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Sitkov N, Ryabko A, Moshnikov V, Aleshin A, Kaplun D, Zimina T. Hybrid Impedimetric Biosensors for Express Protein Markers Detection. MICROMACHINES 2024; 15:181. [PMID: 38398911 PMCID: PMC10890403 DOI: 10.3390/mi15020181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Impedimetric biosensors represent a powerful and promising tool for studying and monitoring biological processes associated with proteins and can contribute to the development of new approaches in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. The basic principles, analytical methods, and applications of hybrid impedimetric biosensors for express protein detection in biological fluids are described. The advantages of this type of biosensors, such as simplicity and speed of operation, sensitivity and selectivity of analysis, cost-effectiveness, and an ability to be integrated into hybrid microfluidic systems, are demonstrated. Current challenges and development prospects in this area are analyzed. They include (a) the selection of materials for electrodes and formation of nanostructures on their surface; (b) the development of efficient methods for biorecognition elements' deposition on the electrodes' surface, providing the specificity and sensitivity of biosensing; (c) the reducing of nonspecific binding and interference, which could affect specificity; (d) adapting biosensors to real samples and conditions of operation; (e) expanding the range of detected proteins; and, finally, (f) the development of biosensor integration into large microanalytical system technologies. This review could be useful for researchers working in the field of impedimetric biosensors for protein detection, as well as for those interested in the application of this type of biosensor in biomedical diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikita Sitkov
- Department of Micro and Nanoelectronics, Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University “LETI”, 197022 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (V.M.); (T.Z.)
- Engineering Centre for Microtechnology and Diagnostics, Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University “LETI”, 197022 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Andrey Ryabko
- Laboratory of Nonequilibrium Processes in Semiconductors, Ioffe Institute, 26 Politekhnicheskaya, 194021 Saint Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Vyacheslav Moshnikov
- Department of Micro and Nanoelectronics, Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University “LETI”, 197022 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (V.M.); (T.Z.)
| | - Andrey Aleshin
- Laboratory of Nonequilibrium Processes in Semiconductors, Ioffe Institute, 26 Politekhnicheskaya, 194021 Saint Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Dmitry Kaplun
- Artificial Intelligence Research Institute, China University of Mining and Technology, 1 Daxue Road, Xuzhou 221116, China;
- Department of Automation and Control Processes, Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University “LETI”, 197022 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Tatiana Zimina
- Department of Micro and Nanoelectronics, Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University “LETI”, 197022 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (V.M.); (T.Z.)
- Engineering Centre for Microtechnology and Diagnostics, Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University “LETI”, 197022 Saint Petersburg, Russia
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2
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Kalita N, Gogoi S, Minteer SD, Goswami P. Advances in Bioelectrode Design for Developing Electrochemical Biosensors. ACS MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AU 2023; 3:404-433. [PMID: 38145027 PMCID: PMC10740130 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.3c00034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
The critical performance factors such as selectivity, sensitivity, operational and storage stability, and response time of electrochemical biosensors are governed mainly by the function of their key component, the bioelectrode. Suitable design and fabrication strategies of the bioelectrode interface are essential for realizing the requisite performance of the biosensors for their practical utility. A multifaceted attempt to achieve this goal is visible from the vast literature exploring effective strategies for preparing, immobilizing, and stabilizing biorecognition elements on the electrode surface and efficient transduction of biochemical signals into electrical ones (i.e., current, voltage, and impedance) through the bioelectrode interface with the aid of advanced materials and techniques. The commercial success of biosensors in modern society is also increasingly influenced by their size (and hence portability), multiplexing capability, and coupling in the interface of the wireless communication technology, which facilitates quick data transfer and linked decision-making processes in real-time in different areas such as healthcare, agriculture, food, and environmental applications. Therefore, fabrication of the bioelectrode involves careful selection and control of several parameters, including biorecognition elements, electrode materials, shape and size of the electrode, detection principles, and various fabrication strategies, including microscale and printing technologies. This review discusses recent trends in bioelectrode designs and fabrications for developing electrochemical biosensors. The discussions have been delineated into the types of biorecognition elements and their immobilization strategies, signal transduction approaches, commonly used advanced materials for electrode fabrication and techniques for fabricating the bioelectrodes, and device integration with modern electronic communication technology for developing electrochemical biosensors of commercial interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nabajyoti Kalita
- Department
of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian
Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
| | - Sudarshan Gogoi
- Department
of Chemistry, Sadiya College, Chapakhowa, Assam 786157, India
| | - Shelley D. Minteer
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 S 1400 E, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
- Kummer
Institute Center for Resource Sustainability, Missouri University of Science and Technology, Rolla, Missouri 65409, United States
| | - Pranab Goswami
- Department
of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian
Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam 781039, India
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3
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Robinson C, Juska VB, O'Riordan A. Surface chemistry applications and development of immunosensors using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy: A comprehensive review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 237:116877. [PMID: 37579966 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Immunosensors are promising alternatives as detection platforms for the current gold standards methods. Electrochemical immunosensors have already proven their capability for the sensitive, selective, detection of target biomarkers specific to COVID-19, varying cancers or Alzheimer's disease, etc. Among the electrochemical techniques, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a highly sensitive technique which examines the impedance of an electrochemical cell over a range of frequencies. There are several important critical requirements for the construction of successful impedimetric immunosensor. The applied surface chemistry and immobilisation protocol have impact on the electroanalytical performance of the developed immunosensors. In this Review, we summarise the building blocks of immunosensors based on EIS, including self-assembly monolayers, nanomaterials, polymers, immobilisation protocols and antibody orientation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caoimhe Robinson
- Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, T12 R5CP, Cork, Ireland
| | - Vuslat B Juska
- Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, T12 R5CP, Cork, Ireland.
| | - Alan O'Riordan
- Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, T12 R5CP, Cork, Ireland.
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4
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Honda H, Kusaka Y, Wu H, Endo H, Tsuya D, Ohnuki H. Toward a Practical Impedimetric Biosensor: A Micro-Gap Parallel Plate Electrode Structure That Suppresses Unexpected Device-to-Device Variations. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:11017-11022. [PMID: 35415349 PMCID: PMC8991901 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c06942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We propose a rational electrode design concept for affinity biosensors based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy to substantially suppress unexpected device-to-device variations. On the basis that the uniformity of the current distribution affects the variation, a novel micro-gap parallel plate electrode (PPE) was developed, where two planar electrodes with edges covered with a SiO2 layer were placed face to face. The structure provides a uniform current distribution over the planar electrode surface and maximizes the contribution of the planar electrode surface to sensing. For a comparative study, we also fabricated a micro-structured interdigitated electrode (IDE) that has been widely adopted for high-sensitivity measurement, although its current is highly concentrated on the electrode edge corner. Protein G (PrG) molecules were immobilized on both electrodes to prepare an immunoglobulin G (IgG) biosensor on which the specific binding of PrG-IgG can occur. We demonstrated that the IgG sensor with the PPE has small device-to-device variations, in strong contrast to the sensor with the IDE having large device-to-device variations. The results indicate that the current distribution on the electrode surface is important to fabricating electrochemical impedance spectroscopy biosensors with small device-to-device variations. Furthermore, it was found that the PPE allows ultrasensitive detection, that is, the sensor exhibited a linear range from 1 × 10-13 to 1 × 10-7 mol/L with a detection limit of 1 × 10-14 mol/L, which is a record sensitivity at low concentrations for EIS-based IgG sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haruka Honda
- Department
of Marine Electronics and Mechanical Engineering, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 2-1-6 Etchujima, Koto, Tokyo 135-8533, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kusaka
- Department
of Marine Electronics and Mechanical Engineering, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 2-1-6 Etchujima, Koto, Tokyo 135-8533, Japan
| | - Haiyun Wu
- Department
of Ocean Sciences, Tokyo University of Marine
Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
| | - Hideaki Endo
- Department
of Ocean Sciences, Tokyo University of Marine
Science and Technology, 4-5-7 Konan, Minato, Tokyo 108-8477, Japan
| | - Daiju Tsuya
- National
Institute for Material Science, 1-21 Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Ohnuki
- Department
of Marine Electronics and Mechanical Engineering, Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, 2-1-6 Etchujima, Koto, Tokyo 135-8533, Japan
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Capacitive biosensor based on vertically paired electrodes for the detection of SARS-CoV-2. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 202:113975. [PMID: 35042131 PMCID: PMC8741629 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.113975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 12/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Vertically paired electrodes (VPEs) with multiple electrode pairs were developed for the enhancement of capacitive measurements by optimizing the electrode gap and number of electrode pairs. The electrode was fabricated using a conductive polymer layer of PEDOT:PSS instead of Ag and Pt metal electrodes to increase the VPE fabrication yield because the PEDOT:PSS layer could be effectively etched using a reactive dry etching process. In this study, sensitivity enhancement was realized by decreasing the electrode gap and increasing the number of VPE electrode pairs. Such an increase in sensitivity according to the electrode gap and the number of electrode pairs was estimated using a model analyte for an immunoassay. Additionally, a computer simulation was performed using VPEs with different electrode gaps and numbers of VPE electrode pairs. Finally, VPEs with multiple electrode pairs were applied for SARS-CoV-2 nucleoprotein (NP) detection. The capacitive biosensor based on the VPE with immobilized anti-SARS-CoV-2 NP was applied for the specific detection of SARS-CoV-2 in viral cultures. Using viral cultures of SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and CoV-strain 229E, the limit of detection (LOD) was estimated to satisfy the cutoff value (dilution factor of 1/800) for the medical diagnosis of COVID-19, and the assay results from the capacitive biosensor were compared with commercial rapid kit based on a lateral flow immunoassay.
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Emran MY, El‐Safty SA, Elmarakbi A, Reda A, El Sabagh A, Shenashen MA. Chipset Nanosensor Based on N‐Doped Carbon Nanobuds for Selective Screening of Epinephrine in Human Samples. ADVANCED MATERIALS INTERFACES 2022; 9. [DOI: 10.1002/admi.202101473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
AbstractChipset nanosensor design and fabrication are important for healthcare research and development. Herein, a functionalized chipset nanosensor is designed to monitor neurotransmitters (i.e., epinephrine (EP)) in human fluids. An interdigitated electrode array (IDA) is functionalized by N‐doped carbon nanobud (N‐CNB) and N‐doped carbon nanostructure (N‐CNS). The surface morphology of N‐CNB shows the formation of nanotubular‐like branches on sheets and micrometer‐size tubes. The N‐CNS design consists of the formation of aggregated sheets and particles in nanometer size. The irregular shape formation provides surface heterogeneity and numerous free spaces between the stacked nanostructures. N‐atoms ascertain highly active N‐CNS with multifunctional active centers, electron‐rich charged surface, and short distance pathway. The N‐CNB/IDA exhibits the best performance for EP signaling with high sensitivity and selectivity. The N‐CNB/IDA sensing performance for EP detection indicates the successful design of a highly selective and sensitive assay with low detection limit of 0.011 × 10−6 m and a broad linear range of 0.5 × 10−6 to 3 × 10−6 m. The N‐CNB/IDA exhibits a high degree of accuracy and reproducibility with RSD of 2.7% and 3.9%, respectively. Therefore, the chipset nanosensor of N‐CNB/IDA can be used for on‐site monitoring of EP in human serum samples and further used in daily monitoring of neuronal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Y. Emran
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) Research Center for Functional Materials 1‐2‐1 Sengen Tsukuba‐shi Ibaraki‐ken 305‐0047 Japan
| | - Sherif A. El‐Safty
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) Research Center for Functional Materials 1‐2‐1 Sengen Tsukuba‐shi Ibaraki‐ken 305‐0047 Japan
| | - Ahmed Elmarakbi
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment Northumbria University Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST UK
| | - Abduallah Reda
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) Research Center for Functional Materials 1‐2‐1 Sengen Tsukuba‐shi Ibaraki‐ken 305‐0047 Japan
| | - Ayman El Sabagh
- Department of Field Crops Faculty of Agriculture Siirt University Siirt 56100 Turkey
| | - Mohamed A. Shenashen
- National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS) Research Center for Functional Materials 1‐2‐1 Sengen Tsukuba‐shi Ibaraki‐ken 305‐0047 Japan
- Department of Petrochemical Egyptian Petroleum Research Institute (EPRI) Nasr City Cairo 11727 Egypt
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Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS): Principles, Construction, and Biosensing Applications. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21196578. [PMID: 34640898 PMCID: PMC8512860 DOI: 10.3390/s21196578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) is a powerful technique used for the analysis of interfacial properties related to bio-recognition events occurring at the electrode surface, such as antibody–antigen recognition, substrate–enzyme interaction, or whole cell capturing. Thus, EIS could be exploited in several important biomedical diagnosis and environmental applications. However, the EIS is one of the most complex electrochemical methods, therefore, this review introduced the basic concepts and the theoretical background of the impedimetric technique along with the state of the art of the impedimetric biosensors and the impact of nanomaterials on the EIS performance. The use of nanomaterials such as nanoparticles, nanotubes, nanowires, and nanocomposites provided catalytic activity, enhanced sensing elements immobilization, promoted faster electron transfer, and increased reliability and accuracy of the reported EIS sensors. Thus, the EIS was used for the effective quantitative and qualitative detections of pathogens, DNA, cancer-associated biomarkers, etc. Through this review article, intensive literature review is provided to highlight the impact of nanomaterials on enhancing the analytical features of impedimetric biosensors.
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Khodayari Bavil A, Sticker D, Rothbauer M, Ertl P, Kim J. A microfluidic microparticle-labeled impedance sensor array for enhancing immunoassay sensitivity. Analyst 2021; 146:3289-3298. [PMID: 33999058 DOI: 10.1039/d0an02081h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
An impedimetric biosensor is used to measure electrical impedance changes in the presence of biomolecules from sinusoidal input voltages. In this paper, we present a new portable impedance-based biosensor platform to improve the sensitivity of immunoassays with microparticles as a label. Using a 2 × 4 interdigitated electrode array with a 10/10 μm electrode/gap and a miniaturized impedance analyzer, we performed immunoassays with microparticles by integrating a microfluidic channel to evaluate signal enhancement. First, to understand the material dependency of microparticles on the sensor array, magnetic, silica, and polystyrene microparticles were tested. Among these microparticles, magnetic microparticles presented a high signal enhancement with relevant stability from the sensor array. With the magnetic microparticles, we demonstrate a series of immunoassays to detect human tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) and compare the level of signal enhancement by measuring the limit of detection (LOD). With the microparticles, we achieved over ten times improvement of LOD from sandwich immunoassays. By incorporating with sample preparation and flow manipulation systems, this impedance sensor array can be utilized for digital diagnostics for a real sample-in answer-out system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Khodayari Bavil
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
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9
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Coverage degrees of colloids on electrochemical electrodes and signal amplification for anti-citrullinated peptide antibody detection. SENSING AND BIO-SENSING RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2020.100322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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10
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Ghorbani F, Abbaszadeh H, Mehdizadeh A, Ebrahimi-Warkiani M, Rashidi MR, Yousefi M. Biosensors and nanobiosensors for rapid detection of autoimmune diseases: a review. Mikrochim Acta 2019; 186:838. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-019-3844-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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11
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Li S, Li J, Ma X, Liu C, Pang C, Luo J. Highly selective molecular imprinting electrochemiluminescence switch sensor for biotoxin L-canavanine measurement. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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12
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Kim M, Iezzi R, Shim BS, Martin DC. Impedimetric Biosensors for Detecting Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) Based on Poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) (PEDOT)/Gold Nanoparticle (Au NP) Composites. Front Chem 2019; 7:234. [PMID: 31058131 PMCID: PMC6477177 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In advanced forms of diabetic retinopathy, retinal vascular occlusive disease and exudative age-related macular degeneration, vision loss is associated with elevated levels or extravasation of vascular endothelial-derived growth factor (VEGF) into the retina, vitreous, and anterior chamber of the eye. We hypothesize that point-of-care biosensors, capable of rapidly and precisely measuring VEGF levels within the eye will assist clinicians in assessing disease severity, and in establishing individualized dosing intervals for intraocular anti-VEGF injection therapy. An impedance biosensor based on a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT)/gold nanoparticle (Au NP) composite was developed for detecting VEGF. PEDOT with Au NP was electrochemically deposited on three different medical electrode sensor designs: free-standing pads, screen printed dots, and interdigitated micro-strip electrodes. Anti-VEGF antibody was covalently immobilized on the surface of the polymer films through attachment to citrate-functionalized Au NPs, and the resulting composites were used to detect VEGF-165 by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The PEDOT-Au NP composite materials were characterized using optical microscopy, SEM/EDS, FIB, TEM, and STEM techniques. Among the different micro-electrodes, the interdigitated strip shape showed the best overall film stability and reproducibility. A linear relationship was established between the charge transfer resistance (Rct) and VEGF concentration. The detection limit of VEGF was found to be 0.5 pg/mL, with a correlation coefficient of 0.99 ± 0.064%. These results indicate that the proposed PEDOT/Au NP composites can be used in designing low-cost and accurate VEGF biosensors for applications such as clinical diagnosis of VEGF-mediated eye disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsoo Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Raymond Iezzi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States
| | - Bong Sup Shim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - David C Martin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
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Liu H, Wang Q, Sheng W, Wang X, Zhang K, Du L, Zhou J. Humidity Sensors with Shielding Electrode Under Interdigitated Electrode. SENSORS 2019; 19:s19030659. [PMID: 30736294 PMCID: PMC6386973 DOI: 10.3390/s19030659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Recently, humidity sensors have been investigated extensively due to their broad applications in chip fabrication, health care, agriculture, amongst others. We propose a capacitive humidity sensor with a shielding electrode under the interdigitated electrode (SIDE) based on polyimide (PI). Thanks to the shielding electrode, this humidity sensor combines the high sensitivity of parallel plate capacitive sensors and the fast response of interdigitated electrode capacitive sensors. We use COMSOL Multiphysics to design and optimize the SIDE structure. The experimental data show very good agreement with the simulation. The sensitivity of the SIDE sensor is 0.0063% ± 0.0002% RH. Its response/recovery time is 20 s/22 s. The maximum capacitance drift under different relative humidity is 1.28% RH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Liu
- ASIC and System State Key Lab, Department of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Qi Wang
- ASIC and System State Key Lab, Department of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Wenjie Sheng
- ASIC and System State Key Lab, Department of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Xubo Wang
- ASIC and System State Key Lab, Department of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Kaidi Zhang
- ASIC and System State Key Lab, Department of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Lin Du
- ASIC and System State Key Lab, Department of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| | - Jia Zhou
- ASIC and System State Key Lab, Department of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is a T cell-mediated inflammatory autoimmune disorder of the upper small intestine caused by the ingestion of gluten. It is increasingly recognized as a global problem by experts and societies. The diagnosis of CD is of crucial importance because its delay strongly affects patient's health and quality of life. The diagnosis of CD is, however, complex and requires reliable, sensitive, specific, rapid, simple, and cost-effective, as well-as non-invasive analytical tools. There is also a high demand to develop simple point-of-care (POC) tests for non-specialists at home or in doctors' offices. Analytical techniques are now moving toward the development of fast, more simple, non-invasive, and POC analyses. The present review focuses on recent advances of CD biomarker detection in body fluids, concerning CD specific autoantibody detection in blood and saliva using electrochemical, optic-fiber, and piezoelectric biosensors and POC finger-prick tests, and identifying CD characteristic volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in urine and feces.
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15
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Gupta S, Kaushal A, Kumar A, Kumar D. Recent advances in biosensors for diagnosis of celiac disease: A review. Biotechnol Bioeng 2018; 116:444-451. [PMID: 30516838 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is an intestinal issue activated by the inappropriate immune reaction towards gluten protein of wheat, rye, barley, oats, and autoantigen, tissue transglutaminase. Regardless of the accessibility of immunochemical conventions for research facility analysis of CD, there is as yet a need of speedier, less expensive, and simpler devices for diagnosing CD. This review concentrates on progresses in biosensors for diagnosing CD in perspective of the scaled down hardware, multianalyte discovery and low sample volume necessity. Various recently developed biosensors in this field are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shagun Gupta
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Solan, India
| | - Ankur Kaushal
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Solan, India.,Department of Molecular Biosensor lab, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- Department of Molecular Biosensor lab, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Delhi, India
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, Shoolini University, Solan, India
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Biosensors for Non-Invasive Detection of Celiac Disease Biomarkers in Body Fluids. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2018; 8:bios8020055. [PMID: 29914179 PMCID: PMC6023018 DOI: 10.3390/bios8020055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Celiac disease is a chronic gluten-initiated autoimmune disorder that predominantly damages the mucosa of the small intestine in genetically-susceptible individuals. It affects a large and increasing number of the world’s population. The diagnosis of this disease and monitoring the response of patients to the therapy, which is currently a life-long gluten-free diet, require the application of reliable, rapid, sensitive, selective, simple, and cost-effective analytical tools. Celiac disease biomarker detection in full blood, serum, or plasma offers a non-invasive way to do this and is well-suited to being the first step of diagnosis. Biosensors provide a novel and alternative way to perform conventional techniques in biomarker sensing, in which electrode material and architecture play important roles in achieving sensitive, selective, and stable detection. There are many opportunities to build and modify biosensor platforms using various materials and detection methods, and the aim of the present review is to summarize developments in this field.
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17
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Liu X, Jiang H. Construction and Potential Applications of Biosensors for Proteins in Clinical Laboratory Diagnosis. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 17:E2805. [PMID: 29207528 PMCID: PMC5750678 DOI: 10.3390/s17122805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Biosensors for proteins have shown attractive advantages compared to traditional techniques in clinical laboratory diagnosis. In virtue of modern fabrication modes and detection techniques, various immunosensing platforms have been reported on basis of the specific recognition between antigen-antibody pairs. In addition to profit from the development of nanotechnology and molecular biology, diverse fabrication and signal amplification strategies have been designed for detection of protein antigens, which has led to great achievements in fast quantitative and simultaneous testing with extremely high sensitivity and specificity. Besides antigens, determination of antibodies also possesses great significance for clinical laboratory diagnosis. In this review, we will categorize recent immunosensors for proteins by different detection techniques. The basic conception of detection techniques, sensing mechanisms, and the relevant signal amplification strategies are introduced. Since antibodies and antigens have an equal position to each other in immunosensing, all biosensing strategies for antigens can be extended to antibodies under appropriate optimizations. Biosensors for antibodies are summarized, focusing on potential applications in clinical laboratory diagnosis, such as a series of biomarkers for infectious diseases and autoimmune diseases, and an evaluation of vaccine immunity. The excellent performances of these biosensors provide a prospective space for future antibody-detection-based disease serodiagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing 210003, China.
| | - Hui Jiang
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
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Scherf KA, Ciccocioppo R, Pohanka M, Rimarova K, Opatrilova R, Rodrigo L, Kruzliak P. Biosensors for the Diagnosis of Celiac Disease: Current Status and Future Perspectives. Mol Biotechnol 2017; 58:381-92. [PMID: 27130174 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-016-9940-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune enteropathy initiated and sustained by the ingestion of gluten in genetically susceptible individuals. It is caused by a dysregulated immune response toward both dietary antigens, the gluten proteins of wheat, rye, and barley, and autoantigens, the enzyme tissue transglutaminase (TG2). The small intestine is the target organ. Although routine immunochemical protocols for a laboratory diagnosis of CD are available, faster, easier-to-use, and cheaper analytical devices for CD diagnosis are currently unavailable. This review focuses on biosensors, consisting of a physicochemical transducer and a bioreceptor, as promising analytical tools for diagnosis of CD and other diseases. Examples of recently developed biosensors as well as expectations for future lines of research and development in this field are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachele Ciccocioppo
- Clinica Medica I, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Miroslav Pohanka
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kvetoslava Rimarova
- Department of Public Health and Hygiene, Faculty of Medicine, Pavol Jozef Safarik University, Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Radka Opatrilova
- Department of Chemical Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Luis Rodrigo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Central University Hospital of Asturias (HUCA), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Peter Kruzliak
- Laboratory of Structural Biology and Proteomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackeho tr 1946/1, 612 42, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Tran TB, Son SJ, Min J. Nanomaterials in label-free impedimetric biosensor: Current process and future perspectives. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s13206-016-0408-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Fathil M, Md Arshad M, Ruslinda A, Nuzaihan M.N. M, Gopinath SC, Adzhri R, Hashim U. Progression in sensing cardiac troponin biomarker charge transductions on semiconducting nanomaterials. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 935:30-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Partel S, Dincer C, Kasemann S, Kieninger J, Edlinger J, Urban G. Lift-Off Free Fabrication Approach for Periodic Structures with Tunable Nano Gaps for Interdigitated Electrode Arrays. ACS NANO 2016; 10:1086-1092. [PMID: 26625012 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b06405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We report a simple, low-cost and lift-off free fabrication approach for periodic structures with adjustable nanometer gaps for interdigitated electrode arrays (IDAs). It combines an initial structure and two deposition process steps; first a dielectric layer is deposited, followed by a metal evaporation. The initial structure can be realized by lithography or any other structuring technique (e.g., nano imprint, hot embossing or injection molding). This method allows the fabrication of nanometer sized gaps and completely eliminates the need for a lift-off process. Different substrate materials like silicon, Pyrex or polymers can be used. The electrode gap is controlled primarily by sputter deposition of the initial structure, and thus, adjustable gaps in the nanometer range can be realized independently of the mask or stamp pattern. Electrochemical characterizations using redox cycling in ferrocenemethanol (FcMeOH) demonstrate signal amplification factors of more than 110 together with collection factors higher than 99%. Furthermore, the correlation between the gap width and the amplification factor was studied to obtain an electrochemical performance assessment of the nano gap electrodes. The results demonstrate an exponential relationship between amplification factor and gap width.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Partel
- Vorarlberg University of Applied Sciences , 6850 Dornbirn, Austria
- Department of Microsystem Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg , 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Can Dincer
- Department of Microsystem Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg , 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), University of Freiburg , 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Kasemann
- Vorarlberg University of Applied Sciences , 6850 Dornbirn, Austria
| | - Jochen Kieninger
- Department of Microsystem Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg , 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Gerald Urban
- Department of Microsystem Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg , 79110 Freiburg, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), University of Freiburg , 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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Wang N, Gao C, Han Y, Huang X, Xu Y, Cao X. Detection of human immunoglobulin G by label-free electrochemical immunoassay modified with ultralong CuS nanowires. J Mater Chem B 2015; 3:3254-3259. [DOI: 10.1039/c4tb01881h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A novel label-free electrochemical immunoassay modified with ultralong CuS nanowires was developed for the detection of human immunoglobulin G.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- School of Chemistry and Environment
- Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics
- Beijing
- China
| | - Caizhen Gao
- School of Chemistry and Environment
- Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics
- Beijing
- China
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems Chinese Academy of Science
| | - Yu Han
- School of Chemistry and Environment
- Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics
- Beijing
- China
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems Chinese Academy of Science
| | - Xiaomin Huang
- School of Chemistry and Environment
- Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics
- Beijing
- China
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems Chinese Academy of Science
| | - Ying Xu
- School of Chemistry and Environment
- Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics
- Beijing
- China
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems Chinese Academy of Science
| | - Xia Cao
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems Chinese Academy of Science
- Beijing
- China
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering
- University of Science and Technology Beijing
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Davydova M, Kulha P, Laposa A, Hruska K, Demo P, Kromka A. Gas sensing properties of nanocrystalline diamond at room temperature. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 5:2339-45. [PMID: 25551062 PMCID: PMC4273209 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.5.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
This study describes an integrated NH3 sensor based on a hydrogenated nanocrystalline diamond (NCD)-sensitive layer coated on an interdigitated electrode structure. The gas sensing properties of the sensor structure were examined using a reducing gas (NH3) at room temperature and were found to be dependent on the electrode arrangement. A pronounced response of the sensor, which was comprised of dense electrode arrays (of 50 µm separation distance), was observed. The sensor functionality was explained by the surface transfer doping effect. Moreover, the three-dimensional model of the current density distribution of the hydrogenated NCD describes the transient flow of electrons between interdigitated electrodes and the hydrogenated NCD surface, that is, the formation of a closed current loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Davydova
- Institute of Physics, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, Cukrovarnicka 10, 16200 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Kulha
- Department of Microelectronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, CTU in Prague, Technicka 2, 16627 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alexandr Laposa
- Department of Microelectronics, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, CTU in Prague, Technicka 2, 16627 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Hruska
- Institute of Physics, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, Cukrovarnicka 10, 16200 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Demo
- Institute of Physics, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, Cukrovarnicka 10, 16200 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alexander Kromka
- Institute of Physics, Academy of Science of the Czech Republic, Cukrovarnicka 10, 16200 Prague, Czech Republic
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Pavinatto FJ, Paschoal CWA, Arias AC. Printed and flexible biosensor for antioxidants using interdigitated ink-jetted electrodes and gravure-deposited active layer. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 67:553-9. [PMID: 25301685 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.09.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Printing techniques have been extensively used in the fabrication of organic electronic devices, such as light-emitting diodes and display backplanes. These techniques, in particular inkjet printing, are being employed for the localized dispensing of solutions containing biological molecules and cells, leading to the fabrication of bio-functional microarrays and biosensors. Here, we report the fabrication of an all-printed and flexible biosensor for antioxidants. Gold (Au) interdigitated electrodes (IDEs) with sub-100 µm features were directly inkjet-printed on plastic substrates using a nanoparticle-based ink. Conductivities as high as 5×10(6) S/m (12% of bulk Au) were attained after sintering was conducted at plastic-compatible 200 °C for 6 h. The enzyme Tyrosinase (Tyr) was used in the active layer of the biosensors, being innovatively deposited by large-area rotogravure printing. A tailor-made ink was studied, and the residual activity of the enzyme was 85% after additives incorporation, and 15.5% after gravure printing. Au IDEs were coated with gravure films of the Tyr-containing ink, and the biosensor was encapsulated with a cellulose acetate dip-coating film to avoid dissolution. The biosensor impedance magnitude increases linearly with the concentration of a model antioxidant, allowing for the construction of a calibration curve. Control experiments demonstrated the molecular recognition characteristic inferred by the enzyme. We found that the biosensor sensitivity and the limit of detection were, respectively, 5.68 Ω/µm and 200 µM. In conclusion, a disposable, light-weight, all-printed and flexible biosensor for antioxidants was successfully fabricated using fast and large-area printing techniques. This opens the door for the fabrication of technological products using roll-to-roll processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felippe J Pavinatto
- EECS - Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Berkeley, USA; IFSC - Physics Institute of São Carlos, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Carlos W A Paschoal
- DEFIS - Physics Department, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, MA, Brazil; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA; Department of Physics, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Ana C Arias
- EECS - Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Berkeley, USA
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Dawson K, O'Riordan A. Electroanalysis at the nanoscale. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2014; 7:163-181. [PMID: 24818810 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-071213-020133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This article reviews the state of the art of silicon chip-based nanoelectrochemical devices for sensing applications. We first describe analyte mass transport to nanoscale electrodes and emphasize understanding the importance of mass transport for the design of nanoelectrode arrays. We then describe bottom-up and top-down approaches to nanoelectrode fabrication and integration at silicon substrates. Finally, we explore recent examples of on-chip nanoelectrodes employed as sensors and diagnostics, finishing with a brief look at future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Dawson
- Nanotechnology Group, Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland;
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Jiang L, Qian J, Yang X, Yan Y, Liu Q, Wang K, Wang K. Amplified impedimetric aptasensor based on gold nanoparticles covalently bound graphene sheet for the picomolar detection of ochratoxin A. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 806:128-35. [PMID: 24331048 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2013] [Revised: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
An amplified electrochemical impedimetric aptasensor for ochratoxin A (OTA) was developed with picomolar sensitivity. A facile route to fabricate gold nanoparticles covalently bound reduced graphene oxide (AuNPs-rGO) resulted in a large number of well-dispersed AuNPs on graphene sheets with tremendous binding sites for DNA, since the single rGO sheet and each AuNP can be loaded with hundreds of DNA strands. An aptasensor with sandwich model was fabricated which involved thiolated capture DNA immobilized on a gold electrode to capture the aptamer, then the sensing interface was incubated with OTA at a desired concentration, followed by AuNPs-rGO functionalized reporter DNA hybridized with the residual aptamers. By exploiting the AuNPs-rGO as an excellent signal amplified platform, a single hybridization event between aptamer and reporter DNA was translated into more than 10(7) redox events, leading to a substantial increase in charge-transfer resistance (Rct) by 7~ orders of magnitude compared with that of the free aptamer modified electrode. Such designed aptasensor showed a decreased response of Rct to the increase of OTA concentrations over a wide range of 1 pg mL(-1)-50 ng mL(-1) and could detect extremely low OTA concentration, namely, 0.3 pg mL(-1) or 0.74 pM, which was much lower than that of most other existed impedimetric aptasensors. The signal amplification platform presented here would provide a promising model for the aptamer-based detection with a direct impedimetric method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Agriculture Equipment and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Jing Qian
- Key Laboratory of Modern Agriculture Equipment and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Xingwang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Agriculture Equipment and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Yuting Yan
- Key Laboratory of Modern Agriculture Equipment and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Qian Liu
- Key Laboratory of Modern Agriculture Equipment and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Kan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Agriculture Equipment and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China
| | - Kun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Modern Agriculture Equipment and Technology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, PR China.
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Pramanik A, Laha D, Pramanik P, Karmakar P. A novel drug "copper acetylacetonate" loaded in folic acid-tagged chitosan nanoparticle for efficient cancer cell targeting. J Drug Target 2013; 22:23-33. [PMID: 23987131 DOI: 10.3109/1061186x.2013.832768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Several copper compounds have proven anti-cancer activity. Similarly, curcumin a derivative of 1,3 diketone, which is not plenty in nature, has comparable anti-cancer activity. In this work, we have explored the synergistic anti-cancer activity of copper ion and acetylacetone complex containing 1,3 diketone group. The cytotoxicity of the copper acetylacetonate (CuAA) complex was evaluated on various cancer cells and LD50 doses were determined. To investigate the mechanism, various biochemical assays were performed and reactive oxygen species as well as the glutathione level in the cell were found to be increased after the treatment with the above-mentioned complex. Further this reagent induced apoptosis and reduced mitochondrial membrane potential of the cells. Because of the poor solubility and reasonable cytotoxicity of CuAA, polymer nanoparticles (NPs) of chitosan derivatives were used for delivery in cancer cells. For the targeted delivery, folic acid-tagged hydrophobic-modified chitosan NPs were developed and the CuAA was encapsulated. Finally, these drug-encapsulated NPs were successfully delivered to folate receptor over-expressed cancer cells. Thus using nanotechnology, we developed an anti-cancer agent suitable for targeted delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arindam Pramanik
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Jadavpur University , Kolkata, West Bengal , India and
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Heo JI, Lim Y, Shin H. The effect of channel height and electrode aspect ratio on redox cycling at carbon interdigitated array nanoelectrodes confined in a microchannel. Analyst 2013; 138:6404-11. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an00905j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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