1
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Khawas S, Srivastava S. Anisotropic nanocluster arrays to a diminished zone: different regimes of surface deposition of gold nanocolloids. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:3580-3589. [PMID: 37161512 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm01625g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Evaporation-induced assembly of nanoparticles has emerged as a versatile technique for the production of large-scale ordered structures and materials with complex features. In this study, we show that a dried particulate of an anisotropic nanocolloid undergoes non-ubiquitous surface morphological transitions at varying particle concentrations. Below 5 nM, deposits reveal the formation of linear arrays of AuNR clusters outside of the coffee ring and an annular CTAB-rich depletion zone in the inner vicinity of the coffee ring. For nanoparticle concentrations ≥5 nM, the outer cluster deposits disappear and a region of reduced AuNR density, sandwiched between the coffee ring and the depletion zone, analogous to the diminished zone, is observed. Within the coffee-ring deposits, nanoscale smectic AuNR assembly occurs via the expulsion of the cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) bilayer, which contributes to the inward solutal Marangoni flow. An enhanced inward solutal Marangoni flow at high particle concentrations assists in the formation of a wider depletion zone, the emergence of the diminished zone and suppression of the width of the coffee-ring deposits. Through detailed analysis of data from ex situ (scanning electron microscopy, SEM) and in situ (contact angle and confocal imaging) measurements, we establish a direct correlation between the different evaporation modes and the various deposition regimes. A detailed mechanism for the surface morphology modulation of AuNR deposits by tuning the nanoparticle concentration in the drying sessile drop is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjoy Khawas
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Maharashtra-400076, India.
| | - Sunita Srivastava
- Department of Physics, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Maharashtra-400076, India.
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2
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Campos Villalobos G, Giunta G, Marín-Aguilar S, Dijkstra M. Machine-learning effective many-body potentials for anisotropic particles using orientation-dependent symmetry functions. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:024902. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0091319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Spherically-symmetric atom-centered descriptors of atomic environments have been widely used for constructing potential or free energy surfaces of atomistic and colloidal systems and to characterize local structures using machine learning techniques. However, when particle shapes are non-spherical, as in the case of rods and ellipsoids, standard spherically-symmetric structure functions alone produce imprecise descriptions of local environments. In order to account for the effects of orientation, we introduce two- and three-body orientation-dependent particle-centered descriptors for systems composed of rod-like particles. To demonstrate the suitability of the proposed functions, we use an efficient feature selection scheme and simple linear regression to construct coarse-grained many-body interaction potentials for computationally-efficient simulations of model systems consisting of colloidal particles with anisotropic shape: mixtures of colloidal rods and nonadsorbing polymer, hard rods enclosed by an elastic microgel shell, and ligand-stabilized nanorods. We validate the machine-learning (ML) effective many-body potentials based on orientation-dependent symmetry functions by using them in direct coexistence simulations to map out the phase behavior of colloidal rods and non-adsorbing polymer. We find good agreement with results obtained from simulations of the true binary mixture, demonstrating that the effective interactions are well-described by the orientation-dependent ML potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giuliana Giunta
- Utrecht University Debye Institute for Nanomaterial(s) Science, Netherlands
| | | | - Marjolein Dijkstra
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University Debye Institute for Nanomaterial Science, Netherlands
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3
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Morgan SO, Muravitskaya A, Lowe C, Adawi AM, Bouillard JSG, Horozov TS, Stasiuk GJ, Buzza DMA. Using adsorption kinetics to assemble vertically aligned nanorods at liquid interfaces for metamaterial applications. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:11000-11013. [PMID: 35467675 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05484h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Vertically aligned monolayers of metallic nanorods have a wide range of applications as metamaterials or in surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy. However the fabrication of such structures using current top-down methods or through assembly on solid substrates is either difficult to scale up or have limited possibilities for further modification after assembly. The aim of this paper is to use the adsorption kinetics of cylindrical nanorods at a liquid interface as a novel route for assembling vertically aligned nanorod arrays that overcomes these problems. Specifically, we model the adsorption kinetics of the particle using Langevin dynamics coupled to a finite element model, accurately capturing the deformation of the liquid meniscus and particle friction coefficients during adsorption. We find that the final orientation of the cylindrical nanorod is determined by their initial attack angle when they contact the liquid interface, and that the range of attack angles leading to the end-on state is maximised when nanorods approach the liquid interface from the bulk phase that is more energetically favorable. In the absence of an external field, only a fraction of adsorbing nanorods end up in the end-on state (≲40% even for nanorods approaching from the energetically favourable phase). However, by pre-aligning the metallic nanorods with experimentally achievable electric fields, this fraction can be effectively increased to 100%. Using nanophotonic calculations, we also demonstrate that the resultant vertically aligned structures can be used as epsilon-near-zero and hyperbolic metamaterials. Our kinetic assembly method is applicable to nanorods with a range of diameters, aspect ratios and materials and therefore represents a versatile, low-cost and powerful platform for fabricating vertically aligned nanorods for metamaterial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- S O Morgan
- Department of Physics & Mathematics, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK.
| | - A Muravitskaya
- Department of Physics & Mathematics, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK.
| | - C Lowe
- Department of Physics & Mathematics, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK.
| | - A M Adawi
- Department of Physics & Mathematics, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK.
| | - J-S G Bouillard
- Department of Physics & Mathematics, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK.
| | - T S Horozov
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK
| | - G J Stasiuk
- Imaging Chemistry & Biology, King's College London, Strand, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - D M A Buzza
- Department of Physics & Mathematics, University of Hull, Hull HU6 7RX, UK.
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4
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Zhao H, Isozaki K, Taguchi T, Yang S, Miki K. Laying down of gold nanorods monolayers on solid surfaces for surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy applications. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:26822-26828. [PMID: 34817481 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp02497c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Laying-down gold nanorods (GNRs) of a monolayer immobilized on a solid substrate was realized with a hybrid method, a combination of three elemental technologies: surface modification, electrophoresis, and solvent evaporation. The self-assembly of CTAB-protected GNRs in the solution was induced by 0.05 mM of EDTA. The assembled GNRs were deposited in a laying-down form on the solid surface during the hybrid method. The final coverage was over 71% on the substrate with an area larger than 0.6 cm2. The spacing between the sides of the GNRs was fixed to be 4.6 ± 0.9 nm by the thermal annealing-promoted crystalline packing of the bilayer of CTAB salt-bridged with EDTA. The obtained laying-down GNRs of a monolayer on the gold substrate show a small shift of the transverse LSPR around 550-570 nm (with a width of around 100 nm) and a large red shift of the longitudinal LSPR to be 900-1050 nm (with a width of 500 nm), because of the strong electromagnetic coupling between the GNRs and gold substrate. Therefore it can be used in a wide range of wavelengths for surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) applications. The film has a high enhancement factor with 105 for R6G.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haidong Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi Datong University, Datong 037009, Shan Xi, People's Republic of China.,National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan. .,School of Science, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Non-Equilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shan Xi, People's Republic of China
| | - Katsuhiro Isozaki
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan. .,Institute for Chemical Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
| | - Tomoya Taguchi
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan.
| | - Shengchun Yang
- School of Science, State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Non-Equilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, Shan Xi, People's Republic of China
| | - Kazushi Miki
- National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan.
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5
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Liu X, Chen Z, Liu Q, Sheetah GH, Sun N, Zhao P, Xie Y, Smalyukh II. Morphological and Orientational Controls of Self-Assembly of Gold Nanorods Directed by Evaporative Microflows. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:53143-53154. [PMID: 34711053 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c12594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Evaporative self-assembly of noble metal nanoparticles into ordered structures holds great promise for fabricating optical and plasmonic devices by virtue of its low cost, high efficiency, and ease of operation. However, poor control of Marangoni flows is one of the challenges accounting for realizing a well-defined assembly. Herein, based on the theoretical analysis of the influence of evaporative intensity on the assembly, two simple but reliable flow-field-confinement platforms are designed to control the evaporative microflows and to work concurrently with depletion forces to enable the regulated self-assembly of gold nanorods. Orientationally ordered assemblies are realized by the designed strong unidirectional microflow in a capillary, and a device-scale assembly of monolayer membrane is obtained by the created weak convection in homemade glass cells. Morphologically diversified superstructure assemblies, such as spherulite-like, boundary-twisted, chiral spiral assemblies, and merging membranes with a π-twisted domain wall, are obtained due to the spontaneous symmetry breaking or in the presence of defects, such as surface steps and screw dislocations. Optical anisotropy and polarization-dependent behaviors of these assemblies are further revealed, implying the potential applications in plasmonic coupling devices and optoelectronic components. An understanding of the entropy-driven assembly behaviors and control of evaporative microflows to guide the self-assembly of gold nanorods provides insights into the general bottom-up approach that is helpful for constructing complex yet robust nanosuperstructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoduo Liu
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ziyu Chen
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Qingkun Liu
- Department of Physics, Material Science and Engineering Program, Department of Electrical, Computer, & Energy Engineering, and Liquid Crystal Materials Research Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850, United States
| | - Ghadah H Sheetah
- Physics Department, College of Science, King Faisal University, Hofuf 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ningfei Sun
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yong Xie
- School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Systems and Equipment Electromagnetic Environment Effect, School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ivan I Smalyukh
- Department of Physics, Material Science and Engineering Program, Department of Electrical, Computer, & Energy Engineering, and Liquid Crystal Materials Research Center, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, National Renewable Energy Laboratory and University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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6
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Karami-Darehnaranji M, Taghizadeh SM, Mirzaei E, Berenjian A, Ebrahiminezhad A. Size Tuned Synthesis of FeOOH Nanorods toward Self-Assembled Nanoarchitectonics. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:115-123. [PMID: 33346669 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Various studies were performed to fabricate self-assembling nanoobjects out of noble metals, but a few efforts were made for engineering iron-based nanorods toward sell-assembling blocks. In this regard β-FeOOH nanorods were fabricated in various sizes to achieve iron-based rod nanoblocks with self-assembling potential. Hydrolysis of ferric ions in various concentrations was successfully developed as a novel approach to control the growth of β-FeOOH crystals and tuning the length of rods in the nano range, below 100 nm. It was found that the concentration of ferric ion has no effect on the widths of nanorods, but the length was affected. By increasing the concentration of ferric ions, an increase in the length of nanorods and an increase of aspect ratio occurred. All sizes of the resulting FeOOH nanorods exhibited mesoporous feature, but interestingly the hysteresis loops were different due to different pore patterns. In fact, pores on the larger particles were more uniform in size and shape. Nanorods of small length did not make suitable interactions toward ordered phase formation, but rods with the mean length of about 90 nm or longer, at a certain concentration, were able to form nematic phases. The large (∼+40 mV) zeta-potential of nanorods prevents formation of dense arrays, and just bundle-like structures were observed. These findings highlight the importance of size, surface charge, and concentration of nanoobjects in the formation of 3D structures. The developed technique in the fabrication of β-FeOOH nanorods provides pure structures that are free from any size-controlling agent. These pure structures are suitable for further functionalization or coating. Self-assembling nanoobjects is a developing field in nanotechnology, and therefore studies can help our understanding over the assembling process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahboubeh Karami-Darehnaranji
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyedeh-Masoumeh Taghizadeh
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Esmaeil Mirzaei
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Aydin Berenjian
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, The University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Alireza Ebrahiminezhad
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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7
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Grzelak D, Szustakiewicz P, Tollan C, Raj S, Král P, Lewandowski W, Liz-Marzán LM. In Situ Tracking of Colloidally Stable and Ordered Assemblies of Gold Nanorods. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:18814-18825. [PMID: 32990433 PMCID: PMC7645924 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c06446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Solution-phase
self-assembly of anisotropic nanoparticles into
complex 2D and 3D assemblies is one of the most promising strategies
toward obtaining nanoparticle-based materials and devices with unique
optical properties at the macroscale. However, controlling this process
with single-particle precision is highly demanding, mostly due to
insufficient understanding of the self-assembly process at the nanoscale.
We report the use of in situ environmental scanning transmission electron
microscopy (WetSTEM), combined with UV/vis spectroscopy, small-angle
X-ray diffraction (SAXRD) and multiscale modeling, to draw a detailed
picture of the dynamics of vertically aligned assemblies of gold nanorods.
Detailed understanding of the self-assembly/disassembly mechanisms
is obtained from real-time observations, which provide direct evidence
of the colloidal stability of side-to-side nanorod clusters. Structural
details and the forces governing the disassembly process are revealed
with single particle resolution as well as in bulk samples, by combined
experimental and theoretical modeling. In particular, this study provides
unique information on the evolution of the orientational order of
nanorods within side-to-side 2D assemblies and shows that both electrostatic
(at the nanoscale) and thermal (in bulk) stimuli can be used to drive
the process. These results not only give insight into the interactions
between nanorods and the stability of their assemblies, thereby assisting
the design of ordered, anisotropic nanomaterials but also broaden
the available toolbox for in situ tracking of nanoparticle behavior
at the single-particle level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Grzelak
- Laboratory of organic nanomaterials and biomolecules, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1 st., Warsaw 02-093, Poland
| | - Piotr Szustakiewicz
- Laboratory of organic nanomaterials and biomolecules, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1 st., Warsaw 02-093, Poland
| | - Christopher Tollan
- Electron-Microscopy Laboratory, CIC nanoGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), Tolosa Hiribidea 76, Donostia, San Sebastián 20018, Spain
| | - Sanoj Raj
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Petr Král
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States.,Department of Physics, Biopharmaceutical Sciences, and Chemical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States
| | - Wiktor Lewandowski
- Laboratory of organic nanomaterials and biomolecules, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1 st., Warsaw 02-093, Poland.,CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA) and CIBER-BBN, Paseo de Miramón 182, Donostia, San Sebastián 20014, Spain
| | - Luis M Liz-Marzán
- CIC biomaGUNE, Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA) and CIBER-BBN, Paseo de Miramón 182, Donostia, San Sebastián 20014, Spain.,Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
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8
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Du L, Sun N, Chen Z, Li Y, Liu X, Zhong X, Wu X, Xie Y, Liu Q. Depletion-Mediated Uniform Deposition of Nanorods with Patterned, Multiplexed Assembly. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:49200-49209. [PMID: 33048523 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c13409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Device-scale, uniform, and controllable deposition of nanoparticles on various substrates is fundamentally important not only for the fabrication of thin-film devices but also for the large sample statistics of single-particle performances. However, it is challenging to obtain such predefined depositions using a simple and efficient method. Here, we present a novel strategy for obtaining the uniform and particle density/spacing-tunable deposition of nanorods on a linker-free substrate. The deposition is driven by the tailored particle-substrate depletion attraction owing to the size-matched design of the substrate roughness and the nanorod diameter. Both gold nanorods and upconversion nanorods were applied to demonstrate the generality of the method. The high particle density of more than 21 per μm2 and correspondingly the small particle spacing of fewer than 0.3 μm were achieved on a scalable substrate template. On this basis, orientational ordering and pattern-selective deposition of nanorods were realized by controlling the liquid flow rate and employing the substrate with patterned roughness areas, respectively. With the roughness-directed density-tunable depositions of nanorods integrated onto a single platform, multiplexed gold nanorod assembly and programmable surface-enhanced Raman mapping were achieved, with a promising prospect in information encoding by using the Raman signals as the translation units. The thermal stability and related transition temperature of about 160 °C of gold nanorods were also revealed as an application of single-particle statistics. This practical method could be extended to wide ranges of potential applications in plasmonic coupling devices, cryptography, or single-particle performance statistics with the feature of the high-throughput, low-cost, and scalable fabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Du
- Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Measurement, Manipulation and Physics (Ministry of Education), School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 102206, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Ningfei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Measurement, Manipulation and Physics (Ministry of Education), School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Ziyu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Measurement, Manipulation and Physics (Ministry of Education), School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Measurement, Manipulation and Physics (Ministry of Education), School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xiaoduo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Measurement, Manipulation and Physics (Ministry of Education), School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xiaolan Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Measurement, Manipulation and Physics (Ministry of Education), School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xiaochun Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yong Xie
- Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Measurement, Manipulation and Physics (Ministry of Education), School of Physics, Beihang University, Beijing 102206, China
- Key Laboratory of Intelligent Systems and Equipment Electromagnetic Environment Effect (Ministry of Industry and Information Technology), School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Qian Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
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9
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Kim D, Lee DC. Surface Ligands as Permeation Barrier in the Growth and Assembly of Anisotropic Semiconductor Nanocrystals. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:2647-2657. [PMID: 32175742 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b03052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Because of the large surface-to-volume ratio of colloidal nanocrystals (NCs), surfactant molecules grafted at the NC surface play an important role in NC growth, interparticle interaction, processing, and application. For this reason, much progress has been made in understanding the surface chemistry of NCs along with the organic ligand shell, particularly in terms of grafted polar groups. However, most explanations of aliphatic counterparts are based on spherical NCs that usually have a dilute ligand layer. In anisotropic NCs such as nanorods and nanoplatelets, the linearly extended dimension results in a high-density aliphatic layer on the NC surface. Unlike spherical NCs, the compact organic shell could serve as a permeation membrane, effectively impeding a penetration of foreign molecules toward the NC surface. In this Perspective, we highlight the effects of ligand configuration on the properties of anisotropic NCs by exploring morphologies, assembled superstructures, and surface reaction of anisotropic NCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahin Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST Institute for the NanoCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Doh C Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST Institute for the NanoCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Korea
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10
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Lee H, Yoon DE, Koh S, Kang MS, Lim J, Lee DC. Ligands as a universal molecular toolkit in synthesis and assembly of semiconductor nanocrystals. Chem Sci 2020; 11:2318-2329. [PMID: 32206291 PMCID: PMC7069383 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc05200c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The multiple ligands with different functionalities enable atomic-precision control of NCs morphology and subtle inter-NC interactions, which paves the way for novel optoelectronic applications.
Successful exploitation of semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) in commercial products is due to the remarkable progress in the wet-chemical synthesis and controlled assembly of NCs. Central to the cadence of this progress is the ability to understand how NC growth and assembly can be controlled kinetically and thermodynamically. The arrested precipitation strategy offers a wide opportunity for materials selection, size uniformity, and morphology control. In this colloidal approach, capping ligands play an instrumental role in determining growth parameters and inter-NC interactions. The impetus for exquisite control over the size and shape of NCs and orientation of NCs in an ensemble has called for the use of two or more types of ligands in the system. In multiple ligand approaches, ligands with different functionalities confer extended tunability, hinting at the possibility of atomic-precision growth and long-range ordering of desired superlattices. Here, we highlight the progress in understanding the roles of ligands in size and shape control and assembly of NCs. We discuss the implication of the advances in the context of optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeonjun Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , KAIST Institute for the Nanocentury , Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea .
| | - Da-Eun Yoon
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , KAIST Institute for the Nanocentury , Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea .
| | - Sungjun Koh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , KAIST Institute for the Nanocentury , Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea .
| | - Moon Sung Kang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , Sogang University , Seoul 04107 , Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehoon Lim
- Department of Energy Science , Center for Artificial Atoms , Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU) , Suwon , Gyeonggi-do 16419 , Republic of Korea .
| | - Doh C Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , KAIST Institute for the Nanocentury , Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Daejeon 34141 , Republic of Korea .
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11
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Sung B, Wensink HH, Grelet E. Depletion-driven morphological transitions in hexagonal crystallites of virus rods. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:9520-9527. [PMID: 31709439 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm01207a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The assembly of nanometer-sized building blocks into complex morphologies is not only of fundamental interest but also plays a key role in material science and nanotechnology. We show that the shape of self-assembled superstructures formed by rod-like viruses can be controlled by tuning the attraction via the depletion interaction between the rods. Using non-adsorbing polymers as a depleting agent, we demonstrate that a hierarchical unidimensional self-organization into crystalline clusters emerges progressively upon increasing depletion attraction and enhanced growth kinetics. We observe a polymorphic change proceeding from two-dimensional (2D) crystalline monolayers at weak depletion to one-dimensional (1D) columnar fibers at strong depletion, via the formation of smectic fibrils at intermediate depletion strength. A simple theory for reversible polymerization enables us to determine the typical bond energy between monomeric units making up the smectic fibrils. We also demonstrate that gentle flow-assistance can be used to template filament-like structures into highly aligned supported films. Our results showcase a generic bottom-up approach for tuning the morphology of crystalline superstructures through modification of the interaction between non-spherical building blocks. This provides a convenient pathway for controlling self-organization, dimensionality and structure-formation of anisotropic nanoparticles for use in nanotechnology and functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baeckkyoung Sung
- Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal, UMR 5031, CNRS & Université de Bordeaux, 33600 Pessac, France.
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12
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Wei W, Bai F, Fan H. Oriented Gold Nanorod Arrays: Self‐Assembly and Optoelectronic Applications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201902620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Wei
- Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of EducationNational & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for High-efficiency Display and Lighting TechnologySchool of Materials Science and Engineering, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Nano Functional Materials and ApplicationsHenan University Kaifeng 475004 China
| | - Feng Bai
- Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of EducationNational & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for High-efficiency Display and Lighting TechnologySchool of Materials Science and Engineering, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Nano Functional Materials and ApplicationsHenan University Kaifeng 475004 China
| | - Hongyou Fan
- Department of Chemical and Biological EngineeringThe University of New Mexico Albuquerque NM 87131 USA
- Advanced Materials LaboratorySandia National Laboratories Albuquerque NM 87106 USA
- Center for Integrated NanotechnologiesSandia National Laboratories Albuquerque NM 87185 USA
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13
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Wei W, Bai F, Fan H. Oriented Gold Nanorod Arrays: Self-Assembly and Optoelectronic Applications. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:11956-11966. [PMID: 30913343 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201902620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Self-assembly of anisotropic plasmonic nanomaterials into ordered superstructures has become popular in nanoscience because of their unique anisotropic optical and electronic properties. Gold nanorods (GNRs) are a well-defined functional building block for fabrication of these superstructures. They possess important anisotropic plasmonic characteristics that result from strong local electric field and are responsive to visible and near-IR light. There are recent examples of assembling the GNRs into ordered arrays or superstructures through processes such as solvent evaporation and interfacial assembly. In this Minireview, recent progress in the development of the self-assembled GNR arrays is described, with focus on the formation of oriented GNR arrays on substrates. Key driving forces are discussed, and different strategies and self-assembly processes of forming oriented GNR arrays are presented. The applications of the oriented GNR arrays in optoelectronic devices are also overviewed, especially surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Wei
- Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for High-efficiency Display and Lighting Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Nano Functional Materials and Applications, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Feng Bai
- Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for High-efficiency Display and Lighting Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Nano Functional Materials and Applications, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | - Hongyou Fan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA.,Advanced Materials Laboratory, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, 87106, USA.,Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM, 87185, USA
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14
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Mhanna R, Lee J, Narayanan S, Reich DH, Leheny RL. Phase-dependent shear-induced order of nanorods in isotropic and nematic wormlike micelle solutions. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:7875-7884. [PMID: 30964477 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr10440a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Small angle X-ray scattering with in situ shear was employed to study the assembly and ordering of dispersions of gold nanorods within wormlike micelle solutions formed by the surfactant cetylpyridinium chloride (CPyCl) and counter-ion sodium salicylate (NaSal). Above a threshold CPyCl concentration but below the isotropic-to-nematic transition of the micelles, the nanorods self-assembled under quiescent conditions into isotropically oriented domains with hexagonal order. Under steady shear at rates between 0.5 and 7.5 s-1, the nanorod assemblies acquired macroscopic orientational order in which the hexagonal planes were coincident with the flow-vorticity plane. The nanorods could be re-dispersed by strong shear but re-assembled following cessation of the shear. In the nematic phase of the micelles at higher surfactant concentration, the nanorods did not acquire hexagonal order but instead formed smectic-like layers in the gradient-vorticity plane under shear. Finally, at still higher surfactant concentration, where the micelles form a hexagonal phase, the nanorods showed no translational ordering but did acquire nematic-like order under shear due to alignment in the flow. Depletion forces mediated by the wormlike micelles are identified as the driving mechanism for this sequence of nanorod ordering behaviors, suggesting a novel mechanism for controlled, reconfigurable assembly of nanoparticles in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramona Mhanna
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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15
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Liao CK, Phan J, Herrera M, Mahmoud MA. Modifying the Band Gap of Semiconducting Two-Dimensional Materials by Polymer Assembly into Different Structures. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:4956-4965. [PMID: 30874438 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b00205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) assembled on the surface of two-dimensional tungsten disulfide (WS2) into a limited number of nanoislands (NIs), nanoshells (NSs), and granular nanoparticulates (GNPs) depending on its chain length. NI assemblies showed a nonmeasurable shift of photoluminescence (PL) and the A and B absorption peaks of WS2. This confirmed that the electronic doping by thiol is not effective. The PEG NS assembly displayed a smaller red shift of the PL and a slight decrease of the energy difference between the A and B absorption peaks of WS2. However, increasing the dielectric function on the surface of WS2 has a small influence on their optical properties. The PEG NP assembly on WS2 exhibited a significant red shift of the PL spectrum and a large decrease of the energy difference between A and B absorption peaks. Deforming the WS2 sheet by the PEG NP assembly decreased the orbital coupling and lowered the electronic direct band gap significantly. Raman bands of WS2 are shifted to a higher frequency on improving its mechanical strength after the PEG assembly.
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16
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Huo D, Kim MJ, Lyu Z, Shi Y, Wiley BJ, Xia Y. One-Dimensional Metal Nanostructures: From Colloidal Syntheses to Applications. Chem Rev 2019; 119:8972-9073. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Da Huo
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Myung Jun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Zhiheng Lyu
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Yifeng Shi
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Benjamin J. Wiley
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Younan Xia
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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17
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Kim D, Bae WK, Kim SH, Lee DC. Depletion-Mediated Interfacial Assembly of Semiconductor Nanorods. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:963-970. [PMID: 30681871 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b04198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Electronic devices comprised of nanocrystal (NC) thin film are projected to demonstrate enhanced figure of merit if NC building blocks self-assemble into highly uniform, 2-dimensional (2-D) superstructures with long-range order. Despite intensive research efforts and remarkable progress, long-range assembly of colloidal anisotropic NCs into thin films with orientational and positional order has remained to be addressed. One of the most promising approaches is to dissolve excess free molecules into NC solution, which has enabled the formation of NC monolayers with exceptional quality at air/solution interface. Nevertheless, the assembly mechanism and the role of free molecules have not been comprehensively elucidated, restricting the use of the approach. Here, we find that the interfacial assembly of CdSe/CdS core/shell nanorods (NRs) results in various ordered structures in the presence of free oleic acid molecules. The structures include a bundle of standing NRs, a belt of multilayered lying NRs, and a monolayer smectic phase, obtained by simple change in density of surface ligands on the NRs. Experimental observation and theoretical calculation reveal that the assembly is initiated at the air/solution interface due to the preferential depletion attraction of NRs to the interface. However, subsequent growth is significantly altered depending on the ligand density that determines the relative magnitude of interface-NR depletion attraction to inter-NR attraction. Highly ordered structures of NRs, especially for the monolayer smectic phase, are promising as a polarized light-emitting layer for thin-film optical devices. In addition, our findings on the depletion-mediated NR assembly provide important and universal design criteria for 2-D structuring of NCs with diverse geometries and compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dahin Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21+ Program), KAIST Institute for the NanoCentury , Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Daejeon 34141 , Korea
| | - Wan Ki Bae
- Sungkyunkwan Advanced Institue of Nano Technology , Sungkyunkwan University , Suwon , Gyeonggi-do 16419 , Korea
| | - Shin-Hyun Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21+ Program), KAIST Institute for the NanoCentury , Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Daejeon 34141 , Korea
| | - Doh C Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering (BK21+ Program), KAIST Institute for the NanoCentury , Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Daejeon 34141 , Korea
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18
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Hamon C, Goldmann C, Constantin D. Controlling the symmetry of supercrystals formed by plasmonic core-shell nanorods with tunable cross-section. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:18362-18369. [PMID: 30255915 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr06376a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Tailoring the crystal structure of plasmonic nanoparticle superlattices is a crucial step in controlling the collective physical response of these nanostructured materials. Various strategies can achieve this goal for isotropic nanoparticles, but few of them have been successful with anisotropic building blocks. In this work we use hybrid particles, consisting of gold nanorods encased in silver shells with a thickness that can be controlled from a few atomic layers to tens of nanometers. The particles were synthesized, characterized by a combination of techniques and assembled into supercrystals with a smectic B configuration, i.e. a 2D in-plane periodic order without interplane lateral correlations. We showed that, by tuning the silver shell thickness, the in-plane order can be changed from hexagonal to square and the lattice parameters can be adjusted. The spatial distribution of the supercrystal was systematically studied by optical and electron microscopy and by small-angle X-ray scattering. Through optimized surface chemistry, we obtain homogeneous, millimeter-size films of standing nanoparticles, which hold promise for all applications using plasmon-enhanced technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrille Hamon
- Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay Cedex, France.
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Milliken S, Fraser J, Poirier S, Hulse J, Tay LL. Self-assembled vertically aligned Au nanorod arrays for surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) detection of Cannabinol. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 196:222-228. [PMID: 29453097 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembled multi-layered vertically aligned gold nanorod (AuNR) arrays have been fabricated by a simple preparation process that requires a balance between the particle concentration and the ionic strength of the solvent. An experimentally determined critical AuNR concentration of 2.0nM and 50mM NaCl produces well-ordered vertically aligned hexagonally close-packed AuNR arrays. We demonstrate surface treatment via UV Ozone cleaning of such samples to allow introduction of analyte molecules (benzenethiol and cannabinol) for effective surface enhanced Raman scattering detection. This is the first demonstration of the SERS analysis of cannabinol. This approach demonstrates a cost-effective, high-yield and simple fabrication route to SERS sensors with application in the screening for the cannabinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Milliken
- National Research Council Canada, Measurement Science and Standards, Ottawa, ON K1A0R6, Canada
| | - Jeff Fraser
- National Research Council Canada, Measurement Science and Standards, Ottawa, ON K1A0R6, Canada
| | - Shawn Poirier
- National Research Council Canada, Measurement Science and Standards, Ottawa, ON K1A0R6, Canada
| | - John Hulse
- National Research Council Canada, Measurement Science and Standards, Ottawa, ON K1A0R6, Canada
| | - Li-Lin Tay
- National Research Council Canada, Measurement Science and Standards, Ottawa, ON K1A0R6, Canada.
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20
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Iida R, Mitomo H, Niikura K, Matsuo Y, Ijiro K. Two-Step Assembly of Thermoresponsive Gold Nanorods Coated with a Single Kind of Ligand. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2018; 14:e1704230. [PMID: 29457380 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201704230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanorods (GNRs) coated with a single kind of ligand show thermoreponsive two-step assembly to provide a hierarchical structure. The GNRs (33 nm in length × 14 nm in diameter) coated with a hexa(ethylene glycol) (HEG) derivative form side-by-side assemblies at 30 °C (TA1 ) as a steady state through dehydration. By further heating to over 40 °C (TA2 ), larger assemblies, which are composed of the side-by-side assembled units, are formed as hierarchical structures. The dehydration temperature of the HEG derivative varies depending on the free volume of the HEG unit, which corresponds to the curvature of the GNRs. Upon heating, dehydration first occurs from the ligands on the side portions with a lower curvature, and then from the ligands on the edge portions with a higher curvature. The different sized GNRs (33 × 8 and 54 × 15 nm) also show two-step assembly. Both the TA1 and TA2 are dependent on the diameter of the GNRs, but independent of their length. This result supports that the dehydration is dependent on the free volume, which corresponds to the curvature. Anisotropic assembly focusing on differences in curvature provides new guidelines for the fabrication of hierarchical structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Iida
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Mitomo
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 001-0021, Japan
- Global Station for Soft Matter, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 001-0021, Japan
| | - Kenichi Niikura
- Department of Innovative Systems Engineering, and, Graduate School of Environmental Symbiotic System Major, Nippon Institute of Technology, Miyashiro, Saitama, 345-8501, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Matsuo
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 001-0021, Japan
| | - Kuniharu Ijiro
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 001-0021, Japan
- Global Station for Soft Matter, Global Institution for Collaborative Research and Education (GI-CoRE), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 001-0021, Japan
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21
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Rong Y, Song L, Si P, Zhang L, Lu X, Zhang J, Nie Z, Huang Y, Chen T. Macroscopic Assembly of Gold Nanorods into Superstructures with Controllable Orientations by Anisotropic Affinity Interaction. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:13867-13873. [PMID: 29129079 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b03538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional or three-dimensional highly ordered arrays of anisotropic nanoparticles provide attracting properties that are highly desired by the industry. Traditional assembly methods such as evaporation usually produces the nanostructure arrays only up to the millimeter scale with poor control of nanoparticle orientation, making them hardly applicable for industrial needs. Here, we report a facile method to assemble centimeter-scale gold nanorod (Au NR) arrays with highly controlled nanoparticle orientation and high reproducibility. We selectively functionalized the transverse or longitudinal facets of Au NRs with polyethylene glycol (PEG) molecules and utilized the interfacial polymeric affinity between the PEG domains on Au NRs and the PEGylated substrate to achieve the anisotropic self-assembly. The side-PEGylated Au NRs formed closely packed horizontal arrays, whereas the end-PEGylated Au NRs formed vertically standing arrays on the substrate, respectively. The obtained Au NR arrays with different orientations showed anisotropic surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) performance. We showed that the vertically ordered Au NR arrays exhibited 3 times higher SERS signals than the horizontally ordered arrays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Rong
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Ningbo 315201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liping Song
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Ningbo 315201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Peng Si
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Ningbo 315201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xuefei Lu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Jiawei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Ningbo 315201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhihong Nie
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland , College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Youju Huang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Ningbo 315201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Ningbo 315201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
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22
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Single-Crystalline Gold Nanowires Synthesized from Light-Driven Oriented Attachment and Plasmon-Mediated Self-Assembly of Gold Nanorods or Nanoparticles. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44680. [PMID: 28300218 PMCID: PMC5353694 DOI: 10.1038/srep44680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Through the light-driven geometrically oriented attachment (OA) and self-assembly of Au nanorods (NRs) or nanoparticles (NPs), single-crystalline Au nanowires (NWs) were synthesized by the irradiation of a linearly-polarized (LP) laser. The process was conducted in a droplet of Au colloid on a glass irradiated by LP near-infrared (e.g. 1064 nm and 785 nm) laser beam of low power at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, without any additive. The FE-SEM images show that the cross sections of NWs are various: tetragonal, pentagonal or hexagonal. The EDS spectrum verifies the composition is Au, and the pattern of X-ray diffraction identifies the crystallinity of NWs with the facets of {111}, {200}, {220} and {311}. We proposed a hypothesis for the mechanism that the primary building units are aligned and coalesced by the plasmon-mediated optical torque and force to form the secondary building units. Subsequently, the secondary building units undergo the next self-assembly, and so forth the tertiary ones. The LP light guides the translational and rotational motions of these building units to perform geometrically OA in the side-by-side, end-to-end and T-shaped manners. Consequently, micron-sized ordered mesocrystals are produced. Additionally, the concomitant plasmonic heating causes the annealing for recrystallizing the mesocrystals in water.
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23
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Tang S, Li Y, Huang H, Li P, Guo Z, Luo Q, Wang Z, Chu PK, Li J, Yu XF. Efficient Enrichment and Self-Assembly of Hybrid Nanoparticles into Removable and Magnetic SERS Substrates for Sensitive Detection of Environmental Pollutants. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:7472-7480. [PMID: 28181793 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b16141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
A structure consisting of a low surface energy substrate and low surface tension liquid is designed and prepared by taking advantage of perfluorinated fluid infusion into the porous Teflon membrane. This slippery platform allows efficient enrichment and self-assembly of hybrid nanoparticles and the assembled structure can be detached from the membrane. A macroscale superlattice array of Au nanorods doped with magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles is obtained by suppressing the outward capillary flow and coffee-ring effect during evaporative self-assembly. In SERS (surface enhanced Raman scattering) detection of environmental pollutants including thiram, diquat and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, the removable plasmonic superlattice array with magnetic properties enables rapid separation of analytes from the solution resulting in excellent sensitivity and detection limits down to the nanomolar level. The self-assembly strategy shows great potential in the fabrication of removable 3D plasmonic superlattice arrays for SERS detections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siying Tang
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Yong Li
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Hao Huang
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Penghui Li
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, City University of Hong Kong , Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Zhinan Guo
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
- SZU-NUS Collaborative Innovation Center for Optoelectronic Science and Technology, and Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University , Shenzhen 518060, P. R. China
| | - Qian Luo
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Paul K Chu
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, City University of Hong Kong , Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, P.R. China
| | - Jia Li
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Xue-Feng Yu
- Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
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24
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de Barros HR, Piovan L, Sassaki GL, de Araujo Sabry D, Mattoso N, Nunes ÁM, Meneghetti MR, Riegel-Vidotti IC. Surface interactions of gold nanorods and polysaccharides: From clusters to individual nanoparticles. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 152:479-486. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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25
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Gwo S, Chen HY, Lin MH, Sun L, Li X. Nanomanipulation and controlled self-assembly of metal nanoparticles and nanocrystals for plasmonics. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:5672-5716. [PMID: 27406697 DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00450d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Localized surface plasmon resonances (LSPRs) associated with metallic nanostructures offer unique possibilities for light concentration beyond the diffraction limit, which can lead to strong field confinement and enhancement in deep subwavelength regions. In recent years, many transformative plasmonic applications have emerged, taking advantage of the spectral and spatial tunability of LSPRs enabled by near-field coupling between constituent metallic nanostructures in a variety of plasmonic metastructures (dimers, metamolecules, metasurfaces, metamaterials, etc.). For example, the "hot spot" formed at the interstitial site (gap) between two coupled metallic nanostructures in a plasmonic dimer can be spectrally tuned via the gap size. Capitalizing on these capabilities, there have been significant advances in plasmon enhanced or enabled applications in light-based science and technology, including ultrahigh-sensitivity spectroscopies, light energy harvesting, photocatalysis, biomedical imaging and theranostics, optical sensing, nonlinear optics, ultrahigh-density data storage, as well as plasmonic metamaterials and metasurfaces exhibiting unusual linear and nonlinear optical properties. In this review, we present two complementary approaches for fabricating plasmonic metastructures. We discuss how meta-atoms can be assembled into unique plasmonic metastructures using a variety of nanomanipulation methods based on single- or multiple-probes in an atomic force microscope (AFM) or a scanning electron microscope (SEM), optical tweezers, and focused electron-beam nanomanipulation. We also provide a few examples of nanoparticle metamolecules with designed properties realized in such well-controlled plasmonic metastructures. For the spatial controllability on the mesoscopic and macroscopic scales, we show that controlled self-assembly is the method of choice to realize scalable two-dimensional, and three-dimensional plasmonic metastructures. In the section of applications, we discuss some key examples of plasmonic applications based on individual hot spots or ensembles of hot spots with high uniformity and improved controllability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shangjr Gwo
- Department of Physics, National Tsing-Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan.
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26
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Hamon C, Sanz-Ortiz MN, Modin E, Hill EH, Scarabelli L, Chuvilin A, Liz-Marzán LM. Hierarchical organization and molecular diffusion in gold nanorod/silica supercrystal nanocomposites. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:7914-22. [PMID: 26961684 PMCID: PMC5317216 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr00712k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Hierarchical organization of gold nanorods was previously obtained on a substrate, allowing precise control over the morphology of the assemblies and macroscale spatial arrangement. Herein, a thorough description of these gold nanorod assemblies and their orientation within supercrystals is presented together with a sol-gel technique to protect the supercrystals with mesoporous silica films. The internal organization of the nanorods in the supercrystals was characterized by combining focused ion beam ablation and scanning electron microscopy. A mesoporous silica layer is grown both over the supercrystals and between the individual lamellae of gold nanorods inside the structure. This not only prevented the detachment of the supercrystal from the substrate in water, but also allowed small molecule analytes to infiltrate the structure. These nanocomposite substrates show superior Raman enhancement in comparison with gold supercrystals without silica owing to improved accessibility of the plasmonic hot spots to analytes. The patterned supercrystal arrays with enhanced optical and mechanical properties obtained in this work show potential for the practical implementation of nanostructured devices in spatially resolved ultradetection of biomarkers and other analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrille Hamon
- Bionanoplasmonics Laboratory, CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo de Miramón 182, 20009 Donostia - San Sebastian, Spain.
| | - Marta N Sanz-Ortiz
- Bionanoplasmonics Laboratory, CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo de Miramón 182, 20009 Donostia - San Sebastian, Spain.
| | - Evgeny Modin
- Electron Microscopy and Image Processing Interdisciplinary Laboratory, Far Eastern Federal University, Sukhanova 8, 690000, Vladivostok, Russia and Electron Microscopy Laboratory, CIC NanoGUNE Consolider, Tolosa Hiribidea, 76, 20019 Donostia - San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Eric H Hill
- Bionanoplasmonics Laboratory, CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo de Miramón 182, 20009 Donostia - San Sebastian, Spain.
| | - Leonardo Scarabelli
- Bionanoplasmonics Laboratory, CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo de Miramón 182, 20009 Donostia - San Sebastian, Spain.
| | - Andrey Chuvilin
- Electron Microscopy Laboratory, CIC NanoGUNE Consolider, Tolosa Hiribidea, 76, 20019 Donostia - San Sebastian, Spain and Basque Foundation of Science, IKERBASQUE, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Luis M Liz-Marzán
- Bionanoplasmonics Laboratory, CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo de Miramón 182, 20009 Donostia - San Sebastian, Spain. and Basque Foundation of Science, IKERBASQUE, 48013 Bilbao, Spain and Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine, CIBER-BBN, Spain
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27
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Yang G, Bai B, Liu W, Wu X. Fast and Simultaneous Determination of the Number and Mass Concentrations of Gold Nanorod Colloid Using an Improved Optical Extinction-Scattering Spectroscopic Method. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2016; 70:593-603. [PMID: 26940003 DOI: 10.1177/0003702816636805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Accurate determination of the concentrations, including the mass concentration (MC) and number concentration (NC), of metal nanoparticle (NP) colloid is highly demanded in the synthesis, metrology, and application of NPs. The commonly used inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) can only measure the MC of NPs, which is destructive to the NPs and requires advanced operation skills. Here, we present a simple approach based on an improved optical extinction-scattering spectroscopic (OESS) method to fast determining the MC and NC of metal nanorod colloids simultaneously. Unlike most existing spectroscopic methods that can only deal with low-concentration NP colloids, the improved OESS method can accurately solve the inverse scattering problem of NP colloids with higher concentrations, so that a two-dimensional joint probability density function of both the width and aspect ratio of nanorods can be retrieved, which makes the basis for the accurate determination of the MC and NC of the colloids in a large range of concentration. The reliability and accuracy of the method are validated by measuring several typical nanorod colloids with different concentrations and comparing the results with those obtained by the standard ICP-MS method. It is shown that the improved OESS method can cover a broad MC measurement range of at least 10-50 µg/mL and a NC measurement range of 10(9)-10(11)/mL. The uncertainty and sources of error in the measurement are also analyzed. Since the improved OESS method is fast, cost-effective, non-destructive, and easy to implement, it provides a simple way to determine the concentrations of metal NPs and has the potential to be extended to other metal NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoce Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Benfeng Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Wenqi Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaochun Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, China
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28
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Hamon C, Novikov SM, Scarabelli L, Solís DM, Altantzis T, Bals S, Taboada JM, Obelleiro F, Liz-Marzán LM. Collective Plasmonic Properties in Few-Layer Gold Nanorod Supercrystals. ACS PHOTONICS 2015; 2:1482-1488. [PMID: 27294173 PMCID: PMC4898864 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.5b00369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Cyrille Hamon
- Bionanoplasmonics
Laboratory, CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo de Miramón 182, 20009 Donostia - San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Sergey M. Novikov
- Bionanoplasmonics
Laboratory, CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo de Miramón 182, 20009 Donostia - San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Leonardo Scarabelli
- Bionanoplasmonics
Laboratory, CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo de Miramón 182, 20009 Donostia - San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Diego M. Solís
- Department
Teoría de la Señal y Comunicaciones, University of Vigo, 36301 Vigo, Spain
| | - Thomas Altantzis
- EMAT-University
of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sara Bals
- EMAT-University
of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, B-2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - José M. Taboada
- Department
Tec. Computadoras y Comunicaciones, University of Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Fernando Obelleiro
- Department
Teoría de la Señal y Comunicaciones, University of Vigo, 36301 Vigo, Spain
| | - Luis M. Liz-Marzán
- Bionanoplasmonics
Laboratory, CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo de Miramón 182, 20009 Donostia - San Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque
Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
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29
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Hamon C, Novikov S, Scarabelli L, Basabe-Desmonts L, Liz-Marzán LM. Hierarchical self-assembly of gold nanoparticles into patterned plasmonic nanostructures. ACS NANO 2014; 8:10694-703. [PMID: 25263238 DOI: 10.1021/nn504407z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The integration of nanoparticle superstructures into daily life applications faces major challenges including the simplification of the self-assembly process, reduced cost, and scalability. It is, however, often difficult to improve on one aspect without losing on another. We present in this paper a benchtop method that allows patterning a macroscopic substrate with gold nanoparticle supercrystals in a one-step process. The method allows parallelization, and patterned substrates can be made with high-throughput. The self-assembly of a variety of building blocks into crystalline superstructures takes place upon solvent evaporation, and their precise placement over millimeter scale areas is induced by confinement of the colloidal suspension in micron-sized cavities. We mainly focus on gold nanorods and demonstrate their hierarchical organization up to the device scale. The height of the formed nanorod supercrystals can be tuned by simply varying nanorod concentration, so that the topography of the substrate and the resulting optical properties can be readily modulated. The crystalline order of the nanorods results in homogeneous and high electric field enhancements over the assemblies, which is demonstrated by surface-enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrille Hamon
- Bionanoplasmonics Laboratory, CIC biomaGUNE, Paseo de Miramón 182, 20009 Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
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30
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Kumar J, Thomas R, Swathi RS, Thomas KG. Au nanorod quartets and Raman signal enhancement: towards the design of plasmonic platforms. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:10454-10459. [PMID: 24875403 DOI: 10.1039/c4nr00170b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Quartets of Au nanorods were designed by combining the methodologies of lateral and longitudinal assemblies. A high electric field prevailing at the quartet junctions results in large enhancement in the Raman signals of molecules. FDTD simulations showed that the displacement of the lateral dimers in quartets expands the scope of hot spot distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jatish Kumar
- Photosciences and Photonics, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram 695 019, India
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31
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Martín A, Schopf C, Pescaglini A, Wang JJ, Iacopino D. Facile formation of ordered vertical arrays by droplet evaporation of Au nanorod organic solutions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:10206-10212. [PMID: 25118960 DOI: 10.1021/la502195n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Droplet evaporation is a simple method to induce organization of Au nanorods into ordered superstructures. In general, the self-assembly process occurs by evaporation of aqueous suspensions under strictly controlled experimental conditions. Here we present formation of large area ordered vertical arrays by droplet evaporation of Au nanorod organic suspensions. The uncontrolled (free air) evaporation of such suspensions yielded to formation of ordered nanorod domains covering the entire area of a 5 mm diameter droplet. Detailed investigation of the process revealed that nanorods organized into highly ordered vertical domains at the interface between solvent and air on a fast time scale (minutes). The self-assembly process mainly depended on the initial concentration of nanorod solution and required minimal control of other experimental parameters. Nanorod arrays displayed distinct optical properties which were analyzed by optical imaging and spectroscopy and compared to results obtained from theoretical calculations. The potential use of synthesized arrays as surface-enhanced Raman scattering probes was demonstrated with the model molecule 4-aminobenzenthiol.
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32
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Ahmad I, Zandvliet HJW, Kooij ES. Shape-induced separation of nanospheres and aligned nanorods. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:7953-7961. [PMID: 24959664 DOI: 10.1021/la500980j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We studied the phase separation and spatial arrangement of gold nanorods and nanospheres after evaporative self-assembly from aqueous suspension. Depending on the position relative to the contact line of the drying droplet, spheres and rods separate into various liquid-crystalline phases. Nanorods exhibit a strong preference for side-by-side alignment, giving rise to smectic phases; spheres in solution are forced out of these regions and form close-packed arrays. We discuss this self-separation into nanorod- and sphere-rich phases in terms of various interactions, including electrostatic, van der Waals, and deplection interactions forces. The experimental results are compared to quantitative calculations of the colloidal interaction energies. We also describe and discuss the role of the surfactant on the different crystal facets of the nanorods on the assembly process.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Ahmad
- Physics of Interfaces and Nanomaterials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente , P.O. Box 217, NL-7500AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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33
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Peng B, Li Z, Mutlugun E, Hernández Martínez PL, Li D, Zhang Q, Gao Y, Demir HV, Xiong Q. Quantum dots on vertically aligned gold nanorod monolayer: plasmon enhanced fluorescence. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:5592-5598. [PMID: 24739999 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr06341k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
CTAB-coated Au nanorods were directly self-assembled into a vertically aligned monolayer with highly uniform hot spots through a simple but robust approach. By coupling with CdSe/ZnS quantum dots, a maximum enhancement of 10.4 is achieved due to: increased excitation transition rate, radiative rate, and coupling efficiency of emission to the far field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Peng
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371.
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Hamon C, Bizien T, Artzner F, Even-Hernandez P, Marchi V. Replacement of CTAB with peptidic ligands at the surface of gold nanorods and their self-assembling properties. J Colloid Interface Sci 2014; 424:90-7. [PMID: 24767503 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2014.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 02/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we describe the self-assembling of gold nanorods (GNRs) induced during the ligand exchange at their surface. An exchange reaction between tricysteine PEGylated peptidic ligands and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)-protected gold nanorods is conducted. We demonstrated that the terminal group charge (positively or negatively charged) and the hydrophobicity of the peptidic ligands (bearing or not an undecanoyl chain) strongly affects the self-organization of the GNRs occurring in solution. Adjusting the amount of short PEGylated peptides causes a self-organization of the gold nanorods in solution, resulting in a red- or blue-shift of the plasmon bands. The decrease of their surface charge and the self-assembling in solution were first shown by zetametry, by Dynamic Light Scattering and UV-spectroscopy. Thanks to Small Angle X-ray Scattering experiments and Transmission Electron Microscopy images, the self-organization of the nanorods in solution was clearly demonstrated and correlated to the spectroscopic change in absorbance. Conversely, in the case of longer PEGylated peptidic ligands including an undecanoyl chain, the GNRs are particularly stable against aggregation for several days after purification. By controlled drying on a substrate, we showed their ability to self-organize into well-defined ordered structures making them very attractive as building blocks to design optical materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hamon
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, University Rennes 1, UMR 6226 C.N.R.S., Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - T Bizien
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, University Rennes 1, UMR 6226 C.N.R.S., Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France; Institut de Physique de Rennes, University Rennes 1, UMR 6251 C.N.R.S., Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - F Artzner
- Institut de Physique de Rennes, University Rennes 1, UMR 6251 C.N.R.S., Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - P Even-Hernandez
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, University Rennes 1, UMR 6226 C.N.R.S., Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
| | - V Marchi
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, University Rennes 1, UMR 6226 C.N.R.S., Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France.
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35
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Xiao J, Li Z, Ye X, Ma Y, Qi L. Self-assembly of gold nanorods into vertically aligned, rectangular microplates with a supercrystalline structure. NANOSCALE 2014; 6:996-1004. [PMID: 24292548 DOI: 10.1039/c3nr05343a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Vertically aligned, supercrystalline microplates with a well-defined rectangular shape were fabricated in a large area through self-assembly of gold nanorods by a novel bulk solution evaporation method. This evaporative self-assembly strategy involving continuous movement of the contact line can prevent the coffee-ring effect, thus allowing uniform deposition of discrete GNR superstructures over a large area and favoring the formation of GNR supercrystals with geometrically symmetric shapes. A mechanism based on the continuing nucleation and growth of smectic GNR superstructures accompanying the movement of the contact line was put forward for the formation of the unique GNR supercrystal arrays. Based on this mechanism, a micropatterned substrate was designed to control the nucleation location and growth direction, leading to the spontaneous self-assembly of nearly parallel arrays of vertically aligned, supercrystalline microplates of GNRs. The obtained rectangular-plate-shaped GNR supercrystals exhibited interesting anisotropic optical reflection properties, which were revealed by polarized light microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyan Xiao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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36
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Jain T, Tang Q, Bjørnholm T, Nørgaard K. Wet chemical synthesis of soluble gold nanogaps. Acc Chem Res 2014; 47:2-11. [PMID: 23944385 DOI: 10.1021/ar3002848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A central challenge in molecular electronics is to create electrode pairs separated by only a few nanometers that can accommodate a single molecule of interest to be optically or electrically characterized while residing in the gap. Current techniques for nanogap fabrication are largely based on top-down approaches and often rely on subsequent deposition of molecules into the nanogap. In such an approach, the molecule may bridge the gap differently with each experiment due to variations at the metal-molecule interface. Conversely, chemists can readily synthesize gold nanorods (AuNRs) in aqueous solution. Through controlled end-to-end assembly of the AuNRs into dimers or chains, facilitated via target molecules, they can be used as electrical contacts. In this way, the preparation of AuNR-molecule-AuNR junctions by wet chemical methods may afford a large number of identical devices with little variation in the interface between molecule and electrode (AuNR). In this Account, we highlight recent progress in using chemically synthesized AuNRs as building blocks for molecular electronic applications. We outline the general synthesis and properties of AuNRs and describe the aqueous growth of dimeric AuNR structures from an insulating molecule linked to AuNR precursors (gold seeds). Conjugated, electronically active molecules are typically not soluble under the conditions required for the bottom-up growth of AuNRs. Therefore, we present a strategy that utilizes host-guest chemistry in order to make such π-systems compatible with the AuNR growth procedure. In order to electrically characterize the AuNR-molecule-AuNR constructs, we must transfer them onto a substrate and contact external electrodes. We discuss the implications of using electron-beam lithography for making this contact. In addition, we introduce a novel fabrication approach in which we can grow AuNR nanogap electrodes in situ on prepatterned substrates, thus circumventing post-processing steps that potentially damage the nanogap environment. Due to the inherent optical properties of AuNRs, electromagnetic field enhancement in the nanogaps lets us spectroscopically characterize the molecules via surface-enhanced Raman scattering. We discuss the incorporation of oligopeptides functionalized with acetylene units having uniquely identifiable vibrational modes. This acetylene moiety allows chemical reactions to be performed in the gaps via click chemistry, and the oligopeptide linking platform opens for integration of larger biological components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Titoo Jain
- Nano-Science Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Qingxin Tang
- School of Physics, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun, Jilin Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Thomas Bjørnholm
- Nano-Science Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Kasper Nørgaard
- Nano-Science Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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37
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Tang W, Chase DB, Rabolt JF. Immobilization of Gold Nanorods onto Electrospun Polycaprolactone Fibers Via Polyelectrolyte Decoration—A 3D SERS Substrate. Anal Chem 2013; 85:10702-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac400241z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenqiong Tang
- Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - D. Bruce Chase
- Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - John F. Rabolt
- Department of Materials Science
and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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38
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Abstract
Gold nanorods have been receiving extensive attention owing to their extremely attractive applications in biomedical technologies, plasmon-enhanced spectroscopies, and optical and optoelectronic devices. The growth methods and plasmonic properties of Au nanorods have therefore been intensively studied. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of the flourishing field of Au nanorods in the past five years. We will focus mainly on the approaches for the growth, shape and size tuning, functionalization, and assembly of Au nanorods, as well as the methods for the preparation of their hybrid structures. The plasmonic properties and the associated applications of Au nanorods will also be discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanjun Chen
- Department of Physics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR, China
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39
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Angly J, Iazzolino A, Salmon JB, Leng J, Chandran SP, Ponsinet V, Désert A, Le Beulze A, Mornet S, Tréguer-Delapierre M, Correa-Duarte MA. Microfluidic-induced growth and shape-up of three-dimensional extended arrays of densely packed nanoparticles. ACS NANO 2013; 7:6465-77. [PMID: 23902425 DOI: 10.1021/nn401764r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
We use evaporation within a microfluidic device to extract the solvent of a (possibly very dilute) dispersion of nanoparticles and concentrate the dispersion until a solid made of densely packed nanoparticles grows and totally invades the microfluidic geometry. The growth process can be rationalized as an interplay between evaporation-induced flow and kinetic and thermodynamic coefficients which are system-dependent; this yields limitations to the growth process illustrated here on two main cases: evaporation- and transport-limited growth. Importantly, we also quantify how colloidal stability may hinder the growth and show that care must be taken as to the composition of the initial dispersion, especially regarding traces of ionic species that can destabilize the suspension upon concentration. We define a stability chart, which, when fulfilled, permits us to grow and shape-up solids, including superlattices and extended and thick arrays of nanoparticles made of unary and binary dispersions, composites, and heterojunctions between distinct types of nanoparticles. In all cases, the geometry of the final solid is imparted by that of the microfluidic device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Angly
- Laboratoire du Futur, Université de Bordeaux, UMR 5258, F-33600 Pessac, France
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40
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Peng B, Li G, Li D, Dodson S, Zhang Q, Zhang J, Lee YH, Demir HV, Ling XY, Xiong Q. Vertically aligned gold nanorod monolayer on arbitrary substrates: self-assembly and femtomolar detection of food contaminants. ACS NANO 2013; 7:5993-6000. [PMID: 23790104 DOI: 10.1021/nn401685p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Public attention to the food scandals raises an urgent need to develop effective and reliable methods to detect food contaminants. The current prevailing detections are primarily based upon liquid chromatography, mass spectroscopy, or colorimetric methods, which usually require sophisticated and time-consuming steps or sample preparation. Herein, we develop a facile strategy to assemble the vertically aligned monolayer of Au nanorods with a nominal 0.8 nm gap distance and demonstrate their applications in the rapid detection of plasticizers and melamine contamination at femtomolar level by surface-enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy (SERS). The SERS signals of plasticizers are sensitive down to 0.9 fM concentrations in orange juices. It is the lowest detection limit reported to date, which is 7 orders of magnitude lower than the standard of United States (6 ppb). The highly organized vertical arrays generate the reproducible "SERS-active sites" and can be achieved on arbitrary substrates, ranging from silicon, gallium nitride, glass to flexible poly(ethylene naphthalate) substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Peng
- Division of Physics and Applied Physics, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371
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41
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Xie Y, Guo S, Guo C, He M, Chen D, Ji Y, Chen Z, Wu X, Liu Q, Xie S. Controllable two-stage droplet evaporation method and its nanoparticle self-assembly mechanism. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:6232-6241. [PMID: 23672308 DOI: 10.1021/la400736b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Bottom-up self-assembly is able to constitute a variety of structures and has been thought to be a promising way for advanced nanofabrication. Droplet evaporation, as the simplest method, has been used in various self-assemblies. However, the assembled area is not large enough and the order is still not well controlled. Here we show a facile and controllable two-stage droplet evaporation method by adjusting the humidity and temperature of the evaporating droplet. Taking the highly monodispersed gold nanorods (GNRs) as an example, large-area, self-assembly monolayer arrays are reproducibly achieved. To understand the self-assembly mechanism, we adopted simplified models to analyze the interactions between the nanorods. The results show that a metastable state of secondary-energy-minimum exists, especially in the latter stage of the assembly process, leading to the ordered arrays. A large electrostatic barrier between the assembled arrays prevents the formation of the multilayer structures and thereby leads to the preferential monolayers. Moreover, we predict possibilities of different types of assemblies of the nanorods, and a schematic phase diagram is finally given. The results here may offer a way toward high-quality self-assembled nanoparticles superlattices for use in enhanced spectroscopy, sensors, or nanodevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Xie
- Laboratory for Nanodevices, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
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42
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Ke S, Kan C, Liu J, Cong B. Controlled assembly of gold nanorods using tetrahydrofuran. RSC Adv 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ra23300b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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43
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Askounis A, Sefiane K, Koutsos V, Shanahan MER. Structural transitions in a ring stain created at the contact line of evaporating nanosuspension sessile drops. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2013; 87:012301. [PMID: 23410325 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.87.012301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Revised: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Monodisperse nanosuspension droplets, placed on a flat surface, evaporated following the stick-slip motion of the three-phase contact line. Unexpectedly, a disordered region formed at the exterior edge of a closely packed nanocolloidal crystalline structure during the "stick" period. In order to assess the role of particle velocity on particle structuring, we did experiments in a reduced pressure environment which allowed the enhancement of particle velocity. These experiments revealed the promotion of hexagonal packing at the very edge of the crystallite with increasing velocity. Quantification of particle velocity and comparison with measured deposit shape for each case allowed us to provide a tentative description of the underlying mechanisms that govern particle deposition of nanoparticles at the triple line of an evaporating droplet. Behavior is governed by an interplay between the fluid, and hence particle, flow velocity (main ordering parameter) and wedge constraints, and consequently disjoining pressure (main disordering parameter). Furthermore, the formation of a second disordered particle region at the interior edge of the deposit (towards bulk fluid) was found and attributed to the rapid motion of the triple line during the "slip" regime. Additionally, the magnitude of the pinning forces acting on the triple line of the same drops was calculated. These findings provide further insight into the mechanisms of the phenomenon and could facilitate its exploitation in various nanotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandros Askounis
- Institute for Materials and Processes, School of Engineering, The University of Edinburgh, King's Buildings, Mayfield Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JL, United Kingdom
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Vigderman L, Khanal BP, Zubarev ER. Functional gold nanorods: synthesis, self-assembly, and sensing applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2012; 24:4811-41, 5014. [PMID: 22740090 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201201690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 445] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanorods have received much attention due to their unique optical and electronic properties which are dependent on their shape, size, and aspect ratio. This article covers in detail the synthesis, functionalization, self-assembly, and sensing applications of gold nanorods. The synthesis of three major types of rods is discussed: single-crystalline and pentahedrally-twinned rods, which are synthesized by wet chemistry methods, and polycrystalline rods, which are synthesized by templated deposition. Functionalization of these rods is usually necessary for their applications, but can often be problematic due to their surfactant coating. Thus, general strategies are provided for the covalent and noncovalent functionalization of gold nanorods. The review will then examine the significant progress that has been made in controllable assembly of nanorods into various arrangements. This assembly can have a large effect on measurable properties of rods, making it particularly applicable towards sensing of a variety of analytes. Other types of sensing not dependent on nanorod assembly, such as refractive-index based sensing, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid Vigderman
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA
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Thai T, Zheng Y, Ng SH, Mudie S, Altissimo M, Bach U. Self-Assembly of Vertically Aligned Gold Nanorod Arrays on Patterned Substrates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:8732-5. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201204609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Thai T, Zheng Y, Ng SH, Mudie S, Altissimo M, Bach U. Self-Assembly of Vertically Aligned Gold Nanorod Arrays on Patterned Substrates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201204609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Hamon C, Postic M, Mazari E, Bizien T, Dupuis C, Even-Hernandez P, Jimenez A, Courbin L, Gosse C, Artzner F, Marchi-Artzner V. Three-dimensional self-assembling of gold nanorods with controlled macroscopic shape and local smectic B order. ACS NANO 2012; 6:4137-4146. [PMID: 22497873 DOI: 10.1021/nn3006027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
We describe a method of controlled evaporation on a textured substrate for self-assembling and shaping gold-nanorod-based materials. Tridimensional wall features are formed over areas as large as several square millimeters. Furthermore, analyses by small-angle X-ray scattering and scanning electron microscopy techniques demonstrate that colloids are locally ordered as a smectic B phase. Such crystallization is in fact possible because we could finely adjust the nanoparticle charge, knowledge that additionally enables tuning the lattice parameters. In the future, the type of ordered self-assemblies of gold nanorods we have prepared could be used for amplifying optical signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrille Hamon
- Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes, UMR 6226 CNRS, Université Rennes 1, Avenue du Général Leclerc, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France
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Xie Y, Jia Y, Liang Y, Guo S, Ji Y, Wu X, Chen Z, Liu Q. Real-time observations on crystallization of gold nanorods into spiral or lamellar superlattices. Chem Commun (Camb) 2012; 48:2128-30. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc15989a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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