1
|
Sanford LM, Keiser P, Fujii N, Woods H, Zhang C, Xu Z, Mahajani NS, Cortés JG, Plescia CB, Knipp G, Stahelin RV, Davey R, Davisson VJ. Evaluation of potency and metabolic stability of diphyllin-derived Vacuolar-ATPase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 275:116537. [PMID: 38875806 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Diphyllin is a naturally occurring lignan comprised of an aryl naphthalene lactone scaffold that demonstrates beneficial biological activities in disease models of cancer, obesity, and viral infection. A target of diphyllin and naturally occurring derivatives is the vacuolar ATPase (V-ATPase) complex. Although diphyllin-related natural products are active with in vitro models for viral entry, the potencies and unknown pharmacokinetic properties limit well-designed in vivo evaluations. Previous studies demonstrated that diphyllin derivatives have the utility of blocking the Ebola virus cell entry pathway. However, diphyllin shows limited potency and poor oral bioavailability in mice. An avenue to improve the potency was used in a new library of synthetic derivatives of diphyllin. Diphyllin derivatives exploiting ether linkages at the 4-position with one-to-three carbon spacers to an oxygen or nitrogen atom provided compounds with EC50 values ranging from 7 to 600 nM potency and selectivity up to >500 against Ebola virus in infection assays. These relative potencies are reflected in the Ebola virus infection of primary macrophages, a cell type involved in early pathogenesis. A target engagement study reveals that reducing the ATPV0a2 protein expression enhanced the potency of diphyllin derivatives to block EBOV entry, consistent with effects on the endosomal V-ATPase function. Despite the substantial enhancement of antiviral potencies, limitations were identified, including rapid clearance predicted by in vitro microsome stability assays. However, compounds with similar or improved half-lives relative to diphyllin demonstrated improved pharmacokinetic profiles in vivo. Importantly, these derivatives displayed suitable plasma levels using oral administration, establishing the feasibility of in vivo antiviral testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura M Sanford
- Borch Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States
| | - Patrick Keiser
- Department of Microbiology, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02118, United States
| | - Naoaki Fujii
- Borch Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States
| | - Hannah Woods
- Borch Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States
| | - Charlie Zhang
- Borch Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States; Department of Industrial and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States
| | - Zhuangyan Xu
- Department of Industrial and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States
| | - Nivedita S Mahajani
- Borch Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States
| | - Julián González Cortés
- Borch Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States
| | - Caroline B Plescia
- Borch Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States
| | - Gregory Knipp
- Department of Industrial and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States
| | - Robert V Stahelin
- Borch Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States
| | - Robert Davey
- Department of Microbiology, National Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratories, Boston University, Boston, MA, 02118, United States
| | - Vincent Jo Davisson
- Borch Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kida R, Tsugane M, Suzuki H. Horizontal and vertical microchamber platforms for evaluation of the paracellular permeability of an epithelial cell monolayer. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:572-583. [PMID: 38175144 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00855j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Epithelial cells serve as a barrier by tightly adhering to each other and contribute to the homeostasis of living organisms by controlling substance permeation. Therefore, evaluation of the barrier function is important in pharmaceutical development processes. However, the widely used Transwell-based assays require the development of the defect-free epithelial cell monolayer above several tens of mm2, often resulting in low reproducibility and requiring a long incubation time. In addition, the culture surface of cells is far from the bottom of the well plate, making it difficult to observe the cell morphology using an optical microscope. Herein, we propose simple polydimethylsiloxane microfluidic devices for evaluating the barrier function of an epithelial monolayer using a microchamber array. After the formation of the epithelial monolayer over microchambers, the permeation of the marker molecules introduced above resulted in increased fluorescence intensity in microchambers, which was monitored using confocal laser scanning microscopy. We show that using this technique, alteration of the paracellular permeability induced by sodium caprate (C10) and cytochalasin-D, permeation enhancing factors, can be elucidated. Furthermore, by tilting the microchamber device 90 degrees, the vertical cell section and microchambers were imaged in the same focal plane, allowing for live visualization of the passage of fluorescent substances across the cell monolayer. This technique is expected to be useful for investigating the relationship between paracellular permeability and cell morphology, which is unattainable through conventional methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryuya Kida
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, Kasuga 1-13-27, Bunkyo-ku, 112-8551, Japan.
| | - Mamiko Tsugane
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, Kasuga 1-13-27, Bunkyo-ku, 112-8551, Japan.
| | - Hiroaki Suzuki
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Chuo University, Kasuga 1-13-27, Bunkyo-ku, 112-8551, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Masloh S, Culot M, Gosselet F, Chevrel A, Scapozza L, Zeisser Labouebe M. Challenges and Opportunities in the Oral Delivery of Recombinant Biologics. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051415. [PMID: 37242657 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant biological molecules are at the cutting-edge of biomedical research thanks to the significant progress made in biotechnology and a better understanding of subcellular processes implicated in several diseases. Given their ability to induce a potent response, these molecules are becoming the drugs of choice for multiple pathologies. However, unlike conventional drugs which are mostly ingested, the majority of biologics are currently administered parenterally. Therefore, to improve their limited bioavailability when delivered orally, the scientific community has devoted tremendous efforts to develop accurate cell- and tissue-based models that allow for the determination of their capacity to cross the intestinal mucosa. Furthermore, several promising approaches have been imagined to enhance the intestinal permeability and stability of recombinant biological molecules. This review summarizes the main physiological barriers to the oral delivery of biologics. Several preclinical in vitro and ex vivo models currently used to assess permeability are also presented. Finally, the multiple strategies explored to address the challenges of administering biotherapeutics orally are described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Solene Masloh
- Laboratoire de la Barrière Hémato-Encéphalique (LBHE), Faculté des sciences Jean Perrin, University of Artois, UR 2465, Rue Jean Souvraz, 62300 Lens, France
- Affilogic, 24 Rue de la Rainière, 44300 Nantes, France
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 1 Rue Michel Servet, 1201 Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1 Rue Michel Servet, 1201 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Maxime Culot
- Laboratoire de la Barrière Hémato-Encéphalique (LBHE), Faculté des sciences Jean Perrin, University of Artois, UR 2465, Rue Jean Souvraz, 62300 Lens, France
| | - Fabien Gosselet
- Laboratoire de la Barrière Hémato-Encéphalique (LBHE), Faculté des sciences Jean Perrin, University of Artois, UR 2465, Rue Jean Souvraz, 62300 Lens, France
| | - Anne Chevrel
- Affilogic, 24 Rue de la Rainière, 44300 Nantes, France
| | - Leonardo Scapozza
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 1 Rue Michel Servet, 1201 Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1 Rue Michel Servet, 1201 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Magali Zeisser Labouebe
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Geneva, 1 Rue Michel Servet, 1201 Geneva, Switzerland
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Western Switzerland, University of Geneva, 1 Rue Michel Servet, 1201 Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sciurti E, Blasi L, Prontera CT, Barca A, Giampetruzzi L, Verri T, Siciliano PA, Francioso L. TEER and Ion Selective Transwell-Integrated Sensors System for Caco-2 Cell Model. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:496. [PMID: 36984903 PMCID: PMC10054836 DOI: 10.3390/mi14030496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring of ions in real-time directly in cell culture systems and in organ-on-a-chip platforms represents a significant investigation tool to understand ion regulation and distribution in the body and ions' involvement in biological mechanisms and specific pathologies. Innovative flexible sensors coupling electrochemical stripping analysis (square wave anodic stripping voltammetry, SWASV) with an ion selective membrane (ISM) were developed and integrated in Transwell™ cell culture systems to investigate the transport of zinc and copper ions across a human intestinal Caco-2 cell monolayer. The fabricated ion-selective sensors demonstrated good sensitivity (1 × 10-11 M ion concentration) and low detection limits, consistent with pathophysiological cellular concentration ranges. A non-invasive electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis, in situ, across a selected spectrum of frequencies (10-105 Hz), and an equivalent circuit fitting were employed to obtain useful electrical parameters for cellular barrier integrity monitoring. Transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) data and immunofluorescent images were used to validate the intestinal epithelial integrity and the permeability enhancer effect of ethylene glycol-bis(2-aminoethylether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) treatment. The proposed devices represent a real prospective tool for monitoring cellular and molecular events and for studies on gut metabolism/permeability. They will enable a rapid integration of these sensors into gut-on-chip systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Sciurti
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Laura Blasi
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Carmela Tania Prontera
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Amilcare Barca
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Lucia Giampetruzzi
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Tiziano Verri
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Technologies (DiSTeBA), University of Salento, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Pietro Aleardo Siciliano
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Luca Francioso
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Gulsun T, Izat N, Sahin S. Influence of permeability enhancers on the paracellular permeability of metformin hydrochloride and furosemide across Caco-2 cells. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2022; 101:185-199. [PMID: 36459686 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2022-0265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Permeability enhancers can affect absorption of paracellularly transported drugs. This study aims to evaluate effects of permeability enhancers (chitosan, methyl-β -cyclodextrin, sodium caprate, sodium lauryl sulfate, etc.) on the permeability of paracellularly absorbed furosemide and metformin hydrochloride. Methyl thiazole tetrazolium bromide test was carried out to determine the drug concentrations in permeability study. Trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) values determined to assess the integrity of tight junctions. Permeability enhancers were applied at different concentrations alone, in dual/triple combinations. Permeability was determined using human colorectal adenocarcinoma (Caco-2) cells (TEER > 400 Ω·cm2). Permeability enhancers have no significant effect (<2-fold; p > 0.05) on the permeability of furosemide (1.80 × 10-5 ± 4.55 × 10-7 cm/s); however, metformin permeability (1.36 × 10-5 ± 1.25 × 10-6 cm/s) increased significantly (p < 0.05) with 0.3% and 0.5% (w/v) chitosan (2.0- and 2.7-fold, respectively), 1% methyl-β -cyclodextrin (w/v) (3.5-fold), 10 and 20 µmol/L sodium caprate (2.2- and 2.8-fold, respectively), and 0.012% sodium lauryl sulfate (w/v) (1.9-fold). Furosemide permeability increased significantly (p < 0.05) with chitosan-sodium lauryl sulfate combination (1.7-fold), and all triple combinations (1.4- to 1.9-fold). Chitosan containing dual/triple combinations resulted in significant increase (p < 0.05) in metformin permeability (1.7 to 2.8-fold). All results indicated that absorption of furosemide and metformin can be improved by the combination of permeability enhancers. Therefore, it can be evaluated for the formulation of development strategies containing furosemide and metformin by the pharmaceutical industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tugba Gulsun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| | - Nihan Izat
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| | - Selma Sahin
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hacettepe University, Ankara 06100, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Kang SJ, Jun JS, Hong KW. Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Immunomodulatory Effect of Spore-Displayed p75 on Human Intestinal Epithelial Caco-2 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314519. [PMID: 36498846 PMCID: PMC9739243 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) can promote intestinal health by modulating the immune responses of the gastrointestinal tract. However, knowledge about the immunomodulatory action of LGG-derived soluble factors is limited. In our previous study, we have displayed LGG-derived p75 protein on the spore surface of Bacillus subtilis. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of spore-displayed p75 (CotG-p75) on immune system by investigating transcriptional response of Caco-2 cells stimulated by CotG-p75 through RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq). RNA-seq results showed that CotG-p75 mainly stimulated genes involved in biological processes, such as response to stimulus, immune regulation, and chemotaxis. KEGG pathway analysis suggested that many genes activated by CotG-p75 were involved in NF-ĸB signaling and chemokine signaling pathways. CotG-p75 increased cytokines and chemokines such as CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL3, CXCL8, CXCL10, CCL20, CCL22, and IL1B essential for the immune system. In particular, CotG-p75 increased the expression levels of NF-ĸB-related genes such as NFKBIA, TNFAIP3, BIRC3, NFKB2, and RELB involved in immune and inflammatory responses. This study provides genes and pathways involved in immune responses influenced by CotG-p75. These comprehensive transcriptome profiling could be used to elucidate the immunomodulatory action of CotG-p75.
Collapse
|
7
|
A doxycycline-inducible CYP3A4-Caco-2 cell line as a model for evaluating safety of aflatoxin B1 in the human intestine. Toxicol Lett 2022; 370:1-6. [PMID: 36100150 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2022.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Exposure of humans to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) via ingestion of contaminated agricultural products is a major concern for human health throughout the world because epoxidized AFB1, biotransformed from AFB1 by hepatic CYP3A4, is strongly hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic. Intestinal epithelial cells serve as a physical and physiological barrier against xenobiotics via their intercellular tight junction (TJ) seals and the metabolizing enzyme CYP3A4. However, the effect of AFB1 on the intestinal barrier remains unclear. Here, we investigated the influence of AFB1 on these physical and physiological intestinal barriers by means of an in vitro human intestinal model utilizing doxycycline-inducible CYP3A4-expressing Caco-2 cells, in which CYP3A4 activity is comparable to that in the adult human intestine. Cellular toxicity of AFB1 in induced Caco-2 cells (i.e., cells in which expression of CYP3A4 is induced by doxycycline) was approximately 5 times that of uninduced Caco-2 cells. Exposure to 16 µM AFB1 did not decrease the transepithelial electric resistance (TEER; a measure of TJ barrier integrity) in monolayers of uninduced Caco-2 cells to 95.8 % of that in vehicle-treated cells; in contrast, in induced Caco-2 cells, TEER was reduced to 28.8 %. Exposure to 16 µM AFB1 increased paracellular permeation of 4- and 20-kDa dextrans (paracellular permeation markers) through monolayers of induced Caco-2 cells to 5.4 and 5.2 times that through uninduced Caco-2 cells. These results together show that ingested AFB1 can modulate the intestinal barrier, and that inducible CYP3A4-expressing Caco-2 cells are a promising tool for evaluating the safety of food contaminants in the human intestine.
Collapse
|
8
|
Sabra R, Narula A, Taylor LS, Li N. Comparisons of in Vitro Models to Evaluate the Membrane Permeability of Amorphous Drug Nanoparticles. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:3412-3428. [PMID: 35972995 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The spontaneous formation of amorphous drug nanoparticles following the release of a drug from a supersaturating formulation is gaining increasing attention due to their potential contribution to increased oral bioavailability. The formation of nanosized drug particles also has considerable implications for the interpretation of in vitro and in vivo data. However, the membrane transport properties of these drug particles remain less well understood. Herein, the membrane permeation of nanosized amorphous drug particles of a model drug atazanavir was evaluated using different artificial membrane-based, cell-based, and animal tissue-based models. Results showed that flux enhancement by particles was different for the various systems used. Generally, good agreement was obtained among experiments performed using the same apparatus with different model membranes, with the exception of the Madin-Darby canine kidney cell monolayer and the Long-Evans rat intestine tissue, which showed lower flux enhancements. Franz cell-based models showed slightly higher flux enhancements by particles compared to Transwell and intestinal tissue sac models. Mass transport analysis suggested that the extent of flux enhancement by particles is dependent on the geometry of the apparatus as well as the properties of the membrane and buffer used, whereas the flux plateau concentration is dependent on the unstirred water later (UWL) asymmetry. These results highlight the complexity in characterizing the permeability advantage of these nonmembrane permeable drug particles and suggest that caution should be used in selecting the appropriate in vitro model to evaluate the overall permeability of colloidal drug particles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rayan Sabra
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, 69 North Eagleville Road, Unit 3092, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Akshay Narula
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, 69 North Eagleville Road, Unit 3092, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| | - Lynne S Taylor
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, Purdue University, 575 Stadium Mall Drive, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Na Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, 69 North Eagleville Road, Unit 3092, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States.,Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, 97 North Eagleville Road, Unit 3136, Storrs, Connecticut 06269, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Vivanco-Maroto SM, Santos-Hernández M, Sanchón J, Picariello G, Recio I, Miralles B. In vitro digestion of milk proteins including intestinal brush border membrane peptidases. Transepithelial transport of resistant casein domains. Food Res Int 2022; 157:111238. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
|
10
|
Korzekwa K, Radice C, Nagar S. A Permeability- and Perfusion-based PBPK model for Improved Prediction of Concentration-time Profiles. Clin Transl Sci 2022; 15:2035-2052. [PMID: 35588513 PMCID: PMC9372417 DOI: 10.1111/cts.13314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
To improve predictions of concentration‐time (C‐t) profiles of drugs, a new physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling framework (termed ‘PermQ’) has been developed. This model includes permeability into and out of capillaries, cell membranes, and intracellular lipids. New modeling components include (i) lumping of tissues into compartments based on both blood flow and capillary permeability, and (ii) parameterizing clearances in and out of membranes with apparent permeability and membrane partitioning values. Novel observations include the need for a shallow distribution compartment particularly for bases. C‐t profiles were modeled for 24 drugs (7 acidic, 5 neutral, and 12 basic) using the same experimental inputs for three different models: Rodgers and Rowland (RR), a perfusion‐limited membrane‐based model (Kp,mem), and PermQ. Kp,mem and PermQ can be directly compared since both models have identical tissue partition coefficient parameters. For the 24 molecules used for model development, errors in Vss and t1/2 were reduced by 37% and 43%, respectively, with the PermQ model. Errors in C‐t profiles were reduced (increased EOC) by 43%. The improvement was generally greater for bases than for acids and neutrals. Predictions were improved for all 3 models with the use of parameters optimized for the PermQ model. For five drugs in a test set, similar results were observed. These results suggest that prediction of C‐t profiles can be improved by including capillary and cellular permeability components for all tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ken Korzekwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Casey Radice
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Swati Nagar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chen C, Xu C, Zhai J, Ma Y, Zhao C, Yang W. Solvent-free preparation of uniform styrene/maleimide copolymer microspheres from solid poly(styrene-alt-maleic anhydride) microspheres. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01540k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A solvent-free strategy to prepare poly(styrene-alt-maleimide) (SMI) provides a facile and environmentally friendly pathway to a large-scale low cost production of monodisperse SMI microspheres.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chuxuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Can Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Jiaxin Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yuhong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for the Synthesis and Applications of Waterborne Polymers, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Changwen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Wantai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for the Synthesis and Applications of Waterborne Polymers, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kim YH, Kim KJ, D’Argenio DZ, Crandall ED. Characteristics of Passive Solute Transport across Primary Rat Alveolar Epithelial Cell Monolayers. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:331. [PMID: 33946241 PMCID: PMC8145727 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11050331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Primary rat alveolar epithelial cell monolayers (RAECM) were grown without (type I cell-like phenotype, RAECM-I) or with (type II cell-like phenotype, RAECM-II) keratinocyte growth factor to assess passive transport of 11 hydrophilic solutes. We estimated apparent permeability (Papp) in the absence/presence of calcium chelator EGTA to determine the effects of perturbing tight junctions on "equivalent" pores. Papp across RAECM-I and -II in the absence of EGTA are similar and decrease as solute size increases. We modeled Papp of the hydrophilic solutes across RAECM-I/-II as taking place via heterogeneous populations of equivalent pores comprised of small (0.41/0.32 nm radius) and large (9.88/11.56 nm radius) pores, respectively. Total equivalent pore area is dominated by small equivalent pores (99.92-99.97%). The number of small and large equivalent pores in RAECM-I was 8.55 and 1.29 times greater, respectively, than those in RAECM-II. With EGTA, the large pore radius in RAECM-I/-II increased by 1.58/4.34 times and the small equivalent pore radius increased by 1.84/1.90 times, respectively. These results indicate that passive diffusion of hydrophilic solutes across an alveolar epithelium occurs via small and large equivalent pores, reflecting interactions of transmembrane proteins expressed in intercellular tight junctions of alveolar epithelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Ho Kim
- Will Rogers Institute Pulmonary Research Center and Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033-0906, USA; (Y.H.K.); (K.-J.K.)
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033-0906, USA
| | - Kwang-Jin Kim
- Will Rogers Institute Pulmonary Research Center and Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033-0906, USA; (Y.H.K.); (K.-J.K.)
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033-0906, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-1111, USA;
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9037, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-9121, USA
| | - David Z. D’Argenio
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-1111, USA;
| | - Edward D. Crandall
- Will Rogers Institute Pulmonary Research Center and Hastings Center for Pulmonary Research, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033-0906, USA; (Y.H.K.); (K.-J.K.)
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033-0906, USA
- Department of Pathology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033-9092, USA
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Viterbi School of Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-1211, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Talebi S, Garthe M, Roghmans F, Chen GQ, Kentish SE. Lactic Acid and Salt Separation Using Membrane Technology. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:107. [PMID: 33546208 PMCID: PMC7913289 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11020107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Acid whey is a by-product of cheese and yoghurt manufacture. The protein and lactose within acid whey can be recovered using nanofiltration and electrodialysis, but this leaves a waste stream that is a mixture of salts and lactic acid. To further add value to the acid whey treatment process, the possibility of recovering this lactic acid was investigated using either low energy reverse osmosis membranes or an electrodialysis process. Partial separation between lactic acid and potassium chloride was achieved at low applied pressures and feed pH in the reverse osmosis process, as a greater permeation of potassium chloride was observed under these conditions. Furthermore, lactic acid retention was enhanced by operating at lower temperature. Partial separation between lactic acid and potassium chloride was also achieved in the electrodialysis process. However, the observed losses in lactic acid increased with the addition of sodium chloride to the feed solution. This indicates that the separation becomes more challenging as the complexity of the feed solution increases. Neither process was able to achieve sufficient separation to avoid the use of further purification processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Talebi
- The ARC Dairy Innovation Hub, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (S.T.); (G.Q.C.)
| | - Michael Garthe
- Chemical Process Engineering, RWTH University, Forckenbeckstraße 51, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (M.G.); (F.R.)
| | - Florian Roghmans
- Chemical Process Engineering, RWTH University, Forckenbeckstraße 51, 52074 Aachen, Germany; (M.G.); (F.R.)
| | - George Q. Chen
- The ARC Dairy Innovation Hub, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (S.T.); (G.Q.C.)
| | - Sandra E. Kentish
- The ARC Dairy Innovation Hub, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia; (S.T.); (G.Q.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Moreira LN, Feltrin C, Gonçalves JE, de Castro WV, Simões CMO, de Pádua RM, Cortes SF, Braga FC. Determination of l-(+)-bornesitol, the hypotensive constituent of Hancornia speciosa, in rat plasma by LC-MS/MS and its application on a pharmacokinetic study. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 132:110900. [PMID: 33113433 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hancornia speciosa is a medicinal plant with proven antihypertensive activity. The cyclitol l-(+)-bornesitol is the main constituent of its leaves and is a potent inhibitor of the angiotensin-converting enzyme. We herein investigated the pharmacokinetic properties of bornesitol administered orally to Wistar rats, as well as bornesitol permeation in Caco-2 cells. Bornesitol was isolated and purified from an ethanol extract of H. speciosa leaves. An ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS) method was developed and validated to quantify bornesitol in rat plasma based on Multiple Reaction Monitoring, using pentaerythritol as an internal standard. Pharmacokinetics was evaluated by the administration of single doses via intravenous in bolus (3 mg/kg) and gavage (3, 15 and 25 mg/kg). Bornesitol permeation was assayed in a transwell Caco-2 cells model, tested alone, or combined with rutin, or as a constituent of H. speciosa extract, using a developed and validated UPLC-ESI-MS/MS method. All assayed validation parameters (selectivity, residual effect, matrix effect, linearity, precision, accuracy and stability of analyte in plasma and solution) for the bioanalytical method met the acceptance criteria established by regulatory guidelines. Bornestiol reached peak plasma concentration within approximately 60 min after oral administration with a half-life ranging from 72.15 min to 123.69 min. The peak concentration and area under the concentration-time curve of bornesitol did not rise proportionally with the increasing doses, suggesting a non-linear pharmacokinetics in rats and the oral bioavailability ranged from 28.5%-59.3%. Bornesitol showed low permeability in Caco-2 cells, but the permeability apparently increased when it was administered either combined with rutin or as a constituent of H. speciosa extract. In conclusion, bornesitol was rapidly absorbed after a single oral administration to rats and followed a non-linear pharmacokinetics. The obtained data will be useful to guide further pre-clinical development of bornesitol-containing herbal preparations of H. speciosa as an antihypertensive agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luciana N Moreira
- Department of Pharmaceutical Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Clarissa Feltrin
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Center for Health Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, R. Eng. Agronômico Andrei Cristian Ferreira, s/n, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - José E Gonçalves
- Department of Pharmaceutical Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Whocely V de Castro
- Núcleo de Pesquisa em Química Biológica, Universidade Federal de São João Del-Rey, Campus Centro-Oeste, R. Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho 400, Divinópolis, Brazil
| | - Cláudia M O Simões
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Center for Health Sciences, Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, R. Eng. Agronômico Andrei Cristian Ferreira, s/n, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo M de Pádua
- Department of Pharmaceutical Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Steyner F Cortes
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Fernão C Braga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos 6627, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Gupta R, Yin L, Grosche A, Lin S, Xu X, Guo J, Vaught LA, Okunieff PG, Vidyasagar S. An Amino Acid-Based Oral Rehydration Solution Regulates Radiation-Induced Intestinal Barrier Disruption in Mice. J Nutr 2020; 150:1100-1108. [PMID: 32133527 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxaa025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiotherapy inadvertently affects gastrointestinal (GI) epithelial cells, causing intestinal barrier disruption and increased permeability. OBJECTIVE We examined the effect of amino acid-based oral rehydration solution (AA-ORS) on radiation-induced changes of intestinal barrier function and epithelial tight junctions (TJs) in a randomized experimental study using a total-body irradiation (TBI) mouse model. METHODS Eight-week-old male Swiss mice received a single-dose TBI (0, 1, 3, or 5 Gy), and subsequent gastric gavage with AA-ORS (threonine, valine, serine, tyrosine, and aspartic acid) or saline for 2 or 6 d. Intestinal barrier function of mouse ileum was characterized by electrophysiological analysis of conductance, anion selectivity, and paracellular permeability [fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran]. Ultrastructural changes of TJs were evaluated by transmission electron microscopy. Membrane protein and mRNA expression of claudin-1, -2, -3, -5, and -7, occludin, and E-cadherin were analyzed with western blot, qPCR, and immunohistochemistry. Nonparametric tests were used to compare treatment-dose differences for each time point. RESULTS Saline-treated mice had a higher conductance at doses as low as 3 Gy, and as early as 2 d post-TBI compared with 0 Gy (P < 0.001). Paracellular permeability and dilution potential were increased 6 d after 5 Gy TBI (P < 0.001). Conductance decreased with AA-ORS after 2 d in 3-Gy and 5-Gy mice (P < 0.05 and P < 0.001), and on day 6 after 5 Gy TBI (P < 0.001). Anion selectivity and FITC permeability decreased from 0.73 ± 0.02 to 0.61 ± 0.03 pCl/pNa (P < 0.01) and from 2.7 ± 0.1 × 105 to 2.1 ± 0.1 × 105 RFU (P < 0.001) in 5-Gy mice treated with AA-ORS for 6 d compared with saline. Irradiation-induced ultrastructural changes of TJs characterized by decreased electron density and gap formation improved with AA-ORS. Reduced claudin-1, -3, and -7 membrane expression after TBI recovered with AA-ORS within 6 d, whereas claudin-2 decreased indicating restitution of TJ proteins. CONCLUSIONS Radiation-induced functional and structural disruption of the intestinal barrier in mice is reversed by AA-ORS rendering AA-ORS a potential treatment option in prospective clinical trials in patients with gastrointestinal barrier dysfunction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reshu Gupta
- Entrinsic Health Solutions, Norwood, MA, USA
| | - Liangjie Yin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida Shands Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | | | | | - Xiaodong Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida Shands Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jing Guo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida Shands Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Lauren A Vaught
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida Shands Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Paul G Okunieff
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida Shands Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sadasivan Vidyasagar
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Florida Shands Cancer Center, Gainesville, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Prot-Bertoye C, Houillier P. Claudins in Renal Physiology and Pathology. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:genes11030290. [PMID: 32164158 PMCID: PMC7140793 DOI: 10.3390/genes11030290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Claudins are integral proteins expressed at the tight junctions of epithelial and endothelial cells. In the mammalian kidney, every tubular segment express a specific set of claudins that give to that segment unique properties regarding permeability and selectivity of the paracellular pathway. So far, 3 claudins (10b, 16 and 19) have been causally traced to rare human syndromes: variants of CLDN10b cause HELIX syndrome and variants of CLDN16 or CLDN19 cause familial hypomagnesemia with hypercalciuria and nephrocalcinosis. The review summarizes our current knowledge on the physiology of mammalian tight junctions and paracellular ion transport, as well as on the role of the 3 above-mentioned claudins in health and disease. Claudin 14, although not having been causally linked to any rare renal disease, is also considered, because available evidence suggests that it may interact with claudin 16. Some single-nucleotide polymorphisms of CLDN14 are associated with urinary calcium excretion and/or kidney stones. For each claudin considered, the pattern of expression, the function and the human syndrome caused by pathogenic variants are described.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Prot-Bertoye
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, F-75006 Paris, France;
- Service de Physiologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, F-75015 Paris, France
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Rénales Héréditaires de l’Enfant et de l’Adulte (MARHEA), F-75015 Paris, France
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares du Calcium et du Phosphate, F-75015 Paris, France
- CNRS, ERL8228, F-75006 Paris, France
| | - Pascal Houillier
- Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, INSERM, Sorbonne Université, Université de Paris, F-75006 Paris, France;
- Service de Physiologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, F-75015 Paris, France
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Rénales Héréditaires de l’Enfant et de l’Adulte (MARHEA), F-75015 Paris, France
- Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares du Calcium et du Phosphate, F-75015 Paris, France
- CNRS, ERL8228, F-75006 Paris, France
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Li PH, Lu WC, Chan YJ, Zhao YP, Nie XB, Jiang CX, Ji YX. Feasibility of Using Seaweed ( Gracilaria coronopifolia) Synbiotic as a Bioactive Material for Intestinal Health. Foods 2019; 8:foods8120623. [PMID: 31783694 PMCID: PMC6963959 DOI: 10.3390/foods8120623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The market contains only limited health care products that combine prebiotics and probiotics. In this study, we developed a seaweed-based Gracilaria coronopifolia synbiotic and verified the efficacy by small intestinal cells (Caco-2). We also developed a functional material that promotes intestinal health and prevents intestinal inflammation. G. coronopifolia was used as a red seaweed prebiotic, and Bifidobacterium bifidums, B. longum subsp. infantis, B. longum subsp. longum, Lactobacillus acidophilus, and L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus were mixed for the seaweed's synbiotics. G. coronopifolia synbiotics were nontoxic to Caco-2 cells, and the survival rate was 101% to 117% for a multiplicative effect on cell survival. After cells were induced by H2O2, the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) increased to 151.5%, but after G. coronopifolia synbiotic treatment, decreased to a range between 101.8% and 109.6%. After cells were induced by tumor necrosis factor α, the ROS levels increased to 124.5%, but decreased to 57.7% with G. coronopifolia symbiotic treatment. G. coronopifolia synbiotics could effectively inhibit the production of ROS intestinal cells under oxidative stress (induced by H2O2 and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α)), which can reduce the damage of cells under oxidative stress. Functioning of intestinal cells could be improved by inhibiting the production of inflammatory factor substances (interleukin 8) with G. coronopifolia symbiotic treatment. Also, gastrointestinal diseases may be retarded by a synbiotic developed from G. coronopifolia to promote intestinal health and prevent intestinal inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Po-Hsien Li
- Department of Medicinal Botanical and Health Applications, Da-Yeh University, No.168, University Rd., Dacun, Changhua 51591, Taiwan;
- College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China (X.-B.N.); (C.-X.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-928767532
| | - Wen-Chien Lu
- Department of Food and Beverage Management, Chung-Jen Junior College of Nursing, Health Sciences and Management, No.217, Hung-Mao-Pi, Chia-Yi City 60077, Taiwan;
| | - Yung-Jia Chan
- Department of Medicinal Botanical and Health Applications, Da-Yeh University, No.168, University Rd., Dacun, Changhua 51591, Taiwan;
| | - Yu-Ping Zhao
- College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China (X.-B.N.); (C.-X.J.)
| | - Xiao-Bao Nie
- College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China (X.-B.N.); (C.-X.J.)
| | - Chang-Xing Jiang
- College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China (X.-B.N.); (C.-X.J.)
| | - Yu-Xiang Ji
- College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian 223003, China (X.-B.N.); (C.-X.J.)
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Kulkarni P, Korzekwa K, Nagar S. A hybrid model to evaluate the impact of active uptake transport on hepatic distribution of atorvastatin in rats. Xenobiotica 2019; 50:536-544. [PMID: 31530243 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2019.1668982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
1. Mathematical modeling remains a useful tool to study the impact of transporters on overall and intracellular drug disposition. The impact of organic anion transporter protein mediated uptake on atorvastatin systemic and intracellular pharmacokinetics, specifically distribution volume, was studied in rats with mathematical modeling and conducting in vivo pharmacokinetic studies for atorvastatin in presence and absence of rifampicin. A previously developed 5-compartment explicit membrane model for the liver was combined with a compartmental model to develop a semi-physiological hybrid model for atorvastatin disposition. 2. Rifampicin treatment resulted in a decrease in systemic clearance and steady-state distribution volume, and an increase in half-life of atorvastatin. The hybrid model predicted higher unbound intracellular liver atorvastatin concentrations than unbound plasma concentrations in both rifampicin treated and untreated groups, indicating involvement of uptake transporters. The intracellular unbound concentrations during the distributive phase were unaffected by rifampicin. The dependence of clearance on blood flow as well as hepatic uptake for atorvastatin (a moderate-to-high extraction ratio drug) can explain this lack of change in intracellular concentrations if there is incomplete inhibition of transport at the tested rifampicin dose. 3. The hybrid model successfully allowed the evaluation of effect of active uptake on intracellular and plasma atorvastatin disposition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Kulkarni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ken Korzekwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Swati Nagar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Potential for Tight Junction Protein-Directed Drug Development Using Claudin Binders and Angubindin-1. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20164016. [PMID: 31426497 PMCID: PMC6719960 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20164016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The tight junction (TJ) is an intercellular sealing component found in epithelial and endothelial tissues that regulates the passage of solutes across the paracellular space. Research examining the biology of TJs has revealed that they are complex biochemical structures constructed from a range of proteins including claudins, occludin, tricellulin, angulins and junctional adhesion molecules. The transient disruption of the barrier function of TJs to open the paracellular space is one means of enhancing mucosal and transdermal drug absorption and to deliver drugs across the blood–brain barrier. However, the disruption of TJs can also open the paracellular space to harmful xenobiotics and pathogens. To address this issue, the strategies targeting TJ proteins have been developed to loosen TJs in a size- or tissue-dependent manner rather than to disrupt them. As several TJ proteins are overexpressed in malignant tumors and in the inflamed intestinal tract, and are present in cells and epithelia conjoined with the mucosa-associated lymphoid immune tissue, these TJ-protein-targeted strategies may also provide platforms for the development of novel therapies and vaccines. Here, this paper reviews two TJ-protein-targeted technologies, claudin binders and an angulin binder, and their applications in drug development.
Collapse
|
20
|
Kimura T, Tsukada A, Fukutomi T, Ichida K, Ohtsuki S, Sakurai H. Urate Transport via Paracellular Route across Epithelial Cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2019; 42:43-49. [PMID: 30606989 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b18-00505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Urate is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism in humans. We have recently reported that the paracellular route is the major urate transport pathway across the blood-placental barrier. In this study, the mechanism of urate paracellular transport was investigated in several epithelial cell lines including Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) type I, Lilly Laboratories cell-porcine kidney 1 (LLC-PK1) and Caco-2 cells. Very little urate passed through MDCK and LLC-PK1 cell layers. In contrast, one of the Caco-2 cell lines was found to be urate-permeable. This urate paracellular movement across Caco-2 cell layer was not inhibited by the urate transporter inhibitor benzbromarone but was partially inhibited by 4,4'-diisothiocyanato-2,2'-stilbenedisulfonic acid (DIDS), which inhibits chloride transport. Detection and quantification of claudin proteins that are important for paracellular transport of ions were performed by LC/MS. Claudins 1, 3, 4, 6, 7 and 12 were detected in urate-permeable cell lines, BeWo cells and Caco-2 cells. We compared claudin expression patterns in urate-permeable and urate-non-permeable Caco-2 cells by LC/MS and found that claudin 12 had a higher expression level in urate-permeable Caco-2 cells. Overexpression of these claudins in MDCK cells did not increase urate paracellular transport. Although there were differences in claudin expression pattern between urate-permeable and non-permeable cells, increased expression of single claudin alone did not explain paracellular permeability of urate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toru Kimura
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Kyorin University School of Medicine
| | - Ai Tsukada
- Department of Pathophysiology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science.,Department of Regional Food and Pharmaceutical Safety Control Medical Device Safety Control Section, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Public Health
| | - Toshiyuki Fukutomi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Kyorin University School of Medicine
| | - Kimiyoshi Ichida
- Department of Pathophysiology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science
| | - Sumio Ohtsuki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University
| | - Hiroyuki Sakurai
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Kyorin University School of Medicine
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Lanevskij K, Didziapetris R. Physicochemical QSAR Analysis of Passive Permeability Across Caco-2 Monolayers. J Pharm Sci 2018; 108:78-86. [PMID: 30321548 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2018.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Caco-2 cell line is frequently used as a simplified in vitro model of intestinal absorption. In this study, a database of 1366 Caco-2 permeability coefficients (Pe) for 768 diverse drugs and drug-like compounds was compiled from public sources. The collected data represent permeation rates measured at varying experimental conditions (pH from 4.0 to 8.0, and stirring rates from 0 to >1000 rpm) that presumably account for passive diffusion across mucosal epithelium. These data were subjected to multistep nonlinear regression analysis using a minimal set of physicochemical descriptors (octanol-water log D, pKa, hydrogen bonding potential, and molecular size). The model was constructed in a mechanistic manner incorporating the following components: (i) a hydrodynamic equation of size- and charge-specific along with nonspecific diffusion across the paracellular pathway; (ii) transcellular diffusion represented by thermodynamic membrane/water partitioning ratio; (iii) stirring-dependent limit of maximum achievable permeability due to the presence of unstirred water layer. The obtained model demonstrates good accuracy of log Pe predictions with a residual mean square error <0.5 log units for all training and validation sets. Given its robust performance and straightforward interpretation in terms of simple physicochemical properties, the proposed model may serve as a valuable tool to guide drug discovery efforts toward readily absorbable compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kiril Lanevskij
- VšĮ"Aukštieji algoritmai", A.Mickevičiaus 29, LT-08117 Vilnius, Lithuania; ACD/Labs, Inc., 8 King Street East, Toronto, Ontario M5C 1B5, Canada.
| | - Remigijus Didziapetris
- VšĮ"Aukštieji algoritmai", A.Mickevičiaus 29, LT-08117 Vilnius, Lithuania; ACD/Labs, Inc., 8 King Street East, Toronto, Ontario M5C 1B5, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Lavan M, Knipp G. Effects of Dendrimer-Like Biopolymers on Physical Stability of Amorphous Solid Dispersions and Drug Permeability Across Caco-2 Cell Monolayers. AAPS PharmSciTech 2018; 19:2459-2471. [PMID: 29869315 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-018-1080-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential applications of dendrimer-like biopolymers (DLB) as stabilizing excipients for amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) of niclosamide, celecoxib, and resveratrol were evaluated based on (1) the formation and physical stability of the ASD and (2) the permeability and flux of the agents across Caco-2 cell monolayers. The evaluation was made by comparing the performance of prototype phytoglycogen derivatives (DLB1, DLB2, and DLB3) with commonly used polymers such as HPMCAS, PVPVA, and Soluplus®. PXRD was used to confirm the formation of the dispersions and detect crystallinity peaks formed during 2- and 4-week storage at 40°C/75% RH. At concentrations below 2 g/mL, the viability of Caco-2 cells remained above 80% for all DLB samples compared to untreated cells in the MTT assay. Permeability studies revealed a repeating pattern in which an increase in the initial concentration (C0) was associated with a concomitant decrease in the apparent permeability (Papp) which we theorize is due to differences in drug-polymer interactions. Niclosamide-DLB1 dispersion had the lowest flux due to a significant reduction in Papp. The high increase in the C0 of celecoxib-DLB2, however, made up for the reduction in the Papp and produced the highest flux values compared to other polymers. Resveratrol-DLB3 had a 5× reduction in Papp, but C0 increased from 25.8 to 176 μg/mL led to a higher flux compared to the crystalline drug without polymer. Collectively, these results provide a "proof-of-concept" basis to demonstrate that DLB excipients have the ability to increase apparent solubility (Solapp), most likely due to drug-binding capacity.
Collapse
|
23
|
In Vitro Evaluation of Third Generation PAMAM Dendrimer Conjugates. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22101661. [PMID: 28976921 PMCID: PMC6151491 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22101661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study compares the use of high generation G3 and low generation G0 Polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers as drug carriers of naproxen (NAP), a poorly water soluble drug. Naproxen was conjugated to G3 in different ratios and to G0 in a 1:1 ratio via a diethylene glycol linker. A lauroyl chain (L), a lipophilic permeability enhancer, was attached to G3 and G0 prodrugs. The G3 and G0 conjugates were more hydrophilic than naproxen as evaluated by the measurement of partitioning between 1-octanol and a phosphate buffer at pH 7.4 and pH 1.2. The unmodified surface PAMAM-NAP conjugates showed significant solubility enhancements of NAP at pH 1.2; however, with the number of NAP conjugated to G3, this was limited to 10 molecules. The lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay indicated that the G3 dendrimer conjugates had a concentration dependent toxicity towards Caco-2 cells. Attaching naproxen to the surface of the dendrimer increased the IC50 of the resulting prodrugs towards Caco-2 cells. The lauroyl G3 conjugates showed the highest toxicity amongst the PAMAM dendrimer conjugates investigated and were significantly more toxic than the lauroyl-G0-naproxen conjugates. The permeability of naproxen across monolayers of Caco-2 cells was significantly increased by its conjugation to either G3 or G0 PAMAM dendrimers. Lauroyl-G0 conjugates displayed considerably lower cytotoxicity than G3 conjugates and may be preferable for use as a drug carrier for low soluble drugs such as naproxen.
Collapse
|
24
|
Kulczar C, Lubin KE, Lefebvre S, Miller DW, Knipp GT. Development of a direct contact astrocyte-human cerebral microvessel endothelial cells blood-brain barrier coculture model. J Pharm Pharmacol 2017; 69:1684-1696. [PMID: 28872681 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In conventional in-vitro blood-brain barrier (BBB) models, primary and immortalized brain microvessel endothelial cell (BMEC) lines are often cultured in a monolayer or indirect coculture or triculture configurations with astrocytes or pericytes, for screening permeation of therapeutic or potentially neurotoxic compounds. In each of these cases, the physiological relevancy associated with the direct contact between the BMECs, pericytes and astrocytes that form the BBB and resulting synergistic interactions are lost. We look to overcome this limitation with a direct contact coculture model. METHODS We established and optimized a direct interaction coculture system where primary human astrocytes are cultured on the apical surface of a Transwell® filter support and then human cerebral microvessel endothelial cells (hCMEC/D3) seeded directly on the astrocyte lawn. KEY FINDINGS The studies suggest the direct coculture model may provide a more restrictive and physiologically relevant model through a significant reduction in paracellular transport of model compounds in comparison with monoculture and indirect coculture. In comparison with existing methods, the indirect coculture and monoculture models utilized may limit cell-cell signaling between human astrocytes and BMECs that are possible with direct configurations. CONCLUSIONS Paracellular permeability reductions with the direct coculture system may enhance therapeutic agent and potential neurotoxicant screening for BBB permeability better than the currently available monoculture and indirect coculture in-vitro models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chris Kulczar
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Kelsey E Lubin
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Sylvia Lefebvre
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Donald W Miller
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Gregory T Knipp
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Watanabe Y. Functional Modulation of Tight Junction to Enhance the Permeability of Biological Products (Biologics) in Biomembranes. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2017; 137:719-732. [DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.16-00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiteru Watanabe
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Showa Pharmaceutical University
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Maher S, Mrsny RJ, Brayden DJ. Intestinal permeation enhancers for oral peptide delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 106:277-319. [PMID: 27320643 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Intestinal permeation enhancers (PEs) are one of the most widely tested strategies to improve oral delivery of therapeutic peptides. This article assesses the intestinal permeation enhancement action of over 250 PEs that have been tested in intestinal delivery models. In depth analysis of pre-clinical data is presented for PEs as components of proprietary delivery systems that have progressed to clinical trials. Given the importance of co-presentation of sufficiently high concentrations of PE and peptide at the small intestinal epithelium, there is an emphasis on studies where PEs have been formulated with poorly permeable molecules in solid dosage forms and lipoidal dispersions.
Collapse
|
27
|
Kulkarni P, Korzekwa K, Nagar S. Intracellular Unbound Atorvastatin Concentrations in the Presence of Metabolism and Transport. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 359:26-36. [PMID: 27451408 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.235689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate prediction of drug target activity and rational dosing regimen design require knowledge of drug concentrations at the target. It is important to understand the impact of processes such as membrane permeability, partitioning, and active transport on intracellular drug concentrations. The present study aimed to predict intracellular unbound atorvastatin concentrations and characterize the effect of enzyme-transporter interplay on these concentrations. Single-pass liver perfusion studies were conducted in rats using atorvastatin (ATV, 1 µM) alone at 4°C and at 37°C in presence of rifampin (RIF, 20 µM) and 1-aminobenzotriazole (ABT, 1 mM), separately and in combination. The unbound intracellular ATV concentration was predicted with a five-compartment explicit membrane model using the parameterized diffusional influx clearance, active basolateral uptake clearance, and metabolic clearance. Chemical inhibition of uptake and metabolism at 37°C proved to be better controls relative to studies at 4°C. The predicted unbound intracellular concentration at the end of the 50-minute perfusion in the +ABT , +ABT+RIF, and the ATV-only groups was 6.5 µM, 0.58 µM, and 5.14 µM, respectively. The predicted total liver concentrations and amount recovered in bile were within 0.94-1.3 fold of the observed value in all groups. The fold difference in total liver concentration did not always extrapolate to the fold difference in predicted unbound concentration across groups. Together, these results support the use of compartmental modeling to predict intracellular concentrations in dynamic organ-based systems. These predictions can provide insight into the role of uptake transporters and metabolizing enzymes in determining drug tissue concentrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Kulkarni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kenneth Korzekwa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Swati Nagar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Temple University School of Pharmacy, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Schowen KB, Schowen RL, Borchardt SE, Borchardt PM, Artursson P, Audus KL, Augustijns P, Nicolazzo JA, Raub TJ, Schöneich C, Siahaan TJ, Takakura Y, Thakker DR, Wolfe MS. A Tribute to Ronald T. Borchardt—Teacher, Mentor, Scientist, Colleague, Leader, Friend, and Family Man. J Pharm Sci 2016; 105:370-385. [DOI: 10.1002/jps.24687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
29
|
Ozeki K, Kato M, Sakurai Y, Ishigai M, Kudo T, Ito K. Evaluation of the appropriate time range for estimating the apparent permeability coefficient (Papp) in a transcellular transport study. Int J Pharm 2015; 495:963-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
30
|
Broux B, Gowing E, Prat A. Glial regulation of the blood-brain barrier in health and disease. Semin Immunopathol 2015; 37:577-90. [PMID: 26245144 DOI: 10.1007/s00281-015-0516-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The brain is the organ with the highest metabolic demand in the body. Therefore, it needs specialized vasculature to provide it with the necessary oxygen and nutrients, while protecting it against pathogens and toxins. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is very tightly regulated by specialized endothelial cells, two basement membranes, and astrocytic endfeet. The proximity of astrocytes to the vessel makes them perfect candidates to influence the function of the BBB. Moreover, other glial cells are also known to contribute to either BBB quiescence or breakdown. In this review, we summarize the knowledge on glial regulation of the BBB during development, in homeostatic conditions in the adult, and during neuroinflammatory responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bieke Broux
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), 900 Rue Saint Denis Street, Room R9.912, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H2X 0A9
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
- Hasselt University, Biomedical Research Institute and transnationale Universiteit Limburg, School of Life Sciences, Agoralaan, Building C, 3590, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Elizabeth Gowing
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), 900 Rue Saint Denis Street, Room R9.912, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H2X 0A9
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Alexandre Prat
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), 900 Rue Saint Denis Street, Room R9.912, Montréal, Québec, Canada, H2X 0A9.
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Su P, Zhao F, Cao Z, Zhang J, Aschner M, Luo W. Mir-203-mediated tricellulin mediates lead-induced in vitro loss of blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCB) function. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:1185-94. [PMID: 25975750 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier (BCB) plays a critical role in the maintenance of optimal brain function. Tricellulin (TRIC), a protein localized at the tricellular contact sites of epithelial cells is involved in the formation of tight junctions in various epithelial barriers. However, little is known about its expression in the choroidal epithelial cells. It is well established that lead (Pb) exposure increases the leakage of the BCB. The purpose of this study is to investigate the expression and localization of TRIC in choroidal epithelial cells in vitro and whether altered TRIC expression mediates Pb-induced loss of barrier function. We found that TRIC protein and mRNA were expressed in choroidal epithelial cells in vitro and TRIC was localized at the tricellular contacts, colocalizing with occludin. Downregulation of TRIC by siRNA increased the BCB permeability corroborated by altered transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) and FITC-dextran flux. Treatment with 10μM Pb reduced TRIC protein expression, but overexpression of TRIC alleviated the Pb-induced increase in BCB permeability. Bioinformatics analysis showed that mir-203 was a potential microRNA (miRNA) binding motif on TRIC 3'UTR, and that Pb exposure increased the expression of mir-203. Treatment with a mir-203 inhibitor increased TRIC protein expression and attenuated the Pb-induced BCB leakage. Our results establish that TRIC plays an important role in regulating BCB function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Su
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Fang Zhao
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Zipeng Cao
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Jianbin Zhang
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Wenjing Luo
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health and the Ministry of Education Key Lab of Hazard Assessment and Control in Special Operational Environment, School of Public Health, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Tamura A, Tsukita S. Paracellular barrier and channel functions of TJ claudins in organizing biological systems: Advances in the field of barriology revealed in knockout mice. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2014; 36:177-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
33
|
Hülper P, Veszelka S, Walter FR, Wolburg H, Fallier-Becker P, Piontek J, Blasig IE, Lakomek M, Kugler W, Deli MA. Acute effects of short-chain alkylglycerols on blood-brain barrier properties of cultured brain endothelial cells. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 169:1561-73. [PMID: 23617601 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The blood-brain barrier (BBB) restricts drug penetration to the brain preventing effective treatment of patients suffering from brain tumours. Intra-arterial injection of short-chain alkylglycerols (AGs) opens the BBB and increases delivery of molecules to rodent brain parenchyma in vivo. The mechanism underlying AG-mediated modification of BBB permeability is still unknown. Here, we have tested the effects of AGs on barrier properties of cultured brain microvascular endothelial cells. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The effects of two AGs, 1-O-pentylglycerol and 2-O-hexyldiglycerol were examined using an in vitro BBB model consisting of primary cultures of rat brain endothelial cells, co-cultured with rat cerebral glial cells. Integrity of the paracellular, tight junction-based, permeation route was analysed by functional assays, immunostaining for junctional proteins, freeze-fracture electron microscopy, and analysis of claudin-claudin trans-interactions. KEY RESULTS AG treatment (5 min) reversibly reduced transendothelial electrical resistance and increased BBB permeability for fluorescein accompanied by changes in cell morphology and immunostaining for claudin-5 and β-catenin. These short-term changes were not accompanied by alterations of inter-endothelial tight junction strand complexity or the trans-interaction of claudin-5. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS AG-mediated increase in brain endothelial paracellular permeability was short, reversible and did not affect tight junction strand complexity. Redistribution of junctional proteins and alterations in the cell shape indicate the involvement of the cytoskeleton in the action of AGs. These data confirm the results from in vivo studies in rodents characterizing AGs as adjuvants that transiently open the BBB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Hülper
- Department of Pediatrics I, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Szaszi K, Amoozadeh Y. New Insights into Functions, Regulation, and Pathological Roles of Tight Junctions in Kidney Tubular Epithelium. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2014; 308:205-71. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-800097-7.00006-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
|
35
|
Christ D. Toxicokinetics and Drug Disposition. Toxicol Pathol 2013. [DOI: 10.1201/b13783-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
36
|
Abstract
Claudins are tight junction membrane proteins that are expressed in epithelia and endothelia and form paracellular barriers and pores that determine tight junction permeability. This review summarizes our current knowledge of this large protein family and discusses recent advances in our understanding of their structure and physiological functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dorothee Günzel
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Charité, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Bock JE, Gavenonis J, Kritzer JA. Getting in shape: controlling peptide bioactivity and bioavailability using conformational constraints. ACS Chem Biol 2013; 8:488-499. [PMID: 23170954 PMCID: PMC4847942 DOI: 10.1021/cb300515u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chemical biologists commonly seek out correlations between the physicochemical properties of molecules and their behavior in biological systems. However, a new paradigm is emerging for peptides in which conformation is recognized as the primary determinant of bioactivity and bioavailability. This review highlights an emerging body of work that directly addresses how a peptide's conformation controls its biological effects, cell penetration, and intestinal absorption. Based on this work, the dream of mimicking the potency and bioavailability of natural product peptides is getting closer to reality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan E. Bock
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Jason Gavenonis
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| | - Joshua A. Kritzer
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts 02155, United States
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Fazlollahi F, Kim YH, Sipos A, Hamm-Alvarez SF, Borok Z, Kim KJ, Crandall ED. Nanoparticle translocation across mouse alveolar epithelial cell monolayers: species-specific mechanisms. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2013; 9:786-94. [PMID: 23454523 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2013.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Revised: 12/19/2012] [Accepted: 01/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Studies of polystyrene nanoparticle (PNP) trafficking across mouse alveolar epithelial cell monolayers (MAECM) show apical-to-basolateral flux of 20 and 120nm amidine-modified PNP is ~65 times faster than that of 20 and 100nm carboxylate-modified PNP, respectively. Calcium chelation with EGTA has little effect on amidine-modified PNP flux, but increases carboxylate-modified PNP flux ~50-fold. PNP flux is unaffected by methyl-β-cyclodextrin, while ~70% decrease in amidine- (but not carboxylate-) modified PNP flux occurs across chlorpromazine- or dynasore-treated MAECM. Confocal microscopy reveals intracellular amidine- and carboxylate-modified PNP and association of amidine- (but not carboxylate-) modified PNP with clathrin heavy chain. These data indicate (1) amidine-modified PNP translocate across MAECM primarily via clathrin-mediated endocytosis and (2) physicochemical properties (e.g., surface charge) determine PNP interactions with mouse alveolar epithelium. Uptake/trafficking of nanoparticles into/across epithelial barriers is dependent on both nanoparticle physicochemical properties and (based on comparison with our prior results) specific epithelial cell type. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR In this study of polystyrene nanoparticle trafficking across mouse alveolar epithelial cell monolayers, the authors determined that uptake/trafficking of nanoparticles into/across epithelial barriers is dependent on both nanoparticle physicochemical properties and the specific type of epithelial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farnoosh Fazlollahi
- Will Rogers Institute Pulmonary Research Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Neunlist M, Van Landeghem L, Mahé MM, Derkinderen P, des Varannes SB, Rolli-Derkinderen M. The digestive neuronal-glial-epithelial unit: a new actor in gut health and disease. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 10:90-100. [PMID: 23165236 DOI: 10.1038/nrgastro.2012.221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The monolayer of columnar epithelial cells lining the gastrointestinal tract--the intestinal epithelial barrier (IEB)--is the largest exchange surface between the body and the external environment. The permeability of the IEB has a central role in the regulation of fluid and nutrient intake as well as in the control of the passage of pathogens. The functions of the IEB are highly regulated by luminal as well as internal components, such as bacteria or immune cells, respectively. Evidence indicates that two cell types of the enteric nervous system (ENS), namely enteric neurons and enteric glial cells, are potent modulators of IEB functions, giving rise to the novel concept of a digestive 'neuronal-glial-epithelial unit' akin to the neuronal-glial-endothelial unit in the brain. In this Review, we summarize findings demonstrating that the ENS is a key regulator of IEB function and is actively involved in pathologies associated with altered barrier function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michel Neunlist
- INSERM UMR913, Institut des Maladies de l'Appareil Digestif, Université de Nantes, CHU Hôtel Dieu, 1 place Alexis Ricordeau, 44093 Nantes, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
The oral delivery of peptides and proteins: established versus recently patented approaches. Pharm Pat Anal 2013; 2:125-45. [DOI: 10.4155/ppa.12.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Over the past 30 years there has been significant research into technologies that promote the delivery of high molecular weight, poor membrane-permeable compounds across the gut. Most work has concentrated on the delivery of peptides and proteins. However, technologies have also been applied to compounds such as poorly membrane-permeable small molecules, heparin and oligonucleotides. Much of this research has been characterized by early promise with many systems showing positive results in animal studies. Success in man has proven more elusive. In 2011, however, the oral delivery of peptides took one step closer to commercial reality when Tarsa Therapeutics announced that it had achieved positive Phase III data for oral recombinant salmon calcitonin. This article reviews the current development status of oral delivery systems for peptides and proteins and examines recent patent activity in this field based mainly on US patents issued in the last 2–3 years.
Collapse
|
41
|
Daneman R. The blood-brain barrier in health and disease. Ann Neurol 2012; 72:648-72. [DOI: 10.1002/ana.23648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 482] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2011] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
42
|
Calatayud M, Vázquez M, Devesa V, Vélez D. In vitro study of intestinal transport of inorganic and methylated arsenic species by Caco-2/HT29-MTX cocultures. Chem Res Toxicol 2012; 25:2654-62. [PMID: 23116229 DOI: 10.1021/tx300295n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This study characterizes intestinal absorption of arsenic species using in vitro system Caco-2/HT29-MTX cocultures in various proportions (100/0 to 30/70). The species assayed were As(V), As(III), monomethylarsonic acid [MMA(V)], monomethylarsonous acid [MMA(III)], dimethylarsinic acid [DMA(V)], and dimethylarsinous acid [DMA(III)]. The results show that the apparent permeability (P(app)) values of pentavalent species increase significantly in the Caco-2/HT29-MTX cocultures in comparison with the Caco-2 monoculture, probably because of enhancement of paracellular transport. For MMA(III) and DMA(III), P(app) decreases in the Caco-2/HT29-MTX cell model, and for As(III), there is no change in P(app) between the two culture models. Transport studies of arsenic solubilized from cooked foods (rice, garlic, and seaweed) after applying an in vitro gastrointestinal digestion showed that arsenic absorption also varies with the model used, increasing with the incorporation of HT29-MTX in the culture. These results show the importance of choosing a suitable in vitro model when evaluating intestinal arsenic absorption processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Calatayud
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA-CSIC), Avenida Agustín Escardino n° 7, 46980 Paterna (Valencia), Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
An in vitro investigation of species-dependent intestinal transport of selenium and the impact of this process on selenium bioavailability. Br J Nutr 2012; 109:2126-34. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114512004412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A range of Se species has been shown to occur in a variety of different foodstuffs. Depending on its speciation, Se is more or less bioavailable to human subjects. In the present study, the role of speciation as a determinant of Se bioavailability was addressed with an investigation of species-specific mechanisms of transport at the intestinal level. The present work focused on four distinct Se compounds (selenate (Se(VI)), selenite (Se(IV)), selenomethionine (SeMet) and methylselenocysteine (MeSeCys)), whose intestinal transport was mimicked through an in vitro bicameral model of enterocyte-like differentiated Caco-2 cells. Efficiency of Se absorption was shown to be species dependent (SeMet>MeSeCys>Se(VI)>Se(IV)). In the case of SeMet, MeSeCys and Se(VI), the highly polarised passage from the apical to basolateral pole indicated that a substantial fraction of transport was transcellular, whilst results for Se(IV) indicated paracellular diffusion. Passage of the organic Se species (SeMet and MeSeCys) became saturated after 3 h, but no such effect was observed for the inorganic species. In addition, SeMet and MeSeCys transport was significantly inhibited by their respective S analogues methionine and methylcysteine, which suggests a common transport system for both kinds of compounds.
Collapse
|
44
|
Li P, Nielsen HM, Müllertz A. Oral delivery of peptides and proteins using lipid-based drug delivery systems. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2012; 9:1289-304. [PMID: 22897647 DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2012.717068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION In order to successfully develop lipid-based drug delivery systems (DDS) for oral administration of peptides and proteins, it is important to gain an understanding of the colloid structures formed by these DDS, the mode of peptide and protein incorporation as well as the mechanism by which intestinal absorption of peptides and proteins is promoted. AREAS COVERED The present paper reviews the literature on lipid-based DDS, employed for oral delivery of peptides and proteins and highlights the mechanisms by which the different lipid-based carriers are expected to overcome the two most important barriers (extensive enzymatic degradation and poor transmucosal permeability). This paper also gives a clear-cut idea about advantages and drawbacks of using different lipidic colloidal carriers ((micro)emulsions, solid lipid core particles and liposomes) for oral delivery of peptides and proteins. EXPERT OPINION Lipid-based DDS are safe and suitable for oral delivery of peptides and proteins. Significant progress has been made in this area with several technologies on clinical trials. However, a better understanding of the mechanism of action in vivo is needed in order to improve the design and development of lipid-based DDS with the desired bioavailability and therapeutic profile.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Li
- University of Copenhagen, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Tesoriere L, Gentile C, Angileri F, Attanzio A, Tutone M, Allegra M, Livrea MA. Trans-epithelial transport of the betalain pigments indicaxanthin and betanin across Caco-2 cell monolayers and influence of food matrix. Eur J Nutr 2012; 52:1077-87. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-012-0414-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
46
|
Lam CH, Hansen EA, Janson C, Bryan A, Hubel A. The characterization of arachnoid cell transport II: paracellular transport and blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier formation. Neuroscience 2012; 222:228-38. [PMID: 22814001 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.06.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We used an immortalized arachnoid cell line to test the arachnoid barrier properties and paracellular transport. The permeabilities of urea, mannitol, and inulin through monolayers were 2.9 ± 1.1 × 10(-6), 0.8 ± .18 × 10(-6), 1.0 ± .29 × 10(-6)cm/s. Size differential permeability testing with dextran clarified the arachnoidal blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier limit and established a rate of transcellular transport to be about two orders of magnitude slower than paracellular transport in a polyester membrane diffusion chamber. The theoretical pore size for paracellular space is 11Å and the occupancy to length ratio is 0.8 and 0.72 cm(-1) for urea and mannitol respectively. The permeability of the monolayer was not significantly different from apical to basal and vice versa. Gap junctions may have a role in contributing to barrier formation. Although the upregulation of claudin by dexamethasone did not significantly alter paracellular transport, increasing intracellular cAMP decreased mannitol permeability. Calcium modulated paracellular transport, but only selectively with the ion chelator, EDTA, and with disruption of intracellular stores. The blood-CSF barrier at the arachnoid is anatomically and physiologically different from the vascular-based blood-brain barrier, but is similarly subject to modulation. We describe the basic paracellular transport characteristics of this CSF "sink" of the brain which will allow for a better description of mass and constitutive balance within the intracranial compartment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C H Lam
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Roth WJ, Lindley DJ, Carl SM, Knipp GT. The effects of intralaboratory modifications to media composition and cell source on the expression of pharmaceutically relevant transporters and metabolizing genes in the Caco-2 cell line. J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:3962-78. [PMID: 22786684 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 06/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Expression and function of drug transporters and drug-metabolizing enzymes (DMEs) in the gastrointestinal tract are critical attributes of intestinal physiology that influence the absorption of orally administered compounds. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of media composition and cell source on mRNA expression and function of pharmaceutically relevant drug transporters and DMEs from two different sources of Caco-2 cells. Briefly, cells were cultured in either minimum essential medium alpha or Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium. Total RNA was isolated from each experimental group, and mRNA expression was evaluated using quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction arrays. Principal component analysis was used to analyze results, which indicated variable transporter and metabolic expression attributable to differences in media composition and cell source. In addition, transport properties of paracellular markers and proton-dependent oligopeptide transporter-mediated substrates across Caco-2 cell monolayers were assessed. Transport experiments demonstrated significant differences in both paracellular and transcellular permeation resultant from differences in media composition and cell source. These studies support previous findings that media composition and cell source may significantly impact expressional and functional characteristics of Caco-2 cells. Standardization of culture-related methodology may reduce variability associated with Caco-2 cells, enabling more meaningful intralaboratory and interlaboratory data comparisons.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wyatt J Roth
- Department of Industrial and Physical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-2091, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Leung SSF, Mijalkovic J, Borrelli K, Jacobson MP. Testing physical models of passive membrane permeation. J Chem Inf Model 2012; 52:1621-36. [PMID: 22621168 PMCID: PMC3383340 DOI: 10.1021/ci200583t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The biophysical basis of passive membrane permeability is well-understood, but most methods for predicting membrane permeability in the context of drug design are based on statistical relationships that indirectly capture the key physical aspects. Here, we investigate molecular mechanics-based models of passive membrane permeability and evaluate their performance against different types of experimental data, including parallel artificial membrane permeability assays (PAMPA), cell-based assays, in vivo measurements, and other in silico predictions. The experimental data sets we use in these tests are diverse, including peptidomimetics, congeneric series, and diverse FDA approved drugs. The physical models are not specifically trained for any of these data sets; rather, input parameters are based on standard molecular mechanics force fields, such as partial charges, and an implicit solvent model. A systematic approach is taken to analyze the contribution from each component in the physics-based permeability model. A primary factor in determining rates of passive membrane permeation is the conformation-dependent free energy of desolvating the molecule, and this measure alone provides good agreement with experimental permeability measurements in many cases. Other factors that improve agreement with experimental data include deionization and estimates of entropy losses of the ligand and the membrane, which lead to size-dependence of the permeation rate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Siegfried S. F. Leung
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California, 94158
| | - Jona Mijalkovic
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California, 94158
| | - Kenneth Borrelli
- Schrödinger, Inc. 120 West 4 Street, 32 Floor, New York, New York, 10036
| | - Matthew P. Jacobson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, California, 94158
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Gao J, Hugger ED, Beck-Westermeyer MS, Borchardt RT. Estimating intestinal mucosal permeation of compounds using Caco-2 cell monolayers. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN PHARMACOLOGY 2012; Chapter 7:Unit 7.2. [PMID: 22293966 DOI: 10.1002/0471141755.ph0702s08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Step-by-step protocols are provided in this unit for the measurement of apparent permeability coefficients of compounds using Caco-2 cell monolayers as an in vitro model of the intestinal mucosa. Procedures for culturing the cells and transmonolayer transport studies are also included. Critical issues for successfully estimating intestinal mucosal permeation of drugs are discussed. Step-by-step protocols are provided in this unit for the measurement of apparent permeability coefficients of compounds using.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Gao
- University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Korzekwa KR, Nagar S, Tucker J, Weiskircher EA, Bhoopathy S, Hidalgo IJ. Models to Predict Unbound Intracellular Drug Concentrations in the Presence of Transporters. Drug Metab Dispos 2012; 40:865-76. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.111.044289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
|