1
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Woldeyes MA, Qi W, Razinkov VI, Furst EM, Roberts CJ. How Well Do Low- and High-Concentration Protein Interactions Predict Solution Viscosities of Monoclonal Antibodies? J Pharm Sci 2019; 108:142-154. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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2
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Xu Y, Wang D, Mason B, Rossomando T, Li N, Liu D, Cheung JK, Xu W, Raghava S, Katiyar A, Nowak C, Xiang T, Dong DD, Sun J, Beck A, Liu H. Structure, heterogeneity and developability assessment of therapeutic antibodies. MAbs 2018; 11:239-264. [PMID: 30543482 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2018.1553476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing attention has been paid to developability assessment with the understanding that thorough evaluation of monoclonal antibody lead candidates at an early stage can avoid delays during late-stage development. The concept of developability is based on the knowledge gained from the successful development of approximately 80 marketed antibody and Fc-fusion protein drug products and from the lessons learned from many failed development programs over the last three decades. Here, we reviewed antibody quality attributes that are critical to development and traditional and state-of-the-art analytical methods to monitor those attributes. Based on our collective experiences, a practical workflow is proposed as a best practice for developability assessment including in silico evaluation, extended characterization and forced degradation using appropriate analytical methods that allow characterization with limited material consumption and fast turnaround time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingda Xu
- a Protein Analytics , Adimab , Lebanon , NH , USA
| | - Dongdong Wang
- b Analytical Department , Bioanalytix, Inc ., Cambridge , MA , USA
| | - Bruce Mason
- c Product Characterization , Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., New Haven , CT , USA
| | - Tony Rossomando
- c Product Characterization , Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., New Haven , CT , USA
| | - Ning Li
- d Analytical Chemistry , Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., Tarrytown , NY , USA
| | - Dingjiang Liu
- e Formulation Development , Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., Tarrytown , NY , USA
| | - Jason K Cheung
- f Pharmaceutical Sciences , MRL, Merck & Co., Inc ., Kenilworth , NJ , USA
| | - Wei Xu
- g Analytical Method Development , MRL, Merck & Co., Inc ., Kenilworth , NJ , USA
| | - Smita Raghava
- h Sterile Formulation Sciences , MRL, Merck & Co., Inc ., Kenilworth , NJ , USA
| | - Amit Katiyar
- i Analytical Development , Bristol-Myers Squibb , Pennington , NJ , USA
| | - Christine Nowak
- c Product Characterization , Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., New Haven , CT , USA
| | - Tao Xiang
- j Manufacturing Sciences , Abbvie Bioresearch Center , Worcester , MA , USA
| | - Diane D Dong
- j Manufacturing Sciences , Abbvie Bioresearch Center , Worcester , MA , USA
| | - Joanne Sun
- k Product development , Innovent Biologics , Suzhou Industrial Park , China
| | - Alain Beck
- l Analytical chemistry , NBEs, Center d'immunologie Pierre Fabre , St Julien-en-Genevois Cedex , France
| | - Hongcheng Liu
- c Product Characterization , Alexion Pharmaceuticals, Inc ., New Haven , CT , USA
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3
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Blaffert J, Haeri HH, Blech M, Hinderberger D, Garidel P. Spectroscopic methods for assessing the molecular origins of macroscopic solution properties of highly concentrated liquid protein solutions. Anal Biochem 2018; 561-562:70-88. [PMID: 30243977 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2018.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Revised: 09/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In cases of subcutaneous injection of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies, high protein concentrations (>50 mg/ml) are often required. During the development of these high concentration liquid formulations (HCLF), challenges such as aggregation, gelation, opalescence, phase separation, and high solution viscosities are more prone compared to low concentrated protein formulations. These properties can impair manufacturing processes, as well as protein stability and shelf life. To avoid such unfavourable solution properties, a detailed understanding about the nature of these properties and their driving forces are required. However, the fundamental mechanisms that lead to macroscopic solution properties, as above mentioned, are complex and not fully understood, yet. Established analytical methods for assessing the colloidal stability, i.e. the ability of a native protein to remain dispersed in solution, are restricted to dilute conditions and provide parameters such as the second osmotic virial coefficient, B22, and the diffusion interaction coefficient, kD. These parameters are routinely applied for qualitative estimations and identifications of proteins with challenging solution behaviours, such as high viscosities and aggregation, although the assays are prepared for low protein concentration conditions, typically between 0.1 and 20 mg/ml ("ideal" solution conditions). Quantitative analysis of samples of high protein concentration is difficult and it is hard to obtain information about the driving forces of such solution properties and corresponding protein-protein self-interactions. An advantage of using specific spectroscopic methods is the potential of directly analysing highly concentrated protein solutions at different solution conditions. This allows for collecting/gaining valuable information about the fundamental mechanisms of solution properties of the high protein concentration regime. In addition, the derived parameters might be more predictive as compared to the parameters originating from assays which are optimized for the low protein concentration range. The provided information includes structural data, molecular dynamics at various timescales and protein-solvent interactions, which can be obtained at molecular resolution. Herein, we provide an overview about spectroscopic techniques for analysing the origins of macroscopic solution behaviours in general, with a specific focus on pharmaceutically relevant high protein concentration and formulation conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Blaffert
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Haleh Hashemi Haeri
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Michaela Blech
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Protein Science, Birkerndorfer Str. 65, 88397, Biberach/Riß, Germany
| | - Dariush Hinderberger
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany
| | - Patrick Garidel
- Institute of Chemistry, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 4, 06120, Halle/Saale, Germany; Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Protein Science, Birkerndorfer Str. 65, 88397, Biberach/Riß, Germany.
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4
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Tao Y, Wu Y, Zhang L. Advancements of two dimensional correlation spectroscopy in protein researches. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 197:185-193. [PMID: 29409703 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The developments of two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2DCOS) applications in protein studies are discussed, especially for the past two decades. The powerful utilities of 2DCOS combined with various analytical techniques in protein studies are summarized. The emphasis is on the vibration spectroscopic techniques including IR, NIR, Raman and optical activity (ROA), as well as vibration circular dichroism (VCD) and fluorescence spectroscopy. In addition, some new developments, such as hetero-spectral 2DCOS, moving-window correlation, and model based correlation, are also reviewed for their utility in the investigation of the secondary structure, denaturation, folding and unfolding changes of protein. Finally, the new possibility and challenges of 2DCOS in protein research are highlighted as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanchun Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, No. 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Yuqing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, No. 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China.
| | - Liping Zhang
- Department of Foundation, Jilin Business and Technology College, No. 1666 Kalunhu Street, Changchun 130507, China.
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5
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Wang W, Lilyestrom WG, Hu ZY, Scherer TM. Cluster Size and Quinary Structure Determine the Rheological Effects of Antibody Self-Association at High Concentrations. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:2138-2154. [PMID: 29359938 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b10728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The question of how nonspecific reversible intermolecular protein interactions affect solution rheology at high concentrations is fundamentally rooted in the translation of nanometer-scale interactions into macroscopic properties. Well-defined solutions of purified monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) provide a useful system with which to investigate the manifold intricacies of weak protein interactions at high concentrations. Recently, characterization of self-associating IgG1 antibody (mAb2) solutions has established the direct role of protein clusters on concentrated mAb rheology. Expanding on our earlier work with three additional mAbs (mAb1, mAb3, and mAb4), the observed concentration-dependent static light scattering and rheological data present a substantially more complex relationship between protein interactions and solution viscosity at high concentrations. The four mAb systems exhibited divergent correlations between cluster formation (size) and concentrated solution viscosities dependent on mAb primary sequence and solution conditions. To address this challenge, well-established features of colloidal cluster phenomena could be applied as a framework for interpreting our observations. The initial stages of mAb cluster formation were investigated with small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and ensemble-optimized fit methods, to uncover shifts in the dimer structure populations which are produced by changes in mAb interaction modes and association valence under the different solution conditions. Analysis of mAb average cluster number and effective hydrodynamic radii at high concentrations revealed cluster architectures can have a wide range of fractal dimensions. Collectively, the static light scattering, SAXS, and rheological characterization demonstrate that nonspecific and anisotropic attractive intermolecular interactions produce antibody clusters with different quinary structures to regulate the rheological properties of concentrated mAb solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhua Wang
- Late Stage Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech (a Member of the Roche Group) , 1 DNA Way, MS 56-1A, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Wayne G Lilyestrom
- Late Stage Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech (a Member of the Roche Group) , 1 DNA Way, MS 56-1A, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Zhi Yu Hu
- Late Stage Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech (a Member of the Roche Group) , 1 DNA Way, MS 56-1A, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Thomas M Scherer
- Late Stage Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech (a Member of the Roche Group) , 1 DNA Way, MS 56-1A, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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6
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Wu Y, Zhang L, Jung YM, Ozaki Y. Two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy in protein science, a summary for past 20years. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 189:291-299. [PMID: 28823970 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2017.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2DCOS) has been widely used to Infrared, Raman, Near IR, Optical Activity (ROA), Vibrational Circular Dichroism (VCD) and Fluorescence spectroscopy. In addition, several new developments, such as 2D hetero-correlation analysis, moving-window two-dimensional (MW2D) correlation, model based correlation (βν and kν correlation analyses) have also well incorporated into protein research. They have been used to investigate secondary structure, denaturation, folding and unfolding changes of protein, and have contributed greatly to the field of protein science. This review provides an overview of the applications of 2DCOS in the field of protein science for the past 20 year, especially to memory our old friend, Dr. Boguslawa Czarnik-Matusewicz, for her great contribution in this research field. The powerful utility of 2DCOS combined with various analytical techniques in protein studies is summarized. The noteworthy developments and perspective of 2DCOS in this field are highlighted finally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Jilin University, No. 2699 Qianjin Street, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Liping Zhang
- Department of Foundation, Jilin Business and Technology College, No. 1666 Kalunhu Street, Changchun 130507, China.
| | - Young Mee Jung
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Yukihiro Ozaki
- School of Science and Technology, Kwansei-Gakuin University, 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
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7
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Alam ME, Geng SB, Bender C, Ludwig SD, Linden L, Hoet R, Tessier PM. Biophysical and Sequence-Based Methods for Identifying Monovalent and Bivalent Antibodies with High Colloidal Stability. Mol Pharm 2017; 15:150-163. [PMID: 29154550 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In vitro antibody discovery and/or affinity maturation are often performed using antibody fragments (Fabs), but most monovalent Fabs are reformatted as bivalent IgGs (monoclonal antibodies, mAbs) for therapeutic applications. One problem related to reformatting antibodies is that the bivalency of mAbs can lead to increased antibody self-association and poor biophysical properties (e.g., reduced antibody solubility and increased viscosity). Therefore, it is important to identify monovalent Fabs early in the discovery and/or optimization process that will display favorable biophysical properties when reformatted as bivalent mAbs. Here we demonstrate a facile approach for evaluating Fab self-association in a multivalent assay format that is capable of identifying antibodies with low self-association and favorable colloidal properties when reformatted as bivalent mAbs. Our approach (self-interaction nanoparticle spectroscopy, SINS) involves immobilizing Fabs on gold nanoparticles in a multivalent format (multiple Fabs per nanoparticle) and evaluating their self-association behavior via shifts in the plasmon wavelength or changes in the absorbance values. Importantly, we find that SINS measurements of Fab self-association are correlated with self-interaction measurements of bivalent mAbs and are useful for identifying antibodies with favorable biophysical properties. Moreover, the significant differences in the levels of self-association detected for Fabs and mAbs with similar frameworks can be largely explained by the physicochemical properties of the complementarity-determining regions (CDRs). Comparison of the properties of the CDRs in this study relative to those of approved therapeutic antibodies reveals several key factors (net charge, fraction of charged residues, and presence of self-interaction motifs) that strongly influence antibody self-association behavior. Increased positive charge in the CDRs was observed to correlate with increased risk of high self-association for the mAbs in this study and clinical-stage antibodies. We expect that these findings will be useful for improving the development of therapeutic antibodies that are well suited for high concentration applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magfur E Alam
- Isermann Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Steven B Geng
- Isermann Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Christian Bender
- Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG , Nattermannallee 1, Cologne 50829, Germany
| | - Seth D Ludwig
- Isermann Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York 12180, United States
| | - Lars Linden
- Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG , Aprather Weg 18A, Wuppertal 42117, Germany
| | - Rene Hoet
- Pharmaceuticals, Bayer AG , Nattermannallee 1, Cologne 50829, Germany
| | - Peter M Tessier
- Isermann Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Center for Biotechnology & Interdisciplinary Studies, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute , Troy, New York 12180, United States.,Departments of Chemical Engineering, Pharmaceutical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan , Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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8
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Cui Y, Cui P, Chen B, Li S, Guan H. Monoclonal antibodies: formulations of marketed products and recent advances in novel delivery system. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2017; 43:519-530. [DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2017.1278768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Cui
- School of Pharmacy, Jining Medicinal College, Jining, China
| | - Ping Cui
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin, National Clinical Research Centre of Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Binlong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Suxin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Guan
- School of Pharmacy, Jining Medicinal College, Jining, China
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9
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10
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Molloy S, Fesinmeyer RM, Fesinmeyer RM, Martinez T, Piedmonte DM, Murphy PD, Pelletier MEH, Pelletier ME, Treuheit MJ, Kleemann GR. Optimized UV detection of high-concentration antibody formulations using high-throughput SE-HPLC. J Pharm Sci 2014; 104:508-14. [PMID: 25392911 DOI: 10.1002/jps.24240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
High-concentration antibody solutions (>100 mg/mL) present significant challenges for formulation and process development, including formulation attributes such as increased solution viscosity, and the propensity for self-association. An additional challenge comes from the adaptation of analytical methods designed for low-concentration formulations to the high-concentration regime. The oligomeric state is a good example: it is a quality attribute monitored during pharmaceutical development and is one that can be affected by dilution; a typical first step in the analysis of high-concentration solutions. The objective of this work was to develop a size-exclusion HPLC (SE-HPLC) method that would allow the injection of high-concentration antibody formulations without the need for dilution prior to injection and their analysis in a high-throughput manner that does not create a bottleneck for the execution of complex formulation development studies. It was found that changing the UV detection wavelength from 215 to 235 nm simplified sample preparation by allowing for an approximately fivefold increase in injection load while maintaining the signal within the linear range of detection. In addition, the chromatographic peak properties (i.e., peak symmetry, resolution, and sensitivity) were determined to be consistent when compared with analytical methods developed for formulations with lower antibody concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam Molloy
- Drug Product Formulation Technologies, Process Development, Amgen. Inc., Seattle, Washington
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11
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Lapelosa M, Patapoff TW, Zarraga IE. Molecular Simulations of the Pairwise Interaction of Monoclonal Antibodies. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:13132-41. [DOI: 10.1021/jp508729z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Lapelosa
- Department of Late Stage Pharmaceutical Development and ‡Department of Early Stage Pharmaceutical
Development, Genentech Inc., member of Roche, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Thomas W. Patapoff
- Department of Late Stage Pharmaceutical Development and ‡Department of Early Stage Pharmaceutical
Development, Genentech Inc., member of Roche, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Isidro E. Zarraga
- Department of Late Stage Pharmaceutical Development and ‡Department of Early Stage Pharmaceutical
Development, Genentech Inc., member of Roche, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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12
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Concentration dependent viscosity of monoclonal antibody solutions: explaining experimental behavior in terms of molecular properties. Pharm Res 2014; 31:3161-78. [PMID: 24906598 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-014-1409-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Early identification of monoclonal antibody candidates whose development, as high concentration (≥100 mg/mL) drug products, could prove challenging, due to high viscosity, can help define strategies for candidate engineering and selection. METHODS Concentration dependent viscosities of 11 proprietary mAbs were measured. Sequence and structural features of the variable (Fv) regions were analyzed to understand viscosity behavior of the mAbs. Coarse-grained molecular simulations of two problematic mAbs were compared with that of a well behaved mAb. RESULTS Net charge, ξ-potential and pI of Fv regions were found to correlate with viscosities of highly concentrated antibody solutions. Negative net charges on the Fv regions of two mAbs with poor viscosity behaviors facilitate attractive self-associations, causing them to diffuse slower than a well-behaved mAb with positive net charge on its Fv region. An empirically derived equation that connects aggregation propensity and pI of the Fv region with high concentration viscosity of the whole mAb was developed. CONCLUSIONS An Fv region-based qualitative screening profile was devised to flag mAb candidates whose development, as high concentration drug products, could prove challenging. This screen can facilitate developability risk assessment and mitigation strategies for antibody based therapeutics via rapid high throughput material-free screening.
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13
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Cheng W, Joshi SB, Jain NK, He F, Kerwin BA, Volkin DB, Russell Middaugh C. Linking the Solution Viscosity of an IgG2 Monoclonal Antibody to Its Structure as a Function of pH and Temperature. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:4291-304. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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14
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Zarraga IE, Taing R, Zarzar J, Luoma J, Hsiung J, Patel A, Lim FJ. High Shear Rheology and Anisotropy in Concentrated Solutions of Monoclonal Antibodies. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:2538-49. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2013] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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15
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Kamerzell TJ, Pace AL, Li M, Danilenko DM, Mcdowell M, Gokarn YR, John Wang Y. Polar Solvents Decrease the Viscosity of High Concentration IgG1 Solutions Through Hydrophobic Solvation and Interaction: Formulation and Biocompatibility Considerations. J Pharm Sci 2013; 102:1182-93. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.23453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2012] [Revised: 12/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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16
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Esue O, Xie AX, Kamerzell TJ, Patapoff TW. Thermodynamic and structural characterization of an antibody gel. MAbs 2013; 5:323-34. [PMID: 23425660 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.23183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although extensively studied, protein-protein interactions remain highly elusive and are of increasing interest in drug development. We show the assembly of a monoclonal antibody, using multivalent carboxylate ions, into highly-ordered structures. While the presence and function of similar structures in vivo are not known, the results may present a possible unexplored area of antibody structure-function relationships. Using a variety of tools (e.g., mechanical rheology, electron microscopy, isothermal calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy), we characterized the physical, biochemical, and thermodynamic properties of these structures and found that citrate may interact directly with the amino acid residue histidine, after which the individual protein units assemble into a filamentous network gel exhibiting high elasticity and interfilament interactions. Citrate interacts exothermically with the monoclonal antibody with an association constant that is highly dependent on solution pH and temperature. Secondary structure analysis also reveals involvement of hydrophobic and aromatic residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osigwe Esue
- Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, USA.
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17
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Scherer TM. Cosolute Effects on the Chemical Potential and Interactions of an IgG1 Monoclonal Antibody at High Concentrations. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:2254-66. [DOI: 10.1021/jp3091717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M. Scherer
- Genentech (a Member of the
Roche Group), Late Stage Pharmaceutical Development, 1 DNA Way, South
San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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18
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Chaudhri A, Zarraga IE, Yadav S, Patapoff TW, Shire SJ, Voth GA. The Role of Amino Acid Sequence in the Self-Association of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies: Insights from Coarse-Grained Modeling. J Phys Chem B 2013; 117:1269-79. [DOI: 10.1021/jp3108396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anuj Chaudhri
- Department of Chemistry, James
Franck Institute, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics and Computation
Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago
Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Isidro E. Zarraga
- Late Stage Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, S. San Francisco, California
94080, United States
| | - Sandeep Yadav
- Late Stage Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, S. San Francisco, California
94080, United States
| | - Thomas W. Patapoff
- Early
Stage Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, S. San Francisco, California
94080, United States
| | - Steven J. Shire
- Late Stage Pharmaceutical Development, Genentech Inc., 1 DNA Way, S. San Francisco, California
94080, United States
| | - Gregory A. Voth
- Department of Chemistry, James
Franck Institute, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics and Computation
Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago
Illinois 60637, United States
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19
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Chaudhri A, Zarraga IE, Kamerzell TJ, Brandt JP, Patapoff TW, Shire SJ, Voth GA. Coarse-grained modeling of the self-association of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:8045-57. [PMID: 22694284 DOI: 10.1021/jp301140u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Coarse-grained computational models of two therapeutic monoclonal antibodies are constructed to understand the effect of domain-level charge-charge electrostatics on the self-association phenomena at high protein concentrations. The coarse-grained representations of the individual antibodies are constructed using an elastic network normal-mode analysis. Two different models are constructed for each antibody for a compact Y-shaped and an extended Y-shaped configuration. The resulting simulations of these coarse-grained antibodies that interact through screened electrostatics are done at six different concentrations. It is observed that a particular monoclonal antibody (hereafter referred to as MAb1) forms three-dimensional heterogeneous structures with dense regions or clusters compared to a different monoclonal antibody (hereafter referred to as MAb2) that forms more homogeneous structures (no clusters). These structures, together with the potential mean force (PMF) and radial distribution functions (RDF) between pairs of coarse-grained regions on the MAbs, are qualitatively consistent with the experimental observation that MAb1 has a significantly higher viscosity compared to MAb2, especially at concentrations >50 mg/mL, even though the only difference between the MAbs lies with a few amino acids at the antigen-binding loops (CDRs). It is also observed that the structures in MAb1 are formed due to stronger Fab-Fab interactions in corroboration with experimental observations. Evidence is also shown that Fab-Fc interactions can be equally important in addition to Fab-Fab interactions. The coarse-grained representations are effective in picking up differences based on local charge distributions of domains and make predictions on the self-association characteristics of these protein solutions. This is the first computational study of its kind to show that there are differences in structures formed by two different monoclonal antibodies at high concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuj Chaudhri
- Department of Chemistry, James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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High-dose monoclonal antibodies via the subcutaneous route: challenges and technical solutions, an industry perspective. Ther Deliv 2012; 3:889-900. [DOI: 10.4155/tde.12.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes the various challenges in product development involved in subcutaneous administration of high-dose monoclonal antibodies and attempts to provide an industry perspective of some of the available technologies and potential avenues to overcome these challenges.
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Dizon-Maspat J, Bourret J, D'Agostini A, Li F. Single pass tangential flow filtration to debottleneck downstream processing for therapeutic antibody production. Biotechnol Bioeng 2011; 109:962-70. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.24377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Revised: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Viscosity of concentrated therapeutic protein compositions. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2011; 63:1107-17. [PMID: 22014592 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2011] [Accepted: 09/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The use of monoclonal antibodies as therapeutic agents has been increasing steadily over the last decade for the treatment of various conditions. There is often a need to deliver a large dose of the protein, so there is a trend toward developing commercially viable liquid formulations of highly concentrated antibodies. Such concentrated solutions are associated with a number of challenges, including optimization of production processes, plus chemical and physical stability of the final product where solution viscosity becomes a critical quality attribute. Assessment of the rheological characteristics of concentrated compositions is essential as are development strategies to reduce the viscosity. This review covers the state-of-the-art rheology measurement techniques, focusing particularly on concentrated protein solutions. Current understanding of the mechanisms leading to high viscosity and control by formulation parameters is discussed.
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Kamerzell TJ, Esfandiary R, Joshi SB, Middaugh CR, Volkin DB. Protein-excipient interactions: mechanisms and biophysical characterization applied to protein formulation development. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2011; 63:1118-59. [PMID: 21855584 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2011.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 348] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Revised: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to demonstrate the critical importance of understanding protein-excipient interactions as a key step in the rational design of formulations to stabilize and deliver protein-based therapeutic drugs and vaccines. Biophysical methods used to examine various molecular interactions between solutes and protein molecules are discussed with an emphasis on applications to pharmaceutical excipients in terms of their effects on protein stability. Key mechanisms of protein-excipient interactions such as electrostatic and cation-pi interactions, preferential hydration, dispersive forces, and hydrogen bonding are presented in the context of different physical states of the formulation such as frozen liquids, solutions, gels, freeze-dried solids and interfacial phenomenon. An overview of the different classes of pharmaceutical excipients used to formulate and stabilize protein therapeutic drugs is also presented along with the rationale for use in different dosage forms including practical pharmaceutical considerations. The utility of high throughput analytical methodologies to examine protein-excipient interactions is presented in terms of expanding formulation design space and accelerating experimental timelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim J Kamerzell
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
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Behavior of Monoclonal Antibodies: Relation Between the Second Virial Coefficient (B 2) at Low Concentrations and Aggregation Propensity and Viscosity at High Concentrations. Pharm Res 2011; 29:397-410. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-011-0563-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Kamerzell TJ, Li M, Arora S, Ji JA, Wang YJ. The Relative Rate of Immunoglobulin Gamma 1 Fragmentation. J Pharm Sci 2011; 100:1341-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.22389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2010] [Revised: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 10/05/2010] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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Chen S, Lau H, Brodsky Y, Kleemann GR, Latypov RF. The use of native cation-exchange chromatography to study aggregation and phase separation of monoclonal antibodies. Protein Sci 2010; 19:1191-204. [PMID: 20512972 DOI: 10.1002/pro.396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This study introduces a novel analytical approach for studying aggregation and phase separation of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). The approach is based on using analytical scale cation-exchange chromatography (CEX) for measuring the loss of soluble monomer in the case of individual and mixed protein solutions. Native CEX outperforms traditional size-exclusion chromatography in separating complex protein mixtures, offering an easy way to assess mAb aggregation propensity. Different IgG1 and IgG2 molecules were tested individually and in mixtures consisting of up to four protein molecules. Antibody aggregation was induced by four different stress factors: high temperature, low pH, addition of fatty acids, and rigorous agitation. The extent of aggregation was determined from the amount of monomeric protein remaining in solution after stress. Consequently, it was possible to address the role of specific mAb regions in antibody aggregation by co-incubating Fab and Fc fragments with their respective full-length molecules. Our results revealed that the relative contribution of Fab and Fc regions in mAb aggregation is strongly dependent on pH and the stress factor applied. In addition, the CEX-based approach was used to study reversible protein precipitation due to phase separation, which demonstrated its use for a broader range of protein-protein association phenomena. In all cases, the role of Fab and Fc was clearly dissected, providing important information for engineering more stable mAb-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Chen
- Process and Product Development, Amgen Inc., Seattle, Washington 98119, USA
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Burckbuchler V, Mekhloufi G, Giteau AP, Grossiord JL, Huille S, Agnely F. Rheological and syringeability properties of highly concentrated human polyclonal immunoglobulin solutions. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2010; 76:351-6. [PMID: 20719247 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2010.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2009] [Revised: 07/19/2010] [Accepted: 08/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This study of highly concentrated polyvalent immunoglobulin solutions, IgG, aimed at analyzing the relationships between protein concentration and aggregation on the one hand and viscosity on the other hand. Viscosity variations as a function of IgG concentration showed two well-defined behaviours: a Newtonian behaviour for low-concentrated solutions and a shear-thinning behaviour for highly concentrated ones. The viscosity data fitted very well with the Mooney model, suggesting the absence of intermolecular interactions in the IgG solutions that behaved like a non-interacting suspension of hard particles. The polyclonal nature of IgG seems to prevent intermolecular interaction. The shape factor, determined from Mooney fitting, revealed a non-spherical shape of the polyclonal IgG molecules. The rheological properties were also correlated with the injection force (F) through hypodermic needles by syringeability tests. Here, F was mainly affected by three parameters: the solution viscosity, the injection flow rate, and the needle characteristics. In fact, syringeability tests showed that F increased with IgG concentration and flow rate and decreased with the internal diameter of the needle. A zone for optimal injection conditions was then identified taking into account the different affecting parameters and mainly a maximum force for manual injection, which was fixed at 30N.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Burckbuchler
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris-Sud, UMR CNRS 8612, Châtenay-Malabry Cedex, France
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Nezlin R. Interactions between immunoglobulin G molecules. Immunol Lett 2010; 132:1-5. [PMID: 20600325 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2010.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2010] [Revised: 06/11/2010] [Accepted: 06/11/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Immune globulin preparations such as intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and monoclonal antibodies are widely used in clinics as effective therapeutic agents for the treatment of a number of autoimmune diseases, cancer, inflammations and other pathologies. Significant amounts of IgG aggregates have been found in the highly concentrated solutions of therapeutic immune proteins. The IgG self-aggregation that appears especially after prolonged storage increases the immunogenicity of the preparations and also modifies their physical properties, first of all producing the high viscosity. The attractive IgG-IgG interactions pose a significant problem for the clinical usage of the immune proteins. During last decades intensive studies of the IgG self-association were performed. The presence of IgG dimers was demonstrated in pooled preparations. These complexes are the result of idiotype-anti-idiotype interactions. In concentrated solutions of immune globulins and monoclonal antibodies self-associated IgG molecules formed a network, increasing the viscosity. The forces responsible for the IgG association are characteristic of the protein-protein interactions in general. The amino acid residues of the Fab and Fc portions participate in the IgG-IgG contacts. Recently contact residues were modified by the site-directed mutagenesis in order to decrease the formation of the IgG self-aggregates. The mutant IgG antibodies were characterized by enhanced stability as compared with the non-modified antibody molecules. Peptic pFc' fragment and the C(H)3 domain were shown to be capable of interacting with Fc regions, thus preventing IgG aggregation. In perspective both approaches could improve the formulation of immune globulin preparations. Removal of IgG aggregates could be achieved by chromatography on hydroxyapatite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roald Nezlin
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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