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Masclef J, Prunet J, Schmidt BVKJ. Synthesis of PEG-Polycycloether Block Copolymers: Poloxamer Mimics Containing a Rigid Helical Block. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2310277. [PMID: 38520722 PMCID: PMC11165552 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202310277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
Poloxamers are amphiphilic block copolymers consisting of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and poly(propylene glycol) segments. Their self-assembly and interfacial properties are tied to the relative hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity of each block and can therefore be adjusted by changing block lengths. Here, a series of PEG-polycycloether block copolymers is synthesized that have the same structure as a poloxamer, but they encompass a rigid polycyclic backbone as the hydrophobic block. A variety of polymer structures are synthesized, for example diblock or triblock architectures, with/without olefinic units, atactic or isotactic backbone, and different block lengths. Due to their amphiphilicity, self-assembly into spherical aggregates (diameters ranging from 64 to 132 nm) at low concentrations (critical aggregation concentration as low as 0.04 mg mL-1) is observed in water. Low surface tensions (as low as 26.7 mN m-1) are observed as well as the formation of stable high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs) irrespective of the oil/water ratio. This contrasts with the properties of the commonly used poloxamers P188 or P407 and illustrates the significance of the rigid polycycloether block. These new colloidal properties offer new prospects for applications in emulsion formulations for biomedicine, cosmetics, and the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joëlle Prunet
- School of Chemistry, Joseph Black BuildingUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowG12 8QQUK
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2
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He X, Lu Q. A review of high internal phase Pickering emulsions: Stabilization, rheology, and 3D printing application. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 324:103086. [PMID: 38244533 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2024.103086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/22/2024]
Abstract
High internal phase Pickering emulsion (HIPPE) is renowned for its exceptionally high-volume fraction of internal phase, leading to flocculated yet deformed emulsion droplets and unique rheological behaviors such as shear-thinning property, viscoelasticity, and thixotropic recovery. Alongside the inherent features of regular emulsion systems, such as large interfacial area and well-mixture of two immiscible liquids, the HIPPEs have been emerging as building blocks to construct three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds with customized structures and programmable functions using an extrusion-based 3D printing technique, making 3D-printed HIPPE-based scaffolds attract widespread interest from various fields such as food science, biotechnology, environmental science, and energy transfer. Herein, the recent advances in preparing suitable HIPPEs as 3D printing inks for various applied fields are reviewed. This work begins with the stabilization mechanism of HIPPEs, followed by introducing the origin of their distinctive rheological behaviors and strategies to adjust the rheological behaviors to prepare more eligible HIPPEs as printing inks. Then, the compatibility between extrusion-based 3D printing and HIPPEs as building blocks was discussed, followed by a summary of the potential applications using 3D-printed HIPPE-based scaffolds. Finally, limitations and future perspectives on preparing HIPPE-based materials using extrusion-based 3D printing were presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao He
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Qingye Lu
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, NW, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
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3
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Keane DP, Constantine CJ, Mellor MD, Poling-Skutvik R. Bridging Heterogeneity Dictates the Microstructure and Yielding Response of Polymer-Linked Emulsions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:7852-7862. [PMID: 37204835 PMCID: PMC11331760 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Soft materials possessing tunable rheological properties are desirable in applications ranging from 3D printing to biological scaffolds. Here, we use a telechelic, triblock copolymer polystyrene-b-poly(ethylene oxide)-b-polystyrene (SEOS) to form elastic networks of polymer-linked droplets in cyclohexane-in-water emulsions. The SEOS endblocks partition into the dispersed cyclohexane droplets while the midblocks remain in the aqueous continuous phase, resulting in each chain taking on either a looping or bridging conformation. By controlling the fraction of chains that form bridges, we tune the linear elasticity of the emulsions and generate a finite yield stress. Polymers with higher molecular weight (Mw) endblocks form stronger interdroplet connections and display a higher bridging density. Beyond modifying the linear rheology, the telechelic, triblock copolymers also alter the yielding behavior and processability of the linked emulsions. We examine the yield transition of these polymer-linked emulsions through large amplitude oscillatory shear (LAOS) and probe the emulsion structure through confocal microscopy, concluding that polymers that more readily form bridges generate a strongly percolated network, whereas those that are less prone to form bridges tend to produce networks composed of weakly linked clusters of droplets. When yielded, the emulsions consisting of linked clusters break apart into individual clusters that can rearrange upon the application of further shear. By contrast, when the systems containing a more homogeneous bridging density are yielded, the system remains percolated but with reduced elasticity and bridging density. The demonstrated ability of telechelic triblock copolymers to tune not only the linear viscoelasticity of complex fluids but also their nonlinear yield transition enables the use of these polymers as versatile and robust rheological modifiers. We expect our findings to therefore aid the design of the next generation of complex fluids and soft materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Keane
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Colby J Constantine
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Matthew D Mellor
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
| | - Ryan Poling-Skutvik
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
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Unique Fiber Morphologies from Emulsion Electrospinning—A Case Study of Poly(ε-caprolactone) and Its Applications. COLLOIDS AND INTERFACES 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/colloids7010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
Abstract
The importance of electrospinning to produce biomimicking micro- and nano-fibrous matrices is realized by many who work in the area of fibers. Based on the solubility of the materials to be spun, organic solvents are typically utilized. The toxicity of the utilized organic solvent could be extremely important for various applications, including tissue engineering, biomedical, agricultural, etc. In addition, the high viscosities of such polymer solutions limit the use of high polymer concentrations and lower down productivity along with the limitations of obtaining desired fiber morphology. This emphasizes the need for a method that would allay worries about safety, toxicity, and environmental issues along with the limitations of using concentrated polymer solutions. To mitigate these issues, the use of emulsions as precursors for electrospinning has recently gained significant attention. Presence of dispersed and continuous phase in emulsion provides an easy route to incorporate sensitive bioactive functional moieties within the core-sheath fibers which otherwise could only be hardly achieved using cumbersome coaxial electrospinning process in solution or melt based approaches. This review presents a detailed understanding of emulsion behavior during electrospinning along with the role of various constituents and process parameters during fiber formation. Though many polymers have been studied for emulsion electrospinning, poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) is one of the most studied polymers for this technique. Therefore, electrospinning of PCL based emulsions is highlighted as unique case-study, to provide a detailed theoretical understanding, discussion of experimental results along with their suitable biomedical applications.
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Pectin degree of esterification influences rheology and digestibility of whey protein isolate-pectin stabilized bilayer oil-in-water nanoemulsions. Food Hydrocoll 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2022.107789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Polyaphron Formulations Stabilised with Different Water-Soluble Polymers for Ocular Drug Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14050926. [PMID: 35631511 PMCID: PMC9146855 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14050926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
As drug delivery to the eye has evolved over the last decades, researchers have explored more effective treatments for ocular diseases. Despite this, delivering drugs to the cornea remains one of the most problematic issues in ophthalmology due to the poor permeability of the cornea and tear clearance mechanisms. In this study, four different types of polyaphron formulations are prepared with 10% poloxamer 188 (P188), 10% poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline), 1% polyquaternium 10, and 3% sodium carboxymethylcellulose solutions mixed with 1% Brij® L4 in a caprylic/capric triglycerides solution. Their physicochemical characteristics, rheological properties, and stability are assessed. Additionally, a polyaphron with 3% polyquaternium 10 was prepared for the assessment of ex vivo corneal retention along with four other polyaphrons. The best retention on the ex vivo cornea was displayed by the 3% polyquaternium 10-based formulation. The 10% poloxamer 188 along with 1% polyquaternium 10-based polyaphrons appeared to be the most stable among the four prepared formulations. A toxicological evaluation of these formulations was performed using a slug mucosal irritation test and bovine corneal opacity and permeability assay, with all four polyaphrons proving good biocompatibility with ocular tissues. The developed drug delivery systems demonstrated an excellent potential for ocular drug delivery.
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Plant-based high internal phase emulsions stabilized by dual protein nanostructures with heat and freeze-thaw tolerance. Food Chem 2021; 373:131458. [PMID: 34731810 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The formation of coherent, three-dimensional (3D) networks by particles either at the interface or in the bulk phase is vital for the stability of emulsions. In this study, nanoparticles of walnut proteins (WPs) were associated by unfolded fibrillar rice proteins (RPs), forming dual protein nanostructures (DPNs) characteristic of coherent 3D networks. The DPNs emulsified walnut oil and formed high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs), which were stable against 2-month storage and 30-min heating at 95 °C. Furthermore, the interfacial structures can be further reinforced by sodium chloride (50 mM and above), and became invulnerable to repeated freeze-thaw treatments. Based on the above results, a plant-based walnut sauce was developed with superior freeze-thaw stability to three arbitrary commercial mayonnaises. The HIPEs with tunable rheological properties in response to salt concentration and excellent stabilities against long-term storage, heating, and freeze-thaw may be potential surrogates of futuristic plant-based textural and sensory materials in foods.
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Li T, Xie R, Chen W, Schofield AB, Clegg PS. Complex High-Internal Phase Emulsions that can Form Interfacial Films with Tunable Morphologies. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:9802-9808. [PMID: 34342454 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c01355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
High-internal phase emulsions (HIPEs) were considered as an important functional material and have been the focus of intense development effort, but their fundamental attributes have hardly been altered at either the microcosmic or macroscopic level, which severely limits their practical applications in various areas. In this work, we report a general strategy for creating complex HIPEs that can form interfacial films at liquid interfaces. Double HIPEs and Janus HIPEs are both realized for the first time. They feature complex microscopic patterns with short-range anisotropy and exhibit non-Newtonian pseudoplastic flow behavior. By taking advantage of their response to a high-pH subphase, interfacial films can be successfully obtained, which are tunable in thickness and morphologies under compression. Complex HIPEs can greatly expand the applications of liquid materials, and the interfacial films of droplets represent an important step toward producing 2D soft materials with a unique functionality that can be broadly applied to biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Li
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325001, P. R. China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325001, China
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Ruipei Xie
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325001, P. R. China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health), Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325001, China
| | - Andrew B Schofield
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, James Clerk Maxwell Building, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, U.K
| | - Paul S Clegg
- School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Edinburgh, James Clerk Maxwell Building, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FD, U.K
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Gao H, Ma L, Cheng C, Liu J, Liang R, Zou L, Liu W, McClements DJ. Review of recent advances in the preparation, properties, and applications of high internal phase emulsions. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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10
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Sherborne C, Claeyssens F. Considerations Using Additive Manufacture of Emulsion Inks to Produce Respiratory Protective Filters Against Viral Respiratory Tract Infections Such as the COVID-19 Virus. Int J Bioprint 2021; 7:316. [PMID: 33585713 PMCID: PMC7875060 DOI: 10.18063/ijb.v7i1.316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This review paper explores the potential of combining emulsion-based inks with additive manufacturing (AM) to produce filters for respiratory protective equipment (RPE) in the fight against viral and bacterial infections of the respiratory tract. The value of these filters has been highlighted by the current severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 crisis where the importance of protective equipment for health care workers cannot be overstated. Three-dimensional (3D) printing of emulsions is an emerging technology built on a well-established field of emulsion templating to produce porous materials such as polymerized high internal phase emulsions (polyHIPEs). PolyHIPE-based porous polymers have tailorable porosity from the submicron to 100 s of µm. Advances in 3D printing technology enables the control of the bulk shape while a micron porosity is controlled independently by the emulsion-based ink. Herein, we present an overview of the current polyHIPE-based filter applications. Then, we discuss the current use of emulsion templating combined with stereolithography and extrusion-based AM technologies. The benefits and limitation of various AM techniques are discussed, as well as considerations for a scalable manufacture of a polyHIPE-based RPE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin Sherborne
- The Kroto Research Institute, North Campus, University of Sheffield, Broad Lane, Sheffield, S3 7HQ, UK
| | - Frederik Claeyssens
- The Kroto Research Institute, North Campus, University of Sheffield, Broad Lane, Sheffield, S3 7HQ, UK
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Aldemir Dikici B, Claeyssens F. Basic Principles of Emulsion Templating and Its Use as an Emerging Manufacturing Method of Tissue Engineering Scaffolds. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:875. [PMID: 32903473 PMCID: PMC7435020 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering (TE) aims to regenerate critical size defects, which cannot heal naturally, by using highly porous matrices called TE scaffolds made of biocompatible and biodegradable materials. There are various manufacturing techniques commonly used to fabricate TE scaffolds. However, in most cases, they do not provide materials with a highly interconnected pore design. Thus, emulsion templating is a promising and convenient route for the fabrication of matrices with up to 99% porosity and high interconnectivity. These matrices have been used for various application areas for decades. Although this polymer structuring technique is older than TE itself, the use of polymerised internal phase emulsions (PolyHIPEs) in TE is relatively new compared to other scaffold manufacturing techniques. It is likely because it requires a multidisciplinary background including materials science, chemistry and TE although producing emulsion templated scaffolds is practically simple. To date, a number of excellent reviews on emulsion templating have been published by the pioneers in this field in order to explain the chemistry behind this technique and potential areas of use of the emulsion templated structures. This particular review focusses on the key points of how emulsion templated scaffolds can be fabricated for different TE applications. Accordingly, we first explain the basics of emulsion templating and characteristics of PolyHIPE scaffolds. Then, we discuss the role of each ingredient in the emulsion and the impact of the compositional changes and process conditions on the characteristics of PolyHIPEs. Afterward, current fabrication methods of biocompatible PolyHIPE scaffolds and polymerisation routes are detailed, and the functionalisation strategies that can be used to improve the biological activity of PolyHIPE scaffolds are discussed. Finally, the applications of PolyHIPEs on soft and hard TE as well as in vitro models and drug delivery in the literature are summarised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betül Aldemir Dikici
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Kroto Research Institute, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, INSIGNEO Institute for In Silico Medicine, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
| | - Frederik Claeyssens
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Kroto Research Institute, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, INSIGNEO Institute for In Silico Medicine, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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12
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Effects of coupling agent on antioxidant properties and structure of PP/cotton stalk lignin composites. POLISH JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/pjct-2020-0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In this paper, the effects of coupling agent and lignin extracted from waste cotton stalks in Xinjiang on thermal-oxygen aging properties of polypropylene (PP) composites were studied. The melt index test and indoor thermal oxygen aging test was carried out on the samples treated with coupling agent. The mechanical properties, surface micromorphology, rheological properties and element composition of the materials before and after 30 days of aging were studied. The results showed that the titanate coupling agent was the best for improving the melt index and mechanical properties of PP/cotton stalk lignin composites. After the 30-day thermal oxygen aging test, the samples with 2% lignin had the best impact strength and retention rate of fracture elongation, reaching 68.9% and 77.3% respectively. The sample with 3% lignin content had the smoothen surface, no crack appeared. After aging, the increase of C=O was the least, and the crystal peak area decreased less.
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13
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Aldemir Dikici B, Reilly GC, Claeyssens F. Boosting the Osteogenic and Angiogenic Performance of Multiscale Porous Polycaprolactone Scaffolds by In Vitro Generated Extracellular Matrix Decoration. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:12510-12524. [PMID: 32100541 PMCID: PMC7146758 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b23100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Tissue engineering (TE)-based bone grafts are favorable alternatives to autografts and allografts. Both biochemical properties and the architectural features of TE scaffolds are crucial in their design process. Synthetic polymers are attractive biomaterials to be used in the manufacturing of TE scaffolds, due to various advantages, such as being relatively inexpensive, enabling precise reproducibility, possessing tunable mechanical/chemical properties, and ease of processing. However, such scaffolds need modifications to improve their limited interaction with biological tissues. Structurally, multiscale porosity is advantageous over single-scale porosity; therefore, in this study, we have considered two key points in the design of a bone repair material; (i) manufacture of multiscale porous scaffolds made of photocurable polycaprolactone (PCL) by a combination of emulsion templating and three-dimensional (3D) printing and (ii) decoration of these scaffolds with the in vitro generated bone-like extracellular matrix (ECM) to create biohybrid scaffolds that have improved biological performance compared to PCL-only scaffolds. Multiscale porous scaffolds were fabricated, bone cells were cultured on them, and then they were decellularized. The biological performance of these constructs was tested in vitro and in vivo. Mesenchymal progenitors were seeded on PCL-only and biohybrid scaffolds. Cells not only showed improved attachment on biohybrid scaffolds but also exhibited a significantly higher rate of cell growth and osteogenic activity. The chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay was used to explore the angiogenic potential of the biohybrid scaffolds. The CAM assay indicated that the presence of the in vitro generated ECM on polymeric scaffolds resulted in higher angiogenic potential and a high degree of tissue infiltration. This study demonstrated that multiscale porous biohybrid scaffolds present a promising approach to improve bioactivity, encourage precursors to differentiate into mature bones, and to induce angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betül Aldemir Dikici
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Kroto Research Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HQ, United Kingdom
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, INSIGNEO Institute for In Silico
Medicine, University of Sheffield, The Pam Liversidge Building, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
| | - Gwendolen C. Reilly
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, INSIGNEO Institute for In Silico
Medicine, University of Sheffield, The Pam Liversidge Building, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
| | - Frederik Claeyssens
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Kroto Research Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HQ, United Kingdom
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, INSIGNEO Institute for In Silico
Medicine, University of Sheffield, The Pam Liversidge Building, Sheffield S1 3JD, United Kingdom
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Formation and stability of W/O-high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs) and derived O/W emulsions stabilized by PGPR and lecithin. Food Res Int 2019; 122:252-262. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2019.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Lee MC, Tan C, Ravanfar R, Abbaspourrad A. Ultrastable Water-in-Oil High Internal Phase Emulsions Featuring Interfacial and Biphasic Network Stabilization. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:26433-26441. [PMID: 31245993 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b05089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we present gel-in-gel water-in-oil (W/O) high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs) that feature high stability by structuring both phases of the emulsion. Compared to significant advances made in oil-in-water (O/W) HIPEs, W/O HIPEs are extremely unstable and difficult to generate without introducing high concentrations of surfactants. Another main challenge is the low viscosity of both water and oil phases which promotes the instability of W/O HIPEs. Here, we demonstrate ultrastable W/O HIPEs that feature biphasic structuring, in which hydrogels are dispersed in oleogels, and self-forming, low-concentration interfacial Pickering crystals provide added stability. These W/O HIPEs exhibit high tolerance toward pH shock and destabilizing environments. In addition, this novel ultrastable gel-in-gel W/O HIPE is sustainable and made solely with natural ingredients without the addition of any synthetic stabilizers. By applying phase structuring within the HIPEs through the addition of various carrageenans and beeswax as structurants, we can increase the emulsion's stability and viscoelastic rheological properties. The performance of these gel-in-gel W/O HIPEs holds promise for a wide range of applications. As a proof of concept, we demonstrated herein the application as a gelled delivery system that enables the co-delivery of hydrophilic and hydrophobic materials at maximized loads, demonstrating high resistance to gastrointestinal pHs and a controlled-release profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle C Lee
- Department of Food Science , Cornell University , Stocking Hall , Ithaca , New York 14853 , United States
| | - Chen Tan
- Department of Food Science , Cornell University , Stocking Hall , Ithaca , New York 14853 , United States
| | - Raheleh Ravanfar
- Department of Food Science , Cornell University , Stocking Hall , Ithaca , New York 14853 , United States
| | - Alireza Abbaspourrad
- Department of Food Science , Cornell University , Stocking Hall , Ithaca , New York 14853 , United States
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16
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Wakita K, Imura T. High Internal Phase Emulsion Gels Stabilized by Natural Casein peptides. J Oleo Sci 2018; 67:1579-1584. [PMID: 30429446 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess18140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The surface and interfacial properties of casein-hydrolyzed peptides were evaluated using measurement of surface and interfacial tensions, surface viscosity, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and freeze-fracture transmission electron microscopy (FF-TEM). In this study, high internal oil phase emulsion (HIPE) gels were successfully prepared, using the surface and interfacial properties of casein peptides. The casein peptides exhibited surface and interfacial activities. The estimated critical micelle concentration (CMC) and γCMC values were 3.0 mg/mL and 47.8 mN/m, and the average size of casein peptide micelles was 13.2 ± 1.7 nm. The surface shear viscosity of an aqueous casein peptide solution at 10 mg/mL was 1603 µPa ms, which is fifteen times larger than that of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS, 106 µPa ms). The larger surface viscosity of casein peptide adsorbed layer could stabilize emulsions and prevent flocculation and coalescence. High internal oil phase gel emulsions were then prepared by slowly adding oil and polyisobutene into an aqueous casein peptide solution/glycerol mixture with different compositions. Based on the pseudo ternary 15 wt% aqueous casein peptide solution/polyisobutene/glycerol phase diagram, the HIPE containing the maximum 88.1 wt% (91.5 vol%) of oil is obtained by the addition of 0.36 wt% of casein peptides. The use of only a small amount of protein-hydrolyzed peptides instead of the commonly used synthetic surfactants for HIPE preparation has great advantages for the widespread application of HIPE technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuaki Wakita
- Oleo & Speciality Chemicals Research LAB., NOF Corporation
| | - Tomohiro Imura
- Research Institute for Innovation in Sustainable Chemistry, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST)
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Bhagavathi Kandy S, Simon GP, Cheng W, Zank J, Joshi K, Gala D, Bhattacharyya AR. Effect of Incorporation of Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes on the Microstructure and Flow Behavior of Highly Concentrated Emulsions. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:13584-13597. [PMID: 31458064 PMCID: PMC6644587 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b00579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were incorporated into highly concentrated water-in-oil emulsions with the ultimate aim of achieving a uniform and effective dispersion of MWCNTs within the emulsion matrix. The emulsion was formulated in such a way, wherein the internal phase consists of higher than 90 wt %. By keeping the same aqueous-to-oil phase ratio, the amount of MWCNTs in the oil phase was systematically adjusted to investigate their effects on the microstructure development and rheological behavior of the emulsion. The addition of MWCNTs led to a reduced droplet size and also resulted in a narrower distribution of the droplet size. The rheological behavior of nanotube-incorporated emulsions was characterized with varying MWCNT concentrations and also as a function of the emulsification time. The rheological characteristics of the nanotube-incorporated emulsions were identical to those of the neat emulsion and were primarily governed by the variation in the droplet size and droplet-size distribution. However, the yield strain and cross-over strain were independent of the mean droplet size and polydispersity of the emulsion. Emulsions that have smaller droplets exhibited higher storage modulus (G'), yield stress (τY), and apparent viscosity (η). For all refining times investigated, nanotube-incorporated emulsions have higher G', τY, and η values when compared to the neat emulsion, and these values further increased with the MWCNT concentration. This was primarily due to the decrease in the droplet size with MWCNT addition. Furthermore, our findings suggest that the incorporated MWCNTs did not induce any significant change in the rheological behavior of emulsions with identical droplet sizes, and it remained essentially unchanged with the concentration of MWCNTs. However, the nanotube-incorporated emulsions possessed solidlike behavior up to a higher applied stress when compared to a neat emulsion of identical droplet size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharu Bhagavathi Kandy
- IITB-Monash
Research Academy, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
- Department
of Metallurgical Engineering and Materials Science, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
- Department
of Thermal and Energy Engineering, School of Mechanical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamilnadu 632014, India
| | - George P. Simon
- Department of Materials Science and
Engineering and Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash
University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Wenlong Cheng
- Department of Materials Science and
Engineering and Department of Chemical Engineering, Monash
University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Johann Zank
- Orica
Mining Services, George Booth Drive, Kurri Kurri, New South Wales 2327, Australia
| | - Kapil Joshi
- Anton-Paar
India Pvt. Ltd., Gurugram, Haryana 122016, India
| | - Dharmesh Gala
- Anton-Paar
India Pvt. Ltd., Gurugram, Haryana 122016, India
| | - Arup R. Bhattacharyya
- Department
of Metallurgical Engineering and Materials Science, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
- E-mail: . Phone: +91 22 2576 7634. Fax: +91 22 2572 6975 (A.R.B.)
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Tripathi S, Bhattacharya A, Singh R, Tabor RF. Rheological behavior of high internal phase water-in-oil emulsions: Effects of droplet size, phase mass fractions, salt concentration and aging. Chem Eng Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2017.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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Sharu B, Simon GP, Cheng W, Zank J, Bhattacharyya AR. Development of microstructure and evolution of rheological characteristics of a highly concentrated emulsion during emulsification. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2017.04.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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20
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Porous Polystyrene Monoliths and Microparticles Prepared from Core Cross-linked Star (CCS) Polymers-Stabilized Emulsions. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8493. [PMID: 28819128 PMCID: PMC5561027 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09216-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A hydrophobic CCS polymer of poly(benzyl methacrylate) (PBzMA) was prepared in toluene by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT)-mediated dispersion polymerization. The CCS polymer, with poly(benzyl methacrylate) as the arm and crosslinked N, N′-bis(acryloyl)cystamine (BAC) as the core, was confirmed by characterization with gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Three kinds of oils (toluene, anisole and styrene) were chosen to study the emulsification properties of PBzMA CCS polymer. The oils can be emulsified by CCS polymer to form water-in-oil (w/o) emulsions. Moreover, w/o high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs) can be obtained with the increase of toluene and styrene volume fractions from 75% to 80%. Porous polystyrene monolith and microparticles were prepared from the emulsion templates and characterized by the scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). With the internal phase volume fraction increased, open-pore porous monolith was obtained.
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21
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Merchant RR, Maldonado-Camargo L, Rinaldi C. In situ measurements of dispersed and continuous phase viscosities of emulsions using nanoparticles. J Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 486:241-248. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2016.09.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2016] [Revised: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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22
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Chen L, Hong L, Lin JC, Meyers G, Harris J, Radler M. Epoxy-acrylic core-shell particles by seeded emulsion polymerization. J Colloid Interface Sci 2016; 473:182-9. [PMID: 27078740 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
We developed a novel method for synthesizing epoxy-acrylic hybrid latexes. We first prepared an aqueous dispersion of high molecular weight solid epoxy prepolymers using a mechanical dispersion process at elevated temperatures, and we subsequently used the epoxy dispersion as a seed in the emulsion polymerization of acrylic monomers comprising methyl methacrylate (MMA) and methacrylic acid (MAA). Advanced analytical techniques, such as scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM) and peak force tapping atomic force microscopy (PFT-AFM), have elucidated a unique core-shell morphology of the epoxy-acrylic hybrid particles. Moreover, the formation of the core-shell morphology in the seeded emulsion polymerization process is primarily attributed to kinetic trapping of the acrylic phase at the exterior of the epoxy particles. By this new method, we are able to design the epoxy and acrylic polymers in two separate steps, and we can potentially synthesize epoxy-acrylic hybrid latexes with a broad range of compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chen
- Formulation Science, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI 48674, United States.
| | - Liang Hong
- Formulation Science, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI 48674, United States
| | - Jui-Ching Lin
- Analytical Sciences, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI 48674, United States
| | - Greg Meyers
- Analytical Sciences, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI 48674, United States
| | - Joseph Harris
- Analytical Sciences, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI 48674, United States
| | - Michael Radler
- Dow Construction Chemicals, The Dow Chemical Company, Midland, MI 48674, United States
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23
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Sears NA, Dhavalikar PS, Cosgriff-Hernandez EM. Emulsion Inks for 3D Printing of High Porosity Materials. Macromol Rapid Commun 2016; 37:1369-74. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201600236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A. Sears
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Texas A&M University; College Station TX 77843-3120 USA
| | - Prachi S. Dhavalikar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Texas A&M University; College Station TX 77843-3120 USA
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24
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Phase behavior and interfacial properties of a switchable ethoxylated amine surfactant at high temperature and effects on CO2-in-water foams. J Colloid Interface Sci 2016; 470:80-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2016.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 02/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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25
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Mansard V, Mecca JM, Dermody DL, Malotky D, Tucker CJ, Squires TM. Collective Rayleigh-Plateau Instability: A Mimic of Droplet Breakup in High Internal Phase Emulsion. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:2549-2555. [PMID: 26963440 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b04727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Using a microfluidic multi-inlet coflow system, we show the Rayleigh-Plateau instability of adjacent, closely spaced fluid threads to be collective. Although droplet size distributions and breakup frequencies are unaffected by cooperativity when fluid threads are identical, breakup frequencies and wavelengths between mismatched fluid threads become locked due to this collective instability. Locking narrows the size distribution of drops that are produced from dissimilar threads, and thus the polydispersity of the emulsion. These observations motivate a hypothesized two-step mechanism for high internal phase emulsification, wherein coarse emulsion drops are elongated into close-packed fluid threads, which break into smaller droplets via a collective Rayleigh Plateau instability. Our results suggest that these elongated fluid threads break cooperatively, whereupon wavelength-locking reduces the ultimate droplet polydispersity of high-internal phase emulsions, consistent with experimental observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Mansard
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California , Santa Barbara, California 93106-5080, United States
| | - Jodi M Mecca
- Formulation Science, Core Research and Development, The Dow Chemical Company , Midland, Michigan 48674, United States
| | - Dan L Dermody
- Formulation Science, Core Research and Development, The Dow Chemical Company , Midland, Michigan 48674, United States
| | - David Malotky
- Formulation Science, Core Research and Development, The Dow Chemical Company , Midland, Michigan 48674, United States
| | - Chris J Tucker
- Formulation Science, Core Research and Development, The Dow Chemical Company , Midland, Michigan 48674, United States
| | - Todd M Squires
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California , Santa Barbara, California 93106-5080, United States
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26
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Characterization, stability and rheology of highly concentrated monodisperse emulsions containing lutein. Food Hydrocoll 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2015.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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27
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Tebboth M, Kogelbauer A, Bismarck A. Effectiveness of Emulsion-Templated Macroporous Polymer Micromixers Characterized by the Bourne Reaction. Ind Eng Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.5b00493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Tebboth
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polymer & Composite Engineering (PaCE) Group, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Andreas Kogelbauer
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polymer & Composite Engineering (PaCE) Group, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Bismarck
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polymer & Composite Engineering (PaCE) Group, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
- Polymer & Composite Engineering (PaCE) Group, Institute of Materials Chemistry and Research, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währingerstr. 42, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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28
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Scale-up model obtained from the rheological analysis of highly concentrated emulsions prepared at three scales. Chem Eng Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2014.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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29
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Torcello-Gómez A, Wulff-Pérez M, Gálvez-Ruiz MJ, Martín-Rodríguez A, Cabrerizo-Vílchez M, Maldonado-Valderrama J. Block copolymers at interfaces: interactions with physiological media. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2014; 206:414-27. [PMID: 24268588 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2013.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2013] [Revised: 10/23/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Triblock copolymers (also known as Pluronics or poloxamers) are biocompatible molecules composed of hydrophobic and hydrophilic blocks with different lengths. They have received much attention recently owing to their applicability for targeted delivery of hydrophobic compounds. Their unique molecular structure facilitates the formation of dynamic aggregates which are able to transport lipid soluble compounds. However, these structures can be unstable and tend to solubilize within the blood stream. The use of nanoemulsions as carriers for the lipid soluble compounds appears as a new alternative with improved protection against physiological media. The interfacial behavior of block copolymers is directly related to their peculiar molecular structure and further knowledge could provide a rational use in the design of poloxamer-stabilized nanoemulsions. This review aims to combine the new insights gained recently into the interfacial properties of block copolymers and their performance in nanoemulsions. Direct studies dealing with the interactions with physiological media are also reviewed in order to address issues relating metabolism degradation profiles. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and interfacial properties of block copolymers will allow their manipulation to modulate lipolysis, hence allowing the rational design of nanocarriers with efficient controlled release.
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30
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Hoffmann H, Reger M. Emulsions with unique properties from proteins as emulsifiers. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2014; 205:94-104. [PMID: 24161225 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2013.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 08/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Many proteins are surface active molecules and form stable emulsions. In these emulsions, the protein covered oil droplets behave as sticky droplets even when they are ionically charged. As a result of the stickiness of the droplets the emulsions have gel-like properties. The stickiness is due to the multipolar nature of the proteins in contrast to the bipolar nature of surfactants or other amphiphilic compounds that form emulsions with repulsive droplets. Stable emulsions are also formed from particles like clays to which proteins are adsorbed. These hybrid compounds form even more stable emulsions with stronger elastic properties than clays and proteins on their own. These so called pickering emulsions have paste-like properties and do not flow. The scaffolding network of the crosslinked protein bilayers on the droplets is so strong that both the water and the oil can be removed from the emulsions by freeze drying without collapse of the scaffold. The resulting sponge can be used again for the uptake of both water and oil. Emulsions which are prepared from different proteins differ mainly in their elastic properties.
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31
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Worthen AJ, Foster LM, Dong J, Bollinger JA, Peterman AH, Pastora LE, Bryant SL, Truskett TM, Bielawski CW, Johnston KP. Synergistic formation and stabilization of oil-in-water emulsions by a weakly interacting mixture of zwitterionic surfactant and silica nanoparticles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:984-94. [PMID: 24409832 DOI: 10.1021/la404132p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Oil-in-water emulsions were formed and stabilized at low amphiphile concentrations by combining hydrophilic nanoparticles (NPs) (i.e., bare colloidal silica) with a weakly interacting zwitterionic surfactant, caprylamidopropyl betaine, to generate a high hydrophilic-lipophilic balance. The weak interaction of the NPs with surfactant was quantified with contact angle measurements. Emulsions were characterized by static light scattering to determine the droplet size distributions, optical photography to quantify phase separation due to creaming, and both optical and electron microscopy to determine emulsion microstructure. The NPs and surfactant acted synergistically to produce finer emulsions with a greater stability to coalescence relative to the behavior with either NPs or surfactant alone. As a consequence of the weak adsorption of the highly hydrophilic surfactant on the anionic NPs along with the high critical micelle concentration, an unusually large surfactant concentration was available to adsorb at the oil-water interface and lower the interfacial tension. The synergy for emulsion formation and stabilization for the two amphiphiles was even greater in the case of a high-salinity synthetic seawater aqueous phase. Here, higher NP adsorption at the oil-water interface was caused by electrostatic screening of interactions between (1) NPs and the anionic oil-water interface and (2) between the NPs. This greater adsorption as well as partial flocculation of the NPs provided a more efficient barrier to droplet coalescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Worthen
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, ‡Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, and §Department of Petroleum and Geosystems Engineering, University of Texas at Austin , Austin, Texas 78712-0231, United States
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32
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Foudazi R, Gokun P, Feke DL, Rowan SJ, Manas-Zloczower I. Chemorheology of Poly(high internal phase emulsions). Macromolecules 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ma401157b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Reza Foudazi
- Department of Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Polina Gokun
- Department of Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Donald L. Feke
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106,
United States
| | - Stuart J. Rowan
- Department of Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Ica Manas-Zloczower
- Department of Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
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33
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Sušec M, Ligon SC, Stampfl J, Liska R, Krajnc P. Hierarchically porous materials from layer-by-layer photopolymerization of high internal phase emulsions. Macromol Rapid Commun 2013; 34:938-43. [PMID: 23606606 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201300016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A combination of high internal phase emulsion (HIPE) templating and additive manufacturing technology (AMT) is applied for creating hierarchical porosity within an acrylate and acrylate/thiol-based polymer network. The photopolymerizable formulation is optimized to produce emulsions with a volume fraction of droplet phase greater than 80 vol%. Kinetic stability of the emulsions is sufficient enough to withstand in-mold curing or computer-controlled layer-by-layer stereolithography without phase separation. By including macroscale cellular cavities within the build file, a level of controlled porosity is created simultaneous to the formation of the porous microstructure of the polyHIPE. The hybrid HIPE-AMT technique thus provides hierarchically porous materials with mechanical properties tailored by the addition of thiol chain transfer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maja Sušec
- Centre of Excellence PoliMaT, Tehnološki park 24, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; University of Maribor, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, PolyOrgLab, Smetanova 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
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34
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Chen Q, Cao X, Liu H, Zhou W, Qin L, An Z. pH-responsive high internal phase emulsions stabilized by core cross-linked star (CCS) polymers. Polym Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py00488k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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35
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Wulff-Pérez M, Martín-Rodríguez A, Gálvez-Ruiz MJ, de Vicente J. The effect of polymeric surfactants on the rheological properties of nanoemulsions. Colloid Polym Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-012-2780-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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36
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Schüler F, Schamel D, Salonen A, Drenckhan W, Gilchrist MD, Stubenrauch C. Synthesis of macroporous polystyrene by the polymerization of foamed emulsions. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:2213-7. [PMID: 22266818 PMCID: PMC3415665 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201107806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Schüler
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
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37
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38
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Schüler F, Schamel D, Salonen A, Drenckhan W, Gilchrist MD, Stubenrauch C. Synthese von makroporösem Polystyrol durch Polymerisation geschäumter Emulsionen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201107806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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39
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Hezaveh H, Fazlali A, Noshadi I. Synthesis, rheological properties and magnetoviscos effect of Fe2O3/paraffin ferrofluids. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2011.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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40
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Abstract
A semi-fluorinated hybrid amphiphile, pentadecafluoro-5-dodecyl (F7H4) sulfate, has been shown to form reversed micelles in dense CO(2); the aggregates evolve to form water-in-CO(2) (w/c) microemulsion droplets on addition of water. Aggregation structures in these w/c phases have been characterised by small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), showing the presence of cylindrical droplets, which change into dispersed lamellar phases at even higher water loadings. Other systems are also introduced, being high internal phase emulsions (HIPEs) with brine, and liquid and supercritical CO(2), stabilized by certain commercially available nonylphenol ethoxylates (Dow Tergitol NP-, and Huntsman Surfonic N- amphiphiles). These dispersions have been characterised by SANS for the first time. Quantitative analyses of the HIPEs SANS profiles show that they behave similarly to hydrocarbon-water emulsion analogues, with regard to total interfacial areas and the effects of amphiphile concentration on the underlying structures. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of both approaches for controlling the physico-chemical properties of liquid/supercritical CO(2) in potential applications are compared and contrasted. These results highlight the importance of using specially designed CO(2)-philic amphiphiles for generating self-assembly structures in dense CO(2).
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41
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Liu Y, Friberg SE. Perspectives of phase changes and reversibility on a case of emulsion inversion. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:15786-15793. [PMID: 20866094 DOI: 10.1021/la102595d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The conventional treatment of catastrophic inversion is based on a two-phase model of oil-in-water (O/W) or water-in-oil (W/O). The present investigation takes a closer look at the process of inversion with focus on its relation to the detailed phase changes in the system. It is found that phase behavior inserts a decisive call for when the inversion starts and completes, even for an inversion seemingly brought by a simple change of water-to-oil ratio. The phases involved also play a critical role in the fine details of the emulsion structure, during both emulsification and evaporation. The presence of liquid crystal is instrumental in the inversion process as substantiated by the observation that its presence coincides with the presence of the intermediate multiple emulsions during emulsification. Multiple emulsions also appear during evaporation, though the mechanism of their formation is different from that during emulsification. The temporary stability of the multiple emulsions during both emulsification and evaporation is affected by the presence of the liquid crystal. It had been well established that the phase behavior plays a decisive role in transitional inversions and that the transformation to the inverse state is a gradual one. This is apparently also the case with the catastrophic inversion investigated here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihan Liu
- The Dow Corning Corporation, Midland, Michigan 48686, USA.
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42
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Caubet S, Le Guer Y, Grassl B, El Omari K, Normandin E. A low-energy emulsification batch mixer for concentrated oil-in-water emulsions. AIChE J 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.12253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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43
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Yaron PN, Reynolds PA, McGillivray DJ, Mata JP, White JW. Nano- and Microstructure of High-Internal Phase Emulsions Under Shear. J Phys Chem B 2010; 114:3500-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9084525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter N. Yaron
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia, Department of Chemistry, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand, and Bragg Institute, ANSTO, PMB 1, Menai, New South Wales 2234, Australia
| | - Philip A. Reynolds
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia, Department of Chemistry, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand, and Bragg Institute, ANSTO, PMB 1, Menai, New South Wales 2234, Australia
| | - Duncan J. McGillivray
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia, Department of Chemistry, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand, and Bragg Institute, ANSTO, PMB 1, Menai, New South Wales 2234, Australia
| | - Jitendra P. Mata
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia, Department of Chemistry, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand, and Bragg Institute, ANSTO, PMB 1, Menai, New South Wales 2234, Australia
| | - John W. White
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia, Department of Chemistry, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand, and Bragg Institute, ANSTO, PMB 1, Menai, New South Wales 2234, Australia
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Liu Y, Friberg SE. Role of liquid crystal in the emulsification of a gel emulsion with high internal phase fraction. J Colloid Interface Sci 2009; 340:261-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2009.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2009] [Revised: 08/25/2009] [Accepted: 08/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Peng J, Xia H, Liu K, Gao D, Yang M, Yan N, Fang Y. Water-in-oil gel emulsions from a cholesterol derivative: Structure and unusual properties. J Colloid Interface Sci 2009; 336:780-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2009.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2008] [Revised: 04/15/2009] [Accepted: 04/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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ZHENG Y. INFLUENCE OF URUSHIOL-BASED EMULSIFIER ON THE RHEOLOGICALBEHAVIOR OF OIL IN WATER RAW LACQUER EMULSION. ACTA POLYM SIN 2009. [DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1105.2008.00920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Akartuna I, Studart AR, Tervoort E, Gonzenbach UT, Gauckler LJ. Stabilization of oil-in-water emulsions by colloidal particles modified with short amphiphiles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:7161-7168. [PMID: 18547079 DOI: 10.1021/la800478g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Emulsions stabilized through the adsorption of colloidal particles at the liquid-liquid interface have long been used and investigated in a number of different applications. The interfacial adsorption of particles can be induced by adjusting the particle wetting behavior in the liquid media. Here, we report a new approach to prepare stable oil-in-water emulsions by tailoring the wetting behavior of colloidal particles in water using short amphiphilic molecules. We illustrate the method using hydrophilic metal oxide particles initially dispersed in the aqueous phase. The wettability of such particles in water is reduced by an in situ surface hydrophobization that induces particle adsorption at oil-water interfaces. We evaluate the conditions required for particle adsorption at the liquid-liquid interface and discuss the effect of the emulsion initial composition on the final microstructure of oil-water mixtures containing high concentrations of alumina particles modified with short carboxylic acids. This new approach for emulsion preparation can be easily applied to a variety of other metal oxide particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilke Akartuna
- Nonmetallic Inorganic Materials, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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48
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Tcholakova S, Denkov ND, Golemanov K, Ananthapadmanabhan KP, Lips A. Theoretical model of viscous friction inside steadily sheared foams and concentrated emulsions. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2008; 78:011405. [PMID: 18763954 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.78.011405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In a recent Letter [N. D. Denkov, Phys. Rev. Lett. 100, 138301 (2008)] we calculated theoretically the macroscopic viscous stress of steadily sheared foam or emulsion from the energy dissipated inside the transient planar films, formed between neighboring bubbles or drops in the shear flow. The model predicts that the viscous stress in these systems should be proportional to Ca 1/2, where Ca is a capillary number and n=1/2 is the power-law index. In the current paper we explain our model in detail and develop it further in several aspects: First, we extend the model to account for the effects of viscous friction in the curved meniscus regions, surrounding the planar films, on the dynamics of film formation and on the total viscous stress. Second, we consider the effects of surface forces (electrostatic, van der Waals, etc.) acting between the surfaces of the neighboring bubbles or drops and show that these forces could be important in emulsions, due to the relatively small thickness of emulsion films (often comparable to the range of action of surface forces). In contrast, the surface forces are usually negligible in steadily sheared foams, because the dynamic foam films are thicker than the extent of surface forces, except for foams containing micrometer-sized bubbles and/or at very low shear rates. Third, additional consideration is made for bubbles or drops exhibiting high surface viscosity, for which we demonstrate an additional contribution to the macroscopic viscous stress, created by the surface dissipation of energy. The new upgraded model predicts that the energy dissipation at the bubble or drop surface leads to power-law index n<1/2 , whereas the contribution of the surface forces leads to n>1/2 , which explains the rich variety of foam or emulsion behaviors observed upon steady shear. Various comparisons are made between model predictions and experimental results for both foams and emulsions, and very good agreement is found.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Tcholakova
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics & Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Sofia University, 1 James Bourchier Avenue, Sofia, Bulgaria
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Vankova N, Tcholakova S, Denkov ND, Ivanov IB, Vulchev VD, Danner T. Emulsification in turbulent flow. J Colloid Interface Sci 2007; 312:363-80. [PMID: 17462665 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2007.03.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2006] [Revised: 03/22/2007] [Accepted: 03/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Systematic experimental study of the effects of several factors on the mean and maximum drop sizes during emulsification in turbulent flow is performed. These factors include: (1) rate of energy dissipation, epsilon; (2) interfacial tension, sigma; (3) viscosity of the oil phase, eta(D); (4) viscosity of the aqueous phase, eta(C); and (5) oil volume fraction, Phi. The emulsions are prepared by using the so-called "narrow-gap homogenizer" working in turbulent regime of emulsification. The experiments are performed at high surfactant concentration to avoid the effect of drop-drop coalescence. For emulsions prepared in the inertial turbulent regime, the mean and the maximum drop sizes increase with the increase of eta(D) and sigma, and with the decrease of epsilon. In contrast, Phi and eta(C) affect only slightly the mean and the maximum drop sizes in this regime of emulsification. These results are described very well by a theoretical expression proposed by Davies [Chem. Eng. Sci. 40 (1985) 839], which accounts for the effects of the drop capillary pressure and the viscous dissipation inside the breaking drops. The polydispersity of the emulsions prepared in the inertial regime of emulsification does not depend significantly on sigma and epsilon. However, the emulsion polydispersity increases significantly with the increase of oil viscosity, eta(D). The experiments showed also that the inertial turbulent regime is inappropriate for emulsification of oils with viscosity above ca. 500 mPa s, if drops of micrometer size are to be obtained. The transition from inertial to viscous turbulent regime of emulsification was accomplished by a moderate increase of the viscosity of the aqueous phase (above 5 mPa s in the studied systems) and/or by increase of the oil volume fraction, Phi>0.6. Remarkably, emulsions with drops of micrometer size are easily formed in the viscous turbulent regime of emulsification, even for oils with viscosity as high as 10,000 mPa s. In this regime, the mean drop size rapidly decreases with the increase of eta(C) and Phi (along with the effects of epsilon, sigma, and eta(D), which are qualitatively similar in the inertial and viscous regimes of emulsification). The experimental results are theoretically described and discussed by using expressions from the literature and their modifications (proposed in the current study).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Vankova
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics & Engineering, Faculty of Chemistry, Sofia University, 1 James Bourchier Ave., 1164 Sofia, Bulgaria
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