1
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Zhao Q, Hong X, Wang Y, Zhang S, Ding Z, Meng X, Song Q, Hong Q, Jiang W, Shi X, Cai T, Cong Y. An immobilized antibody-based affinity grid strategy for on-grid purification of target proteins enables high-resolution cryo-EM. Commun Biol 2024; 7:715. [PMID: 38858498 PMCID: PMC11164986 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06406-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
In cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), sample preparation poses a critical bottleneck, particularly for rare or fragile macromolecular assemblies and those suffering from denaturation and particle orientation distribution issues related to air-water interface. In this study, we develop and characterize an immobilized antibody-based affinity grid (IAAG) strategy based on the high-affinity PA tag/NZ-1 antibody epitope tag system. We employ Pyr-NHS as a linker to immobilize NZ-1 Fab on the graphene oxide or carbon-covered grid surface. Our results demonstrate that the IAAG grid effectively enriches PA-tagged target proteins and overcomes preferred orientation issues. Furthermore, we demonstrate the utility of our IAAG strategy for on-grid purification of low-abundance target complexes from cell lysates, enabling atomic resolution cryo-EM. This approach greatly streamlines the purification process, reduces the need for large quantities of biological samples, and addresses common challenges encountered in cryo-EM sample preparation. Collectively, our IAAG strategy provides an efficient and robust means for combined sample purification and vitrification, feasible for high-resolution cryo-EM. This approach holds potential for broader applicability in both cryo-EM and cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET).
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaoyu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of RNA Innovation, Science and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyu Hong
- Key Laboratory of RNA Innovation, Science and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanxing Wang
- Key Laboratory of RNA Innovation, Science and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Shaoning Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200050, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhanyu Ding
- Key Laboratory of RNA Innovation, Science and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueming Meng
- Key Laboratory of RNA Innovation, Science and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Qianqian Song
- Key Laboratory of RNA Innovation, Science and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin Hong
- Key Laboratory of RNA Innovation, Science and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China
| | - Wanying Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiangyi Shi
- Shanghai Nanoport, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianxun Cai
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200050, Shanghai, China
| | - Yao Cong
- Key Laboratory of RNA Innovation, Science and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 200031, Shanghai, China.
- Key Laboratory of Systems Health Science of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, China.
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2
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Oishi Y, Kitatani M, Kusakabe K. Possible bi-stable structures of pyrenebutanoic acid-linked protein molecules adsorbed on graphene: theoretical study. Beilstein J Org Chem 2024; 20:570-577. [PMID: 38505239 PMCID: PMC10949008 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.20.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
We theoretically analyze possible multiple conformations of protein molecules immobilized by 1-pyrenebutanoic acid succinimidyl ester (PASE) linkers on graphene. The activation barrier between two bi-stable conformations exhibited by PASE is confirmed to be based on the steric hindrance effect between a hydrogen on the pyrene group and a hydrogen on the alkyl group of this molecule. Even after the protein is supplemented, this steric hindrance effect remains if the local structure of the linker consisting of an alkyl group and a pyrene group is maintained. Therefore, it is likely that the kinetic behavior of a protein immobilized with a single PASE linker exhibits an activation barrier-type energy surface between the bi-stable conformations on graphene. We discuss the expected protein sensors when this type of energy surface appears and provide a guideline for improving the sensitivity, especially as an oscillator-type biosensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Oishi
- Graduate School of Science, University of Hyogo, Kamigori, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
| | - Motoharu Kitatani
- Graduate School of Science, University of Hyogo, Kamigori, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
| | - Koichi Kusakabe
- Graduate School of Science, University of Hyogo, Kamigori, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
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3
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Verma R, Kumar Gupta S, Lamba NP, Singh BK, Singh S, Bahadur V, Chauhan MS. Graphene and Graphene Based Nanocomposites for Bio‐Medical and Bio‐safety Applications. ChemistrySelect 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202204337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Renu Verma
- Amity University Rajasthan Jaipur India- 303002
| | | | | | | | | | - Vijay Bahadur
- Alliance University Chandapura-Anekal Main Road Bengaluru India- 562106
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological science, University of Houston Houston USA- 77204
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4
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Romagnoli A, D'Agostino M, Pavoni E, Ardiccioni C, Motta S, Crippa P, Biagetti G, Notarstefano V, Rexha J, Perta N, Barocci S, Costabile BK, Colasurdo G, Caucci S, Mencarelli D, Turchetti C, Farina M, Pierantoni L, La Teana A, Al Hadi R, Cicconardi F, Chinappi M, Trucchi E, Mancia F, Menzo S, Morozzo Della Rocca B, D'Annessa I, Di Marino D. SARS-CoV-2 multi-variant rapid detector based on graphene transistor functionalized with an engineered dimeric ACE2 receptor. NANO TODAY 2023; 48:101729. [PMID: 36536857 PMCID: PMC9750890 DOI: 10.1016/j.nantod.2022.101729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Reliable point-of-care (POC) rapid tests are crucial to detect infection and contain the spread of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The emergence of several variants of concern (VOC) can reduce binding affinity to diagnostic antibodies, limiting the efficacy of the currently adopted tests, while showing unaltered or increased affinity for the host receptor, angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). We present a graphene field-effect transistor (gFET) biosensor design, which exploits the Spike-ACE2 interaction, the crucial step for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Extensive computational analyses show that a chimeric ACE2-Fragment crystallizable (ACE2-Fc) construct mimics the native receptor dimeric conformation. ACE2-Fc functionalized gFET allows in vitro detection of the trimeric Spike protein, outperforming functionalization with a diagnostic antibody or with the soluble ACE2 portion, resulting in a sensitivity of 20 pg/mL. Our miniaturized POC biosensor successfully detects B.1.610 (pre-VOC), Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, Omicron (i.e., BA.1, BA.2, BA.4, BA.5, BA.2.75 and BQ.1) variants in isolated viruses and patient's clinical nasopharyngeal swabs. The biosensor reached a Limit Of Detection (LOD) of 65 cps/mL in swab specimens of Omicron BA.5. Our approach paves the way for a new and reusable class of highly sensitive, rapid and variant-robust SARS-CoV-2 detection systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Romagnoli
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), Palermo, Italy
- New York-Marche Structural Biology Center (NY-MaSBiC), Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Mattia D'Agostino
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Eleonora Pavoni
- Department of Information Engineering, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Chiara Ardiccioni
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
- New York-Marche Structural Biology Center (NY-MaSBiC), Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Stefano Motta
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Crippa
- Department of Information Engineering, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Giorgio Biagetti
- Department of Information Engineering, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Valentina Notarstefano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Jesmina Rexha
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), Palermo, Italy
| | - Nunzio Perta
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), Palermo, Italy
| | - Simone Barocci
- Department of Clinical Pathology, ASUR Marche AV1, Urbino, PU, Italy
| | - Brianna K Costabile
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | | | - Sara Caucci
- Virology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Polytechnic University of Marche, Torrette, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - Davide Mencarelli
- Department of Information Engineering, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Claudio Turchetti
- Department of Information Engineering, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Marco Farina
- Department of Information Engineering, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Luca Pierantoni
- Department of Information Engineering, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Anna La Teana
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), Palermo, Italy
- New York-Marche Structural Biology Center (NY-MaSBiC), Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Richard Al Hadi
- Alcatera Inc., 1401 Westwood Blvd Suite 280, Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA
| | - Francesco Cicconardi
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Life Sciences Building, 24 Tyndall Ave, Bristol BS8 1TQ, UK
| | - Mauro Chinappi
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Emiliano Trucchi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
| | - Filippo Mancia
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Stefano Menzo
- Virology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Polytechnic University of Marche, Torrette, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - Blasco Morozzo Della Rocca
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Ilda D'Annessa
- Institute of Chemical Science and Technologies, SCITEC-CNR, Via Mario Bianco 9, 20131 Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Di Marino
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
- National Biodiversity Future Center (NBFC), Palermo, Italy
- New York-Marche Structural Biology Center (NY-MaSBiC), Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, 60131 Ancona, Italy
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5
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Chen Y, Kong D, Qiu L, Wu Y, Dai C, Luo S, Huang Z, Lin Q, Chen H, Xie S, Geng L, Zhao J, Tan W, Liu Y, Wei D. Artificial Nucleotide Aptamer-Based Field-Effect Transistor for Ultrasensitive Detection of Hepatoma Exosomes. Anal Chem 2023; 95:1446-1453. [PMID: 36577081 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
An aptamer-based field-effect transistor (Apta-FET) is a well-developed assay method with high selectivity and sensitivity. Due to the limited information density that natural nucleotide library holds, the Apta-FET faces fundamental restriction in universality to detect various types of analytes. Herein, we demonstrate a type of Apta-FET sensors based on an artificial nucleotide aptamer (AN-Apta-FET). The introduction of an artificial nucleotide increases the diversity of the potential aptamer structure and expands the analyte category of the Apta-FET. The AN-Apta-FET specifically detects hepatoma exosomes, which traditional Apta-FET fails to discriminate from other tumor-derived exosomes, with a limit of detection down to 242 particles mL-1. The AN-Apta-FET distinguishes serum samples of hepatocellular carcinoma patients within 9 min from those of healthy people, showing the potential as a comprehensive assay tool in future disease diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.,Institute of Molecular Materials and Devices, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Derong Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.,Institute of Molecular Materials and Devices, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Liping Qiu
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Yungen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.,Institute of Molecular Materials and Devices, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Changhao Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.,Institute of Molecular Materials and Devices, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Shi Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.,Institute of Molecular Materials and Devices, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhipeng Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Qiuyuan Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Sitao Xie
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Li Geng
- Department of Special Treatment, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Department of Special Treatment, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Weihong Tan
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory (MBL), State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Biology, Aptamer Engineering Center of Hunan Province, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Yunqi Liu
- Institute of Molecular Materials and Devices, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Dacheng Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.,Institute of Molecular Materials and Devices, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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6
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Lee CS, Gwyther REA, Freeley M, Jones D, Palma M. Fabrication and Functionalisation of Nanocarbon-Based Field-Effect Transistor Biosensors. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200282. [PMID: 36193790 PMCID: PMC10092808 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Nanocarbon-based field-effect transistor (NC-FET) biosensors are at the forefront of future diagnostic technology. By integrating biological molecules with electrically conducting carbon-based platforms, high sensitivity real-time multiplexed sensing is possible. Combined with their small footprint, portability, ease of use, and label-free sensing mechanisms, NC-FETs are prime candidates for the rapidly expanding areas of point-of-care testing, environmental monitoring and biosensing as a whole. In this review we provide an overview of the basic operational mechanisms behind NC-FETs, synthesis and fabrication of FET devices, and developments in functionalisation strategies for biosensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Seuk Lee
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Rebecca E A Gwyther
- Molecular Biosciences Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Mark Freeley
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Dafydd Jones
- Molecular Biosciences Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Matteo Palma
- Department of Chemistry, School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK
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7
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Oishi Y, Ogi H, Hagiwara S, Otani M, Kusakabe K. Theoretical Analysis on the Stability of 1-Pyrenebutanoic Acid Succinimidyl Ester Adsorbed on Graphene. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:31120-31125. [PMID: 36092595 PMCID: PMC9453977 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c03257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The adsorbed structure of 1-pyrenebutanoic acid succinimidyl ester (PASE) on graphene was investigated based on density functional theory. We found two locally stable structures: a straight structure with the chainlike part of butanoic acid succinimidyl ester (BSE) lying down and a bent structure with the BSE part directed away from graphene, keeping the pyrene (Py) part adsorbed on graphene. Then, to elucidate the adsorption mechanism, we separately estimated the contributions of the Py and BSE parts to the entire PASE adsorption, and the adsorption effect of the BSE part was found to be secondary in comparison to the contribution of the Py. Next, the mobility of the BSE part at room temperature was confirmed by the activation energy barrier between straight and bent structures. To take account of the external environment, we considered the presence of amino acids and the hydration effect by a three-dimensional reference interaction site model. The contributions of glycine molecules and the solvent environment to stabilizing the bent PASE structure relative to the straight PASE structure were found. Therefore, the effect of the external environment around PASE is of importance when the standing-up process of the BSE part from graphene is considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Oishi
- Graduate
School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, 1-3 Machikaneyama-cho, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-8531, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Ogi
- Graduate
School of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Satoshi Hagiwara
- Center
for Computational Sciences, University of
Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tenno-dai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Minoru Otani
- Center
for Computational Sciences, University of
Tsukuba, 1-1-1, Tenno-dai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Koichi Kusakabe
- Graduate
School of Science, University of Hyogo, 3-2-1 Koto, Kamigori-cho, Kamigori, Hyogo 678-1297, Japan
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8
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Shahriari S, Sastry M, Panjikar S, Singh Raman RK. Graphene and Graphene Oxide as a Support for Biomolecules in the Development of Biosensors. Nanotechnol Sci Appl 2021; 14:197-220. [PMID: 34815666 PMCID: PMC8605898 DOI: 10.2147/nsa.s334487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Graphene and graphene oxide have become the base of many advanced biosensors due to their exceptional characteristics. However, lack of some properties, such as inertness of graphene in organic solutions and non-electrical conductivity of graphene oxide, are their drawbacks in sensing applications. To compensate for these shortcomings, various methods of modifications have been developed to provide the appropriate properties required for biosensing. Efficient modification of graphene and graphene oxide facilitates the interaction of biomolecules with their surface, and the ultimate bioconjugate can be employed as the main sensing part of the biosensors. Graphene nanomaterials as transducers increase the signal response in various sensing applications. Their large surface area and perfect biocompatibility with lots of biomolecules provide the prerequisite of a stable biosensor, which is the immobilization of bioreceptor on transducer. Biosensor development has paramount importance in the field of environmental monitoring, security, defense, food safety standards, clinical sector, marine sector, biomedicine, and drug discovery. Biosensor applications are also prevalent in the plant biology sector to find the missing links required in the metabolic process. In this review, the importance of oxygen functional groups in functionalizing the graphene and graphene oxide and different types of functionalization will be explained. Moreover, immobilization of biomolecules (such as protein, peptide, DNA, aptamer) on graphene and graphene oxide and at the end, the application of these biomaterials in biosensors with different transducing mechanisms will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Shahriari
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Murali Sastry
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Santosh Panjikar
- ANSTO, Australian Synchrotron, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - R K Singh Raman
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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9
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Özmen EN, Kartal E, Turan MB, Yazıcıoğlu A, Niazi JH, Qureshi A. Graphene and carbon nanotubes interfaced electrochemical nanobiosensors for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) and other respiratory viral infections: A review. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 129:112356. [PMID: 34579878 PMCID: PMC8339589 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Recent COVID-19 pandemic has claimed millions of lives due to lack of a rapid diagnostic tool. Global scientific community is now making joint efforts on developing rapid and accurate diagnostic tools for early detection of viral infections to preventing future outbreaks. Conventional diagnostic methods for virus detection are expensive and time consuming. There is an immediate requirement for a sensitive, reliable, rapid and easy-to-use Point-of-Care (PoC) diagnostic technology. Electrochemical biosensors have the potential to fulfill these requirements, but they are less sensitive for sensing viruses/viral infections. However, sensitivity and performance of these electrochemical platforms can be improved by integrating carbon nanostructure, such as graphene and carbon nanotubes (CNTs). These nanostructures offer excellent electrical property, biocompatibility, chemical stability, mechanical strength and, large surface area that are most desired in developing PoC diagnostic tools for detecting viral infections with speed, sensitivity, and cost-effectiveness. This review summarizes recent advancements made toward integrating graphene/CNTs nanostructures and their surface modifications useful for developing new generation of electrochemical nanobiosensors for detecting viral infections. The review also provides prospects and considerations for extending the graphene/CNTs based electrochemical transducers into portable and wearable PoC tools that can be useful in preventing future outbreaks and pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emine Nur Özmen
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Boğaziçi University, Bebek, 34342 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Enise Kartal
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Bora Turan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bilkent University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Alperen Yazıcıoğlu
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabanci University, Orta Mahalle 34956, Tuzla, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Javed H Niazi
- Sabanci University, SUNUM Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, Tuzla 34956, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Anjum Qureshi
- Sabanci University, SUNUM Nanotechnology Research and Application Center, Tuzla 34956, Istanbul, Turkey.
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10
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de Almeida PR, Murad AM, Silva LP, Rech EL, Alves ES. Development of a Graphene-Based Biosensor for Detecting Recombinant Cyanovirin-N. BIOSENSORS 2020; 10:E206. [PMID: 33339087 PMCID: PMC7765543 DOI: 10.3390/bios10120206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
We present a graphene-based biosensor selective to recombinant cyanovirin-N (rCV-N), an antiviral protein that has proven to be an effective microbicide to inhibit HIV replication. We modified the graphene monolayer devices with 1-pyrenebutanoic acid succinimidyl ester, which interacts with both graphene and the primary and secondary amines of antibodies. By monitoring the change in the electrical resistance of the device, we were able to detect rCV-N in solutions in the range of 0.01 to 10 ng/mL, and found that the detection limit was 0.45 pg/mL, which is much smaller than that obtained with currently available techniques. This is important for applications of this microbicide against HIV, since it may be produced at a large scale from soya bean seeds processed using the available industrial processing technologies. The sensor showed high sensitivity, selectivity, and reproducibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Rodrigues de Almeida
- Physics Department, Federal University of Minas Gerais, C.P. 702, Belo Horizonte, MG 30123-970, Brazil;
- Federal Center for Technological Education of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG 30421-169, Brazil
| | - André Melro Murad
- EMBRAPA Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Brasília, DF 70770-917, Brazil; (A.M.M.); (L.P.S.); (E.L.R.)
| | - Luciano Paulino Silva
- EMBRAPA Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Brasília, DF 70770-917, Brazil; (A.M.M.); (L.P.S.); (E.L.R.)
| | - Elibio Leopoldo Rech
- EMBRAPA Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Brasília, DF 70770-917, Brazil; (A.M.M.); (L.P.S.); (E.L.R.)
| | - Elmo Salomão Alves
- Physics Department, Federal University of Minas Gerais, C.P. 702, Belo Horizonte, MG 30123-970, Brazil;
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11
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Farjadian F, Abbaspour S, Sadatlu MAA, Mirkiani S, Ghasemi A, Hoseini‐Ghahfarokhi M, Mozaffari N, Karimi M, Hamblin MR. Recent Developments in Graphene and Graphene Oxide: Properties, Synthesis, and Modifications: A Review. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202002501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Farjadian
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center Shiraz University of Medical Sciences Shiraz Iran
| | - Somayeh Abbaspour
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Sharif University of Technology Iran
| | | | - Soroush Mirkiani
- Neuroscience & Mental Health Institute Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry University of Alberta Canada
| | - Amir Ghasemi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering Sharif University of Technology Iran
- Advanced Nanobiotechnology and Nanomedicine Research Group (ANNRG) Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| | - Mojtaba Hoseini‐Ghahfarokhi
- Nano Drug Delivery Research Center Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences Kermanshah Iran
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine department School of Paramedical Sciences Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences Kermanshah Iran
| | - Naeimeh Mozaffari
- Research School of Electrical Energy and Materials Engineering The Australian National University Canberra ACT 2601 Australia
| | - Mahdi Karimi
- Iran Cellular and Molecular Research Center Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
- Oncopathology Research Center Iran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
- Research Center for Science and Technology in Medicine Tehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
- Applied Biotechnology Research Centre Tehran Medical Science Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran
| | - Michael R. Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine Massachusetts General Hospital Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02114 USA
- Department of Dermatology Harvard Medical School Boston MA 02115 USA
- Laser Research Centre Faculty of Health Science University of Johannesburg Johannesburg, Doornfontein 2028 South Africa
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12
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Chemically Functionalised Graphene FET Biosensor for the Label-free Sensing of Exosomes. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13946. [PMID: 31558796 PMCID: PMC6763426 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50412-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A graphene field-effect transistor (gFET) was non-covalently functionalised with 1-pyrenebutyric acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester and conjugated with anti-CD63 antibodies for the label-free detection of exosomes. Using a microfluidic channel, part of a graphene film was exposed to solution. The change in electrical properties of the exposed graphene created an additional minimum alongside the original Dirac point in the drain-source current (Ids) - back-gate voltage (Vg) curve. When phosphate buffered saline (PBS) was present in the channel, the additional minimum was present at a Vg lower than the original Dirac point and shifted with time when exosomes were introduced into the channel. This shift of the minimum from the PBS reference point reached saturation after 30 minutes and was observed for multiple exosome concentrations. Upon conjugation with an isotype control, sensor response to the highest concentration of exosomes was negligible in comparison to that with anti-CD63 antibody, indicating that the functionalised gFET can specifically detect exosomes at least down to 0.1 μg/mL and is sensitive to concentration. Such a gFET biosensor has not been used before for exosome sensing and could be an effective tool for the liquid-biopsy detection of exosomes as biomarkers for early-stage identification of diseases such as cancer.
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13
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Mousavi SM, Hashemi SA, Ghasemi Y, Amani AM, Babapoor A, Arjmand O. Applications of graphene oxide in case of nanomedicines and nanocarriers for biomolecules: review study. Drug Metab Rev 2019; 51:12-41. [PMID: 30741033 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2018.1522328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In this Review article, recent progress in matter of graphene oxide (GO) synthesis and its functionalization via a vast range of materials, including small molecules, polymers, and biomolecules, were reported and systematically summarized in order to overcome the inherent drawbacks of GO nanocarriers and thereby make these nanocarriers suitable for delivering chemotherapeutic agents, genes, and short interfering RNAs. Briefly, this work describes current strategies for the large scale production of GO and modification of graphene-based nanocarriers surfaces through practical chemical approaches, improving their biocompatibility and declining their toxicity. It also describes the most relevant cases of study suitable to demonstrate the role of graphene and graphene derivatives (GD) as nanocarrier for anti-cancer drugs and genes (e.g. miRNAs). Moreover, the controlled release mechanisms within the cell compartments and blood pH for targeted therapeutics release in the acidic environment of tumor cells or in intracellular compartments are mentioned and explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyyed Mojtaba Mousavi
- a Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran.,b Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran
| | - Seyyed Alireza Hashemi
- a Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran.,b Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran
| | - Younes Ghasemi
- a Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran.,b Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran
| | - Ali Mohammad Amani
- a Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran.,b Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran
| | - Aziz Babapoor
- b Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran.,c Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Mohaghegh Ardabili (UMA) , Ardabil , Iran
| | - Omid Arjmand
- d Department of Chemical Engineering, South Tehran Branch , Islamic Azad University , Tehran , Iran
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14
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Berchmans S, Venkatesan M, Vusa CSR, Arumugam P. PAMAM Dendrimer Modified Reduced Graphene Oxide Postfunctionalized by Horseradish Peroxidase for Biosensing H 2O 2. Methods Enzymol 2018; 609:143-170. [PMID: 30244788 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In this chapter, we describe the tethering of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) to reduced graphene oxide (RGO) for sensing H2O2 in serum. To accomplish this, RGO was synthesized through a green route by reducing graphene oxide (GO) prepared by Hummers method with carrot extract. The RGO was then covalently functionalized by electrochemical amination using fourth generation, amine-terminated PAMAM dendrimers. Subsequently, HRP was postfunctionalized through glutaraldehyde linkage. The synthesized RGO and the functionalization steps were well characterized by spectroscopic, microscopic, and electrochemical techniques. The application of HRP tethered RGO was demonstrated for H2O2 sensing in blood serum. This work provides scope for extending this functionalization strategy for other carbonaceous materials as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheela Berchmans
- CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Manju Venkatesan
- CSIR-Central Electrochemical Research Institute, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India
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15
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Synthesis of three new thiophene condensed pyrene derivatives, crystal structure and evaluation of their photophysical properties. J Mol Struct 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2017.12.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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16
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Hou B, Radadia AD. Differential Stability of Biosensing Proteins on Transferred Mono/Bilayer Graphene. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2018; 4:675-681. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Hou
- Institute for Micromanufacturing,
Center for Biomedical Engineering and Rehabilitation Services, Louisiana Tech University, 911 Hergot Avenue, Ruston, Louisiana 71270, United States
| | - Adarsh D. Radadia
- Institute for Micromanufacturing,
Center for Biomedical Engineering and Rehabilitation Services, Louisiana Tech University, 911 Hergot Avenue, Ruston, Louisiana 71270, United States
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17
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Label-free graphene biosensor targeting cancer molecules based on non-covalent modification. Biosens Bioelectron 2016; 87:701-707. [PMID: 27636559 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2016.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A label-free immunosensor based on antibody-modified graphene field effect transistor (GFET) was presented. Antibodies targeting carcinoembryonic antigen (Anti-CEA) were immobilized to the graphene surface via non-covalent modification. The bifunctional molecule, 1-pyrenebutanoic acid succinimidyl ester, which is composed of a pyrene and a reactive succinimide ester group, interacts with graphene non-covalently via π-stacking. The succinimide ester group reacts with the amine group to initiate antibody surface immobilization, which was confirmed by X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy, Atomic Force Microscopy and Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy. The resulting anti-CEA modified GFET sufficiently monitored the reaction between CEA protein and anti-CEA in real-time with high specificity, which revealed selective electrical detection of CEA with a limit of detection (LOD) of less than 100pg/ml. The dissociation constant between CEA protein and anti-CEA was estimated to be 6.35×10-11M, indicating the high affinity and sensitivity of anti-CEA-GFET. Taken together, the graphene biosensors provide an effective tool for clinical application and point-of-care medical diagnostics.
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18
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Alshammari A, Posner MG, Upadhyay A, Marken F, Bagby S, Ilie A. A Modular Bioplatform Based on a Versatile Supramolecular Multienzyme Complex Directly Attached to Graphene. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:21077-21088. [PMID: 27447357 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b05453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Developing generic strategies for building adaptable or multifunctional bioplatforms is challenging, in particular because protein immobilization onto surfaces often causes loss of protein function and because multifunctionality usually necessitates specific combinations of heterogeneous elements. Here, we introduce a generic, modular bioplatform construction strategy that uses cage-like supramolecular multienzyme complexes as highly adaptable building blocks immobilized directly and noncovalently on graphene. Thermoplasma acidophilum dihydrolipoyl acyltransferase (E2) supramolecular complexes organize as a monolayer or can be controllably transferred onto graphene, preserving their supramolecular form with specific molecular recognition capability and capacity for engineering multifunctionality. This E2-graphene platform can bind enzymes (here, E1, E2's physiological partner) without loss of enzyme function; in this test case, E1 catalytic activity was detected on E2-graphene over 6 orders of magnitude in substrate concentration. The E2-graphene platform can be multiplexed via patterned cotransfer of differently modified E2 complexes. As the E2 complexes are robust and highly customizable, E2-graphene is a platform onto which multiple functionalities can be built.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abeer Alshammari
- Department of Physics, King Saud University , Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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19
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Naylor CH, Kybert NJ, Schneier C, Xi J, Romero G, Saven JG, Liu R, Charlie Johnson AT. Scalable Production of Molybdenum Disulfide Based Biosensors. ACS NANO 2016; 10:6173-9. [PMID: 27227361 PMCID: PMC4949953 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b02137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate arrays of opioid biosensors based on chemical vapor deposition grown molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) field effect transistors (FETs) coupled to a computationally redesigned, water-soluble variant of the μ-opioid receptor (MOR). By transferring dense films of monolayer MoS2 crystals onto prefabricated electrode arrays, we obtain high-quality FETs with clean surfaces that allow for reproducible protein attachment. The fabrication yield of MoS2 FETs and biosensors exceeds 95%, with an average mobility of 2.0 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1) (36 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1)) at room temperature under ambient (in vacuo). An atomic length nickel-mediated linker chemistry enables target binding events that occur very close to the MoS2 surface to maximize sensitivity. The biosensor response calibration curve for a synthetic opioid peptide known to bind to the wild-type MOR indicates binding affinity that matches values determined using traditional techniques and a limit of detection ∼3 nM (1.5 ng/mL). The combination of scalable array fabrication and rapid, precise binding readout enabled by the MoS2 transistor offers the prospect of a solid-state drug testing platform for rapid readout of the interactions between novel drugs and their intended protein targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl H. Naylor
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, United States
| | - Nicholas J. Kybert
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, United States
| | - Camilla Schneier
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, United States
| | - Jin Xi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, United States
| | - Gabriela Romero
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, United States
| | - Jeffery G. Saven
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, United States
| | - Renyu Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, United States
| | - A. T. Charlie Johnson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, United States
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20
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Russell SR, Claridge SA. Peptide interfaces with graphene: an emerging intersection of analytical chemistry, theory, and materials. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:2649-58. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-9262-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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21
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Ping J, Xi J, Saven JG, Liu R, Johnson ATC. Quantifying the effect of ionic screening with protein-decorated graphene transistors. Biosens Bioelectron 2015; 89:689-692. [PMID: 26626969 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2015.11.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Liquid-based applications of biomolecule-decorated field-effect transistors (FETs) range from biosensors to in vivo implants. A critical scientific challenge is to develop a quantitative understanding of the gating effect of charged biomolecules in ionic solution and how this influences the readout of the FETs. To address this issue, we fabricated protein-decorated graphene FETs and measured their electrical properties, specifically the shift in Dirac voltage, in solutions of varying ionic strength. We found excellent quantitative agreement with a model that accounts for both the graphene polarization charge and ionic screening of ions adsorbed on the graphene as well as charged amino acids associated with the immobilized protein. The technique and analysis presented here directly couple the charging status of bound biomolecules to readout of liquid-phase FETs fabricated with graphene or other two-dimensional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinglei Ping
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA
| | - Jin Xi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Jeffery G Saven
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Renyu Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - A T Charlie Johnson
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA.
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22
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Larisika M, Kotlowski C, Steininger C, Mastrogiacomo R, Pelosi P, Schütz S, Peteu SF, Kleber C, Reiner-Rozman C, Nowak C, Knoll W. Electronic Olfactory Sensor Based on A. mellifera Odorant-Binding Protein 14 on a Reduced Graphene Oxide Field-Effect Transistor. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:13245-8. [PMID: 26364873 PMCID: PMC4768645 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201505712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
An olfactory biosensor based on a reduced graphene oxide (rGO) field-effect transistor (FET), functionalized by the odorant-binding protein 14 (OBP14) from the honey bee (Apis mellifera) has been designed for the in situ and real-time monitoring of a broad spectrum of odorants in aqueous solutions known to be attractants for bees. The electrical measurements of the binding of all tested odorants are shown to follow the Langmuir model for ligand-receptor interactions. The results demonstrate that OBP14 is able to bind odorants even after immobilization on rGO and can discriminate between ligands binding within a range of dissociation constants from K(d)=4 μM to K(d)=3.3 mM. The strongest ligands, such as homovanillic acid, eugenol, and methyl vanillate all contain a hydroxy group which is apparently important for the strong interaction with the protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Larisika
- BioSensor Technologies, Austrian Institute of Technology, Vienna (Austria)
- Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371 (Singapore)
| | - Caroline Kotlowski
- BioSensor Technologies, Austrian Institute of Technology, Vienna (Austria)
- Center for Electrochemical Surface Technology, Wiener Neustadt (Austria)
| | | | - Rosa Mastrogiacomo
- Department of Biology of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa (Italy)
| | - Paolo Pelosi
- Department of Biology of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa (Italy)
| | - Stefan Schütz
- Buesgen-Institute, Dept. of Forest Zoology and Forest Conservation, Goettingen (Germany)
| | - Serban F Peteu
- Michigan State University, Chemical Engineering & Materials Science (USA)
| | - Christoph Kleber
- Center for Electrochemical Surface Technology, Wiener Neustadt (Austria)
| | - Ciril Reiner-Rozman
- BioSensor Technologies, Austrian Institute of Technology, Vienna (Austria)
- Center for Electrochemical Surface Technology, Wiener Neustadt (Austria)
| | - Christoph Nowak
- BioSensor Technologies, Austrian Institute of Technology, Vienna (Austria)
- Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371 (Singapore)
- Center for Electrochemical Surface Technology, Wiener Neustadt (Austria)
| | - Wolfgang Knoll
- BioSensor Technologies, Austrian Institute of Technology, Vienna (Austria).
- Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371 (Singapore).
- Center for Electrochemical Surface Technology, Wiener Neustadt (Austria).
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23
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Larisika M, Kotlowski C, Steininger C, Mastrogiacomo R, Pelosi P, Schütz S, Peteu SF, Kleber C, Reiner‐Rozman C, Nowak C, Knoll W. Electronic Olfactory Sensor Based on
A. mellifera
Odorant‐Binding Protein 14 on a Reduced Graphene Oxide Field‐Effect Transistor. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201505712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Larisika
- BioSensor Technologies, Austrian Institute of Technology, Vienna (Austria)
- Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371 (Singapore)
| | - Caroline Kotlowski
- BioSensor Technologies, Austrian Institute of Technology, Vienna (Austria)
- Center for Electrochemical Surface Technology, Wiener Neustadt (Austria)
| | | | - Rosa Mastrogiacomo
- Department of Biology of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa (Italy)
| | - Paolo Pelosi
- Department of Biology of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa (Italy)
| | - Stefan Schütz
- Buesgen‐Institute, Dept. of Forest Zoology and Forest Conservation, Goettingen (Germany)
| | - Serban F. Peteu
- Michigan State University, Chemical Engineering & Materials Science (USA)
| | - Christoph Kleber
- Center for Electrochemical Surface Technology, Wiener Neustadt (Austria)
| | - Ciril Reiner‐Rozman
- BioSensor Technologies, Austrian Institute of Technology, Vienna (Austria)
- Center for Electrochemical Surface Technology, Wiener Neustadt (Austria)
| | - Christoph Nowak
- BioSensor Technologies, Austrian Institute of Technology, Vienna (Austria)
- Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371 (Singapore)
- Center for Electrochemical Surface Technology, Wiener Neustadt (Austria)
| | - Wolfgang Knoll
- BioSensor Technologies, Austrian Institute of Technology, Vienna (Austria)
- Centre for Biomimetic Sensor Science, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371 (Singapore)
- Center for Electrochemical Surface Technology, Wiener Neustadt (Austria)
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24
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Loukanov A, Filipov C, Lecheva M, Saim Emin. Immobilization and stretching of 5′-pyrene-terminated DNA on carbon film deposited on electron microscope grid. Microsc Res Tech 2015; 78:994-1000. [DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Loukanov
- Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Saitama University; Shimo-Ohkubo 255, Sakura-Ku Saitama 338-8570 Japan
- Laboratory of Engineering NanoBiotechnology; Department of Engineering Geoecology; University of Mining and Geology “St. Ivan Rilski”; Sofia Bulgaria
| | - Chavdar Filipov
- Department of Infectious Pathology; Hygiene, Technology and Control of Food Stuffs of Animal Origin, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Forestry; Sofia Bulgaria
| | - Marta Lecheva
- Laboratory of Engineering NanoBiotechnology; Department of Engineering Geoecology; University of Mining and Geology “St. Ivan Rilski”; Sofia Bulgaria
| | - Saim Emin
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Nova Gorica; Nova Gorica SI-5000 Slovenia
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25
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Roppolo I, Chiappone A, Boggione L, Castellino M, Bejtka K, Pirri CF, Sangermano M, Chiolerio A. Self-standing polymer-functionalized reduced graphene oxide papers obtained via a UV-process. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra21521h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanical and electrical properties of novel polymer-grafted RGO papers, synthesized via a two-step UV-induced method, were studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- I. Roppolo
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT)
- Center for Space Human Robotics@Polito
- 10129 Torino
- Italy
| | - A. Chiappone
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT)
- Center for Space Human Robotics@Polito
- 10129 Torino
- Italy
| | - L. Boggione
- Department of Applied Science and Technology – DISAT
- Politecnico di Torino
- 10129 Torino
- Italy
| | - M. Castellino
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT)
- Center for Space Human Robotics@Polito
- 10129 Torino
- Italy
| | - K. Bejtka
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT)
- Center for Space Human Robotics@Polito
- 10129 Torino
- Italy
| | - C. F. Pirri
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT)
- Center for Space Human Robotics@Polito
- 10129 Torino
- Italy
- Department of Applied Science and Technology – DISAT
| | - M. Sangermano
- Department of Applied Science and Technology – DISAT
- Politecnico di Torino
- 10129 Torino
- Italy
| | - A. Chiolerio
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT)
- Center for Space Human Robotics@Polito
- 10129 Torino
- Italy
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26
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Bjerglund E, Kongsfelt M, Shimizu K, Jensen BBE, Koefoed L, Ceccato M, Skrydstrup T, Pedersen SU, Daasbjerg K. Controlled electrochemical carboxylation of graphene to create a versatile chemical platform for further functionalization. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:6622-6628. [PMID: 24852930 DOI: 10.1021/la501297j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
An electrochemical approach is introduced for the versatile carboxylation of multi-layered graphene in 0.1 M Bu4NBF4/MeCN. First, the graphene substrate (i.e., graphene chemically vapor-deposited on Ni) is negatively charged at -1.9 V versus Ag/AgI in a degassed solution to allow for intercalation of Bu4N(+) and, thereby, separation of the individual graphene sheets. In the next step, the strongly activated and nucleophilic graphene is allowed to react with added carbon dioxide in an addition reaction, introducing carboxylate groups stabilized by Bu4N(+) already present. This procedure may be carried out repetitively to further enhance the carboxylation degree under controlled conditions. Encouragingly, the same degree of control is even attainable, if the intercalation and carboxylation is carried out simultaneously in a one-step procedure, consisting of simply electrolyzing in a CO2-saturated solution at the graphene electrode for a given time. The same functionalization degree is obtained for all multi-layered regions, independent of the number of graphene sheets, which is due to the fact that the entire graphene structure is opened in response to the intercalation of Bu4N(+). Hence, this electrochemical method offers a versatile procedure to make all graphene sheets in a multi-layered but expanded structure accessible for functionalization. On a more general level, this approach will provide a versatile way of forming new hybrid materials based on intimate bond coupling to graphene via carboxylate groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil Bjerglund
- Department of Chemistry and Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center, University of Aarhus , Langelandsgade 140, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
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27
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Adhikari PD, Jeon S, Cha MJ, Jung DS, Kim Y, Park CY. Immobilization of carbon nanotubes on functionalized graphene film grown by chemical vapor deposition and characterization of the hybrid material. SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS 2014; 15:015007. [PMID: 27877649 PMCID: PMC5090610 DOI: 10.1088/1468-6996/15/1/015007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 01/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We report the surface functionalization of graphene films grown by chemical vapor deposition and fabrication of a hybrid material combining multi-walled carbon nanotubes and graphene (CNT-G). Amine-terminated self-assembled monolayers were prepared on graphene by the UV-modification of oxidized groups introduced onto the film surface. Amine-termination led to effective interaction with functionalized CNTs to assemble a CNT-G hybrid through covalent bonding. Characterization clearly showed no defects of the graphene film after the immobilization reaction with CNT. In addition, the hybrid graphene material revealed a distinctive CNT-G structure and p-n type electrical properties. The introduction of functional groups on the graphene film surface and fabrication of CNT-G hybrids with the present technique could provide an efficient, novel route to device fabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashanta Dhoj Adhikari
- Center for Nanotubes and Nanostructured Composites, BK 21 plus Physics Research Division, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghan Jeon
- Center for Nanotubes and Nanostructured Composites, BK 21 plus Physics Research Division, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung-Jun Cha
- Center for Nanotubes and Nanostructured Composites, BK 21 plus Physics Research Division, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Sung Jung
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Yooseok Kim
- Center for Nanotubes and Nanostructured Composites, BK 21 plus Physics Research Division, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Chong-Yun Park
- Center for Nanotubes and Nanostructured Composites, BK 21 plus Physics Research Division, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy Science, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, Republic of Korea
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28
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Hassan M, Walter M, Moseler M. Interactions of polymers with reduced graphene oxide: van der Waals binding energies of benzene on graphene with defects. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:33-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp53922a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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29
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Casas-Solvas JM, Howgego JD, Davis AP. Synthesis of substituted pyrenes by indirect methods. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:212-32. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ob41993b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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30
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Fu W, Nef C, Tarasov A, Wipf M, Stoop R, Knopfmacher O, Weiss M, Calame M, Schönenberger C. High mobility graphene ion-sensitive field-effect transistors by noncovalent functionalization. NANOSCALE 2013; 5:12104-12110. [PMID: 24142362 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr03940d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Noncovalent functionalization is a well-known nondestructive process for property engineering of carbon nanostructures, including carbon nanotubes and graphene. However, it is not clear to what extend the extraordinary electrical properties of these carbon materials can be preserved during the process. Here, we demonstrated that noncovalent functionalization can indeed delivery graphene field-effect transistors (FET) with fully preserved mobility. In addition, these high-mobility graphene transistors can serve as a promising platform for biochemical sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Fu
- Department of Physics, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 82, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland.
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31
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Goenka S, Sant V, Sant S. Graphene-based nanomaterials for drug delivery and tissue engineering. J Control Release 2013; 173:75-88. [PMID: 24161530 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 655] [Impact Index Per Article: 59.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 10/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Nanomaterials offer interesting physicochemical and biological properties for biomedical applications due to their small size, large surface area and ability to interface/interact with the cells/tissues. Graphene-based nanomaterials are fast emerging as "two-dimensional wonder materials" due to their unique structure and excellent mechanical, optical and electrical properties and have been exploited in electronics and other fields. Emerging trends show that their exceptional properties can be exploited for biomedical applications, especially in drug delivery and tissue engineering. This article presents a comprehensive review of various types and properties of graphene family nanomaterials. We further highlight how these properties are being exploited for drug delivery and tissue engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Goenka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh 15261, USA
| | - Vinayak Sant
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh 15261, USA
| | - Shilpa Sant
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Pittsburgh School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh 15261, USA; Department of Bioengineering, Pittsburgh 15261, USA; McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh 15219, USA.
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32
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Alava T, Mann JA, Théodore C, Benitez JJ, Dichtel WR, Parpia JM, Craighead HG. Control of the graphene-protein interface is required to preserve adsorbed protein function. Anal Chem 2013; 85:2754-9. [PMID: 23363062 DOI: 10.1021/ac303268z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Graphene's suite of useful properties makes it of interest for use in biosensors. However, graphene interacts strongly with hydrophobic components of biomolecules, potentially altering their conformation and disrupting their biological activity. We have immobilized the protein Concanavalin A onto a self-assembled monolayer of multivalent tripodal molecules on single-layer graphene. We used a quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) to show that tripod-bound Concanavalin A retains its affinity for polysaccharides containing α-D-glucopyrannosyl groups as well as for the α-D-mannopyranosyl groups located on the cell wall of Bacillus subtilis. QCM measurements on unfunctionalized graphene indicate that adsorption of Concanavalin A onto graphene is accompanied by near-complete loss of these functions, suggesting that interactions with the graphene surface induce deleterious structural changes to the protein. Given that Concanavalin A's tertiary structure is thought to be relatively robust, these results suggest that other proteins might also be denatured upon adsorption onto graphene, such that the graphene-biomolecule interface must be considered carefully. Multivalent tripodal binding groups address this challenge by anchoring proteins without loss of function and without disrupting graphene's desirable electronic structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Alava
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States.
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33
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Mann JA, Alava T, Craighead HG, Dichtel WR. Preservation of Antibody Selectivity on Graphene by Conjugation to a Tripod Monolayer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:3177-80. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201209149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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34
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Mann JA, Alava T, Craighead HG, Dichtel WR. Preservation of Antibody Selectivity on Graphene by Conjugation to a Tripod Monolayer. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201209149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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35
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Gao T, Wang X, Yu B, Wei Q, Xia Y, Zhou F. Noncovalent microcontact printing for grafting patterned polymer brushes on graphene films. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:1054-60. [PMID: 23294478 DOI: 10.1021/la304385r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This article describes a simple and universal approach to prepare patterned polymer brushes on graphene-based substrate surfaces by microcontact printing (μCP) of initiator molecules and subsequent surface initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP) method. Four different initiators are designed and have strong adhesion with graphene-based substrates through noncovalent interaction. Optical and fluorescence microscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to characterize the successful polymerization of vinyl monomers on substrate surfaces. To demonstrate the broad applicability of this strategy, polymer brushes with different functionalities including cationic and anionic polyelectrolyte, thermally and pH responsive polymers, as well as polymer patterns on different graphene-based surfaces are fabricated. Binary polymer brushes can also be easily prepared by further initiating the initiator backfilled in the bare areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
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36
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental
Criteria (Ministry of Education), College of Environmental Science
and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin
300071, China
| | - Qixing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental
Criteria (Ministry of Education), College of Environmental Science
and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin
300071, China
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37
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Gunasinghe RN, Reuven DG, Suggs K, Wang XQ. Filled and Empty Orbital Interactions in a Planar Covalent Organic Framework on Graphene. J Phys Chem Lett 2012; 3:3048-3052. [PMID: 26292248 DOI: 10.1021/jz301304f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The electronic characteristics of a planar covalent organic framework (COF) on graphene are investigated by means of dispersion-corrected density functional theory. The aromatic central molecule of the COF acts as an electron donor to graphene, while the linker of the COF acts as an electron acceptor. The concerted interaction between the filled orbitals of the central molecule and empty orbitals of the linker promotes the formation of planar COF networks on graphene. The calculation results are in very good agreement with experimental findings of an ordered hexagonal and square COF planar on graphene, which sheds light on the supermolecular assembly mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosi N Gunasinghe
- Department of Physics and Center for Functional Nanoscale Materials, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia 30314, United States
| | - Darkeyah G Reuven
- Department of Physics and Center for Functional Nanoscale Materials, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia 30314, United States
| | - Kelvin Suggs
- Department of Physics and Center for Functional Nanoscale Materials, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia 30314, United States
| | - Xiao-Qian Wang
- Department of Physics and Center for Functional Nanoscale Materials, Clark Atlanta University, Atlanta, Georgia 30314, United States
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38
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Georgakilas V, Otyepka M, Bourlinos AB, Chandra V, Kim N, Kemp KC, Hobza P, Zboril R, Kim KS. Functionalization of graphene: covalent and non-covalent approaches, derivatives and applications. Chem Rev 2012; 112:6156-214. [PMID: 23009634 DOI: 10.1021/cr3000412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1824] [Impact Index Per Article: 152.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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39
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Understanding and controlling the substrate effect on graphene electron-transfer chemistry via reactivity imprint lithography. Nat Chem 2012; 4:724-32. [DOI: 10.1038/nchem.1421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 416] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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40
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Stine R, Ciszek JW, Barlow DE, Lee WK, Robinson JT, Sheehan PE. High-density amine-terminated monolayers formed on fluorinated CVD-grown graphene. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:7957-61. [PMID: 22578013 DOI: 10.1021/la301091f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
There has been considerable interest in chemically functionalizing graphene films to control their electronic properties, to enhance their binding to other molecules for sensing, and to strengthen their interfaces with matrices in a composite material. Most reports to date have largely focused on noncovalent methods or the use of graphene oxide. Here, we present a method to activate CVD-grown graphene sheets using fluorination followed by reaction with ethylenediamine (EDA) to form covalent bonds. Reacted graphene was characterized via X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and Raman spectroscopy as well as measurements of electrical properties. The functionalization results in stable, densely packed layers, and the unbound amine of EDA was shown to be active toward subsequent chemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rory Stine
- Nova Research, Alexandria, Virginia 22308, United States
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41
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Qi Y, Mazur U, Hipps KW. Charge transfer induced chemical reaction of tetracyano-p-quinodimethane adsorbed on graphene. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra21756b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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42
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Hong JY, Jang J. Micropatterning of graphene sheets: recent advances in techniques and applications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm00102k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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43
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Sanchez VC, Jachak A, Hurt RH, Kane AB. Biological interactions of graphene-family nanomaterials: an interdisciplinary review. Chem Res Toxicol 2011; 25:15-34. [PMID: 21954945 DOI: 10.1021/tx200339h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 740] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Graphene is a single-atom thick, two-dimensional sheet of hexagonally arranged carbon atoms isolated from its three-dimensional parent material, graphite. Related materials include few-layer-graphene (FLG), ultrathin graphite, graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (rGO), and graphene nanosheets (GNS). This review proposes a systematic nomenclature for this set of Graphene-Family Nanomaterials (GFNs) and discusses specific materials properties relevant for biomolecular and cellular interactions. We discuss several unique modes of interaction between GFNs and nucleic acids, lipid bilayers, and conjugated small molecule drugs and dyes. Some GFNs are produced as dry powders using thermal exfoliation, and in these cases, inhalation is a likely route of human exposure. Some GFNs have aerodynamic sizes that can lead to inhalation and substantial deposition in the human respiratory tract, which may impair lung defense and clearance leading to the formation of granulomas and lung fibrosis. The limited literature on in vitro toxicity suggests that GFNs can be either benign or toxic to cells, and it is hypothesized that the biological response will vary across the material family depending on layer number, lateral size, stiffness, hydrophobicity, surface functionalization, and dose. Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in target cells is a potential mechanism for toxicity, although the extremely high hydrophobic surface area of some GFNs may also lead to significant interactions with membrane lipids leading to direct physical toxicity or adsorption of biological molecules leading to indirect toxicity. Limited in vivo studies demonstrate systemic biodistribution and biopersistence of GFNs following intravenous delivery. Similar to other smooth, continuous, biopersistent implants or foreign bodies, GFNs have the potential to induce foreign body tumors. Long-term adverse health impacts must be considered in the design of GFNs for drug delivery, tissue engineering, and fluorescence-based biomolecular sensing. Future research is needed to explore fundamental biological responses to GFNs including systematic assessment of the physical and chemical material properties related to toxicity. Complete materials characterization and mechanistic toxicity studies are essential for safer design and manufacturing of GFNs in order to optimize biological applications with minimal risks for environmental health and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanesa C Sanchez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Brown University , Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
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44
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van Rijn P, Böker A. Bionanoparticles and hybrid materials: tailored structural properties, self-assembly, materials and developments in the field. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1jm11433f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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