1
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Cahaya AB, Leon AO, Fauzi MH. Spin-orbit torque on nuclear spins exerted by a spin accumulation via hyperfine interactions. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 34:505001. [PMID: 37708861 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/acf9ac] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Spin-transfer and spin-orbit torques allow controlling magnetic degrees of freedom in various materials and devices. However, while the transfer of angular momenta between electrons has been widely studied, the contribution of nuclear spins has yet to be explored further. This article demonstrates that the hyperfine coupling, which consists of Fermi contact and dipolar interactions, can mediate the application of spin-orbit torques acting on nuclear spins. Our starting point is a sizable nuclear spin in a metal with electronic spin accumulation. Then, via the hyperfine interactions, the nuclear spin modifies the an electronic spin density. The reactions to the equilibrium and nonequilibrium components of the spin density is a torque on the nucleus with field-like and damping-like components, respectively. Thisnuclearspin-orbittorqueis a step toward stabilizing and controlling nuclear magnetic momenta, in magnitude and direction, and realizing nuclear spintronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam B Cahaya
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Indonesia, Depok 16424, Indonesia
- Research Center for Quantum Physics, National Research and Innovation Agency, South Tangerang, Banten, 15314, Indonesia
| | - Alejandro O Leon
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Matemática y del Medio Ambiente, Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Las Palmeras 3360, Ñuñoa 780-0003, Santiago, Chile
| | - Mohammad H Fauzi
- Research Center for Quantum Physics, National Research and Innovation Agency, South Tangerang, Banten, 15314, Indonesia
- Research Collaboration Center for Quantum Technology 2.0, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
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2
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Eills J, Budker D, Cavagnero S, Chekmenev EY, Elliott SJ, Jannin S, Lesage A, Matysik J, Meersmann T, Prisner T, Reimer JA, Yang H, Koptyug IV. Spin Hyperpolarization in Modern Magnetic Resonance. Chem Rev 2023; 123:1417-1551. [PMID: 36701528 PMCID: PMC9951229 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance techniques are successfully utilized in a broad range of scientific disciplines and in various practical applications, with medical magnetic resonance imaging being the most widely known example. Currently, both fundamental and applied magnetic resonance are enjoying a major boost owing to the rapidly developing field of spin hyperpolarization. Hyperpolarization techniques are able to enhance signal intensities in magnetic resonance by several orders of magnitude, and thus to largely overcome its major disadvantage of relatively low sensitivity. This provides new impetus for existing applications of magnetic resonance and opens the gates to exciting new possibilities. In this review, we provide a unified picture of the many methods and techniques that fall under the umbrella term "hyperpolarization" but are currently seldom perceived as integral parts of the same field. Specifically, before delving into the individual techniques, we provide a detailed analysis of the underlying principles of spin hyperpolarization. We attempt to uncover and classify the origins of hyperpolarization, to establish its sources and the specific mechanisms that enable the flow of polarization from a source to the target spins. We then give a more detailed analysis of individual hyperpolarization techniques: the mechanisms by which they work, fundamental and technical requirements, characteristic applications, unresolved issues, and possible future directions. We are seeing a continuous growth of activity in the field of spin hyperpolarization, and we expect the field to flourish as new and improved hyperpolarization techniques are implemented. Some key areas for development are in prolonging polarization lifetimes, making hyperpolarization techniques more generally applicable to chemical/biological systems, reducing the technical and equipment requirements, and creating more efficient excitation and detection schemes. We hope this review will facilitate the sharing of knowledge between subfields within the broad topic of hyperpolarization, to help overcome existing challenges in magnetic resonance and enable novel applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Eills
- Institute
for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Barcelona
Institute of Science and Technology, 08028Barcelona, Spain,
| | - Dmitry Budker
- Johannes
Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55128Mainz, Germany,Helmholtz-Institut,
GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 55128Mainz, Germany,Department
of Physics, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - Silvia Cavagnero
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, Wisconsin53706, United States
| | - Eduard Y. Chekmenev
- Department
of Chemistry, Integrative Biosciences (IBio), Karmanos Cancer Institute
(KCI), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan48202, United States,Russian
Academy of Sciences, Moscow119991, Russia
| | - Stuart J. Elliott
- Molecular
Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College
London, LondonW12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Sami Jannin
- Centre
de RMN à Hauts Champs de Lyon, Université
de Lyon, CNRS, ENS Lyon, Université Lyon 1, 69100Villeurbanne, France
| | - Anne Lesage
- Centre
de RMN à Hauts Champs de Lyon, Université
de Lyon, CNRS, ENS Lyon, Université Lyon 1, 69100Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jörg Matysik
- Institut
für Analytische Chemie, Universität
Leipzig, Linnéstr. 3, 04103Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Meersmann
- Sir
Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, University Park, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, NottinghamNG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Prisner
- Institute
of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry and Center of Biomolecular Magnetic
Resonance, Goethe University Frankfurt, , 60438Frankfurt
am Main, Germany
| | - Jeffrey A. Reimer
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, UC Berkeley, and Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - Hanming Yang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, Wisconsin53706, United States
| | - Igor V. Koptyug
- International Tomography Center, Siberian
Branch of the Russian Academy
of Sciences, 630090Novosibirsk, Russia,
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3
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Tominaga Y, Takeda K. An electro-mechano-optical NMR probe for 1H– 13C double resonance in a superconducting magnet. Analyst 2022; 147:1847-1852. [DOI: 10.1039/d2an00220e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A compact nanomembrane radiofrequency-to-light transducer brings the emerging Electro-Mechano-Optical (EMO) NMR technique into the realm of practical NMR in chemistry using a superconducting magnet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Tominaga
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, 606-8502 Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Takeda
- Division of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, 606-8502 Kyoto, Japan
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4
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West ME, Sesti EL, Willmering MM, Wheeler DD, Ma ZL, Hayes SE. Describing angular momentum conventions in circularly polarized optically pumped NMR in GaAs and CdTe. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2021; 327:106980. [PMID: 33940541 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2021.106980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The physical phenomena governing hyperpolarization through optical pumping of conduction electrons continue to be explored in multiple semiconductor systems. One early finding has been the asymmetry between the optically pumped nuclear magnetic resonance (OPNMR) signals when generated by different circular polarizations (i.e., light helicities). Because these resonances are asymmetric, the midpoint between the signals prepared with each of the two circular polarizations is either a positive or negative value, termed an "offset" that is representative of an optical Overhauser enhancement. Both negative offsets (in GaAs) and positive offsets (in CdTe) have been observed. The origins of these offsets in semiconductors are believed to arise from thermalized electrons; however, to the best of our knowledge, no study has systematically tested this hypothesis. To that end, we have adopted two configurations for OPNMR experiments-one in which the Poynting vector of the laser light and magnetic field are parallel, and one in which they are antiparallel, while other experimental conditions are kept the same. We find that the OPNMR signal response to a fixed helicity of light depends on the experimental configuration, and this configuration needs to be accounted for in order to properly describe the OPNMR results. Further, studying the offsets as a function of field strength shows that the optical Overhauser enhancement (the offset) increases in magnitude with field strength. Finally, by describing all angular momentum and phasing conventions unambiguously, we are able to determine that the absorptively-phased appearance of 113Cd (and 125Te) OPNMR in CdTe is a consequence of the sign of the nuclear gyromagnetic ratios for these isotopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael E West
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, United States
| | - Erika L Sesti
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, United States
| | - Matthew M Willmering
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, United States
| | - Dustin D Wheeler
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, United States
| | - Zayd L Ma
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, United States
| | - Sophia E Hayes
- Department of Chemistry, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, United States.
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Chmelka BF. Materializing opportunities for NMR of solids. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2019; 306:91-97. [PMID: 31377152 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2019.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Advancements in sensitivity and resolution of NMR of solids are opening a bonanza of fundamental and technological opportunities in materials science. Many of these are at the boundaries of related disciplines that provide creative inputs to motivate the development of new methodologies and possibilities for new applications. As Boltzmann limitations are surmounted by dynamic-nuclear-polarization- and laser-enhanced hyperpolarization techniques, the correlative benefits of multidimensional NMR are becoming more and more impactful. Nevertheless, there are limits, and the atomic-level information provided by solid-state NMR will be most useful in combination with state-of-the-art diffraction, microscopy, computational, and materials synthesis methods. Collectively these can be expected to lead to design criteria that will promote discovery of new materials, lead to novel or improved material properties, catalyze new applications, and motivate further methodological advancements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley F Chmelka
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
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6
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Stanbury EV, Richardson PM, Duckett SB. Understanding substrate substituent effects to improve catalytic efficiency in the SABRE hyperpolarisation process. Catal Sci Technol 2019; 9:3914-3922. [PMID: 31814960 PMCID: PMC6836623 DOI: 10.1039/c9cy00396g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The use of parahydrogen based hyperpolarisation in NMR is becoming more widespread due to the rapidly expanding range of suitable target molecules and low-cost of parahydrogen production. Hyperpolarisation via SABRE catalysis employs a metal complex to transfer polarisation from parahydrogen into a substrate whilst they are bound. In this paper we present a quantitative study of substrate-iridium ligation effects by reference to the substrates 4-chloropyridine (A), 4-pyridinecarboxaldehyde methyl hemiacetal (B), 4-methylpyridine (C) and 4-methoxypyridine (D), and evaluate the role they play in the SABRE catalysis. Substrates whose substituents enable stronger associations yield slower substrate dissociation rates (k d). A series of variable temperature studies link these exchange rates to optimal SABRE performance and reveal the critical impact of NMR relaxation times (T 1). Longer catalyst residence times are shown to result in shorter substrate T 1 values in solution as binding to iridium promotes relaxation thereby not only reducing SABRE efficiency but decreasing the overall level of achieved hyperpolarisation. Based on these data, a route to achieve more optimal SABRE performance is defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma V Stanbury
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance , Department of Chemistry , University of York , York , YO10 5NY UK .
| | - Peter M Richardson
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance , Department of Chemistry , University of York , York , YO10 5NY UK .
| | - Simon B Duckett
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance , Department of Chemistry , University of York , York , YO10 5NY UK .
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7
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Morozova OB, Ivanov KL. Time-Resolved Chemically Induced Dynamic Nuclear Polarization of Biologically Important Molecules. Chemphyschem 2018; 20:197-215. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201800566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olga B. Morozova
- International Tomography Center; Institutskaya 3a 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
- Novosibirsk State University; Pirogova 2 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
| | - Konstantin L. Ivanov
- International Tomography Center; Institutskaya 3a 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
- Novosibirsk State University; Pirogova 2 630090 Novosibirsk Russia
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8
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Morozova OB, Yurkovskaya AV, Vieth HM, Sosnovsky DV, Ivanov KL. Light-induced spin hyperpolarisation in condensed phase. Mol Phys 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2017.1363923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olga B. Morozova
- Laboratory of Magnetic and Spin Phenomena, International Tomography Center SB RAS, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
- Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry, Biology and Medicine, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Alexandra V. Yurkovskaya
- Laboratory of Magnetic and Spin Phenomena, International Tomography Center SB RAS, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
- Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry, Biology and Medicine, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Hans-Martin Vieth
- Laboratory of Magnetic and Spin Phenomena, International Tomography Center SB RAS, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
- Department of Physics, Free University of Berlin, Berlin, 14195, Germany
| | - Denis V. Sosnovsky
- Laboratory of Magnetic and Spin Phenomena, International Tomography Center SB RAS, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
- Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry, Biology and Medicine, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Konstantin L. Ivanov
- Laboratory of Magnetic and Spin Phenomena, International Tomography Center SB RAS, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
- Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance in Chemistry, Biology and Medicine, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
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9
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Scott E, Drake M, Reimer JA. The phenomenology of optically pumped (13)C NMR in diamond at 7.05T: Room temperature polarization, orientation dependence, and the effect of defect concentration on polarization dynamics. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2016; 264:154-162. [PMID: 26920840 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 01/03/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Room temperature optical illumination of NV- imbibed single crystal diamonds with a 532 nm laser produces (13)C polarization enhancements up to 200 times greater than that of the thermal equilibrium value at 7.05 T. We report high field NV- mediated (13)C polarization as a function of the number and type (NV- and P1) of defects in commercially available diamonds. Surprisingly, both positive and negative (13)C polarizations are observed depending on the orientation of the crystal with respect to the external magnetic field and the electric field vector of the optical illumination. The data reported herein cannot be explained by a previously proposed mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Scott
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, USA
| | - Melanie Drake
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Jeffrey A Reimer
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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10
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Zhang R, Mroue KH, Ramamoorthy A. Proton chemical shift tensors determined by 3D ultrafast MAS double-quantum NMR spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2015; 143:144201. [PMID: 26472372 PMCID: PMC4608963 DOI: 10.1063/1.4933114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Proton NMR spectroscopy in the solid state has recently attracted much attention owing to the significant enhancement in spectral resolution afforded by the remarkable advances in ultrafast magic angle spinning (MAS) capabilities. In particular, proton chemical shift anisotropy (CSA) has become an important tool for obtaining specific insights into inter/intra-molecular hydrogen bonding. However, even at the highest currently feasible spinning frequencies (110-120 kHz), (1)H MAS NMR spectra of rigid solids still suffer from poor resolution and severe peak overlap caused by the strong (1)H-(1)H homonuclear dipolar couplings and narrow (1)H chemical shift (CS) ranges, which render it difficult to determine the CSA of specific proton sites in the standard CSA/single-quantum (SQ) chemical shift correlation experiment. Herein, we propose a three-dimensional (3D) (1)H double-quantum (DQ) chemical shift/CSA/SQ chemical shift correlation experiment to extract the CS tensors of proton sites whose signals are not well resolved along the single-quantum chemical shift dimension. As extracted from the 3D spectrum, the F1/F3 (DQ/SQ) projection provides valuable information about (1)H-(1)H proximities, which might also reveal the hydrogen-bonding connectivities. In addition, the F2/F3 (CSA/SQ) correlation spectrum, which is similar to the regular 2D CSA/SQ correlation experiment, yields chemical shift anisotropic line shapes at different isotropic chemical shifts. More importantly, since the F2/F1 (CSA/DQ) spectrum correlates the CSA with the DQ signal induced by two neighboring proton sites, the CSA spectrum sliced at a specific DQ chemical shift position contains the CSA information of two neighboring spins indicated by the DQ chemical shift. If these two spins have different CS tensors, both tensors can be extracted by numerical fitting. We believe that this robust and elegant single-channel proton-based 3D experiment provides useful atomistic-level structural and dynamical information for a variety of solid systems that possess high proton density.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongchun Zhang
- Biophysics and Department of Chemistry, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, USA
| | - Kamal H Mroue
- Biophysics and Department of Chemistry, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, USA
| | - Ayyalusamy Ramamoorthy
- Biophysics and Department of Chemistry, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, USA
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11
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Yoon D, Soundararajan M, Ansermet JP. Nuclear polarization by optical pumping in InP:Fe above liquid nitrogen temperature. SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2015; 70:48-52. [PMID: 26113254 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Hyperpolarized nuclear spins are observed in optically pumped iron-doped InP from 70K to 140K. (31)P NMR was carried out at 9.28T (159.8MHz) during optical excitation with circularly polarized light, using a laser diode (λ∼830nm) as a source. The enhancement of the nuclear spin polarization by optical pumping at 70K is estimated to be about 34 for those nuclei in the region of the sample absorbing light. This enhancement decreases with increasing temperature. As the direction of the enhanced nuclear spin polarization is found parallel or antiparallel to the travelling direction of the σ(+) or σ(-), the contact hyperfine interaction is dominant compared to the dipolar hyperfine interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyoung Yoon
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Institute of Condensed Matter Physics, CH-1015 Lausanne-EPFL, Switzerland.
| | - Murari Soundararajan
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Institute of Condensed Matter Physics, CH-1015 Lausanne-EPFL, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Philippe Ansermet
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Institute of Condensed Matter Physics, CH-1015 Lausanne-EPFL, Switzerland
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12
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Hu KN. Polarizing agents and mechanisms for high-field dynamic nuclear polarization of frozen dielectric solids. SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2011; 40:31-41. [PMID: 21855299 PMCID: PMC3171565 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2011.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2011] [Revised: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
This article provides an overview of polarizing mechanisms involved in high-frequency dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) of frozen biological samples at temperatures maintained using liquid nitrogen, compatible with contemporary magic-angle spinning (MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Typical DNP experiments require unpaired electrons that are usually exogenous in samples via paramagnetic doping with polarizing agents. Thus, the resulting nuclear polarization mechanism depends on the electron and nuclear spin interactions induced by the paramagnetic species. The Overhauser Effect (OE) DNP, which relies on time-dependent spin-spin interactions, is excluded from our discussion due the lack of conducting electrons in frozen aqueous solutions containing biological entities. DNP of particular interest to us relies primarily on time-independent, spin-spin interactions for significant electron-nucleus polarization transfer through mechanisms such as the Solid Effect (SE), the Cross Effect (CE) or Thermal Mixing (TM), involving one, two or multiple electron spins, respectively. Derived from monomeric radicals initially used in high-field DNP experiments, bi- or multiple-radical polarizing agents facilitate CE/TM to generate significant NMR signal enhancements in dielectric solids at low temperatures (<100 K). For example, large DNP enhancements (∼300 times at 5 T) from a biologically compatible biradical, 1-(TEMPO-4-oxy)-3-(TEMPO-4-amino)propan-2-ol (TOTAPOL), have enabled high-resolution MAS NMR in sample systems existing in submicron domains or embedded in larger biomolecular complexes. The scope of this review is focused on recently developed DNP polarizing agents for high-field applications and leads up to future developments per the CE DNP mechanism. Because DNP experiments are feasible with a solid-state microwave source when performed at <20K, nuclear polarization using lower microwave power (<100 mW) is possible by forcing a high proportion of biradicals to fulfill the frequency matching condition of CE (two EPR frequencies separated by the NMR frequency) using the strategies involving hetero-radical moieties and/or molecular alignment. In addition, the combination of an excited triplet and a stable radical might provide alternative DNP mechanisms without the microwave requirement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan-Nian Hu
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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13
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Optical switching of nuclear spin-spin couplings in semiconductors. Nat Commun 2011; 2:378. [PMID: 21730962 PMCID: PMC3144591 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms1378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 06/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-qubit operation is an essential part of quantum computation. However, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance quantum computing has not been able to fully implement this functionality, because it requires a switchable inter-qubit coupling that controls the time evolutions of entanglements. Nuclear dipolar coupling is beneficial in that it is present whenever nuclear–spin qubits are close to each other, while it complicates two-qubit operation because the qubits must remain decoupled to prevent unwanted couplings. Here we introduce optically controllable internuclear coupling in semiconductors. The coupling strength can be adjusted externally through light power and even allows on/off switching. This feature provides a simple way of switching inter-qubit couplings in semiconductor-based quantum computers. In addition, its long reach compared with nuclear dipolar couplings allows a variety of options for arranging qubits, as they need not be next to each other to secure couplings. Two-qubit operation is an essential part of quantum computation, but implementation has been difficult. Goto et al. introduce optically controllable internuclear coupling in semiconductors providing a simple way of switching inter-qubit couplings in semiconductor-based quantum computers.
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15
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16
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Reimer JA. Nuclear hyperpolarization in solids and the prospects for nuclear spintronics. SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2010; 37:3-12. [PMID: 20413281 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2010.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2010] [Accepted: 04/02/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear hyperpolarization can be achieved in a number of ways. This article focuses on the use of coupling of nuclei to (nearly) pure quantum states, with particular emphasis on those states obtained by optical excitation in bulk semiconductors. I seek an answer to this question: "What is to prevent the design and analysis of nuclear spintronics devices that use the extremely long-lived hyperpolarized nuclear spin states, and their weak couplings to each other, to affect computation, memory, or informational technology schemes?" The answer, I argue, is in part because there remains a lack of fundamental understanding of how to generate and control nuclear polarization with schemes other than with rf coils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Reimer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-1642, USA.
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17
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Kentgens APM, Bart J, van Bentum PJM, Brinkmann A, van Eck ERH, Gardeniers JGE, Janssen JWG, Knijn P, Vasa S, Verkuijlen MHW. High-resolution liquid- and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance of nanoliter sample volumes using microcoil detectors. J Chem Phys 2008; 128:052202. [DOI: 10.1063/1.2833560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
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18
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Abstract
The invention and initial demonstration of magnetic resonance force microscopy (MRFM) in the early 1990s launched a renaissance of mechanical approaches to detecting magnetic resonance. This article reviews progress made in MRFM in the last decade, including the demonstration of scanned probe detection of magnetic resonance (electron spin resonance, ferromagnetic resonance, and nuclear magnetic resonance) and the mechanical detection of electron spin resonance from a single spin. Force and force-gradient approaches to mechanical detection are reviewed and recent related work using attonewton sensitivity cantilevers to probe minute fluctuating electric fields near surfaces is discussed. Given recent progress, pushing MRFM to single proton sensitivity remains an exciting possibility. We will survey some practical and fundamental issues that must be resolved to meet this challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seppe Kuehn
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Steven A. Hickman
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - John A. Marohn
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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Diller A, Prakash S, Alia A, Gast P, Matysik J, Jeschke G. Signals in Solid-State Photochemically Induced Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Recover Faster Than Signals Obtained with the Longitudinal Relaxation Time. J Phys Chem B 2007; 111:10606-14. [PMID: 17696523 DOI: 10.1021/jp072428r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
During the photocycle of quinone-blocked photosynthetic reaction centers (RCs), photochemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization (photo-CIDNP) is produced by polarization transfer from the initially totally electron polarized electron pair and can be observed by 13C magic-angle spinning (MAS) NMR as a strong modification of signal intensities. The same processes creating net nuclear polarization open up light-dependent channels for polarization loss. This leads to coherent and incoherent enhanced signal recovery, in addition to the recovery due to light-independent longitudinal relaxation. Coherent mixing between electron and nuclear spin states due to pseudosecular hyperfine coupling within the radical pair state provides such a coherent loss channel for nuclear polarization. Another polarization transfer mechanism called differential relaxation, which is based on the long lifetime of the triplet state of the donor, provides an efficient incoherent relaxation path. In RCs of the purple bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides R26, the photochemical active channels allow for accelerated signal scanning by a factor of 5. Hence, photo-CIDNP MAS NMR provides the possibility to drive the NMR technique beyond the T1 limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Diller
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, PO Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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21
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Iijima T, Hashi K, Goto A, Shimizu T, Ohki S. Anisotropic indirect nuclear spin–spin coupling in InP: 31P CP NMR study under slow MAS condition. Chem Phys Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2005.11.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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22
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Prakash S, Gast P, de Groot HJM, Jeschke G, Matysik J. Magnetic Field Dependence of Photo-CIDNP MAS NMR on Photosynthetic Reaction Centers ofRhodobacter sphaeroidesWT. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:14290-8. [PMID: 16218623 DOI: 10.1021/ja054015e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Photochemically induced dynamic nuclear polarization (photo-CIDNP) is observed in frozen and quinone depleted photosynthetic reaction centers of the purple bacteria Rhodobacter sphaeroides wild type (WT) by (13)C solid-state NMR at three different magnetic fields. All light-induced signals appear to be emissive at all three fields. At 4.7 T (200 MHz proton frequency), the strongest enhancement of NMR signals is observed, which is more than 10 000 above the Boltzmann polarization. At higher fields, the enhancement factor decreases. At 17.6 T, the enhancement factor is about 60. The field dependence of the enhancement appears to be the same for all nuclei. The observed field dependence is in line with simulations that assume two competing mechanisms of polarization transfer from electrons to nuclei, three-spin mixing (TSM) and differential decay (DD). These simulations indicate a ratio of the electron spin density on the special pair cofactors is 3:2 in favor of the L-BChl during the radical cation state. The good agreement of simulations with the experiments raises expectations that artificial solid reaction centers can be tuned to show photo-CIDNP in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shipra Prakash
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9502, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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23
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Ooms KJ, Campbell K, Tykwinski RR, Wasylishen RE. Hyperpolarized 129Xe NMR spectroscopic investigation of potentially porous shape-persistent macrocyclic materials. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1039/b507602a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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24
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Knagge K, Prange J, Raftery D. A continuously recirculating optical pumping apparatus for high xenon polarization and surface NMR studies. Chem Phys Lett 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2004.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Fukutomi J, Suzuki E, Shimizu T, Kimura A, Fujiwara H. Analysis of the effect of foreign gases in the production of hyperpolarized 129Xe gas on a simple system working under atmospheric pressure. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2003; 160:26-32. [PMID: 12565045 DOI: 10.1016/s1090-7807(02)00132-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Experimental conditions that affect the degree of polarization of 129Xe gas were tested for a higher degree of polarization to facilitate a laboratory use of 129Xe NMR, primarily on the effect of addition of foreign gases. When He, N(2), or D(2) gas was added separately to pure Xe gas with natural isotope abundance, D(2) gas gave better results than the others in enhancing the degree of polarization in 129Xe atom. When these gases were added in mixture, however, N(2) plus He was proved to be more efficient than D(2) or He in enhancing the degree of polarization. As a result, the degree of polarization was found to be increased by more than an order, when diluent gases were properly mixed; polarization as high as 35% was reached at gas composition of 5% Xe, 10% N(2), and 85% He, whereas only a few percent was attainable when Xe gas was polarized without mixing any foreign gases [J. Magn. Reson. 150 (2), 156-160 (2001)]. These results were discussed on a basis of quenching and buffer effects of foreign gases. Polarization was also measured after separating the pure Xe gas from the mixture; value of 22% was obtained for the Xe gas isolated after solidification in liquid nitrogen trap. Build-up time of the polarization was also tested, which did not change remarkably depending on the gas composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junko Fukutomi
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka University, 1-7 Yamadaoka, Suita, 565-0871, Osaka, Japan.
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26
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Rice CV, Raftery D. Rubidium–xenon spin exchange and relaxation rates measured at high pressure and high magnetic field. J Chem Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1063/1.1500733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
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27
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ZHENG RENHUI, CHEN DONGMING, HE TIANJIN, LIU FANCHEN. Laser-induced shifts and splittings of hyperfine structure lines in electron spin resonance spectra of35Cl atoms. Mol Phys 2002. [DOI: 10.1080/00268970210139903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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28
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Möller HE, Chen XJ, Saam B, Hagspiel KD, Johnson GA, Altes TA, de Lange EE, Kauczor HU. MRI of the lungs using hyperpolarized noble gases. Magn Reson Med 2002; 47:1029-51. [PMID: 12111949 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.10173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear spin polarization of the noble gas isotopes (3)He and (129)Xe can be increased using optical pumping methods by four to five orders of magnitude. This extraordinary gain in polarization translates directly into a gain in signal strength for MRI. The new technology of hyperpolarized (HP) gas MRI holds enormous potential for enhancing sensitivity and contrast in pulmonary imaging. This review outlines the physics underlying the optical pumping process, imaging strategies coping with the nonequilibrium polarization, and effects of the alveolar microstructure on relaxation and diffusion of the noble gases. It presents recent progress in HP gas MRI and applications ranging from MR microscopy of airspaces to imaging pulmonary function in patients and suggests potential directions for future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald E Möller
- Max-Planck-Institut für neuropsychologische Forschung, Leipzig, Germany.
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29
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Goodson BM. Nuclear magnetic resonance of laser-polarized noble gases in molecules, materials, and organisms. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2002; 155:157-216. [PMID: 12036331 DOI: 10.1006/jmre.2001.2341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The sensitivity of conventional nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques is fundamentally limited by the ordinarily low spin polarization achievable in even the strongest NMR magnets. However, by transferring angular momentum from laser light to electronic and nuclear spins, optical pumping methods can increase the nuclear spin polarization of noble gases by several orders of magnitude, thereby greatly enhancing their NMR sensitivity. This review describes the principles and magnetic resonance applications of laser-polarized noble gases. The enormous sensitivity enhancement afforded by optical pumping can be exploited to permit a variety of novel NMR experiments across numerous disciplines. Many such experiments are reviewed, including the void-space imaging of organisms and materials, NMR and MRI of living tissues, probing structure and dynamics of molecules in solution and on surfaces, NMR sensitivity enhancement via polarization transfer, and low-field NMR and MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boyd M Goodson
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley 94720-1460, USA
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30
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Tycko R. Biomolecular solid state NMR: advances in structural methodology and applications to peptide and protein fibrils. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2001; 52:575-606. [PMID: 11326075 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.physchem.52.1.575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) methods can provide atomic-level structural constraints on peptides and proteins in forms that are not amenable to characterization by other high-resolution structural techniques, owing to insolubility, high molecular weight, noncrystallinity, or other characteristics. Important examples include peptide and protein fibrils and membrane-bound peptides and proteins. Recent advances in solid state NMR methodology aimed at structural problems in biological systems are reviewed. The power of these methods is illustrated by experimental results on amyloid fibrils and other protein fibrils.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Tycko
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0520, USA.
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Fujiwara H, Kimura A, Yanagawa Y, Kamiya T, Hattori M, Hiraga T. Relaxation behavior of laser-polarized (129)Xe gas: size dependency and wall effect of the T(1) relaxation time in glass and gelatin bulbs. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2001; 150:156-160. [PMID: 11384174 DOI: 10.1006/jmre.2001.2327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Size dependency of the relaxation time T(1) was measured for laser-polarized (129)Xe gas encapsulated in different sized cavities made by glass bulbs or gelatin capsules. The use of laser-polarized gas enhances the sensitivity a great deal, making it possible to measure the longer (129)Xe relaxation time in quite a short time. The size dependency is analyzed on the basis of the kinetic theory of gases and a relationship is derived in which the relaxation rate is connected with the square inverse of the diameter of the cavity. Such an analysis provides a novel parameter which denotes the wall effect on the relaxation rate when a gas molecule collides with the surface once in a second. The relaxation time of (129)Xe gas is also dependent on the material which forms the cavity. This dependency is large and the relaxation study using polarized (129)Xe gas is expected to offer important information about the state of the matter of the cavity wall.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Fujiwara
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka University, 1-7 Yamada-Oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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32
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Leawoods JC, Saam BT, Conradi MS. Polarization transfer using hyperpolarized, supercritical xenon. Chem Phys Lett 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2614(00)00908-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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33
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34
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35
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Polenova T, McDermott AE. A Coherent Mixing Mechanism Explains the Photoinduced Nuclear Polarization in Photosynthetic Reaction Centers. J Phys Chem B 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9822642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana Polenova
- Columbia University, Department of Chemistry, New York, New York 10027
| | - Ann E. McDermott
- Columbia University, Department of Chemistry, New York, New York 10027
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36
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37
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Griffin RG. Dipolar recoupling in MAS spectra of biological solids. NATURE STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 1998; 5 Suppl:508-12. [PMID: 9665180 DOI: 10.1038/749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 298] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In combination with magic angle spinning, dipolar recoupling yields solid state NMR spectral assignments and provides constraints on internuclear distances and torsion angles. The method offers a fresh approach to structural studies of a variety of systems that cannot be examined with conventional tools available to structural biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Griffin
- Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge 02139-4507, USA.
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38
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Tycko R. Optical pumping in indium phosphide: 31P NMR measurements and potential for signal enhancement in biological solid state NMR. SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 1998; 11:1-9. [PMID: 9650786 DOI: 10.1016/s0926-2040(97)00092-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The initial results of optically-pumped, directly-detected NMR experiments on InP are reported. At low temperatures (4.2 K and above) and in a 9.39 T magnetic field, irradiation of a sample of an undoped InP wafer with 835-nm-wavelength light from a diode laser enhances the spin polarization of 31P nuclei near the sample surface in a manner that depends on the polarization of the light. The nuclear spin polarization is monitored by direct radio-frequency detection of nuclear free induction-decay signals. The maximum nuclear spin polarization (Szn> generated by optical pumping is approximately - 0.004, corresponding to a spin temperature of -0.5 K. The nuclear spin polarization may be limited in these experiments by the use of a high photon energy (1.484 eV) relative to the InP band gap (1.423 eV at low temperatures). It is proposed that optically-pumped InP may be useful as a source of enhanced nuclear spin polarizations for solid state NMR measurements on organic and biological overlayers deposited on InP substrates. Estimates are given for the magnitude of the spin polarization and the efficiency of the polarization transfer from the semiconductor substrate to the overlayer that would be required to permit solid state NMR measurements on sub-nanomole quantities of molecules in the overlayer. These estimates appear well within the range of possibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Tycko
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-0520, USA
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39
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Haake M, Pines A, Reimer JA, Seydoux R. Surface-Enhanced NMR Using Continuous-Flow Laser-Polarized Xenon. J Am Chem Soc 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9713587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Haake
- Materials Science Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Alexander Pines
- Materials Science Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Jeffrey A. Reimer
- Materials Science Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - Roberto Seydoux
- Materials Science Division Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Departments of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering University of California, Berkeley, California 94720
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Hall DA, Maus DC, Gerfen GJ, Inati SJ, Becerra LR, Dahlquist FW, Griffin RG. Polarization-enhanced NMR spectroscopy of biomolecules in frozen solution. Science 1997; 276:930-2. [PMID: 9139651 DOI: 10.1126/science.276.5314.930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 368] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Large dynamic nuclear polarization signal enhancements (up to a factor of 100) were obtained in the solid-state magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra of arginine and the protein T4 lysozyme in frozen glycerol-water solutions with the use of dynamic nuclear polarization. Polarization was transferred from the unpaired electrons of nitroxide free radicals to nuclear spins through microwave irradiation near the electron paramagnetic resonance frequency. This approach may be a generally applicable signal enhancement scheme for the high-resolution solid-state NMR spectroscopy of biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Hall
- Francis Bitter Magnet Laboratory and Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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