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Li Z, Zhou R, Wang Y, Wang G, Chen M, Li Y, Wang Y, Yi Y, Hou Z, Guo Q, Meng J. Characteristics and sources of amine-containing particles in the urban atmosphere of Liaocheng, a seriously polluted city in North China during the COVID-19 outbreak. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 289:117887. [PMID: 34426186 PMCID: PMC8325104 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The Chinese government issued an unprecedentedly strict lockdown policy to control the spread of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), significantly mitigating air pollution because of the dramatic reduction of industrial and traffic emissions. To explore the impact of COVID-19 lockdown (LCD) on organic aerosols, the mixing states and evolution processes of amine-containing particles were studied using a single particle aerosol mass spectrometer from January to March 2020 in Liaocheng, which is a seriously polluted city in North China. The counts and percentages of amine-containing particles in total obtained particles during the pre-LCD (547832, 29.8 %) were higher than those during the LCD (283983, 20.7 %) and post-LCD (102026, 18.4 %), mainly due to the reduced emission strength of amines and suppressed gas-to-particle partitioning of amines during the LCD and post-LCD. 74(C2H5)2NH2+ was the most abundant amine marker, which accounted for 98.2 %, 98.4 %, and 96.7 % of all amine-containing particles during the pre-LCD, LCD, and post-LCD, respectively. Correlation analysis and temporal variations indicated that the gas-to-particle partitioning of amines was facilitated by the stronger acidic environment and lower temperature, while the effect of RH and aerosol liquid water content was minor. The A-OC particles were the most abundant type (accounting for ~40 %) throughout the observation period. The temporal profiles and correlation analysis suggested that the impact of the increased O3 on the amines and their oxidation products (e.g., trimethylamine oxide) was minor. The identified particle types, correlation analysis, and the potential source contribution function results implied that the amine-containing particles were mainly derived from local and surrounding sources during the LCD, while those were mainly affected by long-range transport during the pre-LCD and post-LCD. Our results could deepen the comprehension of the sources and atmospheric processing of amines in the urban area of North China during the COVID-19 outbreak.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Li
- School of Geography and the Environment, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252000, China
| | - Ruiwen Zhou
- School of Geography and the Environment, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252000, China
| | - Yiqiu Wang
- Liaocheng Environmental Information and Monitoring Center, Liaocheng, 252000, China
| | - Gehui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Min Chen
- School of Geography and the Environment, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252000, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- School of Geography and the Environment, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252000, China
| | - Yachen Wang
- School of Geography and the Environment, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252000, China
| | - Yanan Yi
- School of Geography and the Environment, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252000, China
| | - Zhanfang Hou
- School of Geography and the Environment, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252000, China
| | - Qingchun Guo
- School of Geography and the Environment, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252000, China
| | - Jingjing Meng
- School of Geography and the Environment, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252000, China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710075, China.
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2
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Observations of Gas-Phase Alkylamines at a Coastal Site in the East Mediterranean Atmosphere. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12111454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Atmospheric amines are ubiquitous compounds in the atmosphere, having both natural and anthropogenic origin. Recently, they have been identified as important contributors to new particle formation in the atmosphere, but observations of their atmospheric concentrations are scarce. In the present study we introduce the first systematic long-term observations of gas-phase amines measurements in the East Mediterranean atmosphere. Air samples were collected at the Finokalia monitoring station of the University of Crete during a 3.5-year period from January 2013 to July 2016, and analyzed after extraction using a high-performance liquid chromatography triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. The detected alkylamines were the sum of dimethylamine and ethylamine (DMA+EA), trimethylamine (TMA), diethylamine (DEA) and triethylamine (TEA). DMA+EA and TMA were the most abundant alkylamines, with concentrations spanning from the detection limit to 78.0 and 69.8 pptv, and average concentrations of 7.8 ± 12.1 and 7.5 ± 12.4 pptv, respectively. Amines showed pronounced seasonal variability with DMA+EA and TMA concentrations being higher in winter. Statistical analysis of the observations showed different sources for each of the studied amines, except for DMA+ΕA and DEA that appear to have common sources in the region. This analysis points to a marine source of TMA and animal husbandry in the area as a potential source of TEA. None of the alkylamines is correlated with other anthropogenic sources. Furthermore, no clear association was found between the seasonality of NPF events and alkylamines concentrations, while a clear correlation was detected between the seasonality of nucleation mode particle (dp < 25 nm) number concentrations and alkylamine concentrations, indicating that amines may contribute to nucleation mode particles’ production.
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Chu Y, Chan CK. Reactive Uptake of Dimethylamine by Ammonium Sulfate and Ammonium Sulfate–Sucrose Mixed Particles. J Phys Chem A 2016; 121:206-215. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b10692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Chak K. Chan
- School of Energy and
Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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4
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Ge Y, Liu Y, Chu B, He H, Chen T, Wang S, Wei W, Cheng S. Ozonolysis of Trimethylamine Exchanged with Typical Ammonium Salts in the Particle Phase. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:11076-11084. [PMID: 27626464 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b04375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Alkylamines contribute to both new particle formation and brown carbon. The toxicity of particle-phase amines is of great concern in the atmospheric chemistry community. Degradation of particulate amines may lead to secondary products in the particle phase, which are associated with changes in the adverse health impacts of aerosols. In this study, O3 oxidation of particulate trimethylamine (TMA) formed via heterogeneous uptake of TMA by (NH4)2SO4, NH4HSO4, NH4NO3 and NH4Cl, was investigated with in situ attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and proton transfer reaction mass spectrometry (PTR-MS). HCOOH, HCHO, CH3N═CH2, (CH3)2NCHO, CH3NO2, CH3N(OH)CHO, CH3NHOH and H2O were identified as products on all the substrates based upon IR (one-dimensional IR and two-dimensional correlation infrared spectroscopy), quantum chemical calculation and PTR-MS results. A reaction mechanism was proposed to explain the observed products. This work demonstrates that oxidation might be a degradation pathway of particulate amines in the atmosphere. This will aid in understanding the fate of particulate amines formed by nucleation and heterogeneous uptake and their potential health impacts during atmospheric aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Ge
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yongchun Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, 100085, China
- Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xiamen 361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Biwu Chu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, 100085, China
- Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xiamen 361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hong He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, 100085, China
- Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Xiamen 361021, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Tianzeng Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shaoxin Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, Beijing University of Technology , Beijing 100022, China
| | - Shuiyuan Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, Beijing University of Technology , Beijing 100022, China
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5
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Gomez-Hernandez M, McKeown M, Secrest J, Marrero-Ortiz W, Lavi A, Rudich Y, Collins DR, Zhang R. Hygroscopic Characteristics of Alkylaminium Carboxylate Aerosols. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:2292-2300. [PMID: 26794419 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b04691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The hygroscopic growth factor (HGF) and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activity for a series of alkylaminium carboxylate aerosols have been measured using a hygroscopicity tandem differential mobility analyzer coupled to a condensation particle counter and a CCN counter. The particles, consisting of the mixtures of mono- (acetic, propanoic, p-toluic, and cis-pinonic acid) and dicarboxylic (oxalic, succinic, malic, adipic, and azelaic acid) acid with alkylamine (mono-, di-, and trimethylamines), represent those commonly found under diverse environmental conditions. The hygroscopicity parameter (κ) of the alkylaminium carboxylate aerosols was derived from the HGF and CCN results and theoretically calculated. The HGF at 90% RH is in the range of 1.3 to 1.8 for alkylaminium monocarboxylates and 1.1 to 2.2 for alkylaminium dicarboxylates, dependent on the molecular functionality (i.e., the carboxylic or OH functional group in organic acids and methyl substitution in alkylamines). The κ value for all alkylaminium carboxylates is in the range of 0.06-1.37 derived from the HGF measurements at 90% RH, 0.05-0.49 derived from the CCN measurements, and 0.22-0.66 theoretically calculated. The measured hygroscopicity of the alkylaminium carboxylates increases with decreasing acid to base ratio. The deliquescence point is apparent for several of the alkylaminium dicarboxylates but not for the alkylaminium monocarboxylates. Our results reveal that alkylaminium carboxylate aerosols exhibit distinct hygroscopic and deliquescent characteristics that are dependent on their molecular functionality, hence regulating their impacts on human health, air quality, and direct and indirect radiative forcing on climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Gomez-Hernandez
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas 77840, United States
| | - Megan McKeown
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Jeremiah Secrest
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas 77840, United States
| | - Wilmarie Marrero-Ortiz
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas 77840, United States
| | - Avi Lavi
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot, 76100 Israel
| | - Yinon Rudich
- Department of Earth and Planetary Science, Weizmann Institute of Science , Rehovot, 76100 Israel
| | - Don R Collins
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Renyi Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas 77840, United States
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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6
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Zhang R, Wang G, Guo S, Zamora ML, Ying Q, Lin Y, Wang W, Hu M, Wang Y. Formation of urban fine particulate matter. Chem Rev 2015; 115:3803-55. [PMID: 25942499 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 473] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Renyi Zhang
- §State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | | | - Song Guo
- §State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | - Min Hu
- §State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Wang
- #Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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7
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Hu D, Li C, Chen H, Chen J, Ye X, Li L, Yang X, Wang X, Mellouki A, Hu Z. Hygroscopicity and optical properties of alkylaminium sulfates. J Environ Sci (China) 2014; 26:37-43. [PMID: 24649689 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(13)60378-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The hygroscopicity and optical properties of alkylaminium sulfates (AASs) were investigated using a hygroscopicity tandem differential mobility analyzer coupled to a cavity ring-down spectrometer and a nephelometer. AAS particles do not exhibit a deliquescence phenomenon and show a monotonic increase in diameter as the relative humidity (RH) ascends. Hygroscopic growth factors (GFs) for 40, 100 and 150 nm alkylaminium sulfate particles do not show an apparent Kelvin effect when RH is less than 45%, whereas GFs of the salt aerosols increase with initial particle size when RH is higher than 45%. Calculation using the Zdanovskii-Stokes-Robinson mixing rule suggests that hygroscopic growth of triethylaminium sulfate-ammonium sulfate mixtures is non-deliquescent, occurring at very low RH, implying that the displacement of ammonia by amine will significantly enhance the hygroscopicity of (NH4)2SO4 aerosols. In addition, light extinction of AAS particles is a combined effect of both scattering and absorption under dry conditions, but is dominated by scattering under wet conditions.
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8
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Nishino N, Arquero KD, Dawson ML, Finlayson-Pitts BJ. Infrared studies of the reaction of methanesulfonic acid with trimethylamine on surfaces. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 48:323-330. [PMID: 24304088 DOI: 10.1021/es403845b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Organosulfur compounds generated from a variety of biological as well as anthropogenic sources are oxidized in air to form sulfuric acid and methanesulfonic acid (MSA). Both of these acids formed initially in the gas phase react with ammonia and amines in air to form and grow new particles, which is important for visibility, human health and climate. A competing sink is deposition on surfaces in the boundary layer. However, relatively little is known about reactions after they deposit on surfaces. We report here diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectrometry (DRIFTS) studies of the reaction of MSA with trimethylamine (TMA) on a silicon powder at atmospheric pressure in synthetic air and at room temperature, either in the absence or in the presence of water vapor. In both cases, DRIFTS spectra of the product surface species are essentially the same as the transmission spectrum obtained for trimethylaminium methanesulfonate, indicating the formation of the salt on the surface with a lower limit to the reaction probability of γ > 10(-6). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first infrared study to demonstrate this chemistry from the heterogeneous reaction of MSA with an amine on a surface. This heterogeneous chemistry appears to be sufficiently fast that it could impact measurements of gas-phase amines through reactions with surface-adsorbed acids on sampling lines and inlets. It could also represent an additional sink for amines in the boundary layer, especially at night when the gas-phase reactions of amines with OH radical and ozone are minimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriko Nishino
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California, 92697-2025, United States
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9
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Johnson CJ, Johnson MA. Vibrational Spectra and Fragmentation Pathways of Size-Selected, D2-Tagged Ammonium/Methylammonium Bisulfate Clusters. J Phys Chem A 2013; 117:13265-74. [DOI: 10.1021/jp404244y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Johnson
- Sterling Chemistry Laboratory, Department
of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect
Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
| | - Mark A. Johnson
- Sterling Chemistry Laboratory, Department
of Chemistry, Yale University, 225 Prospect
Street, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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10
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Chan LP, Chan CK. Role of the aerosol phase state in ammonia/amines exchange reactions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:5755-5762. [PMID: 23668831 DOI: 10.1021/es4004685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The exchange reaction of ammonia in (NH4)2SO4 with an amine and the corresponding reverse reaction of amines in aminium sulfates with ammonia were investigated using an electrodynamic balance coupled with a Raman spectrometer. The temporal changes in particle mass, chemical composition, and phase state were simultaneously monitored. When the salt particles were in an aqueous state at elevated relative humidities (RHs), the exchange of ammonia/amine vapors in the particle phase was reversible. The exchange rates of aqueous particles were in general higher than those of their corresponding solid counterparts. An aqueous phase was essential for the effective displacement of ammonia and amines. Aminium salts in different phase states and with different evaporation characteristics showed remarkably different reaction behaviors in ammonia vapor. The less compact amorphous aminium sulfate solids were more susceptible to ammonia exchange than the crystalline solids. The aminium salts in a liquid state exhibited substantial amine evaporation at <3% RH and formed acidic bisulfate. Under ammonia exposure, these acidic aminium droplets underwent both neutralization and displacement reactions. Stable solid salts containing ammonium, aminium, sulfate, and bisulfate were formed and hindered further reactions. The result suggests that ambient aminium sulfates may be acidic. Overall, the phase states of the ammonium and aminium salt particles crucially determine the heterogeneous reaction rates and final product properties and identities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lap P Chan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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11
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Nguyen TB, Coggon MM, Flagan RC, Seinfeld JH. Reactive uptake and photo-Fenton oxidation of glycolaldehyde in aerosol liquid water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:4307-4316. [PMID: 23557515 DOI: 10.1021/es400538j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The reactive uptake and aqueous oxidation of glycolaldehyde were examined in a photochemical flow reactor using hydrated ammonium sulfate (AS) seed aerosols at RH = 80%. The glycolaldehyde that partitioned into the aerosol liquid water was oxidized via two mechanisms that may produce aqueous OH: hydrogen peroxide photolysis (H2O2 + hν) and the photo-Fenton reaction (Fe (II) + H2O2 + hν). The uptake of 80 (±10) ppb glycolaldehyde produced 2-4 wt % organic aerosol mass in the dark (kH* = (2.09-4.17) × 10(6) M atm(-1)), and the presence of an OH source increased the aqueous uptake by a factor of 4. Although the uptake was similar in both OH-aging mechanisms, photo-Fenton significantly increased the degree of oxidation (O/C = 0.9) of the aerosols compared to H2O2 photolysis (O/C = 0.5). Aerosol organics oxidized by photo-Fenton and H2O2 photolysis resemble ambient "aged" and "fresh" OA, respectively, after the equivalent of 2 h atmospheric aging. No uptake or changes in particle composition occurred on dry seed aerosol. This work illustrates that photo-Fenton chemistry efficiently forms highly oxidized organic mass in aerosol liquid water, providing a possible mechanism to bridge the gap between bulk-phase experiments and ambient particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- T B Nguyen
- Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA.
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12
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Abstract
Heterogeneous reactions of amines have been recently shown to play an important role in the formation and transformation of atmospheric aerosols. This perspective summarizes the latest laboratory progress in the multiphase chemistry of amines. Particular emphasis is given to the contributions of amines to new particle formation, growth of submicron particles, and alteration in the physiochemical properties of pre-existing particles, including hygroscopicity, thermostability, density, phase, and optical properties, from exposure to gaseous amines. The atmospheric implications of the multiphase reactions of amines, including the potential impact on direct and indirect climate forcing of aerosols, and future research directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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13
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Liu Y, Ma Q, He H. Heterogeneous uptake of amines by citric acid and humic acid. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:11112-11118. [PMID: 22963339 DOI: 10.1021/es302414v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous uptake of methylamine (MA), dimethylamine (DMA), and trimethylamine (TMA) onto citric acid and humic acid was investigated using a Knudsen cell reactor coupled to a quadrupole mass spectrometer at 298 K. Acid-base reactions between amines and carboxylic acids were confirmed. The observed uptake coefficients of MA, DMA, and TMA on citric acid at 298 K were measured to be 7.31 ± 1.13 × 10(-3), 6.65 ± 0.49 × 10(-3), and 5.82 ± 0.68 × 10(-3), respectively, and showed independence of sample mass. The observed uptake coefficients of MA, DMA, and TMA on humic acid at 298 K increased linearly with sample mass, and the true uptake coefficients of MA, DMA, and TMA were measured to be 1.26 ± 0.07 × 10(-5), 7.33 ± 0.40 × 10(-6), and 4.75 ± 0.15 × 10(-6), respectively. Citric acid, having stronger acidity, showed a higher reactivity than humic acid for a given amine; while the steric effect of amines was found to govern the reactivity between amines and citric acid or humic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchun Liu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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14
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Ion chromatographic separation and quantitation of alkyl methylamines and ethylamines in atmospheric gas and particulate matter using preconcentration and suppressed conductivity detection. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1252:74-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.06.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Revised: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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15
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Qiu C, Zhang R. Physiochemical properties of alkylaminium sulfates: hygroscopicity, thermostability, and density. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2012; 46:4474-4480. [PMID: 22417685 DOI: 10.1021/es3004377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Although heterogeneous interaction of amines has been recently shown to play an important role in the formation and growth of atmospheric aerosols, little information is available on the physicochemical properties of aminium sulfates. In this study, the hygroscopicity, thermostability, and density of alkylaminium sulfates (AASs) have been measured by an integrated aerosol analytical system including a tandem differential mobility analyzer and an aerosol particle mass analyzer. AAS aerosols exhibit monotonic size growth at increasing RH without a well-defined deliquescence point. Mixing of ammonium sulfate (AS) with AASs lowers the deliquescence point corresponding to AS. Particles with AASs show comparable or higher thermostability than that of AS. The density of AASs is determined to be 1.2-1.5 g cm(-3), and an empirical model is developed to predict the density of AASs on the basis of the mole ratio of alkyl carbons to total sulfate. Our results reveal that the heterogeneous uptake of amines on sulfate particles may considerably alter the aerosol properties. In particular, the displacement reaction of alkylamines with ammonium sulfate aerosols leads to a transition from the crystalline to an amorphorous phase and an improved water uptake, considerably enhancing their direct and indirect climate forcing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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16
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Pratt KA, Prather KA. Mass spectrometry of atmospheric aerosols--recent developments and applications. Part II: On-line mass spectrometry techniques. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2012; 31:17-48. [PMID: 21449003 DOI: 10.1002/mas.20330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2009] [Revised: 08/19/2010] [Accepted: 08/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Many of the significant advances in our understanding of atmospheric particles can be attributed to the application of mass spectrometry. Mass spectrometry provides high sensitivity with fast response time to probe chemically complex particles. This review focuses on recent developments and applications in the field of mass spectrometry of atmospheric aerosols. In Part II of this two-part review, we concentrate on real-time mass spectrometry techniques, which provide high time resolution for insight into brief events and diurnal changes while eliminating the potential artifacts acquired during long-term filter sampling. In particular, real-time mass spectrometry has been shown recently to provide the ability to probe the chemical composition of ambient individual particles <30 nm in diameter to further our understanding of how particles are formed through nucleation in the atmosphere. Further, transportable real-time mass spectrometry techniques are now used frequently on ground-, ship-, and aircraft-based studies around the globe to further our understanding of the spatial distribution of atmospheric aerosols. In addition, coupling aerosol mass spectrometry techniques with other measurements in series has allowed the in situ determination of chemically resolved particle effective density, refractive index, volatility, and cloud activation properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerri A Pratt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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17
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Zhang R, Khalizov A, Wang L, Hu M, Xu W. Nucleation and growth of nanoparticles in the atmosphere. Chem Rev 2011; 112:1957-2011. [PMID: 22044487 DOI: 10.1021/cr2001756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 471] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Renyi Zhang
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Center for Atmospheric Chemistry and Environment, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA.
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Salo K, Westerlund J, Andersson PU, Nielsen C, D’Anna B, Hallquist M. Thermal Characterization of Aminium Nitrate Nanoparticles. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:11671-7. [DOI: 10.1021/jp204957k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kent Salo
- Department of Chemistry, Atmospheric Science, University of Gothenburg, SE 412 96 Göteborg Sweden
| | - Jonathan Westerlund
- Department of Chemistry, Atmospheric Science, University of Gothenburg, SE 412 96 Göteborg Sweden
| | - Patrik U. Andersson
- Department of Chemistry, Atmospheric Science, University of Gothenburg, SE 412 96 Göteborg Sweden
| | - Claus Nielsen
- Centre of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, POB 1033 Blindern, N-0315 Oslo, Norway
| | - Barbara D’Anna
- Université Lyon 1, Lyon, CNRS, UMR5256, IRCELYON, Institut de Recherches sur la Catalyse et L’Environnement de Lyon, Villeurbanne, F-69626, France
| | - Mattias Hallquist
- Department of Chemistry, Atmospheric Science, University of Gothenburg, SE 412 96 Göteborg Sweden
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Qiu C, Wang L, Lal V, Khalizov AF, Zhang R. Heterogeneous reactions of alkylamines with ammonium sulfate and ammonium bisulfate. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:4748-4755. [PMID: 21539370 DOI: 10.1021/es1043112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The heterogeneous reactions between alkylamines and ammonium salts (ammonium sulfate and ammonium bisulfate) have been studied using a low-pressure fast flow reactor coupled to an ion drift-chemical ionization mass spectrometer (ID-CIMS) at 293 ± 2 K. The uptake of three alkylamines, i.e., monomethylamine, dimethylamine, and trimethylamine, on ammonium sulfate shows a displacement reaction of ammonium by aminium, evidenced by the release of ammonia monitored using protonated acetone dimer as the reagent ion. For the three alkylamines, the initial uptake coefficients (γ(0)) range from 2.6 × 10(-2) to 3.4 × 10(-2) and the steady-state uptake coefficients (γ(ss)) range from 6.0 × 10(-3) to 2.3 × 10(-4) and decrease as the number of methyl groups on the alkylamine increases. A different reaction mechanism is observed for the uptake of the three alkylamines on ammonium bisulfate, which is featured by an acid-base reaction (neutralization) with irreversible alkylamine loss and no ammonia generation and occurs at a rate limited by diffusion of gaseous alkylamines to the ammonium bisulfate surface. Our results reveal that the reactions between alkylamines and ammonium salts contribute to particle growth and alter the composition of ammonium sulfate and bisulfate aerosols in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
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Rehbein PJG, Jeong CH, McGuire ML, Yao X, Corbin JC, Evans GJ. Cloud and fog processing enhanced gas-to-particle partitioning of trimethylamine. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2011; 45:4346-4352. [PMID: 21488635 DOI: 10.1021/es1042113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
An aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer (ATOFMS) was used to detect trimethylamine (TMA) in 0.52-1.9 μm particles at urban and rural sites in Southern Ontario during the summer and winter of 2007. During the summer, TMA-containing particles were observed exclusively during high relative humidity or fog events at both the urban and rural sites. In the wintertime, greater concentrations of TMA-containing particles were linked to cloud processing of aerosol in air masses originating from over agricultural and livestock areas. A laboratory study revealed that, at high relative humidity (∼ 100%), gas phase TMA at concentrations ranging from 2 to 20,000 ppt partitions preferentially to acidic particles present in the ambient air. On the basis of the field and laboratory studies, it appears that gas phase TMA present in ambient air partitions onto pre-existing particles preferentially during periods of acidic cloud/fog processing, leading to the presence of TMA-containing particles in the 0.52-1.9 μm size range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J G Rehbein
- Southern Ontario Centre for Atmospheric Aerosol Research, University of Toronto, 200 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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21
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Bzdek BR, Ridge DP, Johnston MV. Reactivity of methanesulfonic acid salt clusters relevant to marine air. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1029/2010jd015217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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22
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Barnes I, Solignac G, Mellouki A, Becker KH. Aspects of the Atmospheric Chemistry of Amides. Chemphyschem 2010; 11:3844-57. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201000374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian Barnes
- Fachbereich C—Physikalische Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gauss‐Strasse 20, 42119 Wuppertal (Germany), Fax: (+44) 202 439 2505
| | - Geraldine Solignac
- ICARE‐CNRS, 1C Avenue de la Recherche Scientifique, 45071 Orléans Cedex 02 (France)
| | - Abdelwahid Mellouki
- ICARE‐CNRS, 1C Avenue de la Recherche Scientifique, 45071 Orléans Cedex 02 (France)
| | - Karl H. Becker
- Fachbereich C—Physikalische Chemie, Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Gauss‐Strasse 20, 42119 Wuppertal (Germany), Fax: (+44) 202 439 2505
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23
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Wang L, Lal V, Khalizov AF, Zhang R. Heterogeneous chemistry of alkylamines with sulfuric acid: implications for atmospheric formation of alkylaminium sulfates. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:2461-2465. [PMID: 20192255 DOI: 10.1021/es9036868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The heterogeneous interaction of alkylamines with sulfuric acid has been investigated to assess the role of amines in aerosol growth through the formation of alkylaminium sulfates. The kinetic experiments were conducted in a low-pressure fast flow reactor coupled to an ion drift-chemical ionization mass spectrometer (ID-CIMS). The measurements of heterogeneous uptake of methylamine, dimethylamine, and trimethylamine were performed in the acidity range of 59-82 wt % H(2)SO(4) and between 243 and 283 K. Irreversible reactive uptakes were observed for all three alkylamines, with comparable uptake coefficients (gamma) in the range of 2.0 x 10(-2) to 4.4 x 10(-2). The measured gamma value was slightly higher in more concentrated sulfuric acid and at lower temperatures. The results imply that the heterogeneous reactions of alkylamines contribute effectively to the growth of atmospheric acidic particles and, hence, secondary organic aerosol formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Wang
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences and Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, USA
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24
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Observations of aminium salts in atmospheric nanoparticles and possible climatic implications. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 107:6634-9. [PMID: 20080626 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0912127107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We present laboratory studies and field observations that explore the role of aminium salt formation in atmospheric nanoparticle growth. These measurements were performed using the Thermal Desorption Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometer (TDCIMS) and Ultrafine Hygroscopicity Tandem Differential Mobility Analyzers. Laboratory measurements of alkylammonium-carboxylate salt nanoparticles show that these particles exhibit lower volatilities and only slightly lower hygroscopicities than ammonium sulfate nanoparticles. TDCIMS measurements of these aminium salts showed that the protonated amines underwent minimal decomposition during analysis, with detection sensitivities comparable to those of organic and inorganic deprotonated acids. TDCIMS observations made of a new particle formation event in an urban site in Tecamac, Mexico, clearly indicate the presence of protonated amines in 8-10 nm diameter particles accounting for about 47% of detected positive ions; 13 nm particles were hygroscopic with an average 90% RH growth factor of 1.42. Observations of a new particle formation event in a remote forested site in Hyytiälä, Finland, show the presence of aminium ions with deprotonated organic acids; 23% of the detected positive ions during this event are attributed to aminium salts while 10 nm particles had an average 90% RH growth factor of 1.27. Similar TDCIMS observations during events in Atlanta and in the vicinity of Boulder, Colorado, show that aminium salts accounted for 10-35% of detected positive ions. We conclude that aminium salts contribute significantly to nanoparticle growth and must be accounted for in models to accurately predict the impact of new particle formation on climate.
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