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Neto MD, Stoppa A, Neto MA, Oliveira FJ, Gomes MC, Boccaccini AR, Levkin PA, Oliveira MB, Mano JF. Fabrication of Quasi-2D Shape-Tailored Microparticles using Wettability Contrast-Based Platforms. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2007695. [PMID: 33644949 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202007695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The ability to fabricate materials with ultrathin architectures enables the breakthrough of low-dimensional structures with high surface area that showcase distinctive properties from their bulk counterparts. They are exploited in a wide range of fields, including energy harvesting, catalysis, and biomedicine. Despite such versatility, the fine tuning of the lateral dimensions and geometry of these structures remains challenging. Prepatterned platforms gain significant attention as enabling technologies to process materials with highly controlled shapes and dimensions. Herein, different nanometer-thick particles of various lateral sizes and geometries (e.g., squares, circles, triangles, hexagons) are processed with high precision and definition, taking advantage of the wettability contrast of oleophilic-oleophobic patterned surfaces. Quasi-2D polymeric microparticles with high shape- and size-fidelity can be retrieved as freestanding objects in a single step. These structures show cell-mediated pliability, and their integration in gravity-enforced human adipose-derived stem cell spheroids leads to an enhanced metabolic activity and a modulated secretion of proangiogenic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mafalda D Neto
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Aukha Stoppa
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
- Institute of Biomaterials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, 91058, Germany
| | - Miguel A Neto
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Filipe J Oliveira
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Maria C Gomes
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - Aldo R Boccaccini
- Institute of Biomaterials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, 91058, Germany
| | - Pavel A Levkin
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems (IBCS-FMS), Hermann-von-Helmholtz Pl.1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, 76344, Germany
| | - Mariana B Oliveira
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
| | - João F Mano
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, Aveiro, 3810-193, Portugal
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Yin S, Xie Y, Li R, Zhang J, Zhou T. Polymer–Metal Hybrid Material with an Ultra-High Interface Strength Based on Mechanical Interlocking via Nanopores Produced by Electrochemistry. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c01304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuya Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yi Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Ruilong Li
- Coal Chemical Industry Technology Research Institute, Ningxia Coal Industry Co., Ltd., China Energy Group, Yinchuan 750411, China
| | - Jihai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China, Polymer Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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Zoppe JO, Ataman NC, Mocny P, Wang J, Moraes J, Klok HA. Surface-Initiated Controlled Radical Polymerization: State-of-the-Art, Opportunities, and Challenges in Surface and Interface Engineering with Polymer Brushes. Chem Rev 2017; 117:1105-1318. [PMID: 28135076 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 587] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The generation of polymer brushes by surface-initiated controlled radical polymerization (SI-CRP) techniques has become a powerful approach to tailor the chemical and physical properties of interfaces and has given rise to great advances in surface and interface engineering. Polymer brushes are defined as thin polymer films in which the individual polymer chains are tethered by one chain end to a solid interface. Significant advances have been made over the past years in the field of polymer brushes. This includes novel developments in SI-CRP, as well as the emergence of novel applications such as catalysis, electronics, nanomaterial synthesis and biosensing. Additionally, polymer brushes prepared via SI-CRP have been utilized to modify the surface of novel substrates such as natural fibers, polymer nanofibers, mesoporous materials, graphene, viruses and protein nanoparticles. The last years have also seen exciting advances in the chemical and physical characterization of polymer brushes, as well as an ever increasing set of computational and simulation tools that allow understanding and predictions of these surface-grafted polymer architectures. The aim of this contribution is to provide a comprehensive review that critically assesses recent advances in the field and highlights the opportunities and challenges for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin O Zoppe
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nariye Cavusoglu Ataman
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Piotr Mocny
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jian Wang
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - John Moraes
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Harm-Anton Klok
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Chen JK, Chang CJ. Fabrications and Applications of Stimulus-Responsive Polymer Films and Patterns on Surfaces: A Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2014; 7:805-875. [PMID: 28788489 PMCID: PMC5453090 DOI: 10.3390/ma7020805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In the past two decades, we have witnessed significant progress in developing high performance stimuli-responsive polymeric materials. This review focuses on recent developments in the preparation and application of patterned stimuli-responsive polymers, including thermoresponsive layers, pH/ionic-responsive hydrogels, photo-responsive film, magnetically-responsive composites, electroactive composites, and solvent-responsive composites. Many important new applications for stimuli-responsive polymers lie in the field of nano- and micro-fabrication, where stimuli-responsive polymers are being established as important manipulation tools. Some techniques have been developed to selectively position organic molecules and then to obtain well-defined patterned substrates at the micrometer or submicrometer scale. Methods for patterning of stimuli-responsive hydrogels, including photolithography, electron beam lithography, scanning probe writing, and printing techniques (microcontact printing, ink-jet printing) were surveyed. We also surveyed the applications of nanostructured stimuli-responsive hydrogels, such as biotechnology (biological interfaces and purification of biomacromoles), switchable wettability, sensors (optical sensors, biosensors, chemical sensors), and actuators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jem-Kun Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, 43, Section 4, Keelung Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan.
| | - Chi-Jung Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Feng Chia University, 100 Wenhwa Road, Seatwen, Taichung 40724, Taiwan.
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Ganesh VA, Baji A, Ramakrishna S. Smart functional polymers – a new route towards creating a sustainable environment. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra10631h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Smart functional polymers have gained a huge amount of interest in recent times due to their innumerable applications in areas including sensors, actuators, switchable wettability, bio-medical and environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. Anand Ganesh
- Division of Engineering Product Development
- Singapore University of Technology and Design (SUTD)
- Singapore – 138682, Singapore
| | - Avinash Baji
- Division of Engineering Product Development
- Singapore University of Technology and Design (SUTD)
- Singapore – 138682, Singapore
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Center for Nanofibers & Nanotechnology
- National University of Singapore
- Singapore – 117576, Singapore
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Ohm C, Ober CK. From surface coatings to polymer nanofilms: lifting off polymer brushes. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra42290a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Goh TK, Guntari SN, Ochs CJ, Blencowe A, Mertz D, Connal LA, Such GK, Qiao GG, Caruso F. Nanoengineered films via surface-confined continuous assembly of polymers. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2011; 7:2863-2867. [PMID: 21990191 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201101368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tor Kit Goh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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Li A, Benetti EM, Tranchida D, Clasohm JN, Schönherr H, Spencer ND. Surface-Grafted, Covalently Cross-Linked Hydrogel Brushes with Tunable Interfacial and Bulk Properties. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma2006443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ang Li
- Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Edmondo M. Benetti
- Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Davide Tranchida
- Department of Physical Chemistry I, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Strasse 2, 57076 Siegen, Germany
| | - Jarred N. Clasohm
- Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Holger Schönherr
- Department of Physical Chemistry I, University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Strasse 2, 57076 Siegen, Germany
| | - Nicholas D. Spencer
- Laboratory for Surface Science and Technology, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Strasse 10, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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Barbey R, Klok HA. Room temperature, aqueous post-polymerization modification of glycidyl methacrylate-containing polymer brushes prepared via surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2010; 26:18219-18230. [PMID: 21062007 DOI: 10.1021/la102400z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This manuscript reports on the post-polymerization modification of poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA) and PGMA-co-poly(2-(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (PGMA(x)-co-PDEAEMA(y)) (co)polymer brushes prepared via surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP). The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of tertiary amine groups incorporated in the polymer brush to accelerate the ring-opening of the epoxide groups by primary amines and to facilitate the aqueous, room temperature post-polymerization modification of the brushes. Using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to monitor the ring-opening reaction of the epoxide groups, it was found that the incorporation of 2-(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DEAEMA) groups in the PGMA brushes significantly accelerated the rate of the post-polymerization modification reaction with several model amines. The rate enhancement was dependent on the fraction of DEAEMA units incorporated in the copolymer brush. For example, whereas 24 h was necessary to obtain a conversion of approximately 40% for PGMA brushes immersed in a 1 M propylamine solution in water, the same conversion was reached, in identical reaction conditions, after 8 and 2 h with copolymer brushes containing 10 mol % and 25 mol % of DEAEMA along the copolymer chains, respectively. In a final series of proof-of-concept experiments, the feasibility of the glycidyl methacrylate containing brushes to act as substrates for protein immobilization was studied. Using FTIR spectroscopy and quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) experiments, it could be demonstrated that the incorporation of DEAEMA units not only enhanced the rate of the protein immobilization reaction, but also resulted in higher protein binding capacities as compared to a PGMA homopolymer brush. These features make PGMA(x)-co-PDEAEMA(y) brushes very attractive candidates for the development of protein microarrays, among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Barbey
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Institut des Matériaux, Laboratoire des Polymères, Bâtiment MXD, Station 12, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Kelby TS, Huck WTS. Controlled Bending of Microscale Au−Polyelectrolyte Brush Bilayers. Macromolecules 2010. [DOI: 10.1021/ma100624h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tim S. Kelby
- Melville Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Wilhelm T. S. Huck
- Melville Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
- Radboud University Nijmegen, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Bünsow J, Kelby TS, Huck WTS. Polymer brushes: routes toward mechanosensitive surfaces. Acc Chem Res 2010; 43:466-74. [PMID: 20038136 DOI: 10.1021/ar900237r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Soft nanotechnology involves both understanding the behavior of soft matter and using these components to build useful nanoscale structures and devices. However, molecular scale properties such as Brownian motion, diffusion, surface forces, and conformational flexibility dominate the chemistry and physics in soft nanotechnology, and therefore the design rules for generating functional structures from soft, self-assembled materials are still developing. Biological motors illustrate how wet nanoscale machines differ from their macroscopic counterparts. These molecular machines convert chemical energy into mechanical motion through an isothermal process: chemical reactions generate chemical potential and diffusion of ions, leading to conformational changes in proteins and the production of mechanical force. Because the actuation steps form a thermodynamic cycle that is reversible, the application of mechanical forces can also generate a chemical potential. This reverse process of mechanotransduction is the underlying sensing and signaling mechanism for a wide range of physiological phenomena such as hearing, touch, and growth of bone. Many of the biological systems that respond to mechanical stimuli do this via complex stress-activated ion channels or remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton. These biological actuation and mechanosensing processes are rather different from nano- and microelectromechanical systems (NEMS and MEMS) produced via semiconductor fabrication technologies. In our group, we are working to emulate biological mechanotransduction by systematically developing building blocks based on polymer brushes. In this soft nanotechnology approach to mechanotransduction, the chemical building blocks are polymer chains whose conformational changes and actuation can be investigated at a very basic level in polymer brushes, particularly polyelectrolyte brushes. Because these polymer brushes are easily accessible synthetically with control over parameters such as composition, chain length, and chain density, brushes provide a robust platform to study the coupling of mechanical forces with conformational changes of the chains. This Account provides an overview of our recent research in the design of mechanosensitive polymer brushes starting with the demonstration of nanoactuators and leading to our first attempts toward the creation of artificial mechanotransduction elements. As the brushes collapse in response to external triggers such as pH and ion concentration, polyelectrolyte brushes provide stimuli-responsive films. These collapse transitions lead to the generation of mechanical forces, and by reversing the chain of events, we designed a mechanically responsive film with a chemical output. Having reported an initial proof-of-principle experiment, we think that the stage is set for the preparation of more elaborate mechanosensitive surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Bünsow
- Melville Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB21EW, U.K
| | - Tim S. Kelby
- Melville Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB21EW, U.K
| | - Wilhelm T. S. Huck
- Melville Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB21EW, U.K
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Barbey R, Lavanant L, Paripovic D, Schüwer N, Sugnaux C, Tugulu S, Klok HA. Polymer brushes via surface-initiated controlled radical polymerization: synthesis, characterization, properties, and applications. Chem Rev 2010; 109:5437-527. [PMID: 19845393 DOI: 10.1021/cr900045a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1218] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Barbey
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institut des Matériaux, Laboratoire des Polymères, Bâtiment MXD, Station 12, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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Abstract
It's all about polymers! Polymers play a key role in the patterning and functionalization of surfaces by microcontact printing. Polymers are versatile stamps, inks and substrates and microcontact printing can provide microstructured polymer surfaces in a single printing step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Kaufmann
- Organic Chemistry Institute
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- Münster
- Germany
| | - Bart Jan Ravoo
- Organic Chemistry Institute
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- Münster
- Germany
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Sakamoto J, van Heijst J, Lukin O, Schlüter AD. Two-dimensional polymers: just a dream of synthetic chemists? Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:1030-69. [PMID: 19130514 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200801863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 484] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In light of the considerable impact synthetic 2D polymers are expected to have on many fundamental and applied aspects of the natural and engineering sciences, it is surprising that little research has been carried out on these intriguing macromolecules. Although numerous approaches have been reported over the last several decades, the synthesis of a one monomer unit thick, covalently bonded molecular sheet with a long-range ordered (periodic) internal structure has yet to be achieved. This Review provides an overview of these approaches and an analysis of how to synthesize 2D polymers. This analysis compares polymerizations in (initially) a homogeneous phase with those at interfaces and considers structural aspects of monomers as well as possibly preferred connection modes. It also addresses issues such as shrinkage as well as domain and crack formation, and briefly touches upon how the chances for a successful structural analysis of the final product can possibly be increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junji Sakamoto
- Department of Materials, HCI J 541, ETH Zürich, Wolfgang Pauli Strasse 10, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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Benetti EM, Chung HJ, Vancso GJ. pH Responsive Polymeric Brush Nanostructures: Preparation and Characterization by Scanning Probe Oxidation and Surface Initiated Polymerization. Macromol Rapid Commun 2009; 30:411-7. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.200800628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2008] [Revised: 11/13/2008] [Accepted: 11/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Edmondson S, Vo CD, Armes SP, Unali GF. Surface Polymerization from Planar Surfaces by Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization Using Polyelectrolytic Macroinitiators. Macromolecules 2007. [DOI: 10.1021/ma070876r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steve Edmondson
- Dainton Building, Department of Chemistry, The University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK
| | - Cong-Duan Vo
- Dainton Building, Department of Chemistry, The University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK
| | - Steven P. Armes
- Dainton Building, Department of Chemistry, The University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK
| | - Gian-Franco Unali
- Unilever Research and Development, Port Sunlight, Quarry Road East, Bebington, Wirral, Merseyside L63 3JW, UK
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