1
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Puyo M, Fau P, Kahn ML, Mesguich D, Launay J, Fajerwerg K. Removable Composite Electrode Made of Silver Nanoparticles on Pyrolyzed Photoresist Film for the Electroreduction of 4-Nitrophenol. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:14194-14202. [PMID: 31550887 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b02405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Access to removable nanocomposite electrodes for electrosensing of pollutants is of great importance. However, the preparation of reproducible and reliable carbon electrodes decorated with metallic nanoparticles, a prerequisite for trustworthy devices, remains a challenge. Here we describe an innovative and easy method to prepare such electrodes. These latter are silicon-coated with a thin carbon film on which controlled silver nanostructures are grafted. Different silver nanostructures and surface coverage of the carbon electrode (16, 36, 51, and 67%) can be obtained through a careful control of the time of the hydrogenolysis of the N-N' isopropyl butylamidinate silver organometallic precursor (t = 1, 5, 15, and 60 min, respectively). Importantly, all nanocomposite surfaces are efficient for the electrodetection of 4-nitrophenol with a remarkable decrease of the overpotential of the reduction of such molecule up to 330 mV. The surfaces are characterized by atomic force microscopy, grazing incidence X-ray diffraction, scanning electronic microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. Furthermore, surface-enhanced Raman scattering effect is also observed. The exaltation of the Raman intensity is proportional to the surface coverage of the electrode; the number of hot spots increases with the surface coverage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Puyo
- LCC-CNRS , University of Toulouse , 205 route de Narbonne , F-31077 Toulouse , France
| | - Pierre Fau
- LCC-CNRS , University of Toulouse , 205 route de Narbonne , F-31077 Toulouse , France
| | - Myrtil L Kahn
- LCC-CNRS , University of Toulouse , 205 route de Narbonne , F-31077 Toulouse , France
| | - David Mesguich
- CIRIMAT , University of Toulouse, CNRS, Université Toulouse 3 Paul-Sabatier , 118 route de Narbonne , F-31062 Toulouse cedex 9 , France
| | - Jérôme Launay
- LAAS-CNRS , University of Toulouse , 7 avenue du colonel Roche , F-31077 Toulouse , France
| | - Katia Fajerwerg
- LCC-CNRS , University of Toulouse , 205 route de Narbonne , F-31077 Toulouse , France
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2
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Zhang L, Vilà N, Walcarius A, Etienne M. Molecular and Biological Catalysts Coimmobilization on Electrode by Combining Diazonium Electrografting and Sequential Click Chemistry. ChemElectroChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201800258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS; Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour les Matériaux et l'Environnement (LCPME); 405 rue de Vandoeuvre F-54600 Villers-les-Nancy France
| | - Neus Vilà
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS; Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour les Matériaux et l'Environnement (LCPME); 405 rue de Vandoeuvre F-54600 Villers-les-Nancy France
| | - Alain Walcarius
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS; Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour les Matériaux et l'Environnement (LCPME); 405 rue de Vandoeuvre F-54600 Villers-les-Nancy France
| | - Mathieu Etienne
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS; Laboratoire de Chimie Physique et Microbiologie pour les Matériaux et l'Environnement (LCPME); 405 rue de Vandoeuvre F-54600 Villers-les-Nancy France
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3
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Aryldiazonium salt derived mixed organic layers: From surface chemistry to their applications. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2016.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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4
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Levrie K, Jans K, Vos R, Ardakanian N, Verellen N, Van Hoof C, Lagae L, Stakenborg T. Multiplexed site-specific electrode functionalization for multitarget biosensors. Bioelectrochemistry 2016; 112:61-6. [PMID: 27472099 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Multitarget biosensors hold great promise to improve point-of-care diagnostics as they enable simultaneous detection of different biomolecular markers. Multiplexed detection of different markers, like genes, proteins, or a combination of both, propels advancement in numerous fields such as genomics, medical diagnosis and therapy monitoring. The functionalization of these biosensors, however, necessitates patterned immobilization of different bioreceptors, which remains challenging and time-consuming. We demonstrate a simple method for the patterned multiplexing of bioreceptors on a multi-electrode chip. By using the lithographically defined electrodes for surface functionalization, additional patterning steps become obsolete. Using the electrodes for self-aligned immobilization provides a spatial resolution that is limited by the electrode patterning process and that cannot be easily obtained by alternative dispensing or coating techniques. Via electrochemical reduction of diazonium salts combined with click chemistry, we achieved site-specific immobilization of two different ssDNA probes side by side on a single chip. This method was experimentally verified by cyclic voltammetry (CV), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and specific target recognition was visualized by fluorescence microscopy. The combination of the electroaddressability of electrografting with the chemoselectivity of click chemistry, offers a versatile platform for highly efficient site-specific functionalization of multitarget biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Levrie
- IMEC, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven Department of Electrical Engineering (ESAT), 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | | | | | | | - Niels Verellen
- KU Leuven Department of Physics and Astronomy, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; IMEC, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Chris Van Hoof
- IMEC, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven Department of Electrical Engineering (ESAT), 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Liesbet Lagae
- IMEC, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; KU Leuven Department of Physics and Astronomy, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
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5
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Nielsen SU, Koefoed L, Lund H, Daasbjerg K, Pedersen SU. Wohl-Ziegler Bromination of Electrografted Films for Optimizing Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization. ELECTROANAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201600208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Urth Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO); Aarhus University; Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Line Koefoed
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO); Aarhus University; Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Henning Lund
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO); Aarhus University; Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Kim Daasbjerg
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO); Aarhus University; Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
- Carbon Dioxide Activation Center; Aarhus University; Gustav Wieds Vej 14 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
| | - Steen U. Pedersen
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO); Aarhus University; Langelandsgade 140 8000 Aarhus C Denmark
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6
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Groppi J, Bartlett PN, Kilburn JD. Toward the Control of the Creation of Mixed Monolayers on Glassy Carbon Surfaces by Amine Oxidation. Chemistry 2016; 22:1030-6. [PMID: 26637108 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201503120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A versatile and simple methodology for the creation of mixed monolayers on glassy carbon (GC) surfaces was developed, using an osmium-bipyridyl complex and anthraquinone as model redox probes. The work consisted in the electrochemical grafting on GC of a mixture of mono-protected diamine linkers in varying ratios which, after attachment to the surface, allowed orthogonal deprotection. After optimisation of the deprotection conditions, it was possible to remove one of the protecting groups selectively, couple a suitable osmium complex and cap the residual free amines. The removal of the second protecting group allowed the coupling of anthraquinone. The characterisation of the resulting surfaces by cyclic voltammetry showed the variation of the surface coverage of the two redox centres in relation to the initial ratio of the linking amine in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Groppi
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Philip N Bartlett
- Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Environmental Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK.
| | - Jeremy D Kilburn
- King's College, The University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, AB24 3FX, UK.
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7
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Berisha A, Chehimi M, Pinson J, Podvorica F. Electrode Surface Modification Using Diazonium Salts. ELECTROANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY: A SERIES OF ADVANCES 2015. [DOI: 10.1201/b19196-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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8
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Zheng M, Griveau S, Dupont-Gillain C, Genet MJ, Jolivalt C. Oxidation of laccase for improved cathode biofuel cell performances. Bioelectrochemistry 2015; 106:77-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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9
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Stratmann L, Clausmeyer J, Schuhmann W. Non-destructive Patterning of Carbon Electrodes by Using the Direct Mode of Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy. Chemphyschem 2015; 16:3477-82. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201500585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Stratmann
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES); Ruhr-Universität Bochum; Universitätsstraße 150 44780 Bochum Germany), Fax
| | - Jan Clausmeyer
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES); Ruhr-Universität Bochum; Universitätsstraße 150 44780 Bochum Germany), Fax
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry-Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES); Ruhr-Universität Bochum; Universitätsstraße 150 44780 Bochum Germany), Fax
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10
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Liu G, Guo W, Song D. A multianalyte electrochemical immunosensor based on patterned carbon nanotubes modified substrates for detection of pesticides. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 52:360-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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11
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Pendergraph SA, Park JY, Hendricks NR, Crosby AJ, Carter KR. Facile colloidal lithography on rough and non-planar surfaces for asymmetric patterning. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2013; 9:3037-3042. [PMID: 23447522 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201202821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Free-standing colloidal arrays can be easily transferred to supported fibers. These films conform and provide the template to have consistent submicrometer and nanometer features transferred to the periphery of rough, 7 μm diameter fibers. This technique is adjustable to a number of fiber surfaces and colloidal template sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel A Pendergraph
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, 120 Governors Drive, Amherst, MA 01003-9263, USA
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12
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Barfidokht A, Ciampi S, Luais E, Darwish N, Gooding JJ. The influence of organic-film morphology on the efficient electron transfer at passivated polymer-modified electrodes to which nanoparticles are attached. Chemphyschem 2013; 14:2190-7. [PMID: 23585214 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201300047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The impact of polymer-film morphology on the electron-transfer process at electrode/organic insulator/nanomaterial architectures is studied. The experimental data are discussed in the context of the most recent theory modelling the nanoparticle-mediated electron-transfer process at electrode/insulator/nanomaterial architectures proposed by Chazalviel and Allongue [J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2011, 133, 762-764]. A previous report [Anal. Chem. 2013, 85, 1073-1080] by us qualitatively verified the theory and demonstrates a transition from thickness-independent to thickness-dependent electron transfer as the layer thickness exceeds a certain threshold. This follow-up study explores a different polymer, poly(phenylenediamine), and focuses on the effect of the uniformity of organic film on electron transfer at these hybrid structures. Electron-transfer kinetics of modified surfaces, which were assessed using the redox species Ru(NH3)6(3+) in aqueous solution, showed that a thickness-dependent electron-transfer regime is achieved with poly(phenylenediamine). This is attributed to the sufficiently thin films never being fabricated with this polymer. Rather, it is suggested that thin poly(phenylenediamine) layers have a globular structure with poor film homogeneity and pinhole defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Barfidokht
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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13
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Ke X, Tang J. A simple method for fabricating patterned curvilinear microstructures in poly(dimethylsiloxane) by selective wetting. Chemphyschem 2013; 14:946-51. [PMID: 23436571 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201200954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 12/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The fabrication of patterned microstructures in poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) is a prerequisite for soft lithography. Herein, curvilinear surface relief microstructures in PDMS are fabricated through a simple three-stage approach combining microcontact printing (μCP), selective surface wetting/dewetting and replica molding (REM). First, using an original PDMS stamp (first-generation stamp) with linear relief features, a chemical pattern on gold substrate is generated by μCP using hexadecanethiol (HDT) as an ink. Then, by a dip-coating process, an ordered polyethylene glycol (PEG) polymer-dot array forms on the HDT-patterned gold substrate. Finally, based on a REM process, the PEG-dot array on gold substrate is used to fabricate a second-generation PDMS stamp with microcavity array, and the second-generation PDMS stamp is used to generate third-generation PDMS stamp with microbump array. These fabricated new-generation stamps are utilized in μCP and in micromolding in capillaries (MIMIC), allowing the generation of surface micropatterns which cannot be obtained using the original PDMS stamp. The method will be useful in producing new-generation PDMS stamps, especially for those who want to use soft lithography in their studies but have no access to the microfabrication facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130022, People's Republic of China
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14
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Stenehjem ED, Ziatdinov VR, Stack TDP, Chidsey CED. Gas-Phase Azide Functionalization of Carbon. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:1110-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ja310410d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eric D. Stenehjem
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Vadim R. Ziatdinov
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - T. Daniel P. Stack
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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15
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Leroux YR, Hui F, Hapiot P. A protecting-deprotecting strategy for structuring robust functional films using aryldiazonium electroreduction. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2012.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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16
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Mixtures of functionalized aromatic groups generated from diazonium chemistry as templates towards bimetallic species supported on carbon electrode surfaces. Electrochim Acta 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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17
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Torbensen K, Iruthayaraj J, Ceccato M, Kongsfelt M, Breitenbach T, Pedersen SU, Daasbjerg K. Conducting and ordered carbon films obtained by pyrolysis of covalently attached polyphenylene and polyanthracene layers on silicon substrates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm32935b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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19
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Deng X, Buriak JM, Dai PX, Wan LJ, Wang D. Block copolymer-templated chemical nanopatterning on pyrolyzed photoresist carbon films. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:9741-3. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc35010f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Surface patterning based on nanosphere lithography and electroreduction of in situ generated diazonium cation. Electrochem commun 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2012.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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21
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Mccreery RL. The merger of electrochemistry and molecular electronics. CHEM REC 2011; 12:149-63. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201100006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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22
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Gross AJ, Downard AJ. Regeneration of pyrolyzed photoresist film by heat treatment. Anal Chem 2011; 83:2397-402. [PMID: 21344943 DOI: 10.1021/ac103264v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A simple, time-, and cost-effective procedure is described for regenerating film-modified or deactivated pyrolyzed photoresist film (PPF) surfaces. Heating for 30 min at 545 ± 25 °C in argon at a flow rate of 1 L min(-1) removes covalently bound thin organic films, attached via electrografting from aryldiazonium salt solutions. The heat-treated surfaces exhibit improved electrochemical characteristics compared to those prior to modification and can be reused for solution-based electrochemical measurements and for electrografting. The same treatment reactivates PPF electrodes that have been deactivated by exposure to adsorbates from air or solution. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), atomic force microscopy, and water contact angle measurements establish that the regeneration procedure does not lead to significant changes in oxygen content, roughness, or hydrophobicity of PPF surfaces. XPS measurements also confirm the complete removal of covalently attached organic films after heat treatment but reveal a specific interaction between grafted nitrophenyl films and PPF which results in a small amount of N incorporation in the surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Gross
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
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23
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Tanaka M, Sawaguchi T, Sato Y, Yoshioka K, Niwa O. Surface modification of GC and HOPG with diazonium, amine, azide, and olefin derivatives. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:170-178. [PMID: 21117684 DOI: 10.1021/la1035757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Surface modification of glassy carbon (GC) and highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) was carried out with diazonium, amine, azide, and olefin derivatives bearing ferrocene as an electroactive moiety. Features of the modified surfaces were evaluated by surface concentrations of immobilized molecule, blocking effect of the modified surface against redox reaction, and surface observation using cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical scanning tunneling microscope (EC-STM). The measurement of surface concentrations of immobilized molecule revealed the following three aspects: (i) Diazonium and olefin derivatives could modify substrates with the dense-monolayer concentration. (ii) The surface concentration of immobilized amine derivative did not reach to the dense-monolayer concentration reflecting their low reactivity. (iii) The surface modification with the dense-monolayer concentration was also possible with azide derivative, but the modified surface contained some oligomers produced by the photoreaction of azides. Besides, the blocking effect against redox reaction was observed for GC modified with diazonium derivative and for HOPG modified with diazonium and azide derivatives, suggesting fabrication of a densely modified surface. Finally, the surface observation for HOPG modified with diazonium derivative by EC-STM showed a typical monolayer structure, in which the ferrocene moieties were packed densely at random. On the basis of those results, it was demonstrated that surface modification of carbon substrates with diazonium could afford a dense monolayer similar to the self-assembled monolayer (SAM) formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutsuo Tanaka
- Biomedical Research Institute, Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Central 5, 1-1-1, Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan.
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24
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Mahouche-Chergui S, Gam-Derouich S, Mangeney C, Chehimi MM. Aryl diazonium salts: a new class of coupling agents for bonding polymers, biomacromolecules and nanoparticles to surfaces. Chem Soc Rev 2011; 40:4143-66. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cs00179a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 392] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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25
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Bélanger D, Pinson J. Electrografting: a powerful method for surface modification. Chem Soc Rev 2011; 40:3995-4048. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cs00149j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 751] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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26
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Leroux YR, Fei H, Noël JM, Roux C, Hapiot P. Efficient Covalent Modification of a Carbon Surface: Use of a Silyl Protecting Group To Form an Active Monolayer. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:14039-41. [DOI: 10.1021/ja106971x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yann R. Leroux
- Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (Equipe MaCSE), CNRS, UMR 6226, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, Bat 10C, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France, and MacDiarmid Institute of Advanced Materials & Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Hui Fei
- Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (Equipe MaCSE), CNRS, UMR 6226, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, Bat 10C, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France, and MacDiarmid Institute of Advanced Materials & Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Jean-Marc Noël
- Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (Equipe MaCSE), CNRS, UMR 6226, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, Bat 10C, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France, and MacDiarmid Institute of Advanced Materials & Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Clément Roux
- Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (Equipe MaCSE), CNRS, UMR 6226, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, Bat 10C, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France, and MacDiarmid Institute of Advanced Materials & Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
| | - Philippe Hapiot
- Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (Equipe MaCSE), CNRS, UMR 6226, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, Bat 10C, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France, and MacDiarmid Institute of Advanced Materials & Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand
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27
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Lehr J, Garrett DJ, Paulik MG, Flavel BS, Brooksby PA, Williamson BE, Downard AJ. Patterning of Metal, Carbon, and Semiconductor Substrates with Thin Organic Films by Microcontact Printing with Aryldiazonium Salt Inks. Anal Chem 2010; 82:7027-34. [DOI: 10.1021/ac101785c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Lehr
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand, and Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - David J. Garrett
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand, and Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Matthew G. Paulik
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand, and Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Benjamin S. Flavel
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand, and Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Paula A. Brooksby
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand, and Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Bryce E. Williamson
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand, and Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
| | - Alison J. Downard
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand, and Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
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28
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Noël JM, Zigah D, Simonet J, Hapiot P. Synthesis and immobilization of Ag(0) nanoparticles on diazonium modified electrodes: SECM and cyclic voltammetry studies of the modified interfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:7638-7643. [PMID: 20163093 DOI: 10.1021/la904413h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A versatile method was used to prepare modified surfaces on which metallic silver nanoparticles are immobilized on an organic layer. The preparation method takes advantage, on one hand, of the activated reactivity of some alkyl halides with Ag-Pd alloys to produce metallic silver nanoparticles and, on the other hand, of the facile production of an anchoring polyphenyl acetate layer by the electrografting of substituted diazonium salts on carbon surfaces. Transport properties inside such modified layers were investigated by cyclic voltammetry, scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) in feedback mode, and conducting AFM imaging for characterizing the presence and nature of the conducting pathways. The modification of the blocking properties of the surface (or its conductivity) was found to vary to a large extent on the solvents used for surface examination (H(2)O, CH(2)Cl(2), and DMF).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marc Noël
- Laboratoire Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, Equipe MaCSE, UMR CNRS 6226, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes, France
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29
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Sequential anodic oxidations of aliphatic amines in aqueous medium on pyrolyzed photoresist film surfaces for the covalent immobilization of cyclam derivatives. J Solid State Electrochem 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-010-1075-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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30
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Flavel BS, Gross AJ, Garrett DJ, Nock V, Downard AJ. A simple approach to patterned protein immobilization on silicon via electrografting from diazonium salt solutions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2010; 2:1184-1190. [PMID: 20423137 DOI: 10.1021/am100020a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
A highly versatile method utilizing diazonium salt chemistry has been developed for the fabrication of protein arrays. Conventional ultraviolet mask lithography was used to pattern micrometer sized regions into a commercial photoresist on a highly doped p-type silicon (100) substrate. These patterned regions were used as a template for the electrochemical grafting of the in situ generated p-aminobenzenediazonium cation to form patterns of aminophenyl film on silicon. Immobilization of biomolecules was demonstrated by coupling biotin to the aminophenyl regions followed by reaction with fluorescently labeled avidin and visualization with fluorescence microscopy. This simple patterning strategy is promising for future application in biosensor devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin S Flavel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand.
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31
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Garrett DJ, Flavel BS, Shapter JG, Baronian KHR, Downard AJ. Robust forests of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes chemically assembled on carbon substrates. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:1848-1854. [PMID: 19788291 DOI: 10.1021/la902575w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Forests of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (VACNTs) have been chemically assembled on carbon surfaces. The structures show excellent stability over a wide potential range and are resistant to degradation from sonication in acid, base, and organic solvent. Acid-treated single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) were assembled on amine-terminated tether layers covalently attached to pyrolyzed photoresist films. Tether layers were electrografted to the carbon substrate by reduction of the p-aminobenzenediazonium cation and oxidation of ethylenediamine. The amine-modified surfaces were incubated with cut SWCNTs in the presence of N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC), giving forests of vertically aligned carbon nanotubes (VACNTs). The SWCNT assemblies were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and electrochemistry. Under conditions where the tether layers slow electron transfer between solution-based redox probes and the underlying electrode, the assembly of VACNTs on the tether layer dramatically increases the electron-transfer rate at the surface. The grafting procedure, and hence the preparation of VACNTs, is applicable to a wide range of materials including metals and semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Garrett
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand
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32
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Chrétien JM, Ghanem M, Bartlett P, Kilburn J. Covalent Modification of Glassy Carbon Surfaces by Using Electrochemical and Solid-Phase Synthetic Methodologies: Application to Bi- and Trifunctionalisation with Different Redox Centres. Chemistry 2009; 15:11928-36. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200901135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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33
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Malmos K, Dong M, Pillai S, Kingshott P, Besenbacher F, Pedersen SU, Daasbjerg K. Using a Hydrazone-Protected Benzenediazonium Salt to Introduce a Near-Monolayer of Benzaldehyde on Glassy Carbon Surfaces. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:4928-36. [DOI: 10.1021/ja809816x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristoffer Malmos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aarhus, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark, and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), University of Aarhus, Ny Munkegade, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Mingdong Dong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aarhus, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark, and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), University of Aarhus, Ny Munkegade, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Saju Pillai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aarhus, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark, and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), University of Aarhus, Ny Munkegade, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Peter Kingshott
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aarhus, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark, and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), University of Aarhus, Ny Munkegade, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Flemming Besenbacher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aarhus, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark, and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), University of Aarhus, Ny Munkegade, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Steen U. Pedersen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aarhus, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark, and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), University of Aarhus, Ny Munkegade, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Kim Daasbjerg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aarhus, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark, and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO), University of Aarhus, Ny Munkegade, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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34
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Harper JC, Polsky R, Wheeler DR, Lopez DM, Arango DC, Brozik SM. A multifunctional thin film Au electrode surface formed by consecutive electrochemical reduction of aryl diazonium salts. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2009; 25:3282-3288. [PMID: 19437729 DOI: 10.1021/la803215z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A multifunctional thin film surface capable of immobilizing two diverse molecules on a single gold electrode was prepared by consecutive electrodeposition of nitrophenyl and phenylboronic acid pinacol ester (PBA-PE) diazonium salts. Activation of the stacked film toward binding platinum nanoparticles (PtNPs) and yeast cells occurred via chemical deprotection of the pinacol ester followed by electroreduction of nitro to amino groups. FTIR spectral analysis was used to study and verify film composition at each stage of preparation. The affect of electrodeposition protocol over the thickness of the nitrophenyl and PBA-PE layers was explored and had a profound impact on the film properties. Thicker nitrophenyl films led to diminished PBA-PE diazonium reduction currents during assembly and decreased phenylboronic acid (PBA) layer thickness while allowing for higher PtNP loading and catalytic currents from PtNP-mediated peroxide reduction. Multilayer PBA films could be formed over the nitrophenyl film; however, only submonlayer PBA films permitted access to the underlying layer. The sequence of functional group activation toward binding was also shown to be significant, as perchlorate used to remove pinacol ester also converted aminophenyl groups accessible to the solution to nitrophenyl groups, preventing electrostatic PtNP binding. Finally, SEM images show PtNPs immobilized in close proximity (nanometers) to captured yeast cells on the PBA-aminophenyl-Au film. Such multibinding functionality films that maintain conductivity for subsequent electrochemical measurements hold promise for the development of electrochemical and/or optical platforms for fundamental cell studies, genomic and proteomic analysis, and biosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason C Harper
- Biosensors & Nanomaterials, Sandia National Laboratories, PO Box 5800, MS-0892, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, USA
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35
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Pellissier M, Zigah D, Barrière F, Hapiot P. Optimized preparation and scanning electrochemical microscopy analysis in feedback mode of glucose oxidase layers grafted onto conducting carbon surfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:9089-9095. [PMID: 18624418 DOI: 10.1021/la801150c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
An optimized immobilization procedure based on the electroreduction of aryldiazonium salt followed by covalent attachment of a cross-linked hydrogel was used to graft glucose oxidase on a carbon surface. Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) and cyclic voltammetry were used to follow the construction steps of the modified electrode. By adjusting the compactness of the layer through the electrografting reaction, the penetration of the mediator through the layer can be controlled to allow the monitoring of the enzymatic activity by both cyclic voltammetry and SECM in feedback mode. The enzymatic activity of the film is finally characterized by SECM.
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36
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McCreery RL. Advanced carbon electrode materials for molecular electrochemistry. Chem Rev 2008; 108:2646-87. [PMID: 18557655 DOI: 10.1021/cr068076m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1444] [Impact Index Per Article: 90.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard L McCreery
- National Institute for Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2M9, Canada.
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37
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Actis P, Caulliez G, Shul G, Opallo M, Mermoux M, Marcus B, Boukherroub R, Szunerits S. Functionalization of glassy carbon with diazonium salts in ionic liquids. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:6327-6333. [PMID: 18476667 DOI: 10.1021/la703714a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The paper reports on the chemical functionalization of glassy carbon electrodes with 4-bromobenzene (4-BBDT) and 4-(4'-nitrophenylazo)benzene diazonium tetrafluoroborate (4-NAB) salts in ionic liquids. The reaction was carried out at room temperature in air without any external electrical bias in either hydrophobic (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate) or hydrophilic (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium methyl sulfate) ionic liquids. The resulting surfaces were characterized using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy, and electrochemical measurements. Electrochemical reduction of the terminal nitro groups allowed the determination of surface coverage and formation of an amine-terminated carbon surfaces. The results were compared to glassy carbon chemically modified in an aqueous solution in the presence of 1% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) with the same diazonium salt. Furthermore, Raman spectroscopy coupled with electrochemical measurements allowed to distinguish between the reduction of -NO2 to -NH2 group and the -N=N- to -NH-NH- bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Actis
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie et de Physicochimie des Matériaux et des Interfaces, CNRS-INPG-UJF, 1130 Rue de la Piscine, BP 75, 38402 St. Martin d'Hères Cedex, France
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38
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Louault C, D'Amours M, Bélanger D. The Electrochemical Grafting of a Mixture of Substituted Phenyl Groups at a Glassy Carbon Electrode Surface. Chemphyschem 2008; 9:1164-70. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200800016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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39
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Pellissier M, Barrière F, Downard AJ, Leech D. Improved stability of redox enzyme layers on glassy carbon electrodes via covalent grafting. Electrochem commun 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2008.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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40
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Barrière F, Downard AJ. Covalent modification of graphitic carbon substrates by non-electrochemical methods. J Solid State Electrochem 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-008-0526-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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41
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Garrett DJ, Lehr J, Miskelly GM, Downard AJ. Microcontact Printing Using the Spontaneous Reduction of Aryldiazonium Salts. J Am Chem Soc 2007; 129:15456-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ja0775321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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42
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Zigah D, Pellissier M, Barrière F, Downard AJ, Hapiot P. SECM imaging of micropatterned organic films on carbon surfaces. Electrochem commun 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2007.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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43
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Are redox probes a useful indicator of film stability? An electrochemical, AFM and XPS study of electrografted amine films on carbon. Electrochem commun 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2007.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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