilization of indigo tetrasulfonate in polyelectrolyte complexes. Heliyon 2017; 3:e00397. [PMID: 28924618 PMCID: PMC5591395 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2017.e00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) and fluorescence spectroscopy have been used to characterize the polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs) formed when potassium indigo tetrasulfonate (ITS) interacts with poly diallydimethylammonium chloride (PDADMAC) through columbic attraction in the presence of the reducing agent sodium bisulfite, NaHSO3. The PDADMAC facilitates both the reduction of the ITS and the stabilization of the reduced state of the ITS in an atmospheric oxygen environment. Dilutions of the dye solution show that the PEC is stable to dilutions of at least 1 to 1000. UV-vis studies indicate that the reduced ITS (ITSred) forms what is likely a J-aggregate in the presence of PDADMAC with an absorbance band red shifted from the normal absorbance band of reduced ITS by roughly 130 nm, 390 nm to 520 nm. Excitation of the PEC solution at either 390 nm or 520 nm produces an emission spectrum of the aggregated complex with an emission maximum near 534 nm. Monomer emission at 480 nm of ITSred represents only 3.0 ± 0.5% of the emission signal of the aggregated complex. Kinetic studies using fluorescence spectroscopy over a temperature range of 30 to 70 °C and dilutions of dye solutions ranging from 1:10 to 1:1000 yield data for the oxidation of ITSred that is best fit by a first order rate constant. Kinetic data displays two distinctive regimes, a short time rate and a long time rate. These two distinct kinetic regimes are likely due to the reduced ITS interacting with an outer PEC environment and an inner PEC environment. First order rate constants could be used to estimate Δ‡H and Δ‡S of the oxidation reaction. Fluorescence data was used to calculate the partitioning of reduced ITS molecules between the outer and inner PEC environments. Partitioning from the inner to outer PEC environment was found to be entropically driven. Addition of NaCl to the diluted dye solutions could alter the kinetics of the oxidation but the significance of the effect depended on the initial dye solution preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Becca Hoene
- Department of Chemistry, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Washington, 98926 United States
| | - Dion Rivera
- Department of Chemistry, Central Washington University, Ellensburg, Washington, 98926 United States
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17
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Düring J, Alex W, Zika A, Branscheid R, Spiecker E, Gröhn F. Dendrimer–Dye Assemblies as Templates for the Formation of Gold Nanostructures. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b00752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Düring
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials and ‡Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research & Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Wiebke Alex
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials and ‡Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research & Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alexander Zika
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials and ‡Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research & Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Robert Branscheid
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials and ‡Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research & Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Erdmann Spiecker
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials and ‡Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research & Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Franziska Gröhn
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials and ‡Institute of Micro- and Nanostructure Research & Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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18
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Frühbeißer S, Gröhn F. Porphyrin-Polyelectrolyte Nanoassemblies: The Role of Charge and Building Block Architecture in Self-Assembly. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201600526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Frühbeißer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials; Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg; Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Franziska Gröhn
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials; Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg; Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
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19
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Mariani G, Kutz A, Di Z, Schweins R, Gröhn F. Inducing Hetero-aggregation of Different Azo Dyes through Electrostatic Self-Assembly. Chemistry 2017; 23:6249-6254. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201605194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Mariani
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Centre for Molecular Material (ICMM); Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
- DS/LSS; Institut Laue-Langevin; 71 avenue des Martyrs 38000 Grenoble France
| | - Anne Kutz
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Centre for Molecular Material (ICMM); Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Zhenyu Di
- Jülich Centre for Neutron Science; Outstation at MLZ; Lichtenbergstr. 1 85747 Garching Germany
| | - Ralf Schweins
- DS/LSS; Institut Laue-Langevin; 71 avenue des Martyrs 38000 Grenoble France
| | - Franziska Gröhn
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Centre for Molecular Material (ICMM); Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
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20
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Moldenhauer D, Gröhn F. Water-Soluble Spiropyrans with Inverse Photochromism and Their Photoresponsive Electrostatic Self-Assembly. Chemistry 2017; 23:3966-3978. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201605621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Moldenhauer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM); Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Franziska Gröhn
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM); Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
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21
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Kutz A, Gröhn F. Improving Photocatalytic Activity: Versatile Polyelectrolyte - Photosensitizer Assemblies for Methyl Viologen Reduction. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201601844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Kutz
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials; Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Franziska Gröhn
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials; Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Egerlandstraße 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
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22
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Mariani G, Schweins R, Gröhn F. Electrostatic Self-Assembly of Dendrimer Macroions and Multivalent Dye Counterions: The Role of Solution Ionic Strength. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b00565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Mariani
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular
Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Institut Laue-Langevin
DS/LSS, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Ralf Schweins
- Institut Laue-Langevin
DS/LSS, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Franziska Gröhn
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular
Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
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23
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Hoffmann S, Fuenzalida Werner JP, Moreno-Villoslada I, Goycoolea FM. New insights into the nature of the Cibacron brilliant red 3B-A – Chitosan interaction. PURE APPL CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/pac-2016-0712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
AbstractCibacron brilliant red 3B-A (CBR) has been introduced to determine chitosan (CS) concentrations in solution, and several studies applied it to measure chitosan content in pharmaceutical formulations. So far, studies have relied on the absorbance band shift to 570 nm to determine the extent of the CBR – CS interaction. In this study, we show that CBR forms micro- to nanometer sized aggregates with CS, depending on their charge ratio and that other photophysical changes in CBR are induced by this interaction. We found that, besides the bathochromic band shift, aggregation induces emission at 600 nm and emission quenching at 360 nm. We compared changes CS induced in absorbance and fluorescence emission of CBR with the CS monomer glucosamine and poly(allylamine) hydrochloride, which both contain amino groups, and found that similar but less intense photophysical changes also occur. Furthermore, CS-induced circular dichroism in CBR suggests a twisted, chiral structure of these aggregates that should match with the previously published in silico simulations of the structure of CS in solution. The low linear charge density of CS and its chiral conformation are considered responsible for the enhanced photophysical response of CBR interacting with the polycation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Hoffmann
- 1IBBP, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Schloßgarten 3, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | | | - Ignacio Moreno-Villoslada
- 2Instituto de Ciencias Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Casilla 567, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Francisco M. Goycoolea
- 1IBBP, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Schloßgarten 3, 48149 Münster, Germany
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24
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Düring J, Gröhn F. Filamentous supramolecular structures with polyelectrolyte and cadmium sulfide. SOFT MATTER 2016; 12:1868-1875. [PMID: 26728575 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm02840j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a new type of filamentous structures consisting of a generation 9 poly(amido amine) dendrimer (G9) and CdS is reported. The linearity of the interconnected dendrimers is a result of the electrostatic repulsion between the multiply charged dendrimer macroions. Structures have been investigated by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The internal structure of the CdS-fibers reveals information on the mechanism of the fiber formation. In contrast to previous systems with smaller generation poly(propylene imine)-dendrimers, Cd(2+) is here found to be responsible for the interconnection of G9. Furthermore, more complex supramolecular structures were built by associating the CdS-dendrimer hybrid fibers with different ionic dyes, displaying the versatility of this system for future nanotechnology applications such as optoelectronics or energy conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Düring
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.
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25
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Mariani G, Schweins R, Gröhn F. Structure Tuning of Electrostatically Self-Assembled Nanoparticles through pH. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:1380-9. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.5b10966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Mariani
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary
Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
- Institut Laue-Langevin, DS/LSS, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Ralf Schweins
- Institut Laue-Langevin, DS/LSS, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Franziska Gröhn
- Department
of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary
Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
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26
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Fuenzalida JP, Nareddy PK, Moreno-Villoslada I, Moerschbacher BM, Swamy MJ, Pan S, Ostermeier M, Goycoolea FM. On the role of alginate structure in complexing with lysozyme and application for enzyme delivery. Food Hydrocoll 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2015.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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27
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Mariani G, Moldenhauer D, Schweins R, Gröhn F. Elucidating Electrostatic Self-Assembly: Molecular Parameters as Key to Thermodynamics and Nanoparticle Shape. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:1280-93. [PMID: 26641538 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b11497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The rational design of supramolecular nanoparticles by self-assembly is a crucial field of research due to the wide applications and the possibility of control through external triggers. Understanding the shape-determining factors is the key for tailoring nanoparticles with desired properties. Here, we show how the thermodynamics of the interaction control the shape of the nanoparticle. We highlight the connection between the molecular structure of building blocks, the interaction strength, and the nanoassembly shape. Nanoparticles are prepared by electrostatic self-assembly of cationic polyelectrolyte dendrimers of different generations and oppositely charged multivalent organic dyes relying on the combination of electrostatic and π-π interactions. Different building blocks have been used to vary interaction strength, geometric constraints, and charge ratio, providing insights into the assembly process. The nanoassembly structure has been characterized using atomic force microscopy, static light scattering, small angle neutron scattering, and UV-vis spectroscopy. We show that the isotropy/anisotropy of the nanoassemblies is related to the dye valency. Isothermal titration calorimetry has been used to investigate both dye-dye and dye-dendrimer interaction. The existence of a threshold value in entropy and enthalpy change separating isotropic and anisotropic shapes for both interactions has been demonstrated. The effects of the dye molecular structure on the interaction thermodynamics and therefore on the nanoparticle structure have been revealed using molecular modeling. The polar surface area of the dye molecule takes a key role in the dye self-interaction. This study opens the possibility for a priori shape determination knowing the building blocks structure and their interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Mariani
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Egerlandstrasse 3, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany.,Institut Laue-Langevin, DS/LSS , 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Daniel Moldenhauer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Egerlandstrasse 3, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ralf Schweins
- Institut Laue-Langevin, DS/LSS , 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Franziska Gröhn
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Egerlandstrasse 3, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
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28
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Ionic dye–surfactant nanoassemblies: interplay of electrostatics, hydrophobic effect, and π–π stacking. Colloid Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-015-3814-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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29
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Düring J, Butz B, Spiecker E, Gröhn F. Formation of CdS in Supramolecular Dendrimer–Dye Assemblies: Electrostatic and Electrostatic-Coordination Templating. Macromolecules 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.5b01165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jasmin Düring
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials and ‡Institute for Micro- and Nanostructure Research & Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Butz
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials and ‡Institute for Micro- and Nanostructure Research & Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Erdmann Spiecker
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials and ‡Institute for Micro- and Nanostructure Research & Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Franziska Gröhn
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials and ‡Institute for Micro- and Nanostructure Research & Center for Nanoanalysis and Electron Microscopy (CENEM), Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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30
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Mekuria SL, Tsai HC. Preparation of self-assembled core–shell nano structure of conjugated generation 4.5 poly (amidoamine) dendrimer and monoclonal Anti-IL-6 antibody as bioimaging probe. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2015; 135:253-260. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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31
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Garcia-Fernandez E, Paulo PMR, Costa SMB. Evaluation of electrostatic binding of PAMAM dendrimers and charged phthalocyanines by fluorescence correlation spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:4319-27. [PMID: 25574969 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp05373g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We have assessed host-guest interactions between PAMAM dendrimers and charged phthalocyanine probes by Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (FCS). Our results show strong binding in water at low ionic strength with an affinity that decreases from KB ∼ 10(9) to 10(8) M(-1) upon decreasing the phthalocyanine charge of z = -4, -2 and -1. The binding affinity also decreases significantly upon salt addition leading to KB values of ca. 10(5)-10(6) M(-1). The changes of binding affinity probed by varying the phthalocyanine charge, and by changing the ionic strength or pH conditions, allowed us to evaluate the electrostatic contribution (Kel) in dendrimer-phthalocyanine interactions. In particular, this approach afforded values of electrostatic potential for PAMAM dendrimers in water at low ionic strength and at dendrimer concentrations in the nanomolar range. The electrostatic potential of PAMAM generations 4 and 7 are around 50 mV in close agreement with theoretical estimates using the Poisson-Boltzmann cell model. Interestingly, the nonelectrostatic binding is significant and contributes even more than electrostatic binding to dendrimer-phthalocyanine interactions. The nonelectrostatic binding contributes to an affinity of KB above 10(5) M(-1), as measured under conditions of low dendrimer charge and high ionic strength, which makes these dendrimers promising hosts as drug carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Garcia-Fernandez
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.
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32
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Cano M, Sánchez-Ferrer A, Serrano JL, Gimeno N, Ros MB. Supramolecular Architectures from Bent-Core Dendritic Molecules. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:13449-53. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201407705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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33
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Cano M, Sánchez-Ferrer A, Serrano JL, Gimeno N, Ros MB. Supramolecular Architectures from Bent-Core Dendritic Molecules. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201407705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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34
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Jolly AM, Bonizzoni M. Intermolecular Forces Driving Encapsulation of Small Molecules by PAMAM Dendrimers in Water. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma5014868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M. Jolly
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336, United States
| | - Marco Bonizzoni
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336, United States
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35
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Shaller AD, Wan W, Zhao B, Li ADQ. Chromophoric and dendritic phosphoramidites enable construction of functional dendrimers with exceptional brightness and water solubility. Chemistry 2014; 20:12165-71. [PMID: 25111357 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201403445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The fluorescence brightness of a molecular probe determines whether it can be effectively measured and its water solubility dictates if it can be applied in real-world biological systems. However, molecules brighter than the most efficient fluorescent dyes or particles brighter than quantum dots are hard to come by, especially when they must also be soluble in water. In this report, chromophoric phosphoramidites are used in a solid-state synthesis to construct functional dendrimers. When highly twisted chromophores are chosen and the proper spacers and dendrons are introduced, the resultant dendrimers emit exceptionally bright fluorescence. Chromophores, spacers, and dendrons are stitched together by efficient phosphoramidite reagents, which afford high-yield water-soluble phosphodiester linkages after deprotection. The resulting water-soluble dendrimers are exceptionally bright.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew D Shaller
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164 (USA)
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Fuenzalida JP, Flores ME, Móniz I, Feijoo M, Goycoolea F, Nishide H, Moreno-Villoslada I. Immobilization of hydrophilic low molecular-weight molecules in nanoparticles of chitosan/poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) assisted by aromatic-aromatic interactions. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:9782-91. [PMID: 25054833 DOI: 10.1021/jp5037553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The immobilization of the hydrophilic low molecular-weight cationic molecules rhodamine 6G, methylene blue, and citidine in nanoparticles composed of two opposite charged polyelectrolytes, poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) and chitosan, is studied, and the results correlated with their physicochemical properties. Nanoparticles containing both polyelectrolytes have been synthesized showing hydrodynamic diameters of around 200 nm and tunable zeta potential. It was found that the strength of binding of the cationic molecules to the polyanion bearing charged aromatic groups poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) by means of short-range aromatic-aromatic interactions increases with their hydrophobicity and polarizability, as seen by (1)H NMR and UV-vis spectroscopies, and diafiltration. Consequently, association efficiencies of 45, 21, and 12% have been found for the three molecules, respectively, revealing the different ability of the molecules to be immobilized in the nanoparticles. These results provide a proof of concept on a new strategy of immobilization of hydrophilic low molecular-weight molecules based on aromatic-aromatic interactions between polyelectrolytes and their aromatic counterions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Pablo Fuenzalida
- IBBP, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Schlossgarten 3, 48149 - Münster, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley M. Jolly
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL35487-0336, USA
| | - Marco Bonizzoni
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL35487-0336, USA
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Düring J, Hölzer A, Kolb U, Branscheid R, Gröhn F. Supramolekulare organisch-anorganische Hybridaggregate mit variabler Partikelgröße: Zusammenspiel von drei nichtkovalenten Wechselwirkungen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201302773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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39
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Düring J, Hölzer A, Kolb U, Branscheid R, Gröhn F. Supramolecular Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Assemblies with Tunable Particle Size: Interplay of Three Noncovalent Interactions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:8742-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201302773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Revised: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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40
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Badelin VG, Tyunina EY, Mezhevoi IN, Tarasova GN. Thermodynamic characteristics of the interaction between nicotinic acid and phenylalanine in an aqueous buffer solution at 298 K. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY A 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s0036024413070078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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41
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Moldenhauer D, Gröhn F. Nanoassemblies with light-responsive size and density from linear flexible polyelectrolytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.23276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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42
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Frühbeißer S, Gröhn F. Catalytic activity of macroion-porphyrin nanoassemblies. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:14267-70. [PMID: 22906213 DOI: 10.1021/ja307596q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A new type of catalytically active self-assembled nanostructures in aqueous solution is presented. Polyelectrolyte-porphyrin nanoscale assemblies consisting of anionic cylindrical poly(styrene sulfonate) brush molecules and cationic tetravalent meso-tetrakis(4-N-methyl-pyridinium)porphyrin (TMPyP) or meso-tetrakis(4-(trimethyl-ammonium)phenyl)-porphyrin (TAPP), respectively, exhibit up to 8-fold higher catalytic activity with regard to light induced iodide oxidation than the corresponding porphyrins without polymeric template. This is particularly interesting because a general concept rather than a specific binding motif is exploited. The approach introduced here hence is attractive due to its facility and versatility and bears potential, for example, in light harvesting and energy conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Frühbeißer
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
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43
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Bonizzoni M, Long SR, Rainwater C, Anslyn EV. PAMAM Dendrimer-Induced Aggregation of 5(6)-Carboxyfluorescein. J Org Chem 2012; 77:1258-66. [DOI: 10.1021/jo201360u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Bonizzoni
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 100 E. 24th St.
A1590, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - S. Reid Long
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 100 E. 24th St.
A1590, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Chance Rainwater
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 100 E. 24th St.
A1590, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Eric V. Anslyn
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, 100 E. 24th St.
A1590, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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Willerich I, Gröhn F. Molecular structure encodes nanoscale assemblies: understanding driving forces in electrostatic self-assembly. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:20341-56. [PMID: 22050129 DOI: 10.1021/ja207565m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Supramolecular nanoparticles represent a key field in recent research as their synthesis through self-assembly is straightforward and they often can respond to external triggers. A fundamental understanding of structure-directing factors is highly desirable for a targeted structure design. This contribution demonstrates a quantitative relation between the size of supramolecular self-assembled nanoparticles and the free energy of association. Nanoparticles are prepared by electrostatic self-assembly of cationic polyelectrolyte dendrimers as model macroions and oppositely charged di- and trivalent organic dye molecules relying on the combination of electrostatic and π-π-interactions. A systematic set of sulfonate-group carrying azo-dyes was synthesized. Light scattering and ζ-potential measurements on the resulting nanoparticles yield hydrodynamic radii between 20 nm < R(H) < 50 nm and positive ζ-potential values indicating a positive particle charge. Studies on dye self-aggregation and dendrimer-dye association by isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) and UV-vis spectroscopy allow for the correlation of the thermodynamic parameters of dendrimer-dye association with the size of the particles, showing that at least a free energy gain of ΔG ≈ - 32 kJ mol(-1) is necessary to induce dendrimer interconnection. Structural features of the azo dyes causing these to favor or prevent nanoparticle formation have been identified. The dye-dye-interaction was found to be the key factor in particle size control. A simple model yields a quantitative relation between the free energy and the particle sizes, allowing for predicting the latter based on thermodynamic measurements. Hence, a set of different molecular "building bricks" can be defined where the choice of building block determines the resulting assembly size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Immanuel Willerich
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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Willerich I, Schindler T, Gröhn F. Effect of Polyelectrolyte Architecture and Size on Macroion–Dye Assemblies. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:9710-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jp204368t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Immanuel Willerich
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Torben Schindler
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Franziska Gröhn
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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Gröger G, Meyer-Zaika W, Böttcher C, Gröhn F, Ruthard C, Schmuck C. Switchable Supramolecular Polymers from the Self-Assembly of a Small Monomer with Two Orthogonal Binding Interactions. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:8961-71. [DOI: 10.1021/ja200941a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christoph Böttcher
- Forschungszentrum für Elektronenmikroskopie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Franziska Gröhn
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Ruthard
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D- 55128 Mainz, Germany
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Willerich I, Gröhn F. Thermodynamics of Photoresponsive Polyelectrolyte–Dye Assemblies with Irradiation Wavelength Triggered Particle Size. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma200538e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Immanuel Willerich
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Franziska Gröhn
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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48
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Ruthard C, Maskos M, Kolb U, Gröhn F. Polystyrene sulfonate-porphyrin assemblies: influence of polyelectrolyte and porphyrin structure. J Phys Chem B 2011; 115:5716-29. [PMID: 21491935 DOI: 10.1021/jp1078357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, electrostatic self-assembly of different polystyrene sulfonates and a set of tetravalent cationic porphyrins is investigated. It is shown that association of linear polystyrene sulfonates of different molar masses yields finite size nanoscale assemblies that are stable in aqueous solution. Aggregates are compared to the ones of cylindrical brushes, revealing that both form assemblies in the 100 nm range with the charge ratio (molar ratio of porphyrin charges to polyelectrolyte charges) being determining, while the morphology of the resulting network-like assemblies is different for both polyelectrolyte architectures. For the smallest 8k polystyrene sulfonate, in addition, stoichiometric conditions differ. The influence of the molecular porphyrin structure was investigated by comparing meso-tetrakis(4-(trimethyl-ammonium)phenyl)porphyrin (TAPP) with its Cu(II) and Zn(II) loaded analogues and meso-tetrakis(4-N-methylpyridinium)porphyrin (TMPyP), revealing differences in stacking tendency and geometry. Additionally, the TMPyP accumulates more in the inside of the brush than the other porphyrins, likely due to the different position of its charged groups. The supramolecular nanostructures formed were characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy, light scattering, atomic force microscopy, cryo transmission electron microscopy, and small-angle neutron scattering. Results may build a valuable basis for the use of polyelectrolyte-porphyrin assemblies in medicine, catalysis, or energy conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Ruthard
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Ackermannweg 10, D-55128 Mainz, Germany
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Ruthard C, Schmidt M, Gröhn F. Porphyrin-Polymer Networks, Worms, and Nanorods: pH-triggerable Hierarchical Self-assembly. Macromol Rapid Commun 2011; 32:706-11. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201100097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2011] [Revised: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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50
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Willerich I, Gröhn F. Photoswitchable nanoassemblies by electrostatic self-assembly. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2011; 49:8104-8. [PMID: 20799308 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201003271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Immanuel Willerich
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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