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Gadroy C, Boukraa R, Battaglini N, Le Derf F, Mofaddel N, Vieillard J, Piro B. An Electrolyte-Gated Graphene Field-Effect Transistor for Detection of Gadolinium(III) in Aqueous Media. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:363. [PMID: 36979575 PMCID: PMC10046572 DOI: 10.3390/bios13030363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
In this work, an electrolyte-gated graphene field-effect transistor is developed for Gd3+ ion detection in water. The source and drain electrodes of the transistor are fabricated by photolithography on polyimide, while the graphene channel is obtained by inkjet-printing a graphene oxide ink subsequently electro-reduced to give reduced graphene oxide. The Gd3+-selective ligand DOTA is functionalized by an alkyne linker to be grafted by click chemistry on a gold electrode without losing its affinity for Gd3+. The synthesis route is fully described, and the ligand, the linker and the functionalized surface are characterized by electrochemical analysis and spectroscopy. The as functionalized electrode is used as gate in the graphene transistor so to modulate the source-drain current as a function of its potential, which is itself modulated by the concentration of Gd3+captured on the gate surface. The obtained sensor is able to quantify Gd3+ even in a sample containing several other potentially interfering ions such as Ni2+, Ca2+, Na+ and In3+. The quantification range is from 1 pM to 10 mM, with a sensitivity of 20 mV dec-1 expected for a trivalent ion. This paves the way for Gd3+ quantification in hospital or industrial wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlène Gadroy
- Université de Rouen-Normandie, Campus d’Evreux, UMR-CNRS 6014, F-27000 Evreux, France
| | - Rassen Boukraa
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, ITODYS, F-75013 Paris, France
| | | | - Franck Le Derf
- Université de Rouen-Normandie, Campus d’Evreux, UMR-CNRS 6014, F-27000 Evreux, France
| | - Nadine Mofaddel
- Université de Rouen-Normandie, Campus d’Evreux, UMR-CNRS 6014, F-27000 Evreux, France
| | - Julien Vieillard
- Université de Rouen-Normandie, Campus d’Evreux, UMR-CNRS 6014, F-27000 Evreux, France
| | - Benoît Piro
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, ITODYS, F-75013 Paris, France
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2
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Wang L, Schubert US, Hoeppener S. Surface chemical reactions on self-assembled silane based monolayers. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:6507-6540. [PMID: 34100051 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01220c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we aim to update our review "Chemical modification of self-assembled silane-based monolayers by surface reactions" which was published in 2010 and has developed into an important guiding tool for researchers working on the modification of solid substrate surface properties by chemical modification of silane-based self-assembled monolayers. Due to the rapid development of this field of research in the last decade, the utilization of chemical functionalities in self-assembled monolayers has been significantly improved and some new processes were introduced in chemical surface reactions for tailoring the properties of solid substrates. Thus, it is time to update the developments in the surface functionalization of silane-based molecules. Hence, after a short introduction on self-assembled monolayers, this review focuses on a series of chemical reactions, i.e., nucleophilic substitution, click chemistry, supramolecular modification, photochemical reaction, and other reactions, which have been applied for the modification of hydroxyl-terminated substrates, like silicon and glass, which have been reported during the last 10 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limin Wang
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University, Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany
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3
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Li W, Li Y, Xu K. Azidated Graphene: Direct Azidation from Monolayers, Click Chemistry, and Bulk Production from Graphite. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:534-539. [PMID: 31804841 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b04267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The inertness of the graphene basal plane has notably limited its viable chemical modification pathways. We report direct azidation and subsequent click chemistry of the graphene basal plane through the electrochemical oxidation of an aqueous sodium azide solution at the graphene surface. An ∼20% nitrogen-to-carbon ratio is achieved for monolayer graphene under ambient conditions and neutral pH, and the degree of functionalization is tunable through the applied voltage. The functionalized azide groups enable both copper-catalyzed and copper-free alkyne cycloaddition click chemistry, as well as subsequent bioconjugation, and fluorescence microscopy indicates uniform functionalization across the graphene surface. Notably, we find that as the azidation, cycloaddition, and bioconjugation processes substantially shift the graphene doping level, high electrical conductivity and carrier mobility are maintained throughout the different functionalization states. By integrating the electrochemical azidation scheme with electrochemical exfoliation, we further demonstrate one-step bulk production of azidated graphene flakes from graphite. We thus open a new door to the facile preparation of diverse graphene derivatives under ambient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan Li
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Yunqi Li
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Ke Xu
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
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4
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Zhang X, Xia T, Jiang K, Cui Y, Yang Y, Qian G. Highly sensitive and selective detection of mercury (II) based on a zirconium metal-organic framework in aqueous media. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2017.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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5
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Sánchez‐Molina M, López‐Romero JM, Hierrezuelo‐León J, Martín‐Rufián M, Díaz A, Valpuesta M, Contreras‐Cáceres R. Synthesis and Covalent Grafting of Tripod‐Shaped Oligo(
p
‐phenylene)s End‐Capped with Azide Groups. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201500526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- María Sánchez‐Molina
- Dep. Química OrgánicaUniversidad de Málaga Campus de Teatinos s/n Malaga 29071 Spain
| | - Juan M. López‐Romero
- Dep. Química OrgánicaUniversidad de Málaga Campus de Teatinos s/n Malaga 29071 Spain
| | | | - Mercedes Martín‐Rufián
- Unidad de Proteómica. Servicio Central de Apoyo a la InvestigaciónUniversidad de Málaga Malaga 29071 Spain
| | - Amelia Díaz
- Dep. Química OrgánicaUniversidad de Málaga Campus de Teatinos s/n Malaga 29071 Spain
| | - María Valpuesta
- Dep. Química OrgánicaUniversidad de Málaga Campus de Teatinos s/n Malaga 29071 Spain
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6
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O'Connell J, Collins G, McGlacken GP, Duffy R, Holmes JD. Monolayer Doping of Si with Improved Oxidation Resistance. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:4101-4108. [PMID: 26812170 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b11731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this article, the functionalization of planar silicon with arsenic- and phosphorus-based azides was investigated. Covalently bonded and well-ordered alkyne-terminated monolayers were prepared from a range of commercially available dialkyne precursors using a well-known thermal hydrosilylation mechanism to form an acetylene-terminated monolayer. The terminal acetylene moieties were further functionalized through the application of copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reactions between dopant-containing azides and the terminal acetylene groups. The introduction of dopant molecules via this method does not require harsh conditions typically employed in traditional monolayer doping approaches, enabling greater surface coverage with improved resistance toward reoxidation. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies showed successful dialkyne incorporation with minimal Si surface oxidation, and monitoring of the C 1s and N 1s core-level spectra showed successful azide-alkyne cycloaddition. Electrochemical capacitance-voltage measurements showed effective diffusion of the activated dopant atoms into the Si substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- John O'Connell
- Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices AMBER@CRANN, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Gillian Collins
- Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices AMBER@CRANN, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin 2, Ireland
| | | | | | - Justin D Holmes
- Centre for Research on Adaptive Nanostructures and Nanodevices AMBER@CRANN, Trinity College Dublin , Dublin 2, Ireland
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7
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Mohammadi Ziarani G, Hassanzadeh Z, Gholamzadeh P, Asadi S, Badiei A. Advances in click chemistry for silica-based material construction. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra26034e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Click chemistry is undoubtedly the most powerful 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction in organic synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Shima Asadi
- Department of Chemistry
- Alzahra University
- Tehran
- Iran
| | - Alireza Badiei
- School of Chemistry
- College of Science
- University of Tehran
- Tehran
- Iran
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8
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9
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Rinaldi L, Martina K, Baricco F, Rotolo L, Cravotto G. Solvent-free copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition under mechanochemical activation. Molecules 2015; 20:2837-49. [PMID: 25671367 PMCID: PMC6272186 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20022837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The ball-mill-based mechanochemical activation of metallic copper powder facilitates solvent-free alkyne-azide click reactions (CuAAC). All parameters that affect reaction rate (i.e., milling time, revolutions/min, size and milling ball number) have been optimized. This new, efficient, facile and eco-friendly procedure has been tested on a number of different substrates and in all cases afforded the corresponding 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazole derivatives in high yields and purities. The final compounds were isolated in almost quantitative overall yields after simple filtration, making this procedure facile and rapid. The optimized CuAAC protocol was efficiently applied even with bulky functionalized β-cyclodextrins (β-CD) and scaled-up to 10 g of isolated product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Rinaldi
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco and NIS-Centre for Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 9, Turin 10125, Italy.
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Molecolari e Scienze per la Salute, University of Turin, Via Quarello 15, Turin 10125, Italy.
| | - Katia Martina
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco and NIS-Centre for Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 9, Turin 10125, Italy.
| | - Francesca Baricco
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco and NIS-Centre for Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 9, Turin 10125, Italy.
| | - Laura Rotolo
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco and NIS-Centre for Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 9, Turin 10125, Italy.
| | - Giancarlo Cravotto
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco and NIS-Centre for Nanostructured Interfaces and Surfaces, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 9, Turin 10125, Italy.
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10
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Wang CF, Mäkilä EM, Bonduelle C, Rytkönen J, Raula J, Almeida S, Närvänen A, Salonen JJ, Lecommandoux S, Hirvonen JT, Santos HA. Functionalization of alkyne-terminated thermally hydrocarbonized porous silicon nanoparticles with targeting peptides and antifouling polymers: effect on the human plasma protein adsorption. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:2006-2015. [PMID: 25539741 DOI: 10.1021/am507827n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Porous silicon (PSi) nanomaterials combine a high drug loading capacity and tunable surface chemistry with various surface modifications to meet the requirements for biomedical applications. In this work, alkyne-terminated thermally hydrocarbonized porous silicon (THCPSi) nanoparticles were fabricated and postmodified using five bioactive molecules (targeting peptides and antifouling polymers) via a single-step click chemistry to modulate the bioactivity of the THCPSi nanoparticles, such as enhancing the cellular uptake and reducing the plasma protein association. The size of the nanoparticles after modification was increased from 176 to 180-220 nm. Dextran 40 kDa modified THCPSi nanoparticles showed the highest stability in aqueous buffer. Both peptide- and polymer-functionalized THCPSi nanoparticles showed an extensive cellular uptake which was dependent on the functionalized moieties presented on the surface of the nanoparticles. The plasma protein adsorption study showed that the surface modification with different peptides or polymers induced different protein association profiles. Dextran 40 kDa functionalized THCPSi nanoparticles presented the least protein association. Overall, these results demonstrate that the "click" conjugation of the biomolecules onto the alkyne-terminated THCPSi nanoparticles is a versatile and simple approach to modulate the surface chemistry, which has high potential for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Fang Wang
- Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki , FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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11
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Lafarge J, Kébir N, Schapman D, Burel F. Design of self-disinfecting PVC surfaces using the click chemistry. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2013.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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12
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Davila J, Toulemon D, Garnier T, Garnier A, Senger B, Voegel JC, Mésini PJ, Schaaf P, Boulmedais F, Jierry L. Bioaffinity sensor based on nanoarchitectonic films: control of the specific adsorption of proteins through the dual role of an ethylene oxide spacer. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:7488-7498. [PMID: 23346932 DOI: 10.1021/la3045779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The identification and quantification of biomarkers or proteins is a real challenge in allowing the early detection of diseases. The functionalization of the biosensor surface has to be properly designed to prevent nonspecific interactions and to detect the biomolecule of interest specifically. A multilayered nanoarchitecture, based on polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEM) and the sequential immobilization of streptavidin and a biotinylated antibody, was elaborated as a promising platform for the label-free sensing of targeted proteins. We choose ovalbumin as an example. Thanks to the versatility of PEM films, the platform was built on two types of sensor surface and was evaluated using both optical- and viscoelastic-based techniques, namely, optical waveguide lightmode spectroscopy and the quartz crystal microbalance, respectively. A library of biotinylated poly(acrylic acids) (PAAs) was synthesized by grafting biotin moieties at different grafting ratios (GR). The biotin moieties were linked to the PAA chains through ethylene oxide (EO) spacers of different lengths. The adsorption of the PAA-EOn-biotin (GR) layer on a PEM precursor film allows tuning the surface density in biotin and thus the streptavidin adsorption mainly through the grafting ratio. The nonspecific adsorption of serum was reduced and even suppressed depending on the length of the EO arms. We showed that to obtain an antifouling polyelectrolyte the grafting of EO9 or EO19 chains at 25% in GR is sufficient. Thus, the spacer has a dual role: ensuring the antifouling property and allowing the accessibility of biotin moieties. Finally, an optimized platform based on the PAA-EO9-biotin (25%)/streptavidin/biotinylated-antibody architecture was built and demonstrated promising performance as interface architecture for bioaffinity sensing of a targeted protein, in our case, ovalbumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Davila
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Propre de Recherche 22, Institut Charles Sadron, Strasbourg, France
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13
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Ripert M, Farre C, Chaix C. Selective functionalization of Au electrodes by electrochemical activation of the “click” reaction catalyst. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.12.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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14
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Ciampi S, James M, Choudhury MH, Darwish NA, Gooding JJ. The detailed characterization of electrochemically switchable molecular assemblies on silicon electrodes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2013; 15:9879-90. [DOI: 10.1039/c3cp50355k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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15
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Manova RK, Pujari SP, Weijers CAGM, Zuilhof H, van Beek TA. Copper-free click biofunctionalization of silicon nitride surfaces via strain-promoted alkyne-azide cycloaddition reactions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:8651-63. [PMID: 22642374 DOI: 10.1021/la300921e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Cu-free "click" chemistry is explored on silicon nitride (Si(3)N(4)) surfaces as an effective way for oriented immobilization of biomolecules. An ω-unsaturated ester was grafted onto Si(3)N(4) using UV irradiation. Hydrolysis followed by carbodiimide-mediated activation yielded surface-bound active succinimidyl and pentafluorophenyl ester groups. These reactive surfaces were employed for the attachment of bicyclononyne with an amine spacer, which subsequently enabled room temperature strain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition (SPAAC). This stepwise approach was characterized by means of static water contact angle, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and fluorescence microscopy. The surface-bound SPAAC reaction was studied with both a fluorine-tagged azide and an azide-linked lactose, yielding hydrophobic and bioactive surfaces for which the presence of trace amounts of Cu ions would have been problematic. Additionally, patterning of the Si(3)N(4) surface using this metal-free click reaction with a fluorescent azide is shown. These results demonstrate the ability of the SPAAC as a generic tool for anchoring complex molecules onto a surface under extremely mild, namely ambient and metal-free, conditions in a clean and relatively fast manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radostina K Manova
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 8, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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16
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Li Y, Zuilhof H. Photochemical grafting and patterning of organic monolayers on indium tin oxide substrates. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:5350-5359. [PMID: 22324432 DOI: 10.1021/la204980f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Covalently attached organic layers on indium tin oxide (ITO) surfaces were prepared by the photochemical grafting with 1-alkenes. The surface modification was monitored with static water contact angle, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements. Hydrophobic methyl-terminated ITO surfaces can be obtained via the grafting of tetradec-1-ene, whereas the attachment of ω-functionalized 1-alkenes leads to functionalized ITO surfaces. The use of a C≡C-Ge(CH(3))(3) terminus allows for facile tagging of the surface with an azido group via a one-pot deprotection/click reaction, resulting in bio/electronically active interfaces. The combination of nonaggressive chemicals (alkenes), mild reaction conditions (room temperature), and a light-induced grafting that facilitates the direct patterning of organic layers makes this simple approach highly promising for the development of ITO-based (bio)electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 8, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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17
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James M, Ciampi S, Darwish TA, Hanley TL, Sylvester SO, Gooding JJ. Nanoscale water condensation on click-functionalized self-assembled monolayers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:10753-10762. [PMID: 21780835 DOI: 10.1021/la202359c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We have examined the nanoscale adsorption of molecular water under ambient conditions onto a series of well-characterized functionalized surfaces produced by Cu(I)-catalyzed alkyne-azide cycloaddition (CuAAC or "click") reactions on alkyne-terminated self-assembled monolayers on silicon. Water contact angle (CA) measurements reveal a range of macroscopic hydrophilicity that does not correlate with the tendency of these surfaces to adsorb water at the molecular level. X-ray reflectometry has been used to follow the kinetics of water adsorption on these "click"-functionalized surfaces, and also shows that dense continuous molecular water layers are formed over 30 h. For example, a highly hydrophilic surface, functionalized by an oligo(ethylene glycol) moiety (with a CA = 34°) showed 2.9 Å of adsorbed water after 30 h, while the almost hydrophobic underlying alkyne-terminated monolayer (CA = 84°) showed 5.6 Å of adsorbed water over the same period. While this study highlights the capacity of X-ray reflectometry to study the structure of adsorbed water on these surfaces, it should also serve as a warning for those intending to characterize self-assembled monolayers and functionalized surfaces to avoid contamination by even trace amounts of water vapor. Moreover, contact angle measurements alone cannot be relied upon to predict the likely degree of moisture uptake on such surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael James
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation (ANSTO), Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC NSW 2232, Australia.
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18
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Li Y, Cai C. Click chemistry-based functionalization on non-oxidized silicon substrates. Chem Asian J 2011; 6:2592-605. [PMID: 21751406 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201100294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC), combined with the chemical stability of the Si-C-bound organic layer, serves as an efficient tool for the modification of silicon substrates, particularly for the immobilization of complex biomolecules. This review covers recent advances in the preparation of alkynyl- or azido-terminated "clickable" platforms on non-oxidized silicon and their further derivatization by means of the CuAAC reaction. The exploitation of these "click"-functionalized organic thin films as model surfaces to study many biological events was also addressed, as they are directly relevant to the on-going effort of creating silicon-based molecular electronics and chemical/biomolecular sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Department of Chemistry & Center for Materials Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, USA
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19
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Ciampi S, James M, Michaels P, Gooding JJ. Tandem "click" reactions at acetylene-terminated Si(100) monolayers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:6940-6949. [PMID: 21557551 DOI: 10.1021/la2013733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate a simple method for coupling alkynes to alkynes. The method involves tandem azide-alkyne cycloaddition reactions ("click" chemistry) for the immobilization of 1-alkyne species onto an alkyne modified surface in a one-pot procedure. In the case presented, these reactions take place on a nonoxidized Si(100) surface although the approach is general for linking alkynes to alkynes. The applicability of the method in the preparation of electrically well-behaved functionalized surfaces is demonstrated by coupling an alkyne-tagged ferrocene species onto alkyne-terminated Si(100) surfaces. The utility of the approach in biotechnology is shown by constructing a DNA sensing interface by derivatization of the acetylenyl surface with commercially available alkyne-tagged oligonucleotides. Cyclic voltametry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and X-ray reflectometry are used to characterize the coupling reactions and performance of the final modified surfaces. These data show that this synthetic protocol gives chemically well-defined, electronically well-behaved, and robust (bio)functionalized monolayers on silicon semiconducting surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Ciampi
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW 2052, Australia
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Li Y, Zhao M, Wang J, Liu K, Cai C. Biofunctionalization of a "clickable" organic layer photochemically grafted on titanium substrates. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:4848-56. [PMID: 21417429 PMCID: PMC3233876 DOI: 10.1021/la104853t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We have developed a general method combining photochemical grafting and copper-catalyzed click chemistry for biofunctionalization of titanium substrates. The UV-activated grafting of an α,ω-alkenyne onto TiO(2)/Ti substrates provided a "clickable" thin film platform. The selective attachment of the vinyl end of the molecule to the surface was achieved by masking the alkynyl end with a trimethylgermanyl (TMG) protecting group. Subsequently, various oligo(ethylene glycol) (OEG) derivatives terminated with an azido group were attached to the TMG-alkynyl modified titanium surface via a one-pot deprotection/click reaction. The films were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), contact angle goniometry, ellipsometry, and atomic force microscopy (AFM). We showed that the titanium surface presenting click-immobilized OEG substantially suppressed the nonspecific attachment of protein and cells as compared to the unmodified titanium substrate. Furthermore, glycine-arginine-glycine-aspartate (GRGD), a cell adhesion peptide, was coimmobilized with OEG on the platform. We demonstrated that the resultant GRGD-presenting thin film on Ti substrates can promote the specific adhesion and spreading of AsPC-1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Meirong Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Jun Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Kai Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - Chengzhi Cai
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
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Ciampi S, James M, Darwish N, Luais E, Guan B, Harper JB, Gooding JJ. Oxidative acetylenic coupling reactions as a surface chemistry tool. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:15624-32. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cp21450k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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