1
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Pan Y, Han Z, Chen S, Wei K, Wei X. Metallic nanoclusters: From synthetic challenges to applications of their unique properties in food contamination detection. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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2
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Arbenin AY, Zemtsova EG, Orekhov EV, Sokolova DN, Baburova PI, Petrov AA, Gaǐshun VE, Smirnov VM. Features of Fabrication of Titanium Dioxide Based Coatings for Non-Lithographic Template Electrochemical Synthesis of Micron Metal Particle Arrays. Gels 2021; 7:gels7040202. [PMID: 34842685 PMCID: PMC8628743 DOI: 10.3390/gels7040202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
This work is devoted to the development of non-lithographic template methods of synthesis. These methods have a significant advantage in terms of structure formation: there is no need to design and produce masks, which greatly simplifies the process, and more of them can work with nonplanar substrates. The purpose of this study was to reveal the conditions for the synthesis of titanium dioxide xerogel films of different topologies as well as to develop a technique for non-lithographic template electrochemical synthesis of micron metal particles arrays and to study the structure of the resulting coatings. The films were deposited on the surface of substrates via dip coating. Specific topology of the films was achieved by template sol-gel synthesis. Their structures were analyzed by SEM and XRD. Template synthesis of metal micro particles were realized by pulsed electrochemical deposition of metals into the perforations of xerogel films. Obtained materials were analyzed by SEM and XRD; the element distribution on the surface was determined by the EDS detector of SEM. Based on the analysis results, we suggest the mechanisms of formation of the xerogel topology and proved the efficiency of pulsed electrodeposition for template synthesis of micron particles arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Yu Arbenin
- St. Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (E.G.Z.); (E.V.O.); (D.N.S.); (P.I.B.); (A.A.P.); (V.M.S.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Elena G. Zemtsova
- St. Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (E.G.Z.); (E.V.O.); (D.N.S.); (P.I.B.); (A.A.P.); (V.M.S.)
| | - Evgeniy V. Orekhov
- St. Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (E.G.Z.); (E.V.O.); (D.N.S.); (P.I.B.); (A.A.P.); (V.M.S.)
| | - Daria N. Sokolova
- St. Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (E.G.Z.); (E.V.O.); (D.N.S.); (P.I.B.); (A.A.P.); (V.M.S.)
| | - Polina I. Baburova
- St. Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (E.G.Z.); (E.V.O.); (D.N.S.); (P.I.B.); (A.A.P.); (V.M.S.)
| | - Alexey A. Petrov
- St. Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (E.G.Z.); (E.V.O.); (D.N.S.); (P.I.B.); (A.A.P.); (V.M.S.)
| | - Vladimir E. Gaǐshun
- Francisk Skarina Gomel State University, 104 Sovetskaya Str., 246019 Gomel, Belarus;
| | - Vladimir M. Smirnov
- St. Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., 199034 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (E.G.Z.); (E.V.O.); (D.N.S.); (P.I.B.); (A.A.P.); (V.M.S.)
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3
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Kawawaki T, Ebina A, Hosokawa Y, Ozaki S, Suzuki D, Hossain S, Negishi Y. Thiolate-Protected Metal Nanoclusters: Recent Development in Synthesis, Understanding of Reaction, and Application in Energy and Environmental Field. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2005328. [PMID: 33522090 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202005328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Metal nanoclusters (NCs), which are composed of about 250 or fewer metal atoms, possess great potential as novel functional materials. Fundamental research on metal NCs gradually started in the 1960s, and since 2000, thiolate (SR)-protected metal NCs have been the main metal NCs actively studied. The precise and systematic isolation of SR-protected metal NCs has been achieved in 2005. Since then, research on SR-protected metal NCs for both basic science and practical application has rapidly expanded. This review describes this recent progress in the field of SR-protected metal NCs in three areas: synthesis, understanding, and application. Specifically, the recent study of alloy NCs and connected structures composed of NCs is highlighted in the "synthesis" section, recent knowledge on the reactivity of NCs in solution is highlighted in the "understanding" section, and the applications of NCs in the energy and environmental field are highlighted in the "application" section. This review provides insight on the current state of research on SR-protected metal NCs and discusses the challenges to be overcome for further development in this field as well as the possibilities that these materials can contribute to solving the problems facing modern society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tokuhisa Kawawaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
- Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
- Photocatalysis International Research Center, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
| | - Ayano Ebina
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
| | - Yasunaga Hosokawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
| | - Shuhei Ozaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
| | - Daiki Suzuki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
| | - Sakiat Hossain
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
| | - Yuichi Negishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
- Research Institute for Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8601, Japan
- Photocatalysis International Research Center, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba, 278-8510, Japan
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4
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Qin L, Zhang F, Ma X, Tang Y, Ma G, Tang Z. Fast and high-yield synthesis of thiolate Ag 44 and Au 12Ag 32 nanoclusters via the CTAB reverse micelle method. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:562-567. [PMID: 33351001 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt03809a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To advance the development of atomically precise Ag and Ag-alloyed nanoclusters, it is critical to develop effective synthetic methods. Herein, we successfully extend the CTAB (cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide) reverse micelle method to synthesize a high-purity Ag44(p-MBA)30 (p-MBA = para-mercaptobenzoic acid) nanocluster and its corresponding alloy cluster Au12Ag32(p-MBA)30 in a short time (15 min and 5 min), with a high yield of ∼83% and ∼85%, respectively. Furthermore, the mechanism regarding the reverse micelle method has been clearly elucidated. Through characterizing the reaction system by Raman spectroscopy and NMR spectroscopy techniques, it can be revealed that employing CTAB to form reverse micelles to construct a sealed chemical environment is critical for realizing the fast and high-yield synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubing Qin
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Surface Chemistry of Energy Materials and New Energy Research Institute, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Feng Zhang
- Petrochina Yunnan Petrochemical Company Limited, Kunming, 650000, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Ma
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Surface Chemistry of Energy Materials and New Energy Research Institute, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Yun Tang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Surface Chemistry of Energy Materials and New Energy Research Institute, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Guanyu Ma
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Surface Chemistry of Energy Materials and New Energy Research Institute, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Zhenghua Tang
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory for Surface Chemistry of Energy Materials and New Energy Research Institute, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, Guangzhou, 510006, China. and Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Surface Chemistry of Energy Materials, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center, 510006, Guangzhou, China
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5
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Eswaramoorthy SK, Dass A. Digestive ripening yields atomically precise Au nanomolecules. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj04042a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Atomically precise Au nanomolecules yielded through digestive ripening establishes that regardless of the pathway, both DR and Brust methods lead to the formation of atomic precise Au NMs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amala Dass
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS 38677, USA
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6
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Yao Q, Wu Z, Liu Z, Lin Y, Yuan X, Xie J. Molecular reactivity of thiolate-protected noble metal nanoclusters: synthesis, self-assembly, and applications. Chem Sci 2020; 12:99-127. [PMID: 34163584 PMCID: PMC8178751 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc04620e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Thiolate-protected noble metal (e.g., Au and Ag) nanoclusters (NCs) are ultra-small particles with a core size of less than 3 nm. Due to the strong quantum confinement effects and diverse atomic packing modes in this ultra-small size regime, noble metal NCs exhibit numerous molecule-like optical, magnetic, and electronic properties, making them an emerging family of "metallic molecules". Based on such molecule-like structures and properties, an individual noble metal NC behaves as a molecular entity in many chemical reactions, and exhibits structurally sensitive molecular reactivity to various ions, molecules, and other metal NCs. Although this molecular reactivity determines the application of NCs in various fields such as sensors, biomedicine, and catalysis, there is still a lack of systematic summary of the molecular interaction/reaction fundamentals of noble metal NCs at the molecular and atomic levels in the current literature. Here, we discuss the latest progress in understanding and exploiting the molecular interactions/reactions of noble metal NCs in their synthesis, self-assembly and application scenarios, based on the typical M(0)@M(i)-SR core-shell structure scheme, where M and SR are the metal atom and thiolate ligand, respectively. In particular, the continuous development of synthesis and characterization techniques has enabled noble metal NCs to be produced with molecular purity and atomically precise structural resolution. Such molecular purity and atomically precise structure, coupled with the great help of theoretical calculations, have revealed the active sites in various structural hierarchies of noble metal NCs (e.g., M(0) core, M-S interface, and SR ligand) for their molecular interactions/reactions. The anatomy of such molecular interactions/reactions of noble metal NCs in synthesis, self-assembly, and applications (e.g., sensors, biomedicine, and catalysis) constitutes another center of our discussion. The basis and practicality of the molecular interactions/reactions of noble metal NCs exemplified in this Review may increase the acceptance of metal NCs in various fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaofeng Yao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore 4 Engineering Drive 4 Singapore 117585
| | - Zhennan Wu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore 4 Engineering Drive 4 Singapore 117585
| | - Zhihe Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore 4 Engineering Drive 4 Singapore 117585
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University Binhai New City Fuzhou China 350207
| | - Yingzheng Lin
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore 4 Engineering Drive 4 Singapore 117585
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University Binhai New City Fuzhou China 350207
| | - Xun Yuan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao China 266042
| | - Jianping Xie
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore 4 Engineering Drive 4 Singapore 117585
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University Binhai New City Fuzhou China 350207
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7
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Dou X, Wang X, Qian S, Liu N, Yuan X. From understanding the roles of tetraoctylammonium bromide in the two-phase Brust-Schiffrin method to tuning the size of gold nanoclusters. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:19855-19860. [PMID: 32970050 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr04439c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The two-phase Brust-Schiffrin (B-S) method has been widely used for synthesizing small-sized Au nanoparticles (NPs) of size 2-6 nm, as well as Au nanoclusters (NCs) of size <2 nm. However, size tuning of Au NCs at the atomic level by this method is challenging probably due to a lack of in-depth understanding of its mechanism. Herein, we report the identification of two roles of tetraoctylammonium bromide (TOAB) in the two-phase B-S method: TOAB not only transfers Au(iii) precursors but also transfers the reducing agent NaBH4 from the aqueous to the organic phase. On this basis, we developed a novel two-phase synthetic strategy by decoupling the roles of the TOAB: (1) using the hydrophobic selenolate ligand to transfer Au(iii) precursors from the aqueous to the organic phase via the formation of selenolate-Au(i) complexes and (2) deploying a small amount of TOAB as "shuttles" to transfer NaBH4 into the organic phase for controlled reduction of selenolate-Au(i) complexes in organic phase. Using this strategy, size tuning of Au NCs at the atomic level could be achieved by simply varying the amount of TOAB. The high yields of Au NCs (≥76%) together with the short synthetic time (≤3 h) and size-tuning capability further illustrate the attractiveness of this synthetic strategy. These advantages also present the classical B-S method with greater strength and flexibility towards NC synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyue Dou
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China.
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8
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Yuan X, Chng LL, Yang J, Ying JY. Miscible-Solvent-Assisted Two-Phase Synthesis of Monolayer-Ligand-Protected Metal Nanoclusters with Various Sizes. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e1906063. [PMID: 31985102 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201906063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Effective yet versatile synthetic strategies for size-tunable metal nanoclusters (NCs) are scarce. This has hampered the development of this unique class of nanomaterials. Here, a general protocol is reported for the synthesis of high-quality metal NCs protected by a variety of organic ligands (e.g., selenolate, thiolate, and phosphine) based on a miscible-solvent-assisted phase transfer between water and organic solution. This method is demonstrated to be facile, rapid (≤3 h), scalable (gram-scale), and versatile. The size of the selenolated and thiolated Au NCs can be tuned from Au10 to Au61 by simply varying the miscible solvent in proportions and types. The advantages of this method, such as quick phase separation and no need for purification treatment, enable real-time monitoring of metal NC growth within the NaBH4 reduction system. The results show that the size of Au NCs gradually increases with increasing valence electron count by a stepwise 2x e- hopping mechanism (x = 0-5), i.e., 0 e- → 2 e- → 4 e- → 8 e- → 18 e- → 22 e- → 32 e- .
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Yuan
- NanoBio Lab, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore, 138669, Singapore
| | - Leng Leng Chng
- NanoBio Lab, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore, 138669, Singapore
| | - Jinhua Yang
- NanoBio Lab, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore, 138669, Singapore
| | - Jackie Y Ying
- NanoBio Lab, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, 31 Biopolis Way, The Nanos, Singapore, 138669, Singapore
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9
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Kang X, Zhu M. Metal Nanoclusters Stabilized by Selenol Ligands. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1902703. [PMID: 31482648 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201902703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The past decades have witnessed great advances in controllable synthesis, structure determination, and property investigation of metal nanoclusters. Selenolated nanoclusters, a special branch in the nanocluster family, have attracted great interest in these years. The electronegativity and atomic radius of selenium is different from sulfur, and thus the selenolated nanoclusters are anticipated to display different electronic/geometric structures and distinct chemical/physical properties relative to their thiolated analogues. This review covers the syntheses, structures, and properties of selenolated nanoclusters (including Au, Ag, Cu, and alloy nanoclusters). Ligand effects (between SeR and SR) on nanocluster properties, including optical absorption, stability, and electrochemical properties, are disclosed as well. At the end of the review, a scope for improvements and future perspectives of selenolated nanoclusters is highlighted. The review hopefully opens up new horizons for cluster scientists to synthesize more selenolated nanoclusters with novel structures and properties. This review is based on publications available up to May 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Kang
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, China
| | - Manzhou Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui, 230601, China
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Niihori Y, Yoshida K, Hossain S, Kurashige W, Negishi Y. Deepening the Understanding of Thiolate-Protected Metal Clusters Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2019. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20180357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Niihori
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Kana Yoshida
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Sakiat Hossain
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
| | - Wataru Kurashige
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
- Photocatalysis International Research Center, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Yuichi Negishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tokyo University of Science, 1-3 Kagurazaka, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8601, Japan
- Photocatalysis International Research Center, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
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11
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Yao Q, Yuan X, Chen T, Leong DT, Xie J. Engineering Functional Metal Materials at the Atomic Level. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1802751. [PMID: 30118559 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201802751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
With continuous research efforts devoted into synthesis and characterization chemistry of functional nanomaterials in the past decades, the development of metal materials is stepping into a new era, where atom-by-atom customization of property-dictating structural attributes is expected. Herein, the state-of-the-art modulation of functional metal nanomaterials at the atomic level, by size- and structure-controlled synthesis of thiolate-protected metal (e.g., Au and Ag) nanoclusters (NCs), is exemplified. Metal NCs are ultrasmall (<3 nm) particles with hierarchical primary, secondary, and tertiary structures, reminiscent of natural proteins or enzymes. Given the proven dependence of their physicochemical properties on their size and structure, documented synthetic methodologies delivering NCs with atomic-level monodispersity and tailorable size and structural attributes at individual hierarchical levels are categorized and discussed. Such assured atomic-level modulation could confer metal NCs with novel application opportunities in diverse fields, which are also exemplified by their size- and structure-dictated catalytic and biomedical performance. The precise synthesis and application chemistry developed based on the hierarchical structure scheme of metal NCs could increase the acceptance of metal NCs as a new family of functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaofeng Yao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore, 117585, Singapore
| | - Xun Yuan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, 53 Zhengzhou Road, Shibei District, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266042, China
| | - Tiankai Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore, 117585, Singapore
| | - David Tai Leong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore, 117585, Singapore
| | - Jianping Xie
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore, 117585, Singapore
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12
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Wu S, Nguyen L, Dang J, Liang K, Dail C, Henriquez B, Huynh QT, Dinh UN, Liang Y, Anz S, Sun P. Evaluation of the Stoichiometry between PtCl 6
2−
and TOA +
Ions during the Liquid/Liquid Extraction. ELECTROANAL 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201800412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shu Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; California State Polytechnic University; Pomona, California 91768
| | - Linh Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; California State Polytechnic University; Pomona, California 91768
| | - Jenny Dang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; California State Polytechnic University; Pomona, California 91768
| | - Kevin Liang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; California State Polytechnic University; Pomona, California 91768
| | - Christopher Dail
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; California State Polytechnic University; Pomona, California 91768
| | - Brenda Henriquez
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; California State Polytechnic University; Pomona, California 91768
| | - Quyen T. Huynh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; California State Polytechnic University; Pomona, California 91768
| | - Uyen N. Dinh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; California State Polytechnic University; Pomona, California 91768
| | - Yuhao Liang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; California State Polytechnic University; Pomona, California 91768
| | - Samir Anz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; California State Polytechnic University; Pomona, California 91768
| | - Peng Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; California State Polytechnic University; Pomona, California 91768
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Yao Q, Chen T, Yuan X, Xie J. Toward Total Synthesis of Thiolate-Protected Metal Nanoclusters. Acc Chem Res 2018; 51:1338-1348. [PMID: 29792422 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 308] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Total synthesis, where desired organic- and/or biomolecules could be produced from simple precursors at atomic precision and with known step-by-step reactions, has prompted centuries-lasting bloom of organic chemistry since its conceptualization in 1828 (Wöhler synthesis of urea). Such expressive science is also highly desirable in nanoscience, since it represents a decisive step toward atom-by-atom customization of nanomaterials for basic and applied research. Although total synthesis chemistry is less established in nanoscience, recent years have witnessed seminal advances and increasing research efforts devoted into this field. In this Account, we discuss recent progress on introducing and developing total synthesis routes and mechanisms for atomically precise metal nanoclusters (NCs). Due to their molecular-like formula and properties (e.g., HOMO-LUMO transition, strong luminescence and stereochemical activity), atomically precise metal NCs could be regarded as "molecular metals", holding potential applications in various practical sectors such as biomedicine, energy, catalysis, and many others. More importantly, the molecular-like properties of metal NCs are sensitively dictated by their size and composition, suggesting total synthesis of them as an indispensable basis for reliably realizing their practical applications. Atomically precise thiolate-protected Au, Ag and their alloy NCs are employed as model NCs to exemplify design strategies and governing principles in total synthesis of inorganic nanoparticles. This Account starts with a brief summary of total synthesis methodologies of atomically precise metal NCs. Following the methodological summary is a detailed discussion on the mechanisms governing these synthetic strategies, which is the main focus of this Account. Based on unprecedented precision (at atomic resolution) and ease (ensured by size-dependent properties) of tracking clusters' size/structure changes, mechanisms driving growth (e.g., reduction growth and seeded growth) and functionalization (e.g., alloying reaction and ligand exchange) of metal NCs have been explored at molecular level. With definitive step-by-step reaction routes, two-electron (2 e-) reduction (driving the growth reactions) and surface motif exchange (SME, prompting alloying and ligand exchange reactions) are discussed in depth and details. In addition to those sub- and/or individual-cluster level understandings, the self-assembly chemistry delivering high orderliness and enhanced materials performance in NC assemblies/supercrystals is also deciphered. This Account is then concluded with our perspectives toward potential development of cluster chemistry. Advances in total synthesis chemistry of metal NCs could not only serve as guidelines for future synthetic practice of NCs, but also provide molecular-level clues for many pending fundamental puzzles in nanochemistry, including nucleation growth, alloying chemistry, surface engineering and evolution of metamaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaofeng Yao
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585
| | - Tiankai Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585
| | - Xun Yuan
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology, 53 Zhengzhou Road, Shibei District, Qingdao, Shandong Province, China 266042
| | - Jianping Xie
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585
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14
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Kang X, Chong H, Zhu M. Au 25(SR) 18: the captain of the great nanocluster ship. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:10758-10834. [PMID: 29873658 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr02973c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Noble metal nanoclusters are in the intermediate state between discrete atoms and plasmonic nanoparticles and are of significance due to their atomically accurate structures, intriguing properties, and great potential for applications in various fields. In addition, the size-dependent properties of nanoclusters construct a platform for thoroughly researching the structure (composition)-property correlations, which is favorable for obtaining novel nanomaterials with enhanced physicochemical properties. Thus far, more than 100 species of nanoclusters (mono-metallic Au or Ag nanoclusters, and bi- or tri-metallic alloy nanoclusters) with crystal structures have been reported. Among these nanoclusters, Au25(SR)18-the brightest molecular star in the nanocluster field-is capable of revealing the past developments and prospecting the future of the nanoclusters. Since being successfully synthesized (in 1998, with a 20-year history) and structurally determined (in 2008, with a 10-year history), Au25(SR)18 has stimulated the interest of chemists as well as material scientists, due to the early discovery, easy preparation, high stability, and easy functionalization and application of this molecular star. In this review, the preparation methods, crystal structures, physicochemical properties, and practical applications of Au25(SR)18 are summarized. The properties of Au25(SR)18 range from optics and chirality to magnetism and electrochemistry, and the property-oriented applications include catalysis, chemical imaging, sensing, biological labeling, biomedicine and beyond. Furthermore, the research progress on the Ag-based M25(SR)18 counterpart (i.e., Ag25(SR)18) is included in this review due to its homologous composition, construction and optical absorption to its gold-counterpart Au25(SR)18. Moreover, the alloying methods, metal-exchange sites and property alternations based on the templated Au25(SR)18 are highlighted. Finally, some perspectives and challenges for the future research of the Au25(SR)18 nanocluster are proposed (also holding true for all members in the nanocluster field). This review is directed toward the broader scientific community interested in the metal nanocluster field, and hopefully opens up new horizons for scientists studying nanomaterials. This review is based on the publications available up to March 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Kang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Atomic Engineering of Advanced Materials, Institute of Physical Science and Information Technology and AnHui Province Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Inorganic/Organic Hybrid Functionalized Materials, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P. R. China.
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15
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San KA, Shon YS. Synthesis of Alkanethiolate-Capped Metal Nanoparticles Using Alkyl Thiosulfate Ligand Precursors: A Method to Generate Promising Reagents for Selective Catalysis. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 8:E346. [PMID: 29783714 PMCID: PMC5977360 DOI: 10.3390/nano8050346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Evaluation of metal nanoparticle catalysts functionalized with well-defined thiolate ligands can be potentially important because such systems can provide a spatial control in the reactivity and selectivity of catalysts. A synthetic method utilizing Bunte salts (sodium S-alkylthiosulfates) allows the formation of metal nanoparticles (Au, Ag, Pd, Pt, and Ir) capped with alkanethiolate ligands. The catalysis studies on Pd nanoparticles show a strong correlation between the surface ligand structure/composition and the catalytic activity and selectivity for the hydrogenation/isomerization of alkenes, dienes, trienes, and allylic alcohols. The high selectivity of Pd nanoparticles is driven by the controlled electronic properties of the Pd surface limiting the formation of Pd⁻alkene adducts (or intermediates) necessary for (additional) hydrogenation. The synthesis of water soluble Pd nanoparticles using ω-carboxylate-S-alkanethiosulfate salts is successfully achieved and these Pd nanoparticles are examined for the hydrogenation of various unsaturated compounds in both homogeneous and heterogeneous environments. Alkanethiolate-capped Pt nanoparticles are also successfully synthesized and further investigated for the hydrogenation of various alkynes to understand their geometric and electronic surface properties. The high catalytic activity of activated terminal alkynes, but the significantly low activity of internal alkynes and unactivated terminal alkynes, are observed for Pt nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khin Aye San
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Long Beach, 1250 Bellflower Blvd., Long Beach, CA 90840, USA.
| | - Young-Seok Shon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Long Beach, 1250 Bellflower Blvd., Long Beach, CA 90840, USA.
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16
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Booth SG, Uehara A, Chang SY, La Fontaine C, Fujii T, Okamoto Y, Imai T, Schroeder SLM, Dryfe RAW. The significance of bromide in the Brust-Schiffrin synthesis of thiol protected gold nanoparticles. Chem Sci 2017; 8:7954-7962. [PMID: 29568441 PMCID: PMC5851337 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc03266h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanism of the two-phase Brust-Schiffrin synthesis of alkane thiol protected metal nanoparticles is known to be highly sensitive to the precursor species and reactant conditions. In this work X-ray absorption spectroscopy is used in conjunction with liquid/liquid electrochemistry to highlight the significance of Br- in the reaction mechanism. The species [AuBr4]- is shown to be a preferable precursor in the Brust-Schiffrin method as it is more resistant to the formation of Au(i) thiolate species than [AuCl4]-. Previous literature has demonstrated that avoidance of the Au(i) thiolate is critical to achieving a good yield of nanoparticles, as [Au(i)X2]- species are more readily reduced by NaBH4. We propose that the observed behavior of [AuBr4]- species described herein explains the discrepancies in reported behavior present in the literature to date. This new mechanistic understanding should enable nanoparticle synthesis with a higher yield and reduce particle size polydispersity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Booth
- School of Chemistry , University of Manchester , Manchester , M13 9PL , UK .
| | - A Uehara
- Division of Nuclear Engineering Science , Research Reactor Institute , Kyoto University , Kumatori , Sennan , Osaka 590-0494 , Japan .
| | - S-Y Chang
- Diamond Light Source Ltd. , Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE , UK
| | - C La Fontaine
- Synchrotron Soleil , L'Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, BP48 , 91192 , Gif-sur-Yvette , France
| | - T Fujii
- Division of Sustainable Energy and Environmental Engineering , Graduate School of Engineering , Osaka University , Suita , Osaka 565-0871 , Japan
| | - Y Okamoto
- Materials Sciences Research Center , Japan Atomic Energy Agency , 2-4, Shirakata, Tokai , Naka , Ibaraki 319-1195 , Japan
| | - T Imai
- Department of Materials Chemistry , Faculty of Science and Technology , Ryukoku University , Otsu , Shiga 520-2194 , Japan
| | - S L M Schroeder
- Diamond Light Source Ltd. , Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0DE , UK.,School of Chemical and Process Engineering , University of Leeds , Leeds LS2 9JT , UK
| | - R A W Dryfe
- School of Chemistry , University of Manchester , Manchester , M13 9PL , UK .
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17
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Competition of van der Waals and chemical forces on gold–sulfur surfaces and nanoparticles. Nat Rev Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1038/s41570-017-0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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18
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Fernández-Lodeiro J, Rodríguez-González B, Santos HM, Bertolo E, Capelo JL, Dos Santos AA, Lodeiro C. Unraveling the Organotellurium Chemistry Applied to the Synthesis of Gold Nanomaterials. ACS OMEGA 2016; 1:1314-1325. [PMID: 31457198 PMCID: PMC6640781 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.6b00309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Long-term preservation of the properties of gold nanoparticles in both solution and the dry powder form can be difficult. We have overcome this challenge by using organotellurium derivatives as both reducing agents and stabilizers in the synthesis of gold nanoparticles. This new synthetic protocol takes advantage of the photochemical and oxidative properties of diphenyl ditelluride (Ph2Te2), which, so far, have never been exploited in the synthesis of gold nanoparticles. The Au/Te core/shell (inorganic/organic) hybrid nanomaterial can be obtained in a one-step reaction, using only Ph2Te2 and HAuCl4. By modifying the reaction conditions, different resonance conditions of the gold core are achieved due to the formation of external shells with different thicknesses. The organotellurium shell can be easily removed by resuspension of the nanoparticles in environmentally friendly solvents, such as water or ethanol, making the Au core available for subsequent applications. A mechanism for the formation of core/shell nanoparticles has also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Fernández-Lodeiro
- BIOSCOPE
Group, UCIBIO@REQUIMTE, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and
Technology, University NOVA of Lisbon, Caparica 2829-516, Portugal
- ProteoMass
Scientific Society, Faculty of
Science and Technology, Madan Parque, Building VI, Office 23, Campus de Caparica, Caparica 2829-516, Portugal
- Instituto
de Química, Universidade de São
Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu
Prestes, 748, CxP.26077, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Benito Rodríguez-González
- Scientific
and Technological Research Assistance Centre (CACTI), University of
Vigo, Lagoas-Marcosende, Vigo 36310, Spain
| | - Hugo M. Santos
- BIOSCOPE
Group, UCIBIO@REQUIMTE, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and
Technology, University NOVA of Lisbon, Caparica 2829-516, Portugal
- ProteoMass
Scientific Society, Faculty of
Science and Technology, Madan Parque, Building VI, Office 23, Campus de Caparica, Caparica 2829-516, Portugal
| | - Emilia Bertolo
- Biomolecular
Research Group, School of Human and Life Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury CT1 1QU, U.K.
| | - José Luis Capelo
- BIOSCOPE
Group, UCIBIO@REQUIMTE, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and
Technology, University NOVA of Lisbon, Caparica 2829-516, Portugal
- ProteoMass
Scientific Society, Faculty of
Science and Technology, Madan Parque, Building VI, Office 23, Campus de Caparica, Caparica 2829-516, Portugal
| | - Alcindo A. Dos Santos
- Instituto
de Química, Universidade de São
Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu
Prestes, 748, CxP.26077, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Carlos Lodeiro
- BIOSCOPE
Group, UCIBIO@REQUIMTE, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science and
Technology, University NOVA of Lisbon, Caparica 2829-516, Portugal
- ProteoMass
Scientific Society, Faculty of
Science and Technology, Madan Parque, Building VI, Office 23, Campus de Caparica, Caparica 2829-516, Portugal
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19
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20
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21
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Nakada K, Hasanin TH, Tanaka T, Ueda M, Tsukahara S, Okamoto Y, Fujiwara T. Synthesis of nylon-6.6 using cetyltrimethylammonium chloride reverse micelles immobilized on silica surfaces. J Mol Liq 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2016.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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22
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Douglas-Gallardo OA, Gomez CG, Macchione MA, Cometto FP, Coronado EA, Macagno VA, Pérez MA. Morphological Evolution of Noble Metal Nanoparticles in Chloroform: Mechanism of Switching on/off by Protic Species. RSC Adv 2016; 5:100488-100497. [PMID: 26889378 DOI: 10.1039/c5ra17529a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The morphological stability/morphological reshaping of noble metal nanoparticles are studied experimentally in order to unravel the chemical mechanisms lying beneath. Gold and silver nanoparticles (AuNPs and AgNPs, respectively) formed in chloroformic environment are used, as model synthetic systems, to study phenomena of morphological change. The morphological evolution of NPs that follows their formation, is characterized by spectroscopy (UV-Visible, Raman and FTIR) and TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy). The change of NP morphology involves the increase of the average NP size and the broadening of size distribution, in a close resemblance with the effect characteristically obtained from the Ostwald ripening. The effect of the poor solvating properties of chloroform in stabilizing small charged species (H+, Ag+, Au+) as well as the principle of electroneutrality of matter are analyzed in order to formulate a feasible reaction scheme consisting of a three-step processes: the generation of soluble intermediary species by corrosion of nanoparticles, the diffusion of intermediary species from one nanoparticle to another, and the re-deposition process involving the reduction of intermediary species. This basic reaction scheme is used as hypothesis to plan and perform experiments, which reveal that molecular oxygen dissolved in the dispersive medium can drive NP corrosion, however, protic species are also required as co-reactant. The polarity of the hydrogen bond and the ligand properties of the anions produced by deprotonation are feature of the protic species that enable/disable the corrosion and, in turn, the NP morphological evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- O A Douglas-Gallardo
- INFIQC - Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria. Pabellón Argentina, Ala 1, 2 piso, Haya de la Torre. 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - C G Gomez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria. Edificio de Ciencias II, Haya de la Torre y Medina Allende, 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - M A Macchione
- INFIQC - Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria. Pabellón Argentina, Ala 1, 2 piso, Haya de la Torre. 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - F P Cometto
- INFIQC - Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria. Pabellón Argentina, Ala 1, 2 piso, Haya de la Torre. 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - E A Coronado
- INFIQC - Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria. Pabellón Argentina, Ala 1, 2 piso, Haya de la Torre. 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - V A Macagno
- INFIQC - Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria. Pabellón Argentina, Ala 1, 2 piso, Haya de la Torre. 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
| | - M A Pérez
- INFIQC - Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Ciudad Universitaria. Pabellón Argentina, Ala 1, 2 piso, Haya de la Torre. 5000 Córdoba, Argentina
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23
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Uehara A, Chang SY, Booth SG, Schroeder SL, Mosselmans JW, Dryfe RA. Redox and Ligand Exchange during the Reaction of Tetrachloroaurate with Hexacyanoferrate(II) at a Liquid-Liquid Interface: Voltammetry and X-ray Absorption Fine-Structure Studies. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.12.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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24
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Niihori Y, Uchida C, Kurashige W, Negishi Y. High-resolution separation of thiolate-protected gold clusters by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:4251-65. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp04660b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This perspective summarizes our work on high-resolution separation of thiolate-protected gold clusters using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, new findings obtained by those separation, and future prospects for this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Niihori
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Tokyo University of Science
- Shinjuku-ku
- Japan
| | - Chihiro Uchida
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Tokyo University of Science
- Shinjuku-ku
- Japan
| | - Wataru Kurashige
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Tokyo University of Science
- Shinjuku-ku
- Japan
| | - Yuichi Negishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- Tokyo University of Science
- Shinjuku-ku
- Japan
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25
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Abstract
David Craig (1919–2015) left us with a lasting legacy concerning basic understanding of chemical spectroscopy and bonding. This is expressed in terms of some of the recent achievements of my own research career, with a focus on integration of Craig’s theories with those of Noel Hush to solve fundamental problems in photosynthesis, molecular electronics (particularly in regard to the molecules synthesized by Maxwell Crossley), and self-assembled monolayer structure and function. Reviewed in particular is the relation of Craig’s legacy to: the 50-year struggle to assign the visible absorption spectrum of arguably the world’s most significant chromophore, chlorophyll; general theories for chemical bonding and structure extending Hush’s adiabatic theory of electron-transfer processes; inelastic electron-tunnelling spectroscopy (IETS); chemical quantum entanglement and the Penrose–Hameroff model for quantum consciousness; synthetic design strategies for NMR quantum computing; Gibbs free-energy measurements and calculations for formation and polymorphism of organic self-assembled monolayers on graphite surfaces from organic solution; and understanding the basic chemical processes involved in the formation of gold surfaces and nanoparticles protected by sulfur-bound ligands, ligands whose form is that of Au0-thiyl rather than its commonly believed AuI-thiolate tautomer.
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26
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Marbella LE, Chevrier DM, Tancini PD, Shobayo O, Smith AM, Johnston KA, Andolina CM, Zhang P, Mpourmpakis G, Millstone JE. Description and Role of Bimetallic Prenucleation Species in the Formation of Small Nanoparticle Alloys. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:15852-8. [PMID: 26670347 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b10124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
We report the identification, description, and role of multinuclear metal-thiolate complexes in aqueous Au-Cu nanoparticle syntheses. The structure of these species was characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and X-ray absorption spectroscopy techniques. The observed structures were found to be in good agreement with thermodynamic growth trends predicted by first-principles calculations. The presence of metal-thiolate complexes is then shown to be critical for the formation of alloyed Au-Cu architectures in the small nanoparticle regime (diameter ∼2 nm). In the absence of mixed metal-thiolate precursors, nanoparticles form with a Cu-S shell and a Au-rich interior. Taken together, these results demonstrate that prenucleation species, which are discrete molecular precursors distinct from both initial reagents and final particle products, may provide an important new synthetic route to control final metal nanoparticle composition and composition architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel M Chevrier
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University , Halifax, NS B3H 4J3, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University , Halifax, NS B3H 4J3, Canada
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27
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Absalan G, Akhond M, Ershadifar H, Rezaei MA. Two-approach study for preparing stable colloidal gold nanoparticles in organic solvents by using 1-dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide as an efficient capping and phase transfer agent. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2015.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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28
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Uehara A, Booth SG, Chang SY, Schroeder SLM, Imai T, Hashimoto T, Mosselmans JFW, Dryfe RAW. Electrochemical Insight into the Brust–Schiffrin Synthesis of Au Nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:15135-44. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b07825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Uehara
- Division
of Nuclear Engineering Science, Research Reactor Institute, Kyoto University, Asashironishi, Kumatori, Osaka 590-0494, Japan
| | | | | | - Sven L. M. Schroeder
- School
of Chemical and Process Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Takahito Imai
- Department
of Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Ryukoku University, Otsu, Shiga 520-2194, Japan
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29
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Barngrover BM, Manges TJ, Aikens CM. Prediction of nonradical Au(0)-containing precursors in nanoparticle growth processes. J Phys Chem A 2015; 119:889-95. [PMID: 25580885 DOI: 10.1021/jp509676a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
This density functional theory (DFT) investigation examines the formation of nonradical Au(0) species from the reduction of Au(I) species. The Au(I) complexes of interest are AuCl2(-), AuBr2(-), AuI2(-), AuClPH3, and AuCl(H)SCH3(-), which are precursors for gold nanoparticle and cluster formation. Reaction of two of the Au(I) species with a hydride results in ejection of two of the ligands and formation of Au2 with two ligands still attached. AuX2(-) (where X = Cl, Br, or I) reactions eject two halides and form Au2X2(2-). AuClL(-) (where L = PH3, HSCH3, or SCH3(-)) reactions can eject either chloride, HCl, PH3, HSCH3, or SCH3(-) and form Au(0)L2(q-) or Au(0)ClL(q-) (q = 0, 1, 2). The Au2Cl2(2-) complex can further react with AuCl2(-), which forms Au3Cl3(2-) and a chloride anion. The new Au3Cl3(2-) species can then react with AuCl2(-) or Au2Cl2(2-) or with another Au3Cl3(2-). Larger clusters can be formed from these precursors. In this work, reactions in both methanol and benzene solvents are considered as models for one-phase and two-phase gold nanoparticle growth processes. Overall, this investigation shows how Au(0)-containing species can be formed without assuming the formation of Au(0) atoms (radical species).
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Barngrover
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas 66506, United States
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30
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Dryfe RAW, Uehara A, Booth SG. Metal Deposition at the Liquid-Liquid Interface. CHEM REC 2014; 14:1013-23. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201402027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert A. W. Dryfe
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
| | - Akihiro Uehara
- Division of Nuclear Engineering Science; Research Reactor Institute; Kyoto University; Asashironishi Kumatori Osaka 590-0494 Japan
| | - Samuel G. Booth
- School of Chemistry; University of Manchester; Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL UK
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31
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E XTF, Zhang Y, Zou JJ, Wang L, Zhang X. Oleylamine-Protected Metal (Pt, Pd) Nanoparticles for Pseudohomogeneous Catalytic Cracking of JP-10 Jet Fuel. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ie502311x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-tian-feng E
- Key
Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of the Ministry of Education,
School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key
Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of the Ministry of Education,
School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Ji-Jun Zou
- Key
Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of the Ministry of Education,
School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Collaborative Innovative Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Li Wang
- Key
Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of the Ministry of Education,
School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Collaborative Innovative Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xiangwen Zhang
- Key
Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of the Ministry of Education,
School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Collaborative Innovative Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
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32
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Perala SRK, Kumar S. On the mechanism of phase transfer catalysis in Brust-schiffrin synthesis of metal nanoparticles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:14756-14762. [PMID: 24215516 DOI: 10.1021/la403652k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The two-phase Brust-Schiffrin method (BSM) is used to synthesize highly stable nanoparticles of noble metals. A phase transfer catalyst (PTC) is used to bring in aqueous phase soluble precursors into the organic phase to enable particle synthesis there. Two different mechanisms for phase transfer are advanced in the literature. The first mechanism considers PTC to bring in an aqueous phase soluble precursor by complexing with it. The second mechanism considers the ionic species to be contained in inverse micelles of PTC, with a water core inside. A comprehensive experimental study involving measurement of interfacial tension, viscosity, water content by Karl-Fischer titration, static light scattering, (1)H NMR, and small-angle X-ray scattering is reported in this work to establish that the phase transfer catalyst tetraoctylammonium bromide transfers ions by complexing with them, instead of encapsulating them in inverse micelles. The findings have implications for particle synthesis in two-phase methods such as BSM and their modification to produce more monodispersed particles.
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33
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Perala SRK, Kumar S. On the mechanism of metal nanoparticle synthesis in the Brust-Schiffrin method. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:9863-73. [PMID: 23848382 DOI: 10.1021/la401604q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Brust-Schiffrin synthesis (BSS) of metal nanoparticles has emerged as a major breakthrough in the field for its ability to produce highly stable thiol functionalized nanoparticles. In this work, we use a detailed population balance model to conclude that particle formation in BSS is controlled by a new synthesis route: continuous nucleation, growth, and capping of particles throughout the synthesis process. The new mechanism, quite different from the others known in the literature (classical LaMer mechanism, sequential nucleation-growth-capping, and thermodynamic mechanism), successfully explains key features of BSS, including size tuning by varying the amount of capping agent instead of the widely used approach of varying the amount of reducing agent. The new mechanism captures a large body of experimental observations quantitatively, including size tuning and only a marginal effect of the parameters otherwise known to affect particle synthesis sensitively. The new mechanism predicts that, in a constant synthesis environment, continuous nucleation-growth-capping mechanism leads to complete capping of particles (no more growth) at the same size, while the new ones are born continuously, in principle leading to synthesis of more monodisperse particles. This prediction is validated through new experimental measurements.
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Abstract
The formation of gold-thiolate nanoparticles via oxidation of gold clusters by thiols is examined in this work. Using the BP86 density functional with a triple ζ basis set, the adsorption of methylthiol onto various gold clusters Aun(Z) (n = 1-8, 12, 13, 20; Z = 0, -1, +1) and Au38(4+) is investigated. The rate-limiting step for the reaction of one thiol with the gold cluster is the dissociation of the thiol proton; the resulting hydrogen atom can move around the gold cluster relatively freely. The addition of a second thiol can lead to H2 formation and the generation of a gold-thiolate staple motif.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Barngrover
- Department of Chemistry, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas 66506, USA
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Calderón MF, Zelaya E, Benitez GA, Schilardi PL, Creus AH, Orive AG, Salvarezza RC, Ibañez FJ. New findings for the composition and structure of Ni nanoparticles protected with organomercaptan molecules. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:4670-4678. [PMID: 23517502 DOI: 10.1021/la304993c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Here we explore the synthesis of alkanethiol-coated Ni NPs following the one-phase reaction method by Brust et al. The reduction of NiCl2 with NaBH4 in the presence of dodecanethiol (C12SH) yields a complex product that is difficult to identify as illustrated in the figure of merit. We synthesized Ni(II) dodecanethiolate (C12S) (without the addition of NaBH4) for comparison and performed an exhaustive characterization with TEM, HR-TEM, AFM, MFM, XPS, XRD, UV-vis, magnetism, and FT-IR. It is found that the organic coating is not quite a well-organized self-assembled monolayer (SAM) surrounding the Ni cluster as previously reported. XPS and XRD data show slight differences between both syntheses; however, Ni(II) thiolate appears to be more stable than reduced Ni when exposed to ambient air, indicating the propensity of metallic Ni to oxidize. It has been shown that irradiating with TEM electrons over various metal thiolates leads to nanoparticle formation. We irradiated over Ni(II) thiolate and observed no evidence of NP formation whereas irradiating a reduced Ni sample exhibited an ~3.0 nm nanoparticle diameter. Magnetism studies showed a difference between both samples, indicating ferromagnetic character for the reduced Ni sample. According to our results, the product of the synthesis is comprised of ultrasmall metallic clusters embedded in some form of Ni(II) C12S. In this work, we open a discussion of the chemical nature of the core and the shell in the synthesis of Ni NPs protected with organomercaptan molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matías F Calderón
- Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas (INIFTA), Universidad Nacional de la Plata, CONICET, La Plata, Argentina
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Liu C, Li G, Pang G, Jin R. Toward understanding the growth mechanism of Aun(SR)m nanoclusters: effect of solvent on cluster size. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra40775f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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Zaluzhna O, Li Y, Allison TC, Tong YJ. Inverse-Micelle-Encapsulated Water-Enabled Bond Breaking of Dialkyl Diselenide/Disulfide: A Critical Step for Synthesizing High-Quality Gold Nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:17991-6. [DOI: 10.1021/ja3068758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Zaluzhna
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets NW, Washington,
D.C. 20057, United States
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets NW, Washington,
D.C. 20057, United States
| | - Thomas C. Allison
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg,
Maryland 20899-8320, United States
| | - YuYe J. Tong
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets NW, Washington,
D.C. 20057, United States
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Gavia DJ, Shon YS. Controlling surface ligand density and core size of alkanethiolate-capped Pd nanoparticles and their effects on catalysis. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:14502-8. [PMID: 22924990 PMCID: PMC4870007 DOI: 10.1021/la302653u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This article presents systematic investigations on the relationship between the catalytic property and the surface ligand density/core size of thiolate ligand-capped Pd nanoparticles (PdNPs). The systematic variations in the two-phase synthesis of PdNPs generated from sodium S-dodecylthiosulfate were performed. The resulting PdNPs were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and (1)H NMR and UV-vis spectroscopy. The decrease in the molar equivalent of sodium S-dodecylthiosulfate (Bunte salts) resulted in the formation of nanoparticles with lower surface ligand density and larger particle core size. A decrease in the molar equivalent of tetra-n-octylammonium bromide or an increase in reaction temperature generated nanoparticles with higher surface ligand density and smaller particle core size. As the molar equivalent of NaBH(4) decreased, the particle core size increased. The catalysis studies on various PdNPs with different surface ligand density and average core size showed a strong correlation between the PdNP composition and the turnover frequency (TOF) of the isomerization of allyl alcohol. Optimized "good" PdNPs with lower surface ligand coverage and larger core size catalyzed the isomerization of various allyl alcohols to carbonyl analogues with high activity and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Young-Seok Shon
- Corresponding Author:. Telephone: 562-985-4466. Fax: 562-985-8547
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Li Y, Zaluzhna O, Zangmeister CD, Allison TC, Tong YJ. Different mechanisms govern the two-phase Brust-Schiffrin dialkylditelluride syntheses of Ag and Au nanoparticles. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:1990-2. [PMID: 22260496 DOI: 10.1021/ja210359r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Here we report the first unambiguous identification of the chemical structures of the precursor species involving metal (Au and Ag) ions and Te-containing ligands in the Brust-Schiffrin syntheses of the respective metal nanoparticles, through which the different reaction pathways involved are delineated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Li
- Department of Chemistry, Georgetown University, 37th and O Streets, NW, Washington, DC 20057, USA
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Zaluzhna O, Zangmeister C, Tong YJ. Synthesis of Au and Ag nanoparticles with alkylselenocyanates. RSC Adv 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra20729j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Zaluzhna O, Li Y, Zangmeister C, Allison TC, Tong YJ. Mechanistic insights on one-phase vs. two-phase Brust–Schiffrin method synthesis of Au nanoparticles with dioctyl-diselenides. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:362-4. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cc15955k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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