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Katsumi S, Saigusa M, Ito F. Molecular Aggregation Dynamics via a Liquid-like Cluster Intermediate during Heterogeneous Evaporation as Revealed by Hyperspectral Camera Fluorescence Imaging. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:976-984. [PMID: 35077181 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c09507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A hyperspectral camera (HSC) is a camera with great potential to obtain spectral information at each pixel, together with spatial imaging. HSC fluorescence imaging enables the molecular aggregation dynamics of the evaporative crystallization process to be followed in real-time. The key intermediate liquid-like cluster state for the two-step nucleation mechanism is visualized by the fluorescence color changes of mechanochromic luminescent dibenzoylmethanatoboron difluoride derivatives. Three types of emissive species (Crystal, BG-aggregates, and Amorphous) are generated from monomers in solution (low order and density) via liquid-like cluster (high density and low order) during solvent evaporation. These emissive species have partially different aggregated states based on fluorescence decay and fluorescence excitation spectral measurements. In terms of crystallization dynamics, our results indicate that it is important not only to generate supersaturated states but also to maintain the survival time of the liquid-like cluster. Moreover, we demonstrate that HSC fluorescence imaging can be a powerful tool for visualizing heterogeneous molecular aggregation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiho Katsumi
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Shinshu University, 3-15-1, Tokida, Ueda 386-8567, Japan
| | - Mai Saigusa
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Education, Shinshu University, 6-ro, Nishinagano, Nagano 380-8544, Japan
| | - Fuyuki Ito
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Education, Shinshu University, 6-ro, Nishinagano, Nagano 380-8544, Japan
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2
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Kari N, Zannotti M, Mamtmin G, Giovannetti R, Minofar B, Řeha D, Maimaiti P, Kutilike B, Yimit A. Substituent Effect on Porphyrin Film-Gas Interaction by Optical Waveguide: Spectrum Analysis and Molecular Dynamic Simulation. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E5613. [PMID: 33317086 PMCID: PMC7763641 DOI: 10.3390/ma13245613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Substituent effect on optical gas sensing performance in porphyrin-based optical waveguide detection system was studied by molecular dynamics simulation (MDS), absorption/emission spectrum analysis, and optical waveguide (OWG) detection. The affinities of porphyrin with seven types of substituents (-H, -OH, -tBu, -COOH, -NH2, -OCH3, -SO3-) on para position of meso-phenyl porphyrin toward gas molecules in adsorption process were studied in different size of boxes with the same pressure and concentration. Analyte gases (CO2, H2S, HCl, NO2) were exposed to porphyrin film in absorption spectrophotometer, and in OWG with evanescent field excited by a guiding laser light with 670 nm wavelength. The extent of interaction between host molecule and the guest analytes was analyzed by the number of gas molecules in vicinity of 0.3 nm around substituents of porphyrin molecules. Optical waveguide results reveal that sulfonate porphyrin is mostly responsive to hydrochloride, hydrosulfide gas and nitrogen dioxide gases with strong response intensity. Molecular dynamics and spectral analysis provide objective information about the molecular state and sensing properties. Molecular rearrangements induced by gas exposure was studied by spectral analysis and surface morphology before and after gas exposure taking hydrosulfide gas as an example. Film-gas interaction mechanism was discussed in terms of each gas and substituent group characters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuerguli Kari
- Institute of Applied Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China; (N.K.); (G.M.); (P.M.); (B.K.)
| | - Marco Zannotti
- Chemistry Division, School of Science and Technology, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Gulgina Mamtmin
- Institute of Applied Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China; (N.K.); (G.M.); (P.M.); (B.K.)
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Kashgar University, Kashgar 844006, China
| | - Rita Giovannetti
- Chemistry Division, School of Science and Technology, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy
| | - Babak Minofar
- Center for Nanobiology and Structural Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Zamek 136, 37333 NovéHrady, South Bohemia, Czech Republic;
| | - David Řeha
- Center for Nanobiology and Structural Biology, Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Zamek 136, 37333 NovéHrady, South Bohemia, Czech Republic;
| | - Patigu Maimaiti
- Institute of Applied Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China; (N.K.); (G.M.); (P.M.); (B.K.)
| | - Buayishamu Kutilike
- Institute of Applied Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China; (N.K.); (G.M.); (P.M.); (B.K.)
| | - Abliz Yimit
- Institute of Applied Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Xinjiang University, Urumqi 830046, China; (N.K.); (G.M.); (P.M.); (B.K.)
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3
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Abstract
This review summarizes the synthesis and applications of various porphyrin–carbon nanoallotrope conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supriya S.
- Centre for Nano-materials and Displays
- B.M.S. College of Engineering
- Bengaluru
- India
| | | | - Gurumurthy Hegde
- Centre for Nano-materials and Displays
- B.M.S. College of Engineering
- Bengaluru
- India
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4
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Suzuki M, Yamaguchi Y, Takahashi K, Takahira K, Koganezawa T, Masuo S, Nakayama KI, Yamada H. Photoprecursor Approach Enables Preparation of Well-Performing Bulk-Heterojunction Layers Comprising a Highly Aggregating Molecular Semiconductor. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:8644-8651. [PMID: 26984761 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b00345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Active-layer morphology critically affects the performance of organic photovoltaic cells, and thus its optimization is a key toward the achievement of high-efficiency devices. However, the optimization of active-layer morphology is sometimes challenging because of the intrinsic properties of materials such as strong self-aggregating nature or low miscibility. This study postulates that the "photoprecursor approach" can serve as an effective means to prepare well-performing bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) layers containing highly aggregating molecular semiconductors. In the photoprecursor approach, a photoreactive precursor compound is solution-deposited and then converted in situ to a semiconducting material. This study employs 2,6-di(2-thienyl)anthracene (DTA) and [6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester as p- and n-type materials, respectively, in which DTA is generated by the photoprecursor approach from the corresponding α-diketone-type derivative DTADK. When only chloroform is used as a cast solvent, the photovoltaic performance of the resulting BHJ films is severely limited because of unfavorable film morphology. The addition of a high-boiling-point cosolvent, o-dichlorobenzene (o-DCB), to the cast solution leads to significant improvement such that the resulting active layers afford up to approximately 5 times higher power conversion efficiencies. The film structure is investigated by two-dimensional grazing-incident wide-angle X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, and fluorescence microspectroscopy to demonstrate that the use of o-DCB leads to improvement in film crystallinity and increase in charge-carrier generation efficiency. The change in film structure is assumed to originate from dynamic molecular motion enabled by the existence of solvent during the in situ photoreaction. The unique features of the photoprecursor approach will be beneficial in extending the material and processing scopes for the development of organic thin-film devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuharu Suzuki
- Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology , 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Yuji Yamaguchi
- Department of Organic Device Engineering, Yamagata University , 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Kohei Takahashi
- Department of Organic Device Engineering, Yamagata University , 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Katsuya Takahira
- Department of Organic Device Engineering, Yamagata University , 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Koganezawa
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute , 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Sadahiro Masuo
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Environment, Kwansei Gakuin University , 2-1 Gakuen, Sanda, Hyogo 669-1337, Japan
| | - Ken-ichi Nakayama
- Department of Organic Device Engineering, Yamagata University , 4-3-16 Jonan, Yonezawa, Yamagata 992-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroko Yamada
- Graduate School of Materials Science, Nara Institute of Science and Technology , 8916-5 Takayama-cho, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
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5
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Wang F, Xu L, Nawaz MH, Liu F, Zhang W. Morphology controlled supramolecular assemblies via complexation between (5,10,15,20-tetrakisphenyl-porphine) zinc and 4,4′-bipyridine: from nanospheres to microrings. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra10087e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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6
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Son SB, Miao Q, Shin JY, Dolphin D, Hahn JR. Ring and Volcano Structures Formed by a Metal Dipyrromethene Complex. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2014. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2014.35.6.1727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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7
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Bhosale SV, Nalage SV, Booth JM, Gupta A, Bhargava SK, Bhosale SV. Solvent induced ordered-supramolecular assembly of highly branched protoporphyrin IX derivative. Supramol Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10610278.2012.716841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sidhanath V. Bhosale
- a Polymer and Functional Materials Division , Indian Institute of Chemical Technology , Hyderabad , Andhra Pradesh , 500 607 , India
| | - Santosh V. Nalage
- a Polymer and Functional Materials Division , Indian Institute of Chemical Technology , Hyderabad , Andhra Pradesh , 500 607 , India
| | - Jamie M. Booth
- b School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University , GPO Box 2476V, Melbourne , VIC , 3001 , Australia
| | - Akhil Gupta
- c Department of Materials Engineering , Monash University , Wellington Road, Clayton , VIC , 3800 , Australia
| | - Suresh K. Bhargava
- b School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University , GPO Box 2476V, Melbourne , VIC , 3001 , Australia
| | - Sheshanath V. Bhosale
- b School of Applied Sciences, RMIT University , GPO Box 2476V, Melbourne , VIC , 3001 , Australia
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9
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Giansante C, Raffy G, Schäfer C, Rahma H, Kao MT, Olive AGL, Del Guerzo A. White-Light-Emitting Self-Assembled NanoFibers and Their Evidence by Microspectroscopy of Individual Objects. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 133:316-25. [DOI: 10.1021/ja106807u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Giansante
- Université Bordeaux 1, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, NEO Nanostructures Organiques, 351 crs de la Liberation, 33405 Talence cédex, France
| | - Guillaume Raffy
- Université Bordeaux 1, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, NEO Nanostructures Organiques, 351 crs de la Liberation, 33405 Talence cédex, France
| | - Christian Schäfer
- Université Bordeaux 1, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, NEO Nanostructures Organiques, 351 crs de la Liberation, 33405 Talence cédex, France
| | - Hakim Rahma
- Université Bordeaux 1, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, NEO Nanostructures Organiques, 351 crs de la Liberation, 33405 Talence cédex, France
| | - Min-Tzu Kao
- Université Bordeaux 1, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, NEO Nanostructures Organiques, 351 crs de la Liberation, 33405 Talence cédex, France
| | - Alexandre G. L. Olive
- Université Bordeaux 1, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, NEO Nanostructures Organiques, 351 crs de la Liberation, 33405 Talence cédex, France
| | - André Del Guerzo
- Université Bordeaux 1, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires, NEO Nanostructures Organiques, 351 crs de la Liberation, 33405 Talence cédex, France
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10
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Dreyse PA, Isaacs MA, Iturriaga PE, Villagra DA, Aguirre MJ, Kubiak CP, Glover SD, Goeltz JC. Electrochemical preparation of conductive films of tetrapyridylporphyrins coordinated to four [Ru(5-NO2-phen)2Cl]+ groups. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2010.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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11
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Carroll GT, Jongejan MGM, Pijper D, Feringa BL. Spontaneous generation and patterning of chiral polymeric surface toroids. Chem Sci 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/c0sc00159g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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12
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Yoon S, Hwang IC, Kim K, Choi H. Synthesis of Single-Crystal Tetra(4-pyridyl)porphyrin Rectangular Nanotubes in the Vapor Phase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:2506-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200806301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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13
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Yoon S, Hwang IC, Kim K, Choi H. Synthesis of Single-Crystal Tetra(4-pyridyl)porphyrin Rectangular Nanotubes in the Vapor Phase. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200806301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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14
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Dini F, Martinelli E, Pomarico G, Paolesse R, Monti D, Filippini D, D'Amico A, Lundström I, Di Natale C. Chemical sensitivity of self-assembled porphyrin nano-aggregates. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2009; 20:055502. [PMID: 19417346 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/20/5/055502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructured molecular assemblies may provide additional sensing properties not found in other arrangements of the same basic constituents. Among three-dimensional structures, nanotubes are particularly appealing for applications as chemical sensors, because of the potential inclusion of different guests inside the cavity or the induced modification of the skeletal interaction after analyte binding. Porphyrins are a class of compounds characterized by brilliant sensing properties, appearing also in non-ordered solid-state aggregates. In recent years, it was reported that aggregation of oppositely charged porphyrins led to the formation of self-assembled nanotubes and in this paper their sensing properties, both in solution and in the solid state, have been investigated. The interactions of porphyrin nanotubes with guest molecules have been monitored by following the changes in their UV-vis spectra. The results obtained have been exploited to build up a sensing platform based on a computer screen as a light source and a digital camera as detector. Porphyrin nanostructures exhibited an enhanced sensitivity to different compounds with respect to those shown by single porphyrin subunits. The reason for the increased sensitivity may be likely found in an additional sensing mechanism related to the modulation of the strength of the forces that keep the supramolecular ensemble together.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Dini
- Department of Electronic Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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15
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Schmaltz B, Rouhanipour A, Räder HJ, Pisula W, Müllen K. Filling the Cavity of Conjugated Carbazole Macrocycles with Graphene Molecules: Monolayers Formed by Physisorption Serve as a Surface for Pulsed Laser Deposition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200803156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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16
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Schmaltz B, Rouhanipour A, Räder HJ, Pisula W, Müllen K. Filling the Cavity of Conjugated Carbazole Macrocycles with Graphene Molecules: Monolayers Formed by Physisorption Serve as a Surface for Pulsed Laser Deposition. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:720-4. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.200803156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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17
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Wang L, Liu H, Hao J. Stable porphyrin vesicles formed in non-aqueous media and dried to produce hollow shells. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009:1353-5. [DOI: 10.1039/b820739a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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18
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Chen YC, Lee MW, Li LL, Lin KJ. Electrical and Optical Properties of Porphyrin Single Crystals. J MACROMOL SCI B 2008. [DOI: 10.1080/00222340802218596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y. C. Chen
- a Department of Physics , National Chung Hsing University , Taichung, Taiwan
| | - M. W. Lee
- a Department of Physics , National Chung Hsing University , Taichung, Taiwan
| | - L. L. Li
- b Department of Chemistry , National Chung Hsing University , Taichung, Taiwan
| | - K. J. Lin
- b Department of Chemistry , National Chung Hsing University , Taichung, Taiwan
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19
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Liu HG, Wang CW, Wu JP, Lee YI, Hao J. Gold and silver nanorings formed at the air/water interface. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2007.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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20
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Guo XM, Jiang C, Shi TS. Prepared Chiral Nanorods of a Cobalt(II) Porphyrin Dimer and Studied Changes of UV−Vis and CD Spectra with Aggregate Morphologies under Different Temperatures. Inorg Chem 2007; 46:4766-8. [PMID: 17508741 DOI: 10.1021/ic0622149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Novel porphyrin dimer ligand and cobalt complexes by directly bridging with l-glutamic acid have been prepared and characterized. The intensities of circular dichroism and UV-vis spectra that change the aggregate morphologies of the porphyrin dimer under different temperatures have been investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi ming Guo
- The Academy of Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Heilongjiang 150001, People's Republic of China.
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21
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Liu Q, Liu H, Bian Y, Wang X, Chen Y, Jiang J, Li X. Two-dimensional “nano-ring and nano-crystal” morphologies in Langmuir monolayer of phthalocyaninato nickel complexes. J Colloid Interface Sci 2006; 300:298-303. [PMID: 16631775 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2006.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2006] [Revised: 03/14/2006] [Accepted: 03/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Three 1,8,15,22-tetrasubstituted phthalocyaninato nickel complexes Ni[Pc(alpha-OR)(4)] [H(2)Pc(alpha-OC(5)H(11))(4) = 1,8,15,22-tetrakis(3-pentyloxy)phthalocyanine; H(2)Pc(alpha-OC(7)H(15))(4) = 1,8,15,22-tetrakis(2,4-dimethyl-3-pentyloxy)phthalocyanine; H(2)Pc(alpha-OC(10)H(7))(4) = 1,8,15,22-tetrakis(2-naphthyloxy)phthalocyanine] (1-3) have been prepared by treating the corresponding metal-free phthalocyanines H(2)Pc(alpha-OR)(4) with Ni(acac)(2)2H(2)O in refluxing n-pentanol. Structures of the Langmuir monolayers of these compounds at different temperature have been investigated. Compound 1 formed nano-ring structures with the outer diameter of 70-150 nm and inner diameter of 50 nm at 25.0 degrees C while 2 and 3 formed round particles. This difference can be ascribed to the different substituents at alpha position. The morphologies of the aggregates of 1 in monolayers have been found to change with temperature. Decreasing in temperature induced the formation of regular quadrate crystals. UV-vis absorption spectra revealed strong intermolecular interactions in the nano-ring aggregates. Polarized UV-vis absorption spectra suggest a titled orientation with respect to the surface of substrate for phthalocyanine macrocycles in the nano-ring aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyun Liu
- Contribution from the Key Lab for Colloid and Interface Chemistry of Education Ministry, Department of Chemistry, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
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Scolaro LM, Plutino MR, Romeo A, Romeo R, Ricciardi G, Belviso S, Albinati A. Platinum(ii) complexes bearing 1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene as building blocks for functionalized redox active porphyrins. Dalton Trans 2006:2551-9. [PMID: 16718339 DOI: 10.1039/b516391a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Reactions of the cationic complex ions [PtMe(Me2SO)(PP)]+ (PP = dppf (1,1'-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene) and dppe (1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane)) with 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-pyridyl)-21H,23H-porphyrin (TpyP) led to the formation of the symmetrical tetraplatinated porphyrin complexes, [PtMe(PP)]4TpyP.X4 (PP = dppf, X = CF3SO3-, 3, and PP = dppe, X = BF4-, 5) containing the organometallic fragment [PtMe(PP)]. The precursor sulfoxide platinum complexes [PtMe(Me2SO)(dppf)]CF3SO3, 2 and [PtMe(Me2SO)(dppe)]BF4, 4, were prepared by halide abstraction from [PtMeCl(dppf)], 1, and by controlled protonolysis of [PtMe2(dppe)] respectively, in the presence of a small amount of dimethyl sulfoxide. All these starting platinum(II) compounds, as well as the porphyrin derivatives 3 and 5, were fully characterized through elemental analysis, 1H NMR mono- and bidimensional, 31P[1H], 31P-1H HMBC, UV/Vis absorption and photophysical measurements. The X-ray crystal structure of complex 1 has been determined. In order to ascertain the electronic influence of ferrocene, the spectroscopic and redox properties of 3 were compared with those of TPyP and of the analogous 5. Cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), 1H and 31P NMR data, and UV/Vis data, all suggest a certain degree of communication between the central porphyrin and the peripheral hetero-bimetallic fragments. In contrast, no detectable interaction among these peripheral groups seem to come into play. Unlikely from the porphyrin derivative 5, formation of well defined fluorescent mesoscopic ring structures was easily achieved by simple evaporation from diluted dichloromethane solutions of 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Monsù Scolaro
- Dipartimento di Chimica Inorganica, Chimica Analitica e Chimica Fisica, Università di Messina, and C.I.R.C.M.S.B. Unità di Messina, Salita Sperone 31, 98166 Vill. S. Agata, Messina, Italy.
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Boens N, De Feyter S, Hofkens J, Viaene L, Van der Auweraer M. Frans De Schryver: forty years of photochemistry and photophysics. Chemphyschem 2005; 6:2215-7. [PMID: 16273573 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200500424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Noel Boens
- Division of Molecular and Nanomaterials, Chemistry Department, K.U.Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200 F, 3001 Heverlee, Leuven, Belgium
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Doan SC, Shanmugham S, Aston DE, McHale JL. Counterion dependent dye aggregates: nanorods and nanorings of tetra(p-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:5885-92. [PMID: 15839687 DOI: 10.1021/ja0430651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) of porphyrin aggregates formed on silica from acidic aqueous solution is used to investigate the basis for the previously reported counterion dependence of the optical spectra of aggregates of H(2)TCPP(2+), the diacid form of tetra(p-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin (TCPP). Resonance light scattering confirms the presence of excitonically coupled porphyrin aggregates in solutions of H(2)TCPP(2+) in both aqueous HCl and HNO(3). Aggregates formed in aqueous HNO(3) solutions show resonance light scattering (RLS) at wavelengths within both the H and J aggregate absorption bands and are imaged on the surface of silica as nanorods about 3 to 4 nm in height. H(2)TCPP(2+) aggregates in aqueous HCl solution exhibit RLS when excited within the blue-shifted Soret band (H band) and produce AFM images on silica of ring-shaped structures ranging from about 200 to 2000 nm in diameter. Fluorescence excitation and emission spectra reveal quenching of the Q-band emission in the aggregates at a pH less than 1 and confirm the existence of a single species, assigned to a dimer, at a pH just above 1. The morphology of the nanostructures as revealed by AFM provides insight into the structural basis for the counterion-dependent optical properties of H(2)TCPP(2+) aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie C Doan
- Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 442343, and Department of Chemical Engineering, P.O. Box 441021, University of Idaho, Moscow, Idaho 83844, USA
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Winnischofer H, Formiga ALB, Nakamura M, Toma HE, Araki K, Nogueira AF. Conduction and photoelectrochemical properties of monomeric and electropolymerized tetraruthenated porphyrin films. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2005; 4:359-66. [PMID: 15803206 DOI: 10.1039/b417786j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The influence of the preparation method on the structure, conduction and photoelectrochemical properties of monomeric and polymeric tetraruthenated porphyrin films on ITO glass and nanocrystalline TiO2 has been investigated. The films were characterized by STM, MAC mode SFM, cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and combined electro-/photoelectrochemical techniques. The electronic diffusion coefficient D(e)C(m)2 of the films differed by three to four orders of magnitude depending on the procedure employed for the deposition process. The photoelectrochemical properties were evaluated either: by depositing the films directly on transparent ITO electrodes, under an applied bias potential and presence of O2 as electron acceptor; or by depositing the porphyrin material on nanocrystalline TiO2 in a Grätzel-type cell. In the first case the porphyrin films exhibited a typical p-type semiconductor behavior described by a Schottky junction model, while in the second the films behaved as a sensitizer of an n-type semiconductor. The photoelectrochemical properties of the porphyrin films and their performance as sensitizer in Grätzel-type cells were found to be strongly dependent on the conductivity and packing characteristics of the material. Semi-empirical calculations were performed by modified MM2 and ZINDO/S methods, in order to simulate the packing and electronic structures of the tetraruthenated porphyrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert Winnischofer
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Caixa Postal 26077, CEP 05513-970, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Splan KE, Hupp JT. Permeable nonaggregating porphyrin thin films that display enhanced photophysical properties. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2004; 20:10560-10566. [PMID: 15544385 DOI: 10.1021/la048465g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Porphyrins bearing bulky alkoxyphenyl substituents at two of the four meso-positions and phenyl phosphonates at the other two have been prepared and used as building blocks for layer-by-layer assembly of conductive-glass-supported thin films via zirconium phosphonate chemistry. Thin-film characterization shows that the addition of sterically demanding 2,6-di(n-hexoxy)phenyl substituents to the meso-positions of the porphyrin skeleton can successfully prevent molecular aggregation. Both absorption and emission studies of multilayer thin films provide strong evidence that the new compounds have the ability to form thin films in which very little molecular (chromophore) interaction is present, relative to porphyrins that are not sterically hindered. Furthermore, the films are found to be permeable to selected small redox probes but blocking toward larger ones. Taken together, the sharp absorption spectra, increased emission yields, and permeability are expected to be advantageous for various materials-based applications such as photovoltaics and sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E Splan
- Department of Chemistry, 2145 Sheridan Road, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
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27
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Lim SH, Bjorklund TG, Bardeen CJ. Characterization of Individual Submicron Distyrylbenzene Aggregates Using Temperature-Dependent Picosecond Fluorescence and Atomic Force Microscopy. J Phys Chem B 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0362685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Hyun Lim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, 600 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Thomas G. Bjorklund
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, 600 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61801
| | - Christopher J. Bardeen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, 600 S. Mathews Ave., Urbana, Illinois 61801
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Chen YC, Huang CZ. A Novel Sensitive Assay for Determination of Trace Amount of Iron(III) Based on Its Fluorescence Quenching Effect on the Self-Ordered Ring of Quercetin. ANAL LETT 2003. [DOI: 10.1081/al-120018798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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30
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Castriciano M, Romeo A, Romeo R, Monsu′Scolaro L. Mesoscopic Globular Self-assemblies of Platinum(II) Complexes Containing Porphyrins. Eur J Inorg Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1002/1099-0682(200203)2002:3<531::aid-ejic531>3.0.co;2-e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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31
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Masuo S, Yoshikawa H, Asahi T, Masuhara H, Sato T, Jiang DL, Aida T. Repetitive Contraction and Swelling Behavior of Gel-like Wire-type Dendrimer Assemblies in Solution Layer by Photon Pressure of a Focused Near-infrared Laser Beam. J Phys Chem B 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp013367e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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32
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Micali N, Mallamace F, Castriciano M, Romeo A, Scolaro LM. Separation of scattering and absorption contributions in UV/visible spectra of resonant systems. Anal Chem 2001; 73:4958-63. [PMID: 11681472 DOI: 10.1021/ac010379n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Resonance light scattering (RLS) is a phenomenon due to an enhancement of the scattered light in close proximity to an absorption band. The effect is easily detectable in the case of strongly absorbing chromophores, which are able to interact, thus leading to large aggregates (Pasternack, R. F.; Collings, P. J. Science 1995, 269, 935). The measurement of absorption spectra from solutions containing such resonant systems can lead to misleading results. In this paper, a simple method is described to obtain absorption spectra of aggregated species with a fairly good correction of the scattering component. The RLS spectrum, obtained using a common spectrofluorimeter, is correlated to the extinction spectrum of the same sample, allowing for an estimation of the scattering contribution to the total extinction spectrum. The method has been successfully applied both on real samples containing aggregated chromophores, such as porphyrins, chlorophyll a and gold colloids, and by simulating extinction spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Micali
- Istituto di Tecniche Spettroscopiche, ITS-CNR, Messina, Italy
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Cavallini M, Lazzaroni R, Zamboni R, Biscarini F, Timpel D, Zerbetto F, Clarkson GJ, Leigh DA. Conformational Self-Recognition as the Origin of Dewetting in Bistable Molecular Surfaces. J Phys Chem B 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp011455t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Miura A, Yanagawa Y, Tamai N. Excitation energy transfer of porphyrin in polymer thin films by time-resolved scanning near-field optical microspectroscopy. J Microsc 2001; 202:401-7. [PMID: 11309103 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2818.2001.00870.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Thin films of water-soluble free-base porphyrin, 5,10,15,20-tetraphenyl-21H, 23H-porphinetetrasulphonic acid (TPPS) mixed with poly(diallyldimethyl ammonium chloride) (PDDA) have been prepared by a spin-coating method, in which the monomeric species were observed in the spin-coat film, whereas dimer was formed in the cast film prepared from TPPS/PDDA solution. Mesoscopic structures and dynamics of excitation energy migration and trapping of TPPS/PDDA spin-coat film have been analysed by time-resolved scanning near-field optical microspectroscopy (SNOM) and atomic force microscope. The observed film structure can be classified roughly into two parts: one is a large, flocculated polymer part, and the other is a smooth part widely spread around the flocculated polymers. In the smooth part, the observed spindle-like structure and circular hills and dips are essentially due to PDDA. The ellipsoidal small structures with approximately 2 microm length and < 1 microm width in the flocculated polymer part show non-exponential fluorescence decays. The non-exponential dynamics originates from the excitation energy migration among TPPS monomers and energy trapping to dimers. From the analysis of fluorescence decay curves based on the equation developed by Klafter and Blumen, the spectral dimension has been estimated to be approximately 1.46 for ellipsoidal structures. These results indicate that the distribution of the chromophore is inhomogeneous and a fractal-like structure exists even in the small domains determined by the resolution of the SNOM tip.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Miura
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Kwansei Gakuin University, 1-1-155 Uegahara, Nishinomiya 662-8501, Japan.
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35
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Aoki H, Ito S. Two-Dimensional Polymers Investigated by Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy: Phase Separation of Polymer Blend Monolayer. J Phys Chem B 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0032412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Aoki
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Shinzaburo Ito
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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36
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Masuo S, Yoshikawa H, Asahi T, Masuhara H, Sato T, Jiang DL, Aida T. Fluorescent Doughnut-Like Assembling of Wire-Type Dendrimers Depending on Their Generation Numbers and Degrees of Polymerization. J Phys Chem B 2001. [DOI: 10.1021/jp0040594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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37
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Brunner R, Kosal ME, Suslick KS, Lamche R, Marti O, White JO. Near-field scanning optical microscopy of zinc-porphyrin crystals. Ultramicroscopy 2000; 84:149-57. [PMID: 10945326 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3991(00)00027-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Using a near-field scanning optical microscope (NSOM), crystals of zinc-porphyrin network materials are characterized with respect to morphology and fluorescence. Needle-shaped crystals are observed. While the topography is flat, the fluorescence intensity profile in the width direction is approximately triangular. A numerical calculation shows that differences between the topographic and optical images cannot be due to an artifact. In some needle-shaped crystals, the fluorescence emission is strongly peaked at one or both ends, possibly indicating a polar crystal structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Brunner
- Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801, USA
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Micali N, Mallamace F, Romeo A, Purrello R, Monsù Scolaro L. Mesoscopic Structure of meso-Tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphine J-Aggregates. J Phys Chem B 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/jp991909a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Norberto Micali
- Istituto di Tecniche Spettroscopiche, ITS−CNR, Messina, Italy, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Messina, Messina, Italy, INFM, Sezione di Messina, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica Inorganica, Chimica Analitica e Chimica Fisica, Università di Messina, and Istituto di Chimica dei Prodotti Naturali (ICTPN−CNR), Sezione di Messina, Messina, Italy, and Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Catania, Italy
| | - Francesco Mallamace
- Istituto di Tecniche Spettroscopiche, ITS−CNR, Messina, Italy, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Messina, Messina, Italy, INFM, Sezione di Messina, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica Inorganica, Chimica Analitica e Chimica Fisica, Università di Messina, and Istituto di Chimica dei Prodotti Naturali (ICTPN−CNR), Sezione di Messina, Messina, Italy, and Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Catania, Italy
| | - Andrea Romeo
- Istituto di Tecniche Spettroscopiche, ITS−CNR, Messina, Italy, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Messina, Messina, Italy, INFM, Sezione di Messina, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica Inorganica, Chimica Analitica e Chimica Fisica, Università di Messina, and Istituto di Chimica dei Prodotti Naturali (ICTPN−CNR), Sezione di Messina, Messina, Italy, and Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Catania, Italy
| | - Roberto Purrello
- Istituto di Tecniche Spettroscopiche, ITS−CNR, Messina, Italy, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Messina, Messina, Italy, INFM, Sezione di Messina, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica Inorganica, Chimica Analitica e Chimica Fisica, Università di Messina, and Istituto di Chimica dei Prodotti Naturali (ICTPN−CNR), Sezione di Messina, Messina, Italy, and Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Catania, Italy
| | - Luigi Monsù Scolaro
- Istituto di Tecniche Spettroscopiche, ITS−CNR, Messina, Italy, Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Messina, Messina, Italy, INFM, Sezione di Messina, Italy, Dipartimento di Chimica Inorganica, Chimica Analitica e Chimica Fisica, Università di Messina, and Istituto di Chimica dei Prodotti Naturali (ICTPN−CNR), Sezione di Messina, Messina, Italy, and Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Catania, Italy
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39
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Mei E, Higgins DA. Nanometer-scale resolution and depth discrimination in near-field optical microscopy studies of electric-field-induced molecular reorientation dynamics. J Chem Phys 2000. [DOI: 10.1063/1.481388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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40
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Dunn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045
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41
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Barbara PF, Adams DM, O'Connor DB. CHARACTERIZATION OF ORGANIC THIN FILM MATERIALS WITH NEAR-FIELD SCANNING OPTICAL MICROSCOPY (NSOM). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev.matsci.29.1.433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. F. Barbara
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712; e-mail:
| | - D. M. Adams
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712; e-mail:
| | - D. B. O'Connor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712; e-mail:
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42
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Jeuris K, Vanoppen P, De Schryver FC, Hofstraat JW, van der Ven LGJ, van Velde JW. Fluorescence Intensity of Dye Containing Latex Particles Studied by Near-Field Scanning Optical Microscopy. Macromolecules 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ma980855k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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43
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Kerimo J, Adams DM, Barbara PF, Kaschak DM, Mallouk TE. NSOM Investigations of the Spectroscopy and Morphology of Self-Assembled Multilayered Thin Films. J Phys Chem B 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jp982086c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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44
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Biemans HAM, Rowan AE, Verhoeven A, Vanoppen P, Latterini L, Foekema J, Schenning APHJ, Meijer EW, de Schryver FC, Nolte RJM. Hexakis Porphyrinato Benzenes. A New Class of Porphyrin Arrays. J Am Chem Soc 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/ja9815632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H. A. M. Biemans
- Contribution from the Department of Organic Chemistry, NSR Center, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands, the Department of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands, and the Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit of Leuven, Belgium
| | - A. E. Rowan
- Contribution from the Department of Organic Chemistry, NSR Center, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands, the Department of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands, and the Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit of Leuven, Belgium
| | - A. Verhoeven
- Contribution from the Department of Organic Chemistry, NSR Center, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands, the Department of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands, and the Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit of Leuven, Belgium
| | - P. Vanoppen
- Contribution from the Department of Organic Chemistry, NSR Center, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands, the Department of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands, and the Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit of Leuven, Belgium
| | - L. Latterini
- Contribution from the Department of Organic Chemistry, NSR Center, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands, the Department of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands, and the Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit of Leuven, Belgium
| | - J. Foekema
- Contribution from the Department of Organic Chemistry, NSR Center, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands, the Department of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands, and the Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit of Leuven, Belgium
| | - A. P. H. J. Schenning
- Contribution from the Department of Organic Chemistry, NSR Center, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands, the Department of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands, and the Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit of Leuven, Belgium
| | - E. W. Meijer
- Contribution from the Department of Organic Chemistry, NSR Center, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands, the Department of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands, and the Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit of Leuven, Belgium
| | - F. C. de Schryver
- Contribution from the Department of Organic Chemistry, NSR Center, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands, the Department of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands, and the Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit of Leuven, Belgium
| | - R. J. M. Nolte
- Contribution from the Department of Organic Chemistry, NSR Center, University of Nijmegen, The Netherlands, the Department of Macromolecular and Organic Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, The Netherlands, and the Department of Chemistry, Katholieke Universiteit of Leuven, Belgium
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