1
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Tyagi A, Mir ZA, Ali S. Revisiting the Role of Sensors for Shaping Plant Research: Applications and Future Perspectives. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:3261. [PMID: 38894052 PMCID: PMC11174810 DOI: 10.3390/s24113261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Plant health monitoring is essential for understanding the impact of environmental stressors (biotic and abiotic) on crop production, and for tailoring plant developmental and adaptive responses accordingly. Plants are constantly exposed to different stressors like pathogens and soil pollutants (heavy metals and pesticides) which pose a serious threat to their survival and to human health. Plants have the ability to respond to environmental stressors by undergoing rapid transcriptional, translational, and metabolic reprogramming at different cellular compartments in order to balance growth and adaptive responses. However, plants' exceptional responsiveness to environmental cues is highly complex, which is driven by diverse signaling molecules such as calcium Ca2+, reactive oxygen species (ROS), hormones, small peptides and metabolites. Additionally, other factors like pH also influence these responses. The regulation and occurrence of these plant signaling molecules are often undetectable, necessitating nondestructive, live research approaches to understand their molecular complexity and functional traits during growth and stress conditions. With the advent of sensors, in vivo and in vitro understanding of some of these processes associated with plant physiology, signaling, metabolism, and development has provided a novel platform not only for decoding the biochemical complexity of signaling pathways but also for targeted engineering to improve diverse plant traits. The application of sensors in detecting pathogens and soil pollutants like heavy metal and pesticides plays a key role in protecting plant and human health. In this review, we provide an update on sensors used in plant biology for the detection of diverse signaling molecules and their functional attributes. We also discuss different types of sensors (biosensors and nanosensors) used in agriculture for detecting pesticides, pathogens and pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshika Tyagi
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
| | - Zahoor Ahmad Mir
- Department of Plant Science and Agriculture, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R2M0TB, Canada;
| | - Sajad Ali
- Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
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2
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Jin L, Mao Z. Living virus-based nanohybrids for biomedical applications. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 16:e1923. [PMID: 37619605 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Living viruses characterized by distinctive biological functions including specific targeting, gene invasion, immune modulation, and so forth have been receiving intensive attention from researchers worldwide owing to their promising potential for producing numerous theranostic modalities against diverse pathological conditions. Nevertheless, concerns during applications, such as rapid immune clearance, altering immune activation modes, insufficient gene transduction efficiency, and so forth, highlight the crucial issues of excessive therapeutic doses and the associated biosafety risks. To address these concerns, synthetic nanomaterials featuring unique physical/chemical properties are frequently exploited as efficient drug delivery vehicles or treatments in biomedical domains. By constant endeavor, researchers nowadays can create adaptable living virus-based nanohybrids (LVN) that not only overcome the limitations of virotherapy, but also combine the benefits of natural substances and nanotechnology to produce novel and promising therapeutic and diagnostic agents. In this review, we discuss the fundamental physiochemical properties of the viruses, and briefly outline the basic construction methodologies of LVN. We then emphasize their distinct diagnostic and therapeutic performances for various diseases. Furthermore, we survey the foreseeable challenges and future perspectives in this interdisciplinary area to offer insights. This article is categorized under: Biology-Inspired Nanomaterials > Protein and Virus-Based Structures Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Jin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhengwei Mao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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3
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Azizi M, Shahgolzari M, Fathi-Karkan S, Ghasemi M, Samadian H. Multifunctional plant virus nanoparticles: An emerging strategy for therapy of cancer. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 15:e1872. [PMID: 36450366 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Cancer therapy requires sophisticated treatment strategies to obtain the highest success. Nanotechnology is enabling, revolutionizing, and multidisciplinary concepts to improve conventional cancer treatment modalities. Nanomaterials have a central role in this scenario, explaining why various nanomaterials are currently being developed for cancer therapy. Viral nanoparticles (VNPs) have shown promising performance in cancer therapy due to their unique features. VNPs possess morphological homogeneity, ease of functionalization, biocompatibility, biodegradability, water solubility, and high absorption efficiency that are beneficial for cancer therapy applications. In the current review paper, we highlight state-of-the-art properties and potentials of plant viruses, strategies for multifunctional plant VNPs formulations, potential applications and challenges in VNPs-based cancer therapy, and finally practical solutions to bring potential cancer therapy one step closer to real applications. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology Biology-Inspired Nanomaterials > Protein and Virus-Based Structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Azizi
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Biomaterials, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
- Dental Implants Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mehdi Shahgolzari
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sonia Fathi-Karkan
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Advanced Sciences and Technologies in Medicine, School of Medicine, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Maryam Ghasemi
- Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hadi Samadian
- Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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4
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Nanosensor Applications in Plant Science. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12090675. [PMID: 36140060 PMCID: PMC9496508 DOI: 10.3390/bios12090675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Plant science is a major research topic addressing some of the most important global challenges we face today, including energy and food security. Plant science has a role in the production of staple foods and materials, as well as roles in genetics research, environmental management, and the synthesis of high-value compounds such as pharmaceuticals or raw materials for energy production. Nanosensors—selective transducers with a characteristic dimension that is nanometre in scale—have emerged as important tools for monitoring biological processes such as plant signalling pathways and metabolism in ways that are non-destructive, minimally invasive, and capable of real-time analysis. A variety of nanosensors have been used to study different biological processes; for example, optical nanosensors based on Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) have been used to study protein interactions, cell contents, and biophysical parameters, and electrochemical nanosensors have been used to detect redox reactions in plants. Nanosensor applications in plants include nutrient determination, disease assessment, and the detection of proteins, hormones, and other biological substances. The combination of nanosensor technology and plant sciences has the potential to be a powerful alliance and could support the successful delivery of the 2030 Sustainable Development Goals. However, a lack of knowledge regarding the health effects of nanomaterials and the high costs of some of the raw materials required has lessened their commercial impact.
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5
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Edwardson TGW, Levasseur MD, Tetter S, Steinauer A, Hori M, Hilvert D. Protein Cages: From Fundamentals to Advanced Applications. Chem Rev 2022; 122:9145-9197. [PMID: 35394752 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Proteins that self-assemble into polyhedral shell-like structures are useful molecular containers both in nature and in the laboratory. Here we review efforts to repurpose diverse protein cages, including viral capsids, ferritins, bacterial microcompartments, and designed capsules, as vaccines, drug delivery vehicles, targeted imaging agents, nanoreactors, templates for controlled materials synthesis, building blocks for higher-order architectures, and more. A deep understanding of the principles underlying the construction, function, and evolution of natural systems has been key to tailoring selective cargo encapsulation and interactions with both biological systems and synthetic materials through protein engineering and directed evolution. The ability to adapt and design increasingly sophisticated capsid structures and functions stands to benefit the fields of catalysis, materials science, and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stephan Tetter
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Angela Steinauer
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mao Hori
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Donald Hilvert
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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Kalia A, Abd-Elsalam KA, Kuca K. Zinc-Based Nanomaterials for Diagnosis and Management of Plant Diseases: Ecological Safety and Future Prospects. J Fungi (Basel) 2020; 6:E222. [PMID: 33066193 PMCID: PMC7711620 DOI: 10.3390/jof6040222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A facet of nanorenaissance in plant pathology hailed the research on the development and application of nanoformulations or nanoproducts for the effective management of phytopathogens deterring the growth and yield of plants and thus the overall crop productivity. Zinc nanomaterials represent a versatile class of nanoproducts and nanoenabled devices as these nanomaterials can be synthesized in quantum amounts through economically affordable processes/approaches. Further, these nanomaterials exhibit potential targeted antimicrobial properties and low to negligible phytotoxicity activities that well-qualify them to be applied directly or in a deviant manner to accomplish significant antibacterial, antimycotic, antiviral, and antitoxigenic activities against diverse phytopathogens causing plant diseases. The photo-catalytic, fluorescent, and electron generating aspects associated with zinc nanomaterials have been utilized for the development of sensor systems (optical and electrochemical biosensors), enabling quick, early, sensitive, and on-field assessment or quantification of the test phytopathogen. However, the proficient use of Zn-derived nanomaterials in the management of plant pathogenic diseases as nanopesticides and on-field sensor system demands that the associated eco- and biosafety concerns should be well discerned and effectively sorted beforehand. Current and possible utilization of zinc-based nanostructures in plant disease diagnosis and management and their safety in the agroecosystem is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anu Kalia
- Electron Microscopy and Nanoscience Laboratory, Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, Punjab, India
| | - Kamel A. Abd-Elsalam
- Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Plant Pathology Research Institute, Giza 12619, Egypt;
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, 500 03 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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7
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Bottom-up assembly of a bilayer structure of icosahedral viral nanoparticles. Biointerphases 2020; 15:041009. [PMID: 32752605 DOI: 10.1116/6.0000267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of 2D and 3D structures on the nanoscale containing viral nanoparticles (VNPs) as interesting nanobuilding blocks has come into focus for a bottom-up approach as an alternative to the top-down approach in nanobiotechnology. Our research has focused on the plant Tomato Bushy Stunt Virus (TBSV). In a previous study, we reported the impact of the pH value on the 2D assembly of viral monolayers. Here, we extend these studies into the third dimension by using specific interactions between the layers in combination with selective side chains on the viral capsid. The virus bilayer structure is prepared by an alternating deposition of His-tagged TBSV (4D6H-TBSV, first layer), Ni-NTA nanogold (second layer) complexes and 4D6H-TBSV, respectively, and 6D-TBSV (6xaspartic acid TBSV) as the third layer, i.e., the second layer of VNPs. The formed layer structures were imaged by using scanning force and scanning electron microscopy. The data show that a virus bilayer structure was successfully built up by means of the interaction between Ni-NTA nanogold and histidine. By comparing 4D6H- with 6D-TBSV in the third layer, the importance of these specific interactions is shown. This work paves the way for 3D nanodevices based on VNPs.
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8
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Dickmeis C, Kauth L, Commandeur U. From infection to healing: The use of plant viruses in bioactive hydrogels. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 13:e1662. [PMID: 32677315 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Plant viruses show great diversity in shape and size, but each species forms unique nucleoprotein particles that are symmetrical and monodisperse. The genetically programed structure of plant viruses allows them to be modified by genetic engineering, bioconjugation, or encapsulation to form virus nanoparticles (VNPs) that are suitable for a broad range of applications. Plant VNPs can be used to present foreign proteins or epitopes, to construct inorganic hybrid materials, or to carry molecular cargos, allowing their utilization as imaging reagents, immunomodulators, therapeutics, nanoreactors, and biosensors. The medical applications of plant viruses benefit from their inability to infect and replicate in human cells. The structural properties of plant viruses also make them useful as components of hydrogels for tissue engineering. Hydrogels are three-dimensional networks composed of hydrophilic polymers that can absorb large amounts of water. They are used as supports for tissue regeneration, as reservoirs for controlled drug release, and are found in contact lenses, many wound healing materials, and hygiene products. They are also useful in ecological applications such as wastewater treatment. Hydrogel-based matrices are structurally similar to the native extracellular matrix (ECM) and provide a scaffold for the attachment of cells. To fully replicate the functions of the ECM it is necessary to augment hydrogels with biological cues that regulate cellular interactions. This can be achieved by incorporating functionalized VNPs displaying ligands that influence the mechanical characteristics of hydrogels and their biological properties, promoting the survival, proliferation, migration, and differentiation of embedded cells. This article is categorized under: Implantable Materials and Surgical Technologies > Nanomaterials and Implants Biology-Inspired Nanomaterials > Protein and Virus-Based Structures Implantable Materials and Surgical Technologies > Nanotechnology in Tissue Repair and Replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Dickmeis
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Louisa Kauth
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Commandeur
- Institute for Molecular Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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9
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10
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Hong S, Lee C. The Current Status and Future Outlook of Quantum Dot-Based Biosensors for Plant Virus Detection. THE PLANT PATHOLOGY JOURNAL 2018; 34:85-92. [PMID: 29628814 PMCID: PMC5880352 DOI: 10.5423/ppj.rw.08.2017.0184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), widely used for the detection of plant viruses, are not easily performed, resulting in a demand for an innovative and more efficient diagnostic method. This paper summarizes the characteristics and research trends of biosensors focusing on the physicochemical properties of both interface elements and bioconjugates. In particular, the topological and photophysical properties of quantum dots (QDs) are discussed, along with QD-based biosensors and their practical applications. The QD-based Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) genosensor, most widely used in the biomolecule detection fields, and QD-based nanosensor for Rev-RRE interaction assay are presented as examples. In recent years, QD-based biosensors have emerged as a new class of sensor and are expected to open opportunities in plant virus detection, but as yet there have been very few practical applications (Table 3). In this article, the details of those cases and their significance for the future of plant virus detection will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cheolho Lee
- Corresponding author. Phone) +82-2-940-7188, E-mail)
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11
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Narayanan KB, Han SS. Icosahedral plant viral nanoparticles - bioinspired synthesis of nanomaterials/nanostructures. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 248:1-19. [PMID: 28916111 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Viral nanotechnology utilizes virus nanoparticles (VNPs) and virus-like nanoparticles (VLPs) of plant viruses as highly versatile platforms for materials synthesis and molecular entrapment that can be used in the nanotechnological fields, such as in next-generation nanoelectronics, nanocatalysis, biosensing and optics, and biomedical applications, such as for targeting, therapeutic delivery, and non-invasive in vivo imaging with high specificity and selectivity. In particular, plant virus capsids provide biotemplates for the production of novel nanostructured materials with organic/inorganic moieties incorporated in a very precise and controlled manner. Interestingly, capsid proteins of spherical plant viruses can self-assemble into well-organized icosahedral three-dimensional (3D) nanoscale multivalent architectures with high monodispersity and structural symmetry. Using viral genetic and protein engineering of icosahedral viruses with a variety of sizes, the interior, exterior and the interfaces between coat protein (CP) subunits can be manipulated to fabricate materials with a wide range of desirable properties allowing for biomineralization, encapsulation, infusion, controlled self-assembly, and multivalent ligand display of nanoparticles or molecules for varied applications. In this review, we discuss the various functional nanomaterials/nanostructures developed using the VNPs and VLPs of different icosahedral plant viruses and their nano(bio)technological and nanomedical applications.
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12
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Liu X, Ouyang T, Ouyang H, Ren L. Single particle labeling of RNA virus in live cells. Virus Res 2017; 237:14-21. [PMID: 28506790 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2017] [Revised: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Real-time and visual tracking of viral infection is crucial for elucidating the infectious and pathogenesis mechanisms. To track the virus successfully, an efficient labeling method is necessary. In this review, we first discuss the practical labeling techniques for virus tracking in live cells. We then describe the current knowledge of interactions between RNA viruses (especially influenza viruses, immunodeficiency viruses, and Flaviviruses) and host cellular structures, obtained using single particle labeling techniques combined with real-time fluorescence microscopy. Single particle labeling provides an easy system for understanding the RNA virus life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Liu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China
| | - Ting Ouyang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China
| | - Hongsheng Ouyang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China
| | - Linzhu Ren
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Embryo Engineering, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130062, China.
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13
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Vranish JN, Ancona MG, Oh E, Susumu K, Medintz IL. Enhancing coupled enzymatic activity by conjugating one enzyme to a nanoparticle. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:5172-5187. [PMID: 28393943 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr00200a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes have long been a prime research target for the commercial production of commodity and specialty chemicals, design of sensing devices, and the development of therapeutics and new chemical processes. Industrial applications for enzymes can potentially be enhanced by enzyme immobilization which often allows for increased enzyme stability, facile product purification, and minimized substrate diffusion times in multienzymatic cascades, but this is usually at the cost of a significant decrease in catalytic rates. Recently, enzyme immobilization has been advanced by the discovery that nanoparticle surfaces are frequently able to enhance the activity of the bound enzyme. Here we extend this observation to a multienzymatic coupled system using semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) as a model nanoparticle material and the prototypical enzyme pair of glucose oxidase (GOX) and horseradish peroxidase (HRP). We first demonstrate that HRP binding to QDs has a significant beneficial effect on enzymatic activity, producing a >2-fold improvement in kcat. We argue that this enhancement is due to affinity of the QD surface for the substrate. Furthermore, we demonstrate that when the ratio of GOX to HRP is adjusted to allow HRP to be the rate-limiting step of the pathway, the QD-induced rate enhancement of HRP can be maintained in a multi-enzyme cascade. Kinetic analysis shows that the underlying processes can be simulated numerically and provide insight into the governing mechanisms. The potential of nanoparticle-based catalytic enhancement is then discussed in the context of multienzyme cascades and synthetic biology.
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14
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Weineisen NL, Hommersom CA, Voskuhl J, Sankaran S, Depauw AMA, Katsonis N, Jonkheijm P, Cornelissen JJLM. Photoresponsive, reversible immobilization of virus particles on supramolecular platforms. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:1896-1899. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc09576c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Covalently attached azobenzene moieties to cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV) allow for photoresponsive immobilization on cucurbit[8]uril bearing surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. L. Weineisen
- Laboratory for Biomolecular Nanotechnology
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente
- 7500 AE Enschede
- The Netherlands
| | - C. A. Hommersom
- Laboratory for Biomolecular Nanotechnology
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente
- 7500 AE Enschede
- The Netherlands
| | - J. Voskuhl
- Laboratory for Molecular nanoFabrication
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology
- University of Twente
- 7500 AE Enschede
- The Netherlands
| | - S. Sankaran
- Laboratory for Molecular nanoFabrication
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology
- University of Twente
- 7500 AE Enschede
- The Netherlands
| | - A. M. A. Depauw
- Laboratory for Biomolecular Nanotechnology
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente
- 7500 AE Enschede
- The Netherlands
| | - N. Katsonis
- Laboratory for Biomolecular Nanotechnology
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente
- 7500 AE Enschede
- The Netherlands
| | - P. Jonkheijm
- Laboratory for Molecular nanoFabrication
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology
- University of Twente
- 7500 AE Enschede
- The Netherlands
| | - J. J. L. M. Cornelissen
- Laboratory for Biomolecular Nanotechnology
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente
- 7500 AE Enschede
- The Netherlands
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15
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Wen AM, Steinmetz NF. Design of virus-based nanomaterials for medicine, biotechnology, and energy. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:4074-126. [PMID: 27152673 PMCID: PMC5068136 DOI: 10.1039/c5cs00287g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review provides an overview of recent developments in "chemical virology." Viruses, as materials, provide unique nanoscale scaffolds that have relevance in chemical biology and nanotechnology, with diverse areas of applications. Some fundamental advantages of viruses, compared to synthetically programmed materials, include the highly precise spatial arrangement of their subunits into a diverse array of shapes and sizes and many available avenues for easy and reproducible modification. Here, we will first survey the broad distribution of viruses and various methods for producing virus-based nanoparticles, as well as engineering principles used to impart new functionalities. We will then examine the broad range of applications and implications of virus-based materials, focusing on the medical, biotechnology, and energy sectors. We anticipate that this field will continue to evolve and grow, with exciting new possibilities stemming from advancements in the rational design of virus-based nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy M Wen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
| | - Nicole F Steinmetz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA. and Department of Radiology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA and Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA and Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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16
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Abstract
Nanoscale engineering is revolutionizing the way we prevent, detect, and treat diseases. Viruses have played a special role in these developments because they can function as prefabricated nanoscaffolds that have unique properties and are easily modified. The interiors of virus particles can encapsulate and protect sensitive compounds, while the exteriors can be altered to display large and small molecules in precisely defined arrays. These properties of viruses, along with their innate biocompatibility, have led to their development as actively targeted drug delivery systems that expand on and improve current pharmaceutical options. Viruses are naturally immunogenic, and antigens displayed on their surface have been used to create vaccines against pathogens and to break self-tolerance to initiate an immune response to dysfunctional proteins. Densely and specifically aligned imaging agents on viruses have allowed for high-resolution and noninvasive visualization tools to detect and treat diseases earlier than previously possible. These and future applications of viruses have created an exciting new field within the disciplines of both nanotechnology and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marianne Manchester
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Nicole F Steinmetz
- Departments of 2Biomedical Engineering
- Radiology
- Materials Science and Engineering, and
- Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Schools of Medicine and Engineering, Cleveland, Ohio 44106;
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17
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Blanco-Canosa JB, Wu M, Susumu K, Petryayeva E, Jennings TL, Dawson PE, Algar WR, Medintz IL. Recent progress in the bioconjugation of quantum dots. Coord Chem Rev 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2013.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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Cho CF, Shukla S, Simpson EJ, Steinmetz NF, Luyt LG, Lewis JD. Molecular targeted viral nanoparticles as tools for imaging cancer. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1108:211-30. [PMID: 24243252 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-751-8_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Viral nanoparticles (VNPs) are a novel class of bionanomaterials that harness the natural biocompatibility of viruses for the development of therapeutics, vaccines, and imaging tools. The plant virus, cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV), has been successfully engineered to create novel cancer-targeted imaging agents by incorporating fluorescent dyes, polyethylene glycol (PEG) polymers, and targeting moieties. Using straightforward conjugation strategies, VNPs with high selectivity for cancer-specific molecular targets can be synthesized for in vivo imaging of tumors. Here we describe the synthesis and purification of CPMV-based VNPs, the functionalization of these VNPs using click chemistry, and their use for imaging xenograft tumors in animal models. VNPs decorated with fluorescent dyes, PEG, and targeting ligands can be synthesized in one day, and imaging studies can be performed over hours, days, or weeks, depending on the application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choi-Fong Cho
- Translational Prostate Cancer Research Group, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Hommersom CA, Matt B, van der Ham A, Cornelissen JJLM, Katsonis N. Versatile post-functionalization of the external shell of cowpea chlorotic mottle virus by using click chemistry. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:4065-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob00505h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
We present the modification of the outer protein shell of cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV) with linear and strained alkyne groups for post-functionalization by click chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. A. Hommersom
- Laboratory for Biomolecular Nanotechnology
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology
- University of Twente
- 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - B. Matt
- Laboratory for Biomolecular Nanotechnology
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology
- University of Twente
- 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - A. van der Ham
- Laboratory for Biomolecular Nanotechnology
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology
- University of Twente
- 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - J. J. L. M. Cornelissen
- Laboratory for Biomolecular Nanotechnology
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology
- University of Twente
- 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - N. Katsonis
- Laboratory for Biomolecular Nanotechnology
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology
- University of Twente
- 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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20
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Saunders K, Lomonossoff GP. Exploiting plant virus-derived components to achieve in planta expression and for templates for synthetic biology applications. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2013; 200:16-26. [PMID: 23452220 PMCID: PMC7167714 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/31/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
This review discusses the varying roles that have been played by many plant-viral regulatory sequences and proteins in the creation of plant-based expression systems and virus particles for use in nanotechnology. Essentially, there are two ways of expressing an exogenous protein: the creation of transgenic plants possessing a stably integrated gene construction, or the transient expression of the desired gene following the infiltration of the gene construct. Both depend on disarmed strains of Agrobacterium tumefaciens to deliver the created gene construction into cell nuclei, usually through the deployment of virus-derived components. The importance of efficient mRNA translation in the latter process is highlighted. Plant viruses replicate to sustain an infection to promote their survival. The major product of this, the virus particle, is finding increasing roles in the emerging field of bionanotechnology. One of the major products of plant-viral expression is the virus-like particle (VLP). These are increasingly playing a role in vaccine development. Similarly, many VLPs are suitable for the investigation of the many facets of the emerging field of synthetic biology, which encompasses the design and construction of new biological functions and systems not found in nature. Genetic and chemical modifications to plant-generated VLPs serve as ideal starter templates for many downstream synthetic biology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Saunders
- Department of Biological ChemistryJohn Innes CentreNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
| | - George P. Lomonossoff
- Department of Biological ChemistryJohn Innes CentreNorwich Research ParkNorwichNR4 7UHUK
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21
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Sapsford KE, Algar WR, Berti L, Gemmill KB, Casey BJ, Oh E, Stewart MH, Medintz IL. Functionalizing nanoparticles with biological molecules: developing chemistries that facilitate nanotechnology. Chem Rev 2013; 113:1904-2074. [PMID: 23432378 DOI: 10.1021/cr300143v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 818] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kim E Sapsford
- Division of Biology, Department of Chemistry and Materials Science, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland 20993, United States
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Jin H, Won N, Ahn B, Kwag J, Heo K, Oh JW, Sun Y, Cho SG, Lee SW, Kim S. Quantum dot-engineered M13 virus layer-by-layer composite films for highly selective and sensitive turn-on TNT sensors. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:6045-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cc42032a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Yildiz I, Tsvetkova I, Wen AM, Shukla S, Masarapu MH, Dragnea B, Steinmetz NF. Engineering of Brome mosaic virus for biomedical applications. RSC Adv 2012; 2:3670-3677. [PMID: 28018580 PMCID: PMC5180450 DOI: 10.1039/c2ra01376b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral nanoparticles (VNPs) are becoming versatile tools in platform technology development. Their well-defined structures as well as their programmability through chemical and genetic modification allow VNPs to be engineered for potential imaging and therapeutic applications. In this article, we report the application of a variety of bioconjugation chemistries to the plant VNP Brome mosaic virus (BMV). Functional BMV nanoparticles displaying multiple copies of fluorescent dyes, PEG molecules, chemotherapeutic drug moieties, targeting proteins and cell penetrating peptides were formulated. This opens the door for the application of BMV in nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Yildiz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Irina Tsvetkova
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Amy M. Wen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Sourabh Shukla
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - M. Hema Masarapu
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Bogdan Dragnea
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | - Nicole F. Steinmetz
- Departments of Biomedical Engineering, Radiology, Materials Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
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Natilla A, Hammond RW. Maize rayado fino virus virus-like particles expressed in tobacco plants: A new platform for cysteine selective bioconjugation peptide display. J Virol Methods 2011; 178:209-15. [PMID: 21963393 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2011.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2011] [Revised: 09/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Maize rayado fino virus (MRFV) virus-like-particles (VLPs) produced in tobacco plants were examined for their ability to serve as a novel platform to which a variety of peptides can be covalently displayed when expressed through a Potato virus X (PVX)-based vector. To provide an anchor for chemical modifications, three Cys-MRFV-VLPs mutants were created by substituting several of the amino acids present on the shell of the wild-type MRFV-VLPs with cysteine residues. The mutant designated Cys 2-VLPs exhibited, under native conditions, cysteine thiol reactivity in bioconjugation reactions with a fluorescent dye. In addition, this Cys 2-VLPs was cross-linked by NHS-PEG4-Maleimide to 17 (F) and 8 (HN) amino acid long peptides, corresponding to neutralizing epitopes of Newcastle disease virus (NDV). The resulting Cys 2-VLPs-F and Cys 2-VLPs-HN were recognized in Western blots by antibodies to MRFV as well as to F and HN. The results demonstrated that plant-produced MRFV-VLPs have the ability to function as a novel platform for the multivalent display of surface ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Natilla
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Plant Sciences Institute, Molecular Plant Pathology Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA.
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25
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Abstract
The capsids of most plant viruses are simple and robust structures consisting of multiple copies of one or a few types of protein subunit arranged with either icosahedral or helical symmetry. In many cases, capsids can be produced in large quantities either by the infection of plants or by the expression of the subunit(s) in a variety of heterologous systems. In view of their relative simplicity, stability and ease of production, plant virus particles or virus-like particles (VLPs) have attracted attention as potential reagents for applications in bionanotechnology. As a result, plant virus particles have been subjected to both genetic and chemical modification, have been used to encapsulate foreign material and have, themselves, been incorporated into supramolecular structures.
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26
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Cui ZQ, Ren Q, Wei HP, Chen Z, Deng JY, Zhang ZP, Zhang XE. Quantum dot-aptamer nanoprobes for recognizing and labeling influenza A virus particles. NANOSCALE 2011; 3:2454-2457. [PMID: 21509395 DOI: 10.1039/c1nr10218d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The fluorescence labeling of viruses is a useful technology for virus detection and imaging. By combining the excellent fluorescence properties of quantum dots (QDs) with the high affinity and specificity of aptamers, we constructed a QD-aptamer probe. The aptamer A22, against the hemagglutinin of influenza A virus, was linked to QDs, producing the QD-A22 probe. Fluorescence imaging and transmission electron microscopy showed that the QD-A22 probe could specifically recognize and label influenza A virus particles. This QD labeling technique provides a new strategy for labeling virus particles for virus detection and imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zong-Qiang Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China
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27
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Keum JW, Hathorne AP, Bermudez H. Controlling forces and pathways in self-assembly using viruses and DNA. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 3:282-97. [PMID: 21384560 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The ability of both viruses and DNA to self-assemble in solution has continues to enable numerous applications at the nanoscale. Here we review the relevant interactions dictating the assembly of these structures, as well as discussing how they can be exploited experimentally. Because self-assembly is a process, we discuss various strategies for achieving spatial and temporal control. Finally, we highlight a few examples of recent advances that exploit the features of these nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Won Keum
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA
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28
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Jutz G, Böker A. Bionanoparticles as functional macromolecular building blocks – A new class of nanomaterials. POLYMER 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2010.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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29
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Chen M, McDaniel JR, Mackay JA, Chilkoti A. NANOSCALE SELF-ASSEMBLY FOR DELIVERY OF THERAPEUTICS AND IMAGING AGENTS. TECHNOLOGY AND INNOVATION 2011; 13:5-25. [PMID: 24077873 DOI: 10.3727/194982411x13003853539948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Self-assemblies are complex structures spontaneously organized from simpler subcomponents, primarily through noncovalent interactions. These structures are being exploited as delivery vehicles of therapeutic and imaging agents. They have two unique advantages in comparison to other vehicles: 1) they are able to assume complex structures that are difficult to attain by chemical synthesis, and 2) the dissociation of self-assembled structures can be triggered by external stimuli, which can serve as a mechanism of payload release. In this review, we discuss two naturally occurring (proteins and viral capsids) and five engineered self-assemblies (vesicles, micelles, proteins, hydrogels, and inclusion complexes) that are under development for delivery of drugs and imaging agents. For each class of self-assembled supramolecular structures, we examine its structural and physicochemical properties, and potential applications within the context of assembly, loading, and payload release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingnan Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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30
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Soto CM, Ratna BR. Virus hybrids as nanomaterials for biotechnology. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2010; 21:426-38. [PMID: 20688511 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2010.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Revised: 07/06/2010] [Accepted: 07/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The current review describes advances in the field of bionanotechnology in which viruses are used to fabricate nanomaterials. Viruses are introduced as protein cages, scaffolds, and templates for the production of biohybrid nanostructured materials where organic and inorganic molecules are incorporated in a precise and a controlled fashion. Genetic engineering enables the insertion or replacement of selected amino acids on virus capsids for uses from bioconjugation to crystal growth. The variety of nanomaterials generated in rod-like and spherical viruses is highlighted for tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), M13 bacteriophage, cowpea chlorotic mottle virus (CCMV), and cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV). Functional biohybrid nanomaterials find applications in biosensing, memory devices, nanocircuits, light-harvesting systems, and nanobatteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carissa M Soto
- Center for Bio/Molecular Science and Engineering, Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave. SW, Washington, DC 20375, USA.
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31
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Intravital imaging of embryonic and tumor neovasculature using viral nanoparticles. Nat Protoc 2010; 5:1406-17. [PMID: 20671724 DOI: 10.1038/nprot.2010.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Viral nanoparticles are a novel class of biomolecular agents that take advantage of the natural circulatory and targeting properties of viruses to allow the development of therapeutics, vaccines and imaging tools. We have developed a multivalent nanoparticle platform based on the cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) that facilitates particle labeling at high density with fluorescent dyes and other functional groups. Compared with other technologies, CPMV-based viral nanoparticles are particularly suited for long-term intravital vascular imaging because of their biocompatibility and retention in the endothelium with minimal side effects. The stable, long-term labeling of the endothelium allows the identification of vasculature undergoing active remodeling in real time. In this study, we describe the synthesis, purification and fluorescent labeling of CPMV nanoparticles, along with their use for imaging of vascular structure and for intravital vascular mapping in developmental and tumor angiogenesis models. Dye-labeled viral nanoparticles can be synthesized and purified in a single day, and imaging studies can be conducted over hours, days or weeks, depending on the application.
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32
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Cheung CL, Rubinstein AI, Peterson EJ, Chatterji A, Sabirianov RF, Mei WN, Lin T, Johnson JE, DeYoreo JJ. Steric and electrostatic complementarity in the assembly of two-dimensional virus arrays. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:3498-3505. [PMID: 19754157 DOI: 10.1021/la903114s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A highly ordered assembly of biological molecules provides a powerful means to study the organizational principles of objects at the nanoscale. Two-dimensional cowpea mosaic virus arrays were assembled in an ordered manner on mica using osmotic depletion effects and a drop-and-dry method. The packing of the virus array was controlled systematically from rhombic packing to hexagonal packing by modulating the concentrations of poly(ethylene glycol) surfactant in the virus solutions. The orientation and packing symmetry of the virus arrays were found to be tuned by the concentrations of surfactants in the sample solutions. A phenomenological model for the present system is proposed to explain the assembly array morphology under the influence of the surfactant. Steric and electrostatic complementarity of neighboring virus capsids is found to be the key factors in controlling the symmetry of packing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin Li Cheung
- Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA.
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33
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Chen YH, Wang CH, Chang CW, Peng CA. In situ formation of viruses tagged with quantum dots. Integr Biol (Camb) 2010; 2:258-64. [DOI: 10.1039/b926852a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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34
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35
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Bioconjugated quantum dots as fluorescent probes for bioanalytical applications. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 396:229-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-3033-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2009] [Revised: 07/24/2009] [Accepted: 07/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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36
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Archer MJ, Liu JL. Bacteriophage t4 nanoparticles as materials in sensor applications: variables that influence their organization and assembly on surfaces. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2009; 9:6298-311. [PMID: 22454586 PMCID: PMC3312445 DOI: 10.3390/s90806298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Revised: 07/21/2009] [Accepted: 08/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bacteriophage T4 nanoparticles possess characteristics that make them ideal candidates as materials for sensors, particularly as sensor probes. Their surface can be modified, either through genetic engineering or direct chemical conjugation to display functional moieties such as antibodies or other proteins to recognize a specific target. However, in order for T4 nanoparticles to be utilized as a sensor probe, it is necessary to understand and control the variables that determine their assembly and organization on a surface. The aim of this work is to discuss some of variables that we have identified as influencing the behavior of T4 nanoparticles on surfaces. The effect of pH, ionic strength, substrate characteristics, nanoparticle concentration and charge was addressed qualitatively using atomic force microscopy (AFM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie J. Archer
- U.S. Naval Research Laboratory/4555 Overlook Ave., SW, Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Washington, D.C. 20375, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Jinny L. Liu
- U.S. Naval Research Laboratory/4555 Overlook Ave., SW, Center for Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Washington, D.C. 20375, USA; E-Mail:
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37
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De M, Rana S, Rotello VM. Nickel-ion-mediated control of the stoichiometry of his-tagged protein/nanoparticle interactions. Macromol Biosci 2009; 9:174-8. [PMID: 19127602 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.200800289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between synthetic materials and biomolecules plays an important role in biomedical and pathological sciences. An important issue in these interactions is control of stoichiometry. The interaction between NTA ligands and proteins with six consecutive His residues has been widely used for protein purification. Control of stoichiometry is an important issue in applying this recognition strategy to the creation of defined nanoparticle-protein conjugates. In this communication we report the direct control of particle-protein stoichiometry through variation of nickel chloride concentration, as demonstrated through fluorescence and gel electrophoresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrinmoy De
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts, 710 North Pleasant Street Amherst, MA 01003, USA
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38
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Liang S, Schneider RJ. Capillary zone electrophoresis of Cowpea mosaic virus and peak identification. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:1572-8. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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39
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Structure-Based Engineering of an Icosahedral Virus for Nanomedicine and Nanotechnology. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2009; 327:23-58. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-69379-6_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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40
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Abstract
Viruses have recently proven useful for the detection of target analytes such as explosives, proteins, bacteria, viruses, spores, and toxins with high selectivity and sensitivity. Bacteriophages (often shortened to phages), viruses that specifically infect bacteria, are currently the most studied viruses, mainly because target-specific nonlytic phages (and the peptides and proteins carried by them) can be identified by using the well-established phage display technique, and lytic phages can specifically break bacteria to release cell-specific marker molecules such as enzymes that can be assayed. In addition, phages have good chemical and thermal stability, and can be conjugated with nanomaterials and immobilized on a transducer surface in an analytical device. This Review focuses on progress made in the use of phages in chemical and biological sensors in combination with traditional analytical techniques. Recent progress in the use of virus-nanomaterial composites and other viruses in sensing applications is also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanbin Mao
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA.
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41
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Abstract
Virus capsids and other structurally related cage-like proteins such as ferritins, dps, and heat shock proteins have three distinct surfaces (inside, outside, interface) that can be exploited to generate nanomaterials with multiple functionality by design. Protein cages are biological in origin and each cage exhibits extremely homogeneous size distribution. This homogeneity can be used to attain a high degree of homogeneity of the templated material and its associated property. A series of protein cages exhibiting diversity in size, functionality, and chemical and thermal stabilities can be utilized for materials synthesis under a variety of conditions. Since synthetic approaches to materials science often use harsh temperature and pH, it is an advantage to utilize protein cages from extreme environments. In this chapter, we review recent studies on discovering novel protein cages from harsh natural environments such as the acidic thermal hot springs at Yellowstone National Park (YNP) and on utilizing protein cages as nano-scale platforms for developing nanomaterials with wide range of applications from electronics to biomedicine.
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42
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de la Escosura A, Nolte RJM, Cornelissen JJLM. Viruses and protein cages as nanocontainers and nanoreactors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/b815274h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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43
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Abstract
Protein capsids derived from viruses may be modified by methods, generated, isolated, and purified on large scales with relative ease. In recent years, methods for their chemical derivatization have been employed to broaden the properties and functions accessible to investigators desiring monodisperse, atomic-resolution structures on the nanometer scale. Here we review the reactions and methods used in these endeavors, including the modification of lysine, cysteine, and tyrosine side chains, as well as the installation of unnatural amino acids, with particular attention to the special challenges imposed by the polyvalency and size of virus-based scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Strable
- Dynavax Technologies Corp., Berkeley, CA 94710-2753, USA
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44
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Maye MM, Freimuth P, Gang O. Adenovirus knob trimers as tailorable scaffolds for nanoscale assembly. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2008; 4:1941-1944. [PMID: 18932187 DOI: 10.1002/smll.200800177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mathew M Maye
- Brookhaven National Laboratory, Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Upton, NY 11973, USA
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45
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Chemical addressability of ultraviolet-inactivated viral nanoparticles (VNPs). PLoS One 2008; 3:e3315. [PMID: 18830402 PMCID: PMC2551747 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0003315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2008] [Accepted: 09/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cowpea Mosaic Virus (CPMV) is increasingly being used as a nanoparticle platform for multivalent display of molecules via chemical bioconjugation to the capsid surface. A growing variety of applications have employed the CPMV multivalent display technology including nanoblock chemistry, in vivo imaging, and materials science. CPMV nanoparticles can be inexpensively produced from experimentally infected cowpea plants at high yields and are extremely stable. Although CPMV has not been shown to replicate in mammalian cells, uptake in mammalian cells does occur in vitro and in vivo. Thus, inactivation of the virus RNA genome is important for biosafety considerations, however the surface characteristics and chemical reactivity of the particles must be maintained in order to preserve chemical and structural functionality. Methodology/Principal Findings Short wave (254 nm) UV irradiation was used to crosslink the RNA genome within intact particles. Lower doses of UV previously reported to inactivate CPMV infectivity inhibited symptoms on inoculated leaves but did not prohibit systemic virus spread in plants, whereas higher doses caused aggregation of the particles and an increase in chemical reactivity further indicating broken particles. Intermediate doses of 2.0–2.5 J/cm2 were shown to maintain particle structure and chemical reactivity, and cellular binding properties were similar to CPMV-WT. Conclusions These studies demonstrate that it is possible to inactivate CPMV infectivity while maintaining particle structure and function, thus paving the way for further development of CPMV nanoparticles for in vivo applications.
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46
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Joo KI, Lei Y, Lee CL, Lo J, Hamm-Alvarez JXSF, Wang P. Site-specific labeling of enveloped viruses with quantum dots for single virus tracking. ACS NANO 2008; 2:1553-62. [PMID: 19079775 PMCID: PMC2600658 DOI: 10.1021/nn8002136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This study reports a general method of labeling enveloped viruses with semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) for use in single virus trafficking studies. Retroviruses, including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), could be successfully tagged with QDs through the membrane incorporation of a short acceptor peptide (AP) that is susceptible to site-specific biotinylation and attachment of streptavidin-conjugated QDs. It was found that this AP tag-based QD labeling had little effect on the viral infectivity and allowed for the study of the kinetics of the internalization of the recombinant lentivirus enveloped with vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSVG) into the early endosomes. It also allows for the live cell imaging of the trafficking of labeled virus to the Rab5(+) endosomal compartments. This study further demonstrated by direct visualization of QD-labeled virus that VSVG-pseudotyped lentivirus enters cells independent of clatherin- and caveolin-pathways, while the entry of VSVG-pseudotyped retrovirus occurs via the clathrin pathway. The studies monitoring HIV particles using QD-labeling showed that we could detect single virions on the surface of target cells expressing either CD4/CCR5 or DC-SIGN. Further internalization studies of QD-HIV evidently showed that the clathrin pathway is the major route for DC-SIGN-mediated uptake of viruses. Taken together, our data demonstrate the potential of this QD-labeling for visualizing the dynamic interactions between viruses and target cell structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kye-Il Joo
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - Yuning Lei
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - Chi-Lin Lee
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | - Jonathon Lo
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
| | | | - Pin Wang
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089
- Address correspondence to Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, 925 Bloom Walk, HED 216, Los Angeles, CA 90089, Phone: (213)-740-0780, Fax: (213)-740-8053,
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47
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Ma YZ, Miller RA, Fleming GR, Francis MB. Energy Transfer Dynamics in Light-Harvesting Assemblies Templated by the Tobacco Mosaic Virus Coat Protein. J Phys Chem B 2008; 112:6887-92. [DOI: 10.1021/jp8006393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Zhong Ma
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, and Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
| | - Rebekah A. Miller
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, and Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
| | - Graham R. Fleming
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, and Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
| | - Matthew B. Francis
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, and Physical Biosciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, and Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1460, and Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720-1460
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48
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Sukhanova A, Nabiev I. Fluorescent nanocrystal quantum dots as medical diagnostic tools. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 2:429-47. [DOI: 10.1517/17530059.2.4.429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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49
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Chung SW, Presley AD, Elhadj S, Hok S, Hah SS, Chernov AA, Francis MB, Eaton BE, Feldheim DL, DeYoreo JJ. Scanning probe-based fabrication of 3D nanostructures via affinity templates, functional RNA, and meniscus-mediated surface remodeling. SCANNING 2008; 30:159-171. [PMID: 18220254 DOI: 10.1002/sca.20086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Developing generic platforms to organize discrete molecular elements and nanostructures into deterministic patterns on surfaces is one of the central challenges in the field of nanotechnology. Here we review three applications of the atomic force microscope (AFM) that address this challenge. In the first, we use two-step nanografting to create patterns of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) to drive the organization of virus particles that have been either genetically or chemically modified to bind to the SAMs. Virus-SAM chemistries are described that provide irreversible and reversible binding, respectively. In the second, we use similar SAM patterns as affinity templates that have been designed to covalently bind oligonucleotides engineered to bind to the SAMs and selected for their ability to mediate the subsequent growth of metallic nanocrystals. In the final application, the liquid meniscus that condenses at the AFM tip-substrate contact is used as a physical tool to both modulate the surface topography of a water soluble substrate and guide the hierarchical assembly of Au nanoparticles into nanowires. All three approaches can be generalized to meet the requirements of a wide variety of materials systems and thereby provide a potential route toward development of a generic platform for molecular and materials organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Wook Chung
- Chemistry, Materials, Earth and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94551, USA.
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50
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Kim BS, Lee SY, Cho YH, Youn JY, Kim MS, Khang G, Lee HB. Preparation of a polymer surface coated with a gradient of quantum dots. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2008; 19:045301. [PMID: 21817498 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/19/04/045301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we generated a polyethylene surface coated with a gradient of quantum dots for use in imaging experiments. The polyethylene surface was first treated with increasing coronal discharge along its length. Next, the surface was reacted with branched polyethyleneimine followed by biotin to produce a polyethylene surface with a gradient of biotin. Finally, the biotin-coated surface was reacted with streptavidin-coated quantum dots. Fluorescent imaging showed that the fluorescence intensity from the quantum dots gradually increased along its length. Such quantum-dot-modified gradient polyethylene surfaces may be useful in biomedical analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung Soo Kim
- Fusion Biotechnology Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, PO Box 107, Yuseong, Daejeon 305-600, Korea
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