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Siddiqui AR, N’Diaye J, Martin K, Baby A, Dawlaty J, Augustyn V, Rodríguez-López J. Monitoring SEIRAS on a Graphitic Electrode for Surface-Sensitive Electrochemistry: Real-Time Electrografting. Anal Chem 2024; 96:2435-2444. [PMID: 38294875 PMCID: PMC10868585 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
The ubiquity of graphitic materials in electrochemistry makes it highly desirable to probe their interfacial behavior under electrochemical control. Probing the dynamics of molecules at the electrode/electrolyte interface is possible through spectroelectrochemical approaches involving surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy (SEIRAS). Usually, this technique can only be done on plasmonic metals such as gold or carbon nanoribbons, but a more convenient substrate for carbon electrochemical studies is needed. Here, we expanded the scope of SEIRAS by introducing a robust hybrid graphene-on-gold substrate, where we monitored electrografting processes occurring at the graphene/electrolyte interface. These electrodes consist of graphene deposited onto a roughened gold-sputtered internal reflection element (IRE) for attenuated total reflectance (ATR) SEIRAS. The capabilities of the graphene-gold IRE were demonstrated by successfully monitoring the electrografting of 4-amino-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidine N-oxyl (4-amino-TEMPO) and 4-nitrobenzene diazonium (4-NBD) in real time. These grafts were characterized using cyclic voltammetry and ATR-SEIRAS, clearly showing the 1520 and 1350 cm-1 NO2 stretches for 4-NBD and the 1240 cm-1 C-C, C-C-H, and N-Ȯ stretch for 4-amino-TEMPO. Successful grafts on graphene did not show the SEIRAS effect, while grafting on gold was not stable for TEMPO and had poorer resolution than on graphene-gold for 4-NBD, highlighting the uniqueness of our approach. The graphene-gold IRE is proficient at resolving the spectral responses of redox transformations, unambiguously demonstrating the real-time detection of surface processes on a graphitic electrode. This work provides ample future directions for real-time spectroelectrochemical investigations of carbon electrodes used for sensing, energy storage, electrocatalysis, and environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdur-Rahman Siddiqui
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jeanne N’Diaye
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- The
Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Kristin Martin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Aravind Baby
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jahan Dawlaty
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90007, United States
| | - Veronica Augustyn
- Department
of Material Science and Engineering, North
Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Joaquín Rodríguez-López
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- The
Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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2
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Pichereau L, Fillaud L, Kostopoulos N, Maisonhaute E, Cauchy T, Allain M, Noël JM, Gautier C, Breton T. Highly Reactive Diazenyl Radical Species Evidenced during Aryldiazonium Electroreduction. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:11866-11871. [PMID: 36520548 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
We report the experimental reassessment of the widely admitted concerted reduction mechanism for diazonium electroreduction. Ultrafast cyclic voltammetry was exploited to demonstrate the existence of a stepwise pathway, and real-time spectroelectrochemistry experiments allowed visualization of the spectral signature of an evolution product of the phenyldiazenyl radical intermediate. Unambiguous identification of the diazenyl species was achieved by radical trapping followed by X-ray structure resolution. The electrochemical generation of this transient under intermediate energetic conditions calls into question our comprehension of the layer structuration when surface modification is achieved via the diazonium electrografting technique as this azo-containing intermediate could be responsible for the systematic presence of azo bridges in nanometric films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Pichereau
- Université Angers, CNRS, MOLTECH-Anjou, SFR MATRIX, F-49000 Angers, France
| | - Laure Fillaud
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire Interfaces et Systèmes Electrochimiques, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | | | - Emmanuel Maisonhaute
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire Interfaces et Systèmes Electrochimiques, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Thomas Cauchy
- Université Angers, CNRS, MOLTECH-Anjou, SFR MATRIX, F-49000 Angers, France
| | - Magali Allain
- Université Angers, CNRS, MOLTECH-Anjou, SFR MATRIX, F-49000 Angers, France
| | - Jean-Marc Noël
- Université Paris Cité, ITODYS, CNRS, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Christelle Gautier
- Université Angers, CNRS, MOLTECH-Anjou, SFR MATRIX, F-49000 Angers, France
| | - Tony Breton
- Université Angers, CNRS, MOLTECH-Anjou, SFR MATRIX, F-49000 Angers, France
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3
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A mechanistic approach to the electrografting of carbon surfaces and electrochemical properties of the grafted films – A critical review. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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4
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Patterson N, Ignaszak A. Thin carbon–polypyrrole composite materials for supercapacitor electrodes by novel bipolar electrochemical setup. ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/elsa.202100153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Nigel Patterson
- Department of Chemistry University of New Brunswick (UNB) Fredericton New Brunswick Canada
| | - Anna Ignaszak
- Department of Chemistry University of New Brunswick (UNB) Fredericton New Brunswick Canada
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5
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Ramírez‐Chan DE, Fragoso R, Díaz‐Sánchez BR, González FJ. Role of the Supporting Electrolyte Ions and Additives on the Electron Transport Properties of Electrografted Films Bearing Ferrocenyl Moieties. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202101014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel E. Ramírez‐Chan
- Departamento de Química >Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508 C.P. 07360 Mexico City Mexico
| | - Rogelio Fragoso
- Departamento de Física Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508 C.P. 07360 Mexico City Mexico
| | - Blanca R. Díaz‐Sánchez
- Departamento de Química >Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508 C.P. 07360 Mexico City Mexico
| | - Felipe J. González
- Departamento de Química >Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional 2508 C.P. 07360 Mexico City Mexico
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6
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Marianov AN, Kochubei AS, Roman T, Conquest OJ, Stampfl C, Jiang Y. Resolving Deactivation Pathways of Co Porphyrin-Based Electrocatalysts for CO2 Reduction in Aqueous Medium. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c05092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alena S. Kochubei
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
| | - Tanglaw Roman
- School of Physics, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Oliver J. Conquest
- School of Physics, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Catherine Stampfl
- School of Physics, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
- The University of Sydney Nano Institute, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Yijiao Jiang
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
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7
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Richard W, Evrard D, Busson B, Humbert C, Dalstein L, Tadjeddine A, Gros P. The reduction of 4-nitrobenzene diazonium electrografted layer: An electrochemical study coupled to in situ sum-frequency generation spectroscopy. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.07.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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8
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Harris TGAA, Heidary N, Kozuch J, Frielingsdorf S, Lenz O, Mroginski MA, Hildebrandt P, Zebger I, Fischer A. In Situ Spectroelectrochemical Studies into the Formation and Stability of Robust Diazonium-Derived Interfaces on Gold Electrodes for the Immobilization of an Oxygen-Tolerant Hydrogenase. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:23380-23391. [PMID: 29943966 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b02273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy is used in situ to determine the electrochemical stability of organic interfaces deposited onto the surface of nanostructured, thin-film gold electrodes via the electrochemical reduction of diazonium salts. These interfaces are shown to exhibit a wide electrochemical stability window in both acetonitrile and phosphate buffer, far surpassing the stability window of thiol-derived self-assembled monolayers. Using the same in situ technique, the application of radical scavengers during the electrochemical reduction of diazonium salts is shown to moderate interface formation. Consequently, the heterogeneous charge-transfer resistance can be reduced sufficiently to enhance the direct electron transfer between an immobilized redox-active enzyme and the electrode. This was demonstrated for the oxygen-tolerant [NiFe] hydrogenase from the "Knallgas" bacterium Ralstonia eutropha by relating its electrochemical activity for hydrogen oxidation to the interface properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomos G A A Harris
- Institut für Chemie , Technische Universität Berlin , PC 14, Str. des 17. Juni 135 , 10623 Berlin , Germany
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie , Universität Freiburg , Albertstr. 21 , 79104 Freiburg , Germany
| | - Nina Heidary
- Institut für Chemie , Technische Universität Berlin , PC 14, Str. des 17. Juni 135 , 10623 Berlin , Germany
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie , Universität Freiburg , Albertstr. 21 , 79104 Freiburg , Germany
| | - Jacek Kozuch
- Institut für Chemie , Technische Universität Berlin , PC 14, Str. des 17. Juni 135 , 10623 Berlin , Germany
| | - Stefan Frielingsdorf
- Institut für Chemie , Technische Universität Berlin , PC 14, Str. des 17. Juni 135 , 10623 Berlin , Germany
| | - Oliver Lenz
- Institut für Chemie , Technische Universität Berlin , PC 14, Str. des 17. Juni 135 , 10623 Berlin , Germany
- FMF - Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum , Universität Freiburg , Stefan-Meier-Straße 21 , 79104 Freiburg , Germany
- FIT - Freiburger Zentrum für interaktive Werkstoffe und bioinspirierte Technologien , Georges-Köhler-Allee 105 , 79110 Freiburg , Germany
| | - Maria-Andrea Mroginski
- Institut für Chemie , Technische Universität Berlin , PC 14, Str. des 17. Juni 135 , 10623 Berlin , Germany
| | - Peter Hildebrandt
- Institut für Chemie , Technische Universität Berlin , PC 14, Str. des 17. Juni 135 , 10623 Berlin , Germany
| | - Ingo Zebger
- Institut für Chemie , Technische Universität Berlin , PC 14, Str. des 17. Juni 135 , 10623 Berlin , Germany
| | - Anna Fischer
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie , Universität Freiburg , Albertstr. 21 , 79104 Freiburg , Germany
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9
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Mooste M, Kibena-Põldsepp E, Marandi M, Matisen L, Sammelselg V, Podvorica FI, Tammeveski K. Surface and electrochemical characterization of aryl films grafted on polycrystalline copper from the diazonium compounds using the rotating disk electrode method. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2018.03.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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10
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Christiansen CD, Sørensen LA, Lund T. Modification of fluorine-doped tin oxide-electrodes by electrochemical reduction of di(4-nitrophenyl)iodonium tetrafluoroborate - And its application as a photo-anode in dye-sensitized solar cells. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2017.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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11
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Aryldiazonium salt derived mixed organic layers: From surface chemistry to their applications. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2016.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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Brooksby PA, Shields JD, Farquhar AK, Downard AJ. Reduction of Nitrophenyl Films in Aqueous Solutions: How Many Electrons? ChemElectroChem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201600395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paula A. Brooksby
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology; Department of Chemistry; University of Canterbury; Christchurch 8140 New Zealand
| | - James D. Shields
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology; Department of Chemistry; University of Canterbury; Christchurch 8140 New Zealand
| | - Anna K. Farquhar
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology; Department of Chemistry; University of Canterbury; Christchurch 8140 New Zealand
| | - Alison J. Downard
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology; Department of Chemistry; University of Canterbury; Christchurch 8140 New Zealand
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13
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Menanteau T, Benoît C, Breton T, Cougnon C. Enhancing the performance of a diazonium-modified carbon supercapacitor by controlling the grafting process. Electrochem commun 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2015.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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14
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Lee L, Brooksby PA, Hapiot P, Downard AJ. Electrografting of 4-Nitrobenzenediazonium Ion at Carbon Electrodes: Catalyzed and Uncatalyzed Reduction Processes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:468-76. [PMID: 26694857 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b03233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic voltammograms for the reduction of aryldiazonium ions at glassy carbon electrodes are often, but not always, reported to show two peaks. The origin of this intriguing behavior remains controversial. Using 4-nitrobenzenediazonium ion (NBD), the most widely studied aryldiazonium salt, we make a detailed examination of the electroreduction processes in acetonitrile solution. We confirm that deposition of film can occur during both reduction processes. Film thickness measurements using atomic force microscopy reveal that multilayer films of very similar thickness are formed when reduction is carried out at either peak, even though the film formed at the more negative potential is significantly more blocking to solution redox probes. These and other aspects of the electrochemistry are consistent with the operation of a surface-catalyzed reduction step (proceeding at a clean surface only) followed by an uncatalyzed reduction at a more negative potential. The catalyzed reduction proceeds at both edge-plane and basal-plane graphite materials, suggesting that particular carbon surface sites are not required. The unusual aspect of aryldiazonium ion electrochemistry is that unlike other surface-catalyzed reactions, both processes are seen in a single voltammetric scan at an initially clean electrode because the conditions for observing the uncatalyzed reaction are produced by film deposition during the first catalyzed reduction step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lita Lee
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury , Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand 8140
| | - Paula A Brooksby
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury , Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand 8140
| | - Philippe Hapiot
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (Equipe MaCSE), CNRS, UMR 6226, Université de Rennes 1 , Campus de Beaulieu, Bat 10C, 35042 Rennes, Cedex, France
| | - Alison J Downard
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, University of Canterbury , Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, New Zealand 8140
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15
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Koefoed L, Shimizu K, Pedersen SU, Daasbjerg K, Kuhn A, Zigah D. One-step preparation of bifunctionalized surfaces by bipolar electrografting. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra20156j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Bipolar electrochemistry (BPE) is used for the first time to graft molecular layers of different nature from a single bifunctional precursor compound simultaneously on the two opposite sides of a substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Line Koefoed
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center
- Aarhus University
- 8000 Aarhus C
- Denmark
| | - Kyoko Shimizu
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center
- Aarhus University
- 8000 Aarhus C
- Denmark
| | - Steen Uttrup Pedersen
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center
- Aarhus University
- 8000 Aarhus C
- Denmark
| | - Kim Daasbjerg
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center
- Aarhus University
- 8000 Aarhus C
- Denmark
- Carbon Dioxide Activation Center
| | | | - Dodzi Zigah
- Univ. Bordeaux
- ISM
- UMR 5255
- F-33400 Talence
- France
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16
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Hu XM, Salmi Z, Lillethorup M, Pedersen EB, Robert M, Pedersen SU, Skrydstrup T, Daasbjerg K. Controlled electropolymerisation of a carbazole-functionalised iron porphyrin electrocatalyst for CO2 reduction. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:5864-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cc00982d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A straightforward electrochemical approach is presented by which iron porphyrin catalysts may be immobilised inside a CO2 absorbing microporous material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Ming Hu
- Carbon Dioxide Activation Center (CADIAC)
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO)
- Aarhus University
- DK-8000 Aarhus C
- Denmark
| | - Zakaria Salmi
- Department of Chemistry
- Aarhus University
- DK-8000 Aarhus C
- Denmark
| | - Mie Lillethorup
- Department of Chemistry
- Aarhus University
- DK-8000 Aarhus C
- Denmark
| | | | - Marc Robert
- Laboratoire d'Electrochimie Moléculaire
- Université Paris Diderot
- Sorbonne Paris Cité
- Unité Mixte de Recherche Université CNRS 7591
- 75205 Paris Cedex 13
| | - Steen U. Pedersen
- Carbon Dioxide Activation Center (CADIAC)
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO)
- Aarhus University
- DK-8000 Aarhus C
- Denmark
| | - Troels Skrydstrup
- Carbon Dioxide Activation Center (CADIAC)
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO)
- Aarhus University
- DK-8000 Aarhus C
- Denmark
| | - Kim Daasbjerg
- Carbon Dioxide Activation Center (CADIAC)
- Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center (iNANO)
- Aarhus University
- DK-8000 Aarhus C
- Denmark
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17
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Berisha A, Chehimi M, Pinson J, Podvorica F. Electrode Surface Modification Using Diazonium Salts. ELECTROANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY: A SERIES OF ADVANCES 2015. [DOI: 10.1201/b19196-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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18
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Lund T, Nguyen PT, Ruhland T. Electrochemical grafting of TiO2-based photo-anodes and its effect in dye-sensitized solar cells. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2015.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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19
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Chevalier CL, Landis EC. Electrochemical Attachment of Diazonium-Generated Films on Nanoporous Gold. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:8633-8641. [PMID: 26186600 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b02302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Nanoporous gold provides a high surface area platform for further chemistry, but the stability of the molecular linkages to the surface will limit applications. We attached aryl molecular layers to nanoporous gold electrodes through electrochemical reduction of the corresponding aryl-diazonium salt and studied the properties and stability of the resulting films in varied attachment conditions. Infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used to confirm the presence of the molecular layers. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy indicates that the molecular layer is thick and that attachment conditions can form multilayers. However, cyclic voltammetry shows that the multilayers do not block electrochemical activity at the nanoporous gold surface. The molecular layers are resistant to replacement by alkane-thiol chains and exhibit some stability with respect to applied potential. These results indicate that a thick but highly defective molecular film forms with a mixture of strongly and weakly bound molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine L Chevalier
- Department of Chemistry, College of the Holy Cross, 1 College Street Box C, Worcester, Massachusetts 01610, United States
| | - Elizabeth C Landis
- Department of Chemistry, College of the Holy Cross, 1 College Street Box C, Worcester, Massachusetts 01610, United States
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20
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Hetemi D, Hazimeh H, Decorse P, Galtayries A, Combellas C, Kanoufi F, Pinson J, Podvorica FI. One-step formation of bifunctionnal aryl/alkyl grafted films on conducting surfaces by the reduction of diazonium salts in the presence of alkyl iodides. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:5406-5415. [PMID: 25893643 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b00754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The formation of partial perfluoroalkyl or alkyl radicals from partial perfluoroalkyl or alkyl iodides (ICH2CH2C6F13 and IC6H13) and their reaction with surfaces takes place at low driving force (∼-0.5 V/SCE) when the electrochemical reaction is performed in acetonitrile in the presence of diazonium salts (ArN2(+)), at a potential where the latter is reduced. By comparison to the direct grafting of ICH2CH2C6F13, this corresponds to a gain of ∼2.1 V in the case of 4-nitrobenzenediazonium. Such electrochemical reaction permits the modification of gold surfaces (and also carbon, iron, and copper) with mixed aryl-alkyl groups (Ar = 3-CH3-C6H4, 4-NO2-C6H4, and 4-Br-C6H4, R = C6H13 or (CH2)2-C6F13). These strongly bonded mixed layers are characterized by IRRAS, XPS, ToF-SIMS, ellipsometry, water contact angles, and cyclic voltammetry. The relative proportions of grafted aryl and alkyl groups can be varied along with the relative concentrations of diazonium and iodide components in the grafting solution. The formation of the films is assigned to the reaction of aryl and alkyl radicals on the surface and on the first grafted layer. The former is obtained from the electrochemical reduction of the diazonium salt; the latter results from the abstraction of an iodine atom by the aryl radical. The mechanism involved in the growth of the film provides an example of complex surface radical chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dardan Hetemi
- †Sorbonne Paris Cité, Univ Paris Diderot, ITODYS, UMR 7086 CNRS, 15 rue J-A de Baïf, 75013 Paris, France
- ‡Chemistry Department of Natural Sciences Faculty, University of Prishtina, rr. "Nëna Tereze" nr. 5, 10000 Prishtina, Kosovo
| | - Hassan Hazimeh
- §ESPCI ParisTech, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Philippe Decorse
- †Sorbonne Paris Cité, Univ Paris Diderot, ITODYS, UMR 7086 CNRS, 15 rue J-A de Baïf, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Anouk Galtayries
- ∥Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, UMR 8247 CNRS, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Catherine Combellas
- †Sorbonne Paris Cité, Univ Paris Diderot, ITODYS, UMR 7086 CNRS, 15 rue J-A de Baïf, 75013 Paris, France
- §ESPCI ParisTech, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Frédéric Kanoufi
- †Sorbonne Paris Cité, Univ Paris Diderot, ITODYS, UMR 7086 CNRS, 15 rue J-A de Baïf, 75013 Paris, France
- §ESPCI ParisTech, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
| | - Jean Pinson
- †Sorbonne Paris Cité, Univ Paris Diderot, ITODYS, UMR 7086 CNRS, 15 rue J-A de Baïf, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Fetah I Podvorica
- †Sorbonne Paris Cité, Univ Paris Diderot, ITODYS, UMR 7086 CNRS, 15 rue J-A de Baïf, 75013 Paris, France
- ‡Chemistry Department of Natural Sciences Faculty, University of Prishtina, rr. "Nëna Tereze" nr. 5, 10000 Prishtina, Kosovo
- §ESPCI ParisTech, 10 rue Vauquelin, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France
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21
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Menanteau T, Levillain E, Downard AJ, Breton T. Evidence of monolayer formation via diazonium grafting with a radical scavenger: electrochemical, AFM and XPS monitoring. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:13137-42. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp01401h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
AFM monitoring of controlled surface modification with a radical scavenger.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Menanteau
- MOLTECH-Anjou
- Université d'Angers
- UMR CNRS 6200
- 49045 Angers
- France
| | - E. Levillain
- MOLTECH-Anjou
- Université d'Angers
- UMR CNRS 6200
- 49045 Angers
- France
| | - A. J. Downard
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Canterbury
- Christchurch 8140
- New Zealand
| | - T. Breton
- MOLTECH-Anjou
- Université d'Angers
- UMR CNRS 6200
- 49045 Angers
- France
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22
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Lillethorup M, Shimizu K, Plumeré N, Pedersen SU, Daasbjerg K. Surface-Attached Poly(glycidyl methacrylate) as a Versatile Platform for Creating Dual-Functional Polymer Brushes. Macromolecules 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ma500872b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mie Lillethorup
- Department
of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Kyoko Shimizu
- Department
of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Nicolas Plumeré
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr.
150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Steen U. Pedersen
- Department
of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Interdisciplinary
Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Kim Daasbjerg
- Department
of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
- Interdisciplinary
Nanoscience Center (iNANO), Aarhus University, Gustav Wieds Vej 14, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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23
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Menanteau T, Levillain E, Breton T. Spontaneous grafting of nitrophenyl groups on carbon: effect of radical scavenger on organic layer formation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:7913-7918. [PMID: 24932574 DOI: 10.1021/la501437g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The effect of a radical scavenger (DPPH: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) on the spontaneous covalent grafting of nitrophenyl functionalities on a vitreous carbon substrate using the 4-nitrobenzene diazonium cation has been studied by electrochemical measurements and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The addition of micromolar concentrations of DPPH to the diazonium solution efficiently limits the multilayer formation and leads to monolayer surface coverage. Control of polyaryl layer formation via the capture of the reactive nitrophenyl radical was also found to increase the proportion of nitrophenyl groups grafted to the surface via azo bridges. This work validates the recently reported strategy using a radical scavenger to prevent the formation of a polyaryl layer without interfering with direct surface grafting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaud Menanteau
- MOLTECH-Anjou, Université d'Angers - UMR CNRS 6200 , 2 Boulevard Lavoisier, 49045 Angers, France
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24
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Lillethorup M, Kongsfelt M, Ceccato M, Jensen BBE, Jørgensen B, Pedersen SU, Daasbjerg K. High- versus low-quality graphene: a mechanistic investigation of electrografted diazonium-based films for growth of polymer brushes. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2014; 10:922-34. [PMID: 24745057 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201301915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Electrografting using aryldiazonium salts provides a fast and efficient technique to functionalize commercially available 3-5 layered graphene (vapour-deposited) on nickel. In this study, Raman spectroscopy is used to quantify the grafting efficiency of cyclic voltammetry which is one of the most versatile, yet simple, electrochemical techniques available. To a large extent the number of defects/substituents introduced to the basal plane of high-quality graphene by this procedure can be controlled through the sweeping conditions employed. After extended electrografting the defect density reaches a saturation level ( ∼ 10(13) cm(-2)) which is independent of the quality of the graphene expressed through its initial content of defects. However, it is reached within fewer voltammetric cycles for low-quality graphene. Based on these results it is suggested that the grafting occurs (a) directly at defect sites for, in particular, low-quality graphene, (b) directly at the basal plane for, in particular, high-quality graphene, and/or (c) at already grafted molecules to give a mushroom-like film growth for all films. Moreover, it is shown that a tertiary alkyl bromide can be introduced at a given surface density to serve as radical initiator for surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP). Brushes of poly(methyl methacrylate) are grown from these substrates, and the relationship between polymer thickness and sweeping conditions is studied.
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25
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Bardini L, Ceccato M, Hinge M, Pedersen SU, Daasbjerg K, Marcaccio M, Paolucci F. Electrochemical polymerization of allylamine copolymers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:3791-3796. [PMID: 23421711 DOI: 10.1021/la304766k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We describe for the first time the electro-oxidative synthesis and passivating properties of surface films of poly(allylamine) and copolymers of allylamine and diallylamine. Cyclic voltammetry and impedance spectra show that the films exhibit high charge-transfer resistance and that the addition of diallylamine causes improvements in the compactness and stability toward swelling of the films when compared to both allylamine and diallyamine, leading to coatings with high charge-transfer resistance up to 70 MΩ. We also show that removing oxygen before the polymerization further improves the films' passivating properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Bardini
- G. Ciamician Chemistry Department, University of Bologna, via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
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26
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Richard W, Evrard D, Gros P. New insight into 4-nitrobenzene diazonium reduction process: Evidence for a grafting step distinct from NO2 electrochemical reactivity. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2012.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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27
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Agullo J, Canesi S, Schaper F, Morin M, Bélanger D. Formation and reactivity of 3-diazopyridinium cations and influence on their reductive electrografting on glassy carbon. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:4889-4895. [PMID: 22324405 DOI: 10.1021/la2048757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The in situ generation of 3-diazonium cations from 3-aminopyridine and their subsequent stability under experimental conditions used for electrografting of pyridine groups were investigated by spectroscopy and electrochemistry. UV spectroscopy revealed the rapid kinetics for the reaction of 3-aminopyridine with sodium nitrite in HCl to form the 3-diazopyridinium cation with a second-order rate constant of 550 ± 20 L mol(-1) s(-1) at 22 °C. UV spectroscopy showed that the 3-diazopyridinium ion was relatively unstable and its transformation into 3-hydroxypyridine was proven by (1)H NMR. Its hydrolytic decomposition was investigated by NMR and followed first-order kinetics with a rate constant of (53 ± 5) × 10(-3) s(-1) at 22 °C. These results enable us to establish the appropriate conditions for the electrografting of pyridine from the corresponding diazonium cations generated in situ. The electrochemical modification of glassy carbon electrodes with pyridine was characterized by cyclic voltammetry and the resulting grafted layer by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in the presence of Fe(CN)(6)(3-/4-) as redox probes. The effect of diazotization time before electrochemical reduction on the blocking effect of the grafted layer was investigated and showed that an increase of the diazotization time led to less efficient grafting. The presence of immobilized pyridine on the electrode surface was demonstrated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements, and a surface coverage of 8.8 × 10(-10) mol cm(-2) was estimated for the grafted pyridine groups. The significance of these results for researchers using the in situ generation approach for electrochemical and chemical grafting is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Agullo
- Département de Chimie, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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28
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Bousquet A, Ceccato M, Hinge M, Pedersen SU, Daasbjerg K. Redox grafting of diazotated anthraquinone as a means of forming thick conducting organic films. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:1267-1275. [PMID: 22175534 DOI: 10.1021/la203657n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Thick conductive layers containing anthraquinone moieties are covalently immobilized on gold using redox grafting of the diazonium salt of anthraquinone (i.e., 9,10-dioxo-9,10-dihydroanthracene-1-diazonium tetrafluoroborate). This grafting procedure is based on using consecutive voltammetric sweeping and through this exploiting fast electron transfer reactions that are mediated by the anthraquinone redox moieties in the film. The fast film growth, which is followed by infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, ellipsometry, and coverage calculation, results in a mushroom-like structure. In addition to varying the number of sweeps, layer thickness control can easily be exerted through appropriate choice of the switching potential and sweep rate. It is shown that the grafting of the diazonium salt is essentially a diffusion-controlled process but also that desorption of physisorbed material during the sweeping process is essentially for avoiding blocking of the film due to clogging of the electrolyte channels in the film. In general, sweep rates higher than 0.5 V s(-1) are required if thick, porous, and conducting films should be formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Bousquet
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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29
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Torbensen K, Iruthayaraj J, Ceccato M, Kongsfelt M, Breitenbach T, Pedersen SU, Daasbjerg K. Conducting and ordered carbon films obtained by pyrolysis of covalently attached polyphenylene and polyanthracene layers on silicon substrates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm32935b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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30
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Jayasundara DR, Cullen RJ, Soldi L, Colavita PE. In situ studies of the adsorption kinetics of 4-nitrobenzenediazonium salt on gold. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:13029-13036. [PMID: 21919493 DOI: 10.1021/la202862p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembled organic layers are an important tool for modifying surfaces in a range of applications in materials science. Covalent modification of metal surfaces with aryldiazonium cations has attracted much attention primarily because this reaction offers a route for spontaneously grafting a variety of aromatic moieties from solution with high yield. We have investigated the kinetics of this process by performing real-time, in situ nanogravimetric measurements. The spontaneous grafting of 4-nitrobenzene diazonium salts onto gold electrodes was studied via quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) from aqueous solutions of the salt at varying concentrations. The concentration dependence of the grafting rate within the first 10 min is best modeled by assuming a reversible adsorption process with free energy comparable to that reported for arylthiols self-assembled on gold. Multilayer formation was observed after extended grafting times and was found to be favored by increasing bulk concentrations of the diazonium salt. Modified gold surfaces were characterized ex situ with cyclic voltammetry, infrared reflection absorbance spectroscopy, and X-ray photoemission spectroscopy. Based on the experimentally determined free energy of adsorption and on the observed grafting rates, we discuss a proposed mechanism for aryldiazonium chemisorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilushan R Jayasundara
- School of Chemistry, University of Dublin Trinity College, College Green, Dublin 2, Ireland
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31
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Leroux YR, Hui F, Noël JM, Roux C, Downard AJ, Hapiot P. Design of robust binary film onto carbon surface using diazonium electrochemistry. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:11222-11228. [PMID: 21774535 DOI: 10.1021/la202250y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The electroreduction of functionalized aryldiazonium salts combined with a protection-deprotection method was evaluated for the fabrication of organized mixed layers covalently bound onto carbon substrates. The first modification consists of the grafting of a protected 4-((triisopropylsilyl)ethynyl)benzene layer onto the carbon surface on which the introduction of a second functional group is possible without altering the first grafted functional group. After deprotection, we obtained an ultrathin robust layer presenting high densities of both active ethynylbenzene groups (available for "click" chemistry) and the second functional group. The strategy was successfully demonstrated using azidomethylferrocene to react with ethynyl moieties in the binary film by "click" chemistry, and NO(2)-phenyl as the second functional group. Two possible modification pathways with different orderings of the various steps were considered to show the influence and importance of the protection-deprotection process on the final surface obtained. Using mild conditions for the grafting of the second layer maintains a concentration of active ethynyl groups similar to that obtained for a one-component monolayer while achieving a high surface concentration of the second modifier. Considering the wide range of functional aryldiazonium salts that could be electrodeposited onto carbon surfaces and the versatility and specificity of the "click" chemistry, this approach appears very promising for the preparation of mixed layers in well-controlled conditions without altering the reactivity of either functional group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann R Leroux
- Sciences Chimiques de Rennes (Equipe MaCSE), CNRS, UMR 6226, Université de Rennes 1, Campus de Beaulieu, Bat 10C, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
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32
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Iruthayaraj J, Chernyy S, Lillethorup M, Ceccato M, Røn T, Hinge M, Kingshott P, Besenbacher F, Pedersen SU, Daasbjerg K. On surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization using diazonium chemistry to introduce the initiator layer. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:1070-1078. [PMID: 21174427 DOI: 10.1021/la104125n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
This work features the controllability of surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP) of methyl methacrylate, initiated by a multilayered 2-bromoisobutyryl moiety formed via diazonium chemistry. The thickness as a function of polymerization time has been studied by varying different parameters such as the bromine content of the initiator layer, polarity of reaction medium, ligand type (L), and the ratio of activator (Cu(I)) to deactivator (Cu(II)) in order to ascertain the controllability of the SI-ATRP process. The variation of thickness versus surface concentration of bromine shows a gradual transition from mushroom to brush-type conformation of the surface anchored chains in both polar and nonpolar reaction medium. Interestingly, it is revealed that very thick polymer brushes, on the order of 1 μm, can be obtained at high bromine content of the initiator layer in toluene. The initial polymerization rate and the overall final thickness are higher in the case of nonpolar solvent (toluene) compared to polar medium (acetonitrile or N,N-dimethylformamide). The ligand affects the initial rate of polymerization, which correlates with the redox potentials of the pertinent Cu(II)/Cu(I) complexes (L = Me(6)TREN, PMDETA, and BIPY). It is also observed that the ability of polymer brushes to reinitiate depends on the initial thickness and the solvent used for generating it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Iruthayaraj
- Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, Langelandsgade 140, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
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33
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Tanaka M, Sawaguchi T, Sato Y, Yoshioka K, Niwa O. Surface modification of GC and HOPG with diazonium, amine, azide, and olefin derivatives. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:170-178. [PMID: 21117684 DOI: 10.1021/la1035757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Surface modification of glassy carbon (GC) and highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) was carried out with diazonium, amine, azide, and olefin derivatives bearing ferrocene as an electroactive moiety. Features of the modified surfaces were evaluated by surface concentrations of immobilized molecule, blocking effect of the modified surface against redox reaction, and surface observation using cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical scanning tunneling microscope (EC-STM). The measurement of surface concentrations of immobilized molecule revealed the following three aspects: (i) Diazonium and olefin derivatives could modify substrates with the dense-monolayer concentration. (ii) The surface concentration of immobilized amine derivative did not reach to the dense-monolayer concentration reflecting their low reactivity. (iii) The surface modification with the dense-monolayer concentration was also possible with azide derivative, but the modified surface contained some oligomers produced by the photoreaction of azides. Besides, the blocking effect against redox reaction was observed for GC modified with diazonium derivative and for HOPG modified with diazonium and azide derivatives, suggesting fabrication of a densely modified surface. Finally, the surface observation for HOPG modified with diazonium derivative by EC-STM showed a typical monolayer structure, in which the ferrocene moieties were packed densely at random. On the basis of those results, it was demonstrated that surface modification of carbon substrates with diazonium could afford a dense monolayer similar to the self-assembled monolayer (SAM) formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mutsuo Tanaka
- Biomedical Research Institute, Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Central 5, 1-1-1, Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8565, Japan.
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34
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Li Q, Batchelor-McAuley C, Lawrence NS, Hartshorne RS, Compton RG. The synthesis and characterisation of controlled thin sub-monolayer films of 2-anthraquinonyl groups on graphite surfaces. NEW J CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1nj20461k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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35
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Bélanger D, Pinson J. Electrografting: a powerful method for surface modification. Chem Soc Rev 2011; 40:3995-4048. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cs00149j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 751] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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36
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Kullapere M, Mirkhalaf F, Tammeveski K. Electrochemical behaviour of glassy carbon electrodes modified with aryl groups. Electrochim Acta 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2010.08.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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