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Gresham IJ, Johnson EC, Robertson H, Willott JD, Webber GB, Wanless EJ, Nelson ARJ, Prescott SW. Comparing polymer-surfactant complexes to polyelectrolytes. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 655:262-272. [PMID: 37944374 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.10.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Understanding the complex interactions between polymers and surfactants is required to optimise commercially relevant systems such as paint, toothpaste and detergent. Neutral polymers complex with surfactants, forming 'pearl necklace' structures that are often conceptualised as pseudo-polyelectrolytes. Here we pose two questions to test the limits of this analogy: Firstly, in the presence of salt, do these polymer-surfactant systems behave like polyelectrolytes? Secondly, do polymer-surfactant complexes resist geometric confinement like polyelectrolytes? EXPERIMENTS We test the limits of the pseudo-polyelectrolyte analogy through studying a poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) brush in the presence of sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS). Brushes are ideal for interrogating pseudo-polyelectrolytes, as neutral and polyelectrolyte brushes exhibit distinct and well understood behaviours. Spectroscopic ellipsometry, quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D), and neutron reflectometry (NR) were used to monitor the behaviour and structure of the PNIPAM-SDS system as a function of NaCl concentration. The ability of the PNIPAM-SDS complex to resist geometric confinement was probed with NR. FINDINGS At a fixed SDS concentration below the zero-salt CMC, increasing NaCl concentration <100 mM promoted brush swelling due to an increase in osmotic pressure, not dissimilar to a weak polyelectrolyte. At these salt concentrations, the swelling of the brush could be described by a single parameter: the effective CMC. However, at high NaCl concentrations (e.g., 500 mM) no brush collapse was observed at all (non-zero) concentrations of SDS studied, contrary to what is seen for many polyelectrolytes. Study of the polymer-surfactant system under confinement revealed that the physical volume of surfactant dominates the structure of the strongly confined system, which further differentiates it from the polyelectrolyte case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac J Gresham
- School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, 2052, NSW, Australia
| | - Edwin C Johnson
- College of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, 2308, NSW, Australia
| | - Hayden Robertson
- College of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, 2308, NSW, Australia
| | - Joshua D Willott
- College of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, 2308, NSW, Australia
| | - Grant B Webber
- College of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, 2308, NSW, Australia
| | - Erica J Wanless
- College of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, 2308, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Stuart W Prescott
- School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, 2052, NSW, Australia.
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2
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Qiao Y, He Q, Huang HH, Mastropietro D, Jiang Z, Zhou H, Liu Y, Tirrell MV, Chen W. Stretching of immersed polyelectrolyte brushes in shear flow. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:19282-19291. [PMID: 37997161 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr04187e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
The way that polymer brushes respond to shear flow has important implications in various applications, including antifouling, corrosion protection, and stimuli-responsive materials. However, there is still much to learn about the behaviours and mechanisms that govern these responses. To address this gap in knowledge, our study uses in situ X-ray reflectivity to investigate how poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS) brushes stretch and change in different environments, such as isopropanol (a poor solvent), water (a good solvent), and aqueous solutions containing various cations (Cs+, Ba2+, La3+, and Y3+). We have designed a custom apparatus that exposes the PSS brushes to both tangential shear forces from the primary flow and upward drag forces from a secondary flow. Our experimental findings clearly show that shear forces have a significant impact on how the chains in PSS brushes are arranged. At low shear rates, the tangential shear force causes the chains to tilt, leading to brush contraction. In contrast, higher shear rates generate an upward shear force that stretches and expands the chains. By analysing electron density profiles obtained from X-ray reflectivity, we gain valuable insights into how the PSS brushes respond structurally, especially the role of the diffuse layer in this dynamic behaviour. Our results highlight the importance of the initial chain configuration, which is influenced by the solvent and cations present, in shaping how polymer brushes respond to shear flow. The strength of the salt bridge network also plays a crucial role in determining how easily the brushes can stretch, with stronger networks offering more resistance to stretching. Ultimately, our study aims to enhance our understanding of polymer physics at interfaces, with a particular focus on practical applications involving polymer brushes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijun Qiao
- Materials Science Division and Centre for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA.
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Qiming He
- Materials Science Division and Centre for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA.
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Hsin-Hsiang Huang
- Materials Science Division and Centre for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA.
| | - Dean Mastropietro
- Materials Science Division and Centre for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA.
| | - Zhang Jiang
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Hua Zhou
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA
| | - Yuhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Matthew V Tirrell
- Materials Science Division and Centre for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA.
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Wei Chen
- Materials Science Division and Centre for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, USA.
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
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3
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Masuda T, Watanabe Y, Kozuka Y, Saegusa Y, Takai M. Bactericidal Ability of Well-Controlled Cationic Polymer Brush Surfaces and the Interaction Analysis by Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:16522-16531. [PMID: 37930305 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c02472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, cationic poly(2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl) trimethylammonium chloride) (PMTAC) brush surfaces were prepared by surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (SI-ATRP), and their properties were systematically investigated to discuss the factors affecting their bactericidal properties and interactions with proteins. Model equations for the analysis of electrophoretic behaviors were considered for accurate parameter estimation to indicate the charge density at the interface. The zeta potential dependency of the PMTAC brushes was successfully analyzed using Smolchowski's equation and the Gouy-Chapman model, which describes the diffusive electric double layer. The analysis of the quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) indicated that the electrostatic interaction promoted protein adsorption, with a large quantity of a negatively charged protein, bovine serum albumin (BSA), being adsorbed. The bactericidal efficiency of the high-graft-density polymer brush (0.45 chains nm-2) was higher than that of the low-graft-density polymer brush (0.06 chains nm-2). To investigate the mechanism of this phenomenon, we applied the dissipation change (ΔD) of QCM-D analysis. The BSA was likewise adsorbed when the brush structure was changed; however, the negative ΔD indicated that the BSA-adsorbed, high-graft-density PMTAC brush became a rigid state. In the bacteria culture media, the behaviors were the same as BSA adsorption, and the high-graft-density polymer brush was also estimated to be more rigid than the low-graft-density polymer brush. Moreover, for S. aureus adhesion after incubating in TSB, a small slope of ΔD/ΔF plots considered initial adsorption of bacteria on the high-graft-density polymer brush strongly interacted compared to that of the low-graft-density polymer brush. The scattered value of the slope of ΔD/ΔF on the high-graft-density polymer brush was considered to be due to the dead bacteria between the bacteria and the polymer brush interface. These investigations for a well-defined cationic polymer brush will contribute to the design of antibacterial surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsukuru Masuda
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8565, Japan
| | - Yoichi Watanabe
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8565, Japan
| | - Yuta Kozuka
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8565, Japan
| | - Yui Saegusa
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8565, Japan
| | - Madoka Takai
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8565, Japan
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4
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Robertson H, Elliott GR, Nelson ARJ, Le Brun AP, Webber GB, Prescott SW, Craig VSJ, Wanless EJ, Willott JD. Underscreening in concentrated electrolytes: re-entrant swelling in polyelectrolyte brushes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:24770-24782. [PMID: 37671535 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp02206d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Hypersaline environments are ubiquitous in nature and are found in myriad technological processes. Recent empirical studies have revealed a significant discrepancy between predicted and observed screening lengths at high salt concentrations, a phenomenon referred to as underscreening. Herein we investigate underscreening using a cationic polyelectrolyte brush as an exemplar. Poly(2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl)trimethylammonium (PMETAC) brushes were synthesised and their internal structural changes and swelling response was monitored with neutron reflectometry and spectroscopic ellipsometry. Both techniques revealed a monotonic brush collapse as the concentration of symmetric monovalent electrolyte increased. However, a non-monotonic change in brush thickness was observed in all multivalent electrolytes at higher concentrations, known as re-entrant swelling; indicative of underscreening. For all electrolytes, numerical self-consistent field theory predictions align with experimental studies in the low-to-moderate salt concentration regions. Analysis suggests that the classical theory of electrolytes is insufficient to describe the screening lengths observed at high salt concentrations and that the re-entrant polyelectrolyte brush swelling seen herein is consistent with the so-called regular underscreening phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayden Robertson
- College of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Gareth R Elliott
- College of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Andrew R J Nelson
- Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering, ANSTO, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW 2232, Australia
| | - Anton P Le Brun
- Australian Centre for Neutron Scattering, ANSTO, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, NSW 2232, Australia
| | - Grant B Webber
- College of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Stuart W Prescott
- School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Vincent S J Craig
- Department of Materials Physics, Research School of Physics, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
| | - Erica J Wanless
- College of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
| | - Joshua D Willott
- College of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
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5
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Telles IM, Arfan M, Dos Santos AP. Effects of electrostatic coupling and surface polarization on polyelectrolyte brush structure. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:144902. [PMID: 37061472 DOI: 10.1063/5.0147056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, we perform molecular dynamics simulations to study a spherical polyelectrolyte brush. We explore the effects of surface polarization and electrostatic coupling on brush size and distribution of counterions. The method of image charges is considered to take into account surface polarization, considering a metallic, an unpolarizable, and a dielectric nano-core. It is observed that, for all cases, a moderate shrinking-swelling effect appears with an increase in the electrostatic coupling parameter. This effect occurs under high Manning ratios. The curves relating the average size of polyelectrolyte brush as a function of coupling show a minimum. The results show that the grafting density of polyelectrolytes on the nano-core surface plays an important role in the polarization effect. We consider a modified Poisson-Boltzmann theory to describe the counterion profiles around the brush in the case of unpolarizable nano-cores and weak electrostatic coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor M Telles
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Caixa Postal 15051, CEP 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Muhammad Arfan
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Caixa Postal 15051, CEP 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Alexandre P Dos Santos
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Caixa Postal 15051, CEP 91501-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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6
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He Q, Qiao Y, Medina Jimenez C, Hackler R, Martinson ABF, Chen W, Tirrell MV. Ion Specificity Influences on the Structure of Zwitterionic Brushes. Macromolecules 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c02029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiming He
- Materials Science Division and Center for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 S Ellis Ave, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Yijun Qiao
- Materials Science Division and Center for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Carlos Medina Jimenez
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 S Ellis Ave, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Ryan Hackler
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Alex B. F. Martinson
- Materials Science Division and Center for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Wei Chen
- Materials Science Division and Center for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 S Ellis Ave, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Matthew V. Tirrell
- Materials Science Division and Center for Molecular Engineering, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 S Ellis Ave, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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7
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Luo Y, Wang C, Pang AP, Zhang X, Wang D, Lu X. Low-Concentration Salt Solution Changes the Interfacial Molecular Behavior of Polyelectrolyte Brushes. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongsheng Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science & Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China
| | - Chu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science & Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China
| | - Ai-Ping Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science & Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- National Center for International Joint Research of Micro−Nano Molding Technology, School of Mechanics & Engineering Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Dayang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Preparative Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, Jilin Province, P. R. China
| | - Xiaolin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Science & Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, Jiangsu Province, P. R. China
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8
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Ji C, Zhou C, Zhao B, Yang J, Zhao J. Effect of Counterion Binding to Swelling of Polyelectrolyte Brushes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:5554-5562. [PMID: 33934597 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c00309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The effect of binding strength of counterions with the polyelectrolyte chain to the swelling of polyelectrolyte brushes is studied, by investigating the swelling of both the polycation and polyanion in response to the variation of the salt concentration under the change of counterion's identity. Two polyelectrolyte brushes grafted on solid substrates are adopted: the cationic poly [2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyltrimethyl ammonium] (PMETA-X, X = F, Cl, Br, and I) and the anionic polystyrene sulfonate (M-PSS, M = Li, Na, K, and Cs). The swelling change with the salt concentration is investigated by ellipsometry, quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation, and dielectric spectroscopy. It is discovered that although the thickness of PMETA-X brushes is larger than that of M-PSS brushes of similar grafting density, the former has much less solvent incorporated than the latter. Such a difference is attributed to the weaker interaction between the PMETA+ chain and its halide counterions than that between the PSS- chain and its alkali counterions, discovered by dielectric spectroscopy. This makes the original charges on the PMETA-X chain less neutralized and therefore have a higher charge density, compared with the M-PSS chain. The results demonstrate that the stronger binding of the counterions to the polyelectrolytes makes the main chains less charged, resulting in the weaker inter-chain electrostatic repulsion and less swelling of the brushes. Investigations into the effect of ion identity show the following order of binding strength: for the cationic PMETA+ chain, F- < Cl- < Br- < I- and for the anionic PSS- chain, Li+ < Na+ < K+ < Cs+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunda Ji
- Beijing National Research Center for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chao Zhou
- Beijing National Research Center for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bintao Zhao
- Beijing National Research Center for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jingfa Yang
- Beijing National Research Center for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiang Zhao
- Beijing National Research Center for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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9
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Gresham IJ, Murdoch TJ, Johnson EC, Robertson H, Webber GB, Wanless EJ, Prescott SW, Nelson ARJ. Quantifying the robustness of the neutron reflectometry technique for structural characterization of polymer brushes. J Appl Crystallogr 2021. [DOI: 10.1107/s160057672100251x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutron reflectometry is the foremost technique for in situ determination of the volume fraction profiles of polymer brushes at planar interfaces. However, the subtle features in the reflectometry data produced by these diffuse interfaces challenge data interpretation. Historically, data analyses have used least-squares approaches that do not adequately quantify the uncertainty of the modeled profile and ignore the possibility of other structures that also match the collected data (multimodality). Here, a Bayesian statistical approach is used that permits the structural uncertainty and multimodality to be quantified for polymer brush systems. A free-form model is used to describe the volume fraction profile, minimizing assumptions regarding brush structure, while only allowing physically reasonable profiles to be produced. The model allows the total volume of polymer and the profile monotonicity to be constrained. The rigor of the approach is demonstrated via a round-trip analysis of a simulated system, before it is applied to real data examining the well characterized collapse of a thermoresponsive brush. It is shown that, while failure to constrain the interfacial volume and consider multimodality may result in erroneous structures being derived, carefully constraining the model allows for robust determination of polymer brush compositional profiles. This work highlights that an appropriate combination of flexibility and constraint must be used with polymer brush systems to ensure the veracity of the analysis. The code used in this analysis is provided, enabling the reproduction of the results and the application of the method to similar problems.
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Higaki Y, Kobayashi M, Takahara A. Hydration State Variation of Polyzwitterion Brushes through Interplay with Ions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:9015-9024. [PMID: 32677837 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c01672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Polyzwitterions have emerged as a new class of antifouling materials alternating poly(ethylene glycol). The exemplary biopassivation and lubrication behaviors are often attributed to the particular chemical structure of zwitterions, which involve a large dipole moment of the charged groups and a neutral net charge, while the hydration state and dynamics also associate with these characteristics. Polymer brushes composed of surface-tethered polyzwitterion chains produced by surface-initiated controlled radical polymerization have been developed as thin films which exhibit excellent antifouling and lubrication properties. In past decades, numerous studies have been devoted to examining the structure and dynamics of polyzwitterion brush chains in aqueous solutions. This feature article provides an overview of recent studies exploring the hydration state of polyzwitterion brushes with specular neutron reflectivity, highlights some newly published work on the nonuniform equilibrium structure, ion concentration dependence, ion specificity, and the effects of charge spacer length in the zwitterions, and discusses future perspective in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Higaki
- Department of Integrated Science and Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Oita University, 700 Dannoharu, Oita 870-1192, Japan
| | - Motoyasu Kobayashi
- School of Advanced Engineering, Kogakuin University, Tokyo 192-0015, Japan
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11
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Ehtiati K, Moghaddam SZ, Daugaard AE, Thormann E. How Dissociation of Carboxylic Acid Groups in a Weak Polyelectrolyte Brush Depend on Their Distance from the Substrate. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:2339-2348. [PMID: 32069409 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b03537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A weak polyelectrolyte brush is composed of a layer of polyacids or polybases grafted by one end of their chains to a substrate surface. For such brush layers immersed in an aqueous solution, the dissociation behavior of the acidic or basic groups and the structural and physical properties of the brush layer will thus be strongly dependent on the environmental conditions. For a polyacid brush layer consisting of, e.g., poly(acrylic acid), this means that the chains in the brush layer will be charged at high pH and uncharged at low pH. However, theoretical scaling laws not only foresee the structural changes occurring in response to the pH-induced dissociation behavior but also how the dissociation behavior of the brush layer depends on the ionic strength of the aqueous solution and the density of acidic groups within the brush layer. We have herein employed spectroscopic ellipsometry and a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) to experimentally evaluate the theoretically predicted dissociation and structural behavior of PAA brushes. Spectroscopic ellipsometry allows us to study the brush thickness as a function of pH and ionic strength, while QCM-D gives us an opportunity to investigate the swelling behavior of PAA brushes at various penetration depths of propagating acoustic waves. Our studies show that the dissociation degree of the carboxylic acid groups in a PAA brush increases with increasing distance from the substrate. Moreover, the ionic strength enhances carboxylic acid dissociation, such that a higher ionic strength leads to a narrower distribution and higher average dissociation degree. In conclusion, our results provide an experimental verification of the theoretically predicted gradient in the degree of dissociation of the acid groups in weak polyacid brush layers and shows that at a pH value equal to approximately the average pKa value of the brush, the state of the acid groups varies from being almost uncharged to almost fully dissociated depending on the ionic strength and vertical position in the brush.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koosha Ehtiati
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Saeed Z Moghaddam
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anders E Daugaard
- Danish Polymer Center, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Esben Thormann
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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12
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Direct Evidence of Salinity and pH Effects on the Interfacial Interactions of Asphaltene-Brine-Silica Systems. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25051214. [PMID: 32182670 PMCID: PMC7179447 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25051214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The hydraulic fracturing technique remains essential to unlock fossil fuel from shale oil reservoirs. However, water imbibed by shale during hydraulic fracturing triggers environmental and technical challenges due to the low flowback water recovery. While it appears that the imbibition of fracturing fluid is a complex function of physico-chemical processes in particular capillary force which is associated with wettability of oil-brine-shale, the controlling factor(s) to govern the wettability is incomplete and the literature data in this context is missing. We thus measured the adsorption/desorption of asphaltenes on silica surface in the presence of brines using quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D). We detected zeta potential of asphaltene-brine and brine-silica systems and calculated the disjoining pressures of the asphaltene-brine-silica system in the case of different salinity. Moreover, we performed a geochemical study to quantify the variation of surface chemical species at asphaltene and silica surfaces with different pH values and used the chemical force microscope (CFM) method to quantify the effect of pH on intermolecular forces. Our results show that lowering salinity or raising pH reduced the adhesion force between asphaltene and silica surface. For example, at a pH value of 6.5, when the concentration of injected water is reduced from 1000 mM to 100 mM and 10 mM, the adhesion force decreased by approximately 58% and 66%, respectively. In addition, for the 100 mM NaCl solution, when the pH value increased from 4.5 to 6.5 and 9, the adhesion force decreased by approximately 56% and 87%, respectively. Decreased adhesion forces between asphaltene and the silica surface could promote the desorption of asphaltene from the silica surface, resulting in a negative zeta potential for both asphaltene-silica and brine-silica interfaces and a shift of wettability towards water-wet characteristic. During such a process, -NH+ number at asphaltene surfaces decreases and the bonds between -NH+ and >SiO− break down, to further interpret the formation of a thinner asphaltene adlayer on the rock surface. This study proposes a reliable theoretical basis for the application of hydraulic fracturing technology, and a facile and possible manipulation strategy to increase flowback water from unconventional reservoirs.
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Delcea M, Helm CA. X-ray and Neutron Reflectometry of Thin Films at Liquid Interfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:8519-8530. [PMID: 30901219 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b04315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In the 1980s, Helmuth Möhwald studied lipid monolayers at the air/water interface to understand the thermodynamically characterized phases at the molecular level. In collaboration with Jens Als-Nielsen, X-ray reflectometry was used and further developed to determine the electron density profile perpendicular to the water surface. Using a slab model, parameters such as thickness and density of the individual molecular regions, as well as the roughness of the individual interfaces, were determined. Later, X-ray and neutron reflectometry helped to understand the coverage and conformation of anchored and adsorbed polymers. Nowadays, they resolve molecular properties in emerging topics such as liquid metals and ionic liquids. Much is still to be learned about buried interfaces (e.g., liquid/liquid interfaces). In this Article, a historical and theoretical background of X-ray reflectivity is given, recent developments of X-ray and neutron reflectometry for polymers at interfaces and thin layers are highlighted, and emerging research topics involving these techniques are emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihaela Delcea
- Institute of Biochemistry , University of Greifswald , Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 4 , 17489 Greifswald , Germany
- ZIK HIKE- Zentrum für Innovationskompetenz , Humorale Immunreaktionen bei kardiovaskulären Erkrankungen , Fleischmannstraße 42 , 17489 Greifswald , Germany
| | - Christiane A Helm
- Institute of Physics , University of Greifswald , Felix-Hausdorff-Straße 4 , 17489 Greifswald , Germany
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14
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Zhao XJ, Gao ZF. A Theoretical Investigation on the pH Responses of Strong Polyelectrolyte Brushes. POLYMER SCIENCE SERIES A 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0965545x19030209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Sakamaki T, Inutsuka Y, Igata K, Higaki K, Yamada NL, Higaki Y, Takahara A. Ion-Specific Hydration States of Zwitterionic Poly(sulfobetaine methacrylate) Brushes in Aqueous Solutions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:1583-1589. [PMID: 30441903 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b03104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The ion-specific hydration states of zwitterionic poly(3-( N-2-methacryloyloxyethyl- N, N-dimethyl)ammonatopropanesulfonate) (PMAPS) brushes in various aqueous solutions were investigated by neutron reflectivity (NR) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The asymmetric hydration state of the PMAPS brushes was verified from the NR scattering-length density profiles, while the variation in their swollen thickness was complementary as determined from AFM topographic images. PMAPS brushes got thicker in any salt solutions, while the extent of swelling and the dimensions of swollen chain structure were dependent on the ion species and salt concentration in the solutions. Anion specificity was clearly observed, whereas cations exhibited weaker modulation in ion-specific hydration states. The anion specificity could be ascribed to ion-specific interactions between the quaternary ammonium cation in sulfobetaine and the anions. The weak cation specificity was attributed to the intrinsically weak cohesive interactions between the weakly hydrated sulfonate anion in sulfobetaine and the strongly hydrated cations. The ion-specific hydration of PMAPS brushes was largely consistent with the ion-specific aggregation state of the PMAPS chains in aqueous solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Norifumi L Yamada
- Neutron Science Laboratory , High Energy Accelerator Research Organization , Ibaraki 319-1106 , Japan
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16
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Boyaciyan D, Braun L, Löhmann O, Silvi L, Schneck E, von Klitzing R. Gold nanoparticle distribution in polyelectrolyte brushes loaded at different pH conditions. J Chem Phys 2018; 149:163322. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5035554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dikran Boyaciyan
- Soft Matter at Interfaces, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 10, 64287 Darmstadt,
Germany
| | - Larissa Braun
- Soft Matter at Interfaces, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 10, 64287 Darmstadt,
Germany
| | - Oliver Löhmann
- Soft Matter at Interfaces, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 10, 64287 Darmstadt,
Germany
| | - Luca Silvi
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin,
Germany
| | - Emanuel Schneck
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Department of Biomaterials, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam,
Germany
| | - Regine von Klitzing
- Soft Matter at Interfaces, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 10, 64287 Darmstadt,
Germany
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17
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Zhao B, Yuan G, Chu X, Yang J, Zhao J. Response of a Permanently Charged Polyelectrolyte Brush to External Ions: The Aspects of Structure and Dynamics. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:6757-6765. [PMID: 29781623 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b01195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Structure and dynamics inside permanently charged polyelectrolyte brushes, sodium polystyrene sulfonate brushes, during their response to the introduction of external ions (NaCl) are investigated by neutron reflectivity and dielectric spectroscopy. Neutron reflectivity measurements show that the segmental density of the inner part of the brushes decreases and that of the outer part increases when the salt level is tuned from the salt-free condition to a moderate level (<10-2 M)-the brushes swell further compared with the salt-free condition. This is attributed to the breakup of the multiplets formed by dipole-dipole pairs, and by this process, the previously constrained chain segments by the multiplets are released. Dielectric spectroscopy discovers a giant dipole by the charge separation of the adsorbed counterions and the PSS- chains, induced by electric field. The dynamics of the induced giant dipole is accelerated with the increase of external salt, as a result of the charge regularization by elevated salt level. At high-enough salt level, the screening effect reduces the electrostatic repulsion between the neighboring chains and makes the brushes shrink.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bintao Zhao
- Institute of Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , China
| | - Guangcui Yuan
- Center for Neutron Research , National Institute of Standards and Technology , Gaithersburg , Maryland 20899 , United States
| | - Xiao Chu
- Institute of Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Jingfa Yang
- Institute of Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
| | - Jiang Zhao
- Institute of Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , China
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18
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Kou R, Zhang J, Chen Z, Liu G. Counterion Specificity of Polyelectrolyte Brushes: Role of Specific Ion-Pairing Interactions. Chemphyschem 2018; 19:1404-1413. [PMID: 29575481 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201701256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate here that the properties of poly (2-(methacryloyloxy) ethyl trimethylammonium chloride) brushes can be tuned by counterion species. When the brushes are exposed to external chloride (Cl- ) counterions, obvious dehydration and collapse are only observed at high salt concentrations. In the presence of very strongly chaotropic perchlorate (ClO4- ), the brushes strongly dehydrate and collapse at a very low salt concentration. For the strongly chaotropic thiocyanate ion (SCN- ), the changes in hydration and conformation of the brushes are similar to those observed for ClO4- but at a smaller extent at very low salt concentrations. With the addition of kosmotropic acetate (Ac- ), hydration of the brushes increases, accompanied by a swelling of the brushes in the low-salt-concentration regime. In contrast, the brushes dehydrate and collapse with increasing concentration of Ac- in the high-salt-concentration regime. The counterion specificity of the brushes demonstrated here is determined by specific ion-pairing interactions through modulating the osmotic pressure within the brushes and the hydrophobicity of the ion pairs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Kou
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Chen
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Guangming Liu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
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19
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Boyaciyan D, Krause P, von Klitzing R. Making strong polyelectrolyte brushes pH-sensitive by incorporation of gold nanoparticles. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:4029-4039. [PMID: 29670976 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm00411k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Doping polymer brushes with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) results in composite materials with colorimetric sensor properties. The present paper addresses the effect of electrostatic particle-particle interaction and the effect of the polymer brush type on particle assembly formation within the polymer matrix. The prospect for long-term use as colorimetric sensors is tested. Therefore, two different types of brushes of pH-insensitive polymers, non-ionic poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) and cationic poly-[2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl] trimethylammonium chloride (PMETAC), are studied. After incubation of the non-ionic PNIPAM brush in an aqueous suspension of AuNPs with a pH-sensitive carboxylic acid capping, hydrogen binding led to attachment of the AuNPs, but they were easily detached at high pH due to loss of the hydrogen binding. In contrast, the anionic AuNPs adhere well to cationic PMETAC brushes even after post-treatment at low pH where the charge density of the AuNPs is strongly reduced. Therefore, the PMETAC/AuNP composites were further tested with respect to their stability against pH variations and their impact for colorimetric sensors. Although the neat PMETAC brush is not pH-sensitive, after embedding pH-sensitive AuNPs, the PMETAC/AuNP composite becomes pH-sensitive in a reversible manner. This is detectable by the reversible shift of the plasmon band and the reversible thickness change of the composites by exposing them to different pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Boyaciyan
- Soft Matter at Interfaces, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 10, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany.
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20
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Higaki Y, Inutsuka Y, Ono H, Yamada NL, Ikemoto Y, Takahara A. Counteranion-Specific Hydration States of Cationic Polyelectrolyte Brushes. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b00210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Higaki
- Japan Science
and Technology Agency (JST), ERATO, Takahara Soft Interfaces Project, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | | | | | - Norifumi L. Yamada
- Neutron Science Laboratory, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization, Ibaraki 319-1106, Japan
| | - Yuka Ikemoto
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation
Research Institute/SPring-8, 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho,
Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takahara
- Japan Science
and Technology Agency (JST), ERATO, Takahara Soft Interfaces Project, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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21
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Liu HY, Chen WL, Ober CK, Daniel S. Biologically Complex Planar Cell Plasma Membranes Supported on Polyelectrolyte Cushions Enhance Transmembrane Protein Mobility and Retain Native Orientation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:1061-1072. [PMID: 29020444 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b02945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Reconstituted supported lipid bilayers (SLB) are widely used as in vitro cell-surface models because they are compatible with a variety of surface-based analytical techniques. However, one of the challenges of using SLBs as a model of the cell surface is the limited complexity in membrane composition, including the incorporation of transmembrane proteins and lipid diversity that may impact the activity of those proteins. Additionally, it is challenging to preserve the transmembrane protein native orientation, function, and mobility in SLBs. Here, we leverage the interaction between cell plasma membrane vesicles and polyelectrolyte brushes to create planar bilayers from cell plasma membrane vesicles that have budded from the cell surface. This approach promotes the direct incorporation of membrane proteins and other species into the planar bilayer without using detergent or reconstitution and preserves membrane constituents. Furthermore, the structure of the polyelectrolyte brush serves as a cushion between the planar bilayer and rigid supporting surface, limiting the interaction of the cytosolic domains of membrane proteins with this surface. Single particle tracking was used to analyze the motion of GPI-linked yellow fluorescent proteins (GPI-YFP) and neon-green fused transmembrane P2X2 receptors (P2X2-neon) and shows that this platform retains over 75% mobility of multipass transmembrane proteins in its native membrane environment. An enzyme accessibility assay confirmed that the protein orientation is preserved and results in the extracellular domain facing toward the bulk phase and the cytosolic side facing the support. Because the platform presented here retains the complexity of the cell plasma membrane and preserves protein orientation and mobility, it is a better representative mimic of native cell surfaces, which may find many applications in biological assays aimed at understanding cell membrane phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Yuan Liu
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, ‡Department of Material Science and Engineering, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Wei-Liang Chen
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, ‡Department of Material Science and Engineering, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Christopher K Ober
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, ‡Department of Material Science and Engineering, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Susan Daniel
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, ‡Department of Material Science and Engineering, Cornell University , Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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22
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Micciulla S, Gerelli Y, Campbell RA, Schneck E. A Versatile Method for the Distance-Dependent Structural Characterization of Interacting Soft Interfaces by Neutron Reflectometry. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:789-800. [PMID: 29039954 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b02971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between soft interfaces govern the behavior of emulsions and foams and crucially influence the functions of biological entities like membranes. To understand the character of these interactions, detailed insight into the interfaces' structural response in terms of molecular arrangements and conformations is often essential. This requires the realization of controlled interaction conditions and surface-sensitive techniques capable of resolving the structure of buried interfaces. Here, we present a new approach to determine the distance-dependent structure of interacting soft interfaces by neutron reflectometry. A solid/water interface and a water/oil interface are functionalized independently and initially macroscopically separated. They are then brought into contact and structurally characterized under interacting conditions. The nanometric distance between the two interfaces can be varied via the exertion of osmotic pressures. Our first experiments on lipid-anchored polymer brushes interacting across water with solid-grafted polyelectrolyte brushes and with bare silicon surfaces reveal qualitatively different interaction scenarios depending on the chemical composition of the two involved interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Micciulla
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Institut Laue-Langevin , 38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | | | - Emanuel Schneck
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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23
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Higaki Y, Inutsuka Y, Sakamaki T, Terayama Y, Takenaka A, Higaki K, Yamada NL, Moriwaki T, Ikemoto Y, Takahara A. Effect of Charged Group Spacer Length on Hydration State in Zwitterionic Poly(sulfobetaine) Brushes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:8404-8412. [PMID: 28737401 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b01935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Effect of alkyl chain spacer length between the charged groups (CSL) in zwitterionic poly(sulfobetaine) (PSB) brushes on the hydration state was investigated. PSB brushes with ethyl (PMAES), propyl (PMAPS), or butyl (PMABS) CSL were prepared by surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization on silicon wafers. Hydration states of the PSB brushes in aqueous solutions and/or humid vapor were investigated by contact angle measurement, infrared spectroscopy, AFM observation, and neutron reflectivity. The PSB brushes are swollen in humid air and deionized water due to the hydration of the charged groups leading to the reduction of hydrated PSB brushes/water interfacial free energy. The hydrated PSB brushes exhibit clear interface with low interfacial roughness due to networking of the PSB brush chains through association of the SBs. The hydrated PSB brushes produce diffusive swollen layer in the presence of NaCl because of the charge screening followed by SB dissociation by the bound ions. The ionic strength sensitivity in the hydration got more significant with increasing the CSL in SBs because of the augmentation in partial charge by charged group separation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuji Higaki
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University , 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University , 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University , 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), ERATO, Takahara Soft Interfaces Project, CE80, Kyushu University , 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Inutsuka
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University , 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Tatsunori Sakamaki
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University , 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yuki Terayama
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University , 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Ai Takenaka
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), ERATO, Takahara Soft Interfaces Project, CE80, Kyushu University , 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Keiko Higaki
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University , 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Norifumi L Yamada
- Neutron Science Laboratory, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization , Ibaraki 319-1106, Japan
| | - Taro Moriwaki
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute/SPring-8 , 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Yuka Ikemoto
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute/SPring-8 , 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Sayo-gun, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Atsushi Takahara
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering, Kyushu University , 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University , 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University , 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), ERATO, Takahara Soft Interfaces Project, CE80, Kyushu University , 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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24
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Chen WL, Cordero R, Tran H, Ober CK. 50th Anniversary Perspective: Polymer Brushes: Novel Surfaces for Future Materials. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b00450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Liang Chen
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, ‡Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and §Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Roselynn Cordero
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, ‡Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and §Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Hai Tran
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, ‡Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and §Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Christopher K. Ober
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, ‡Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, and §Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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25
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Chen WL, Menzel M, Watanabe T, Prucker O, Rühe J, Ober CK. Reduced Lateral Confinement and Its Effect on Stability in Patterned Strong Polyelectrolyte Brushes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:3296-3303. [PMID: 28266860 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b00165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The stability of strong polyelectrolyte brushes (PEBs) was studied in bulk and in patterned structures. Thick PEBs of poly([(2-methacryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium chloride) with thicknesses >100 nm were synthesized using single electron transfer living radical polymerization. Brush patterning was identified using deep-ultraviolet photolithography by means of either a top-down (TD) or bottom-up (BU) method, with features as small as 200 nm. The brushes were soaked in water under a range of pH or temperature conditions, and the hydrolysis was monitored through dry-state ellipsometry and atomic force microscopy measurements. BU patterns showed reduced degrafting for smaller patterns, which was attributed to increased stress relaxation at such dimensions. In contrast to the already relaxed BU-patterned brush, a TD-patterned brush possesses perpendicular structures that result from the use of orthogonal lithography. It was found that the TD process induces cross-linking on the sidewall, which subsequently fortifies the sidewall materials. This modification of the polymer brushes hindered the stress relaxation of the patterns, and the degrafting trends became irrelevant to the pattern sizes. With proper tuning, the cross-linking on the sidewall was minimized and the degrafting trends were again relaxation-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthias Menzel
- Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg , 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tsukasa Watanabe
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Tokyo Metropolitan University , Hachioji 192-0397, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Oswald Prucker
- Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg , 79110 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Rühe
- Department of Microsystems Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg , 79110 Freiburg, Germany
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26
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Murdoch TJ, Humphreys BA, Willott JD, Prescott SW, Nelson A, Webber GB, Wanless EJ. Enhanced specific ion effects in ethylene glycol-based thermoresponsive polymer brushes. J Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 490:869-878. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2016.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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27
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Zoppe JO, Ataman NC, Mocny P, Wang J, Moraes J, Klok HA. Surface-Initiated Controlled Radical Polymerization: State-of-the-Art, Opportunities, and Challenges in Surface and Interface Engineering with Polymer Brushes. Chem Rev 2017; 117:1105-1318. [PMID: 28135076 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 598] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The generation of polymer brushes by surface-initiated controlled radical polymerization (SI-CRP) techniques has become a powerful approach to tailor the chemical and physical properties of interfaces and has given rise to great advances in surface and interface engineering. Polymer brushes are defined as thin polymer films in which the individual polymer chains are tethered by one chain end to a solid interface. Significant advances have been made over the past years in the field of polymer brushes. This includes novel developments in SI-CRP, as well as the emergence of novel applications such as catalysis, electronics, nanomaterial synthesis and biosensing. Additionally, polymer brushes prepared via SI-CRP have been utilized to modify the surface of novel substrates such as natural fibers, polymer nanofibers, mesoporous materials, graphene, viruses and protein nanoparticles. The last years have also seen exciting advances in the chemical and physical characterization of polymer brushes, as well as an ever increasing set of computational and simulation tools that allow understanding and predictions of these surface-grafted polymer architectures. The aim of this contribution is to provide a comprehensive review that critically assesses recent advances in the field and highlights the opportunities and challenges for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin O Zoppe
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nariye Cavusoglu Ataman
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Piotr Mocny
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jian Wang
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - John Moraes
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Harm-Anton Klok
- Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères Bâtiment MXD, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , Station 12 CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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28
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Kesal D, Christau S, Trapp M, Krause P, von Klitzing R. The internal structure of PMETAC brush/gold nanoparticle composites: a neutron and X-ray reflectivity study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:30636-30646. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp04404f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The amount and distribution of gold nanoparticles within a polymer brush matrix can be changed by altering the electrostatic interaction between particle–particle as well as particle–brush.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Kesal
- Soft Matter at Interfaces
- Technische Universität Darmstadt
- 64287 Darmstadt
- Germany
| | - S. Christau
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- University of Michigan
- Ann Arbor
- USA
| | - M. Trapp
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie
- 14109 Berlin
- Germany
| | - P. Krause
- Stranski-Laboratorium für Phyisikalische Chemie
- Technische Universität Berlin
- 10623 Berlin
- Germany
| | - R. von Klitzing
- Soft Matter at Interfaces
- Technische Universität Darmstadt
- 64287 Darmstadt
- Germany
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29
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Waynant KV, Koo HJ, Zhang C, Braun PV. Qualitative degradation of the pesticide coumaphos in solution, controlled aerosol, and solid phases on quaternary ammonium fluoride polymer brushes. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.3861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristopher V. Waynant
- Department of Chemistry; University of Idaho; Moscow ID 83844 USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Beckman Institute; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Urbana IL 61801 USA
| | - Hyung-Jun Koo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Beckman Institute; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Urbana IL 61801 USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering; Seoul National University of Science and Technology; 232 Gongneung-ro Nowon-gu Seoul 139-743 Korea
| | - Chunjie Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Beckman Institute; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Urbana IL 61801 USA
- 3M Company; 3M Center St. Paul MN 55144 USA
| | - Paul V. Braun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and Beckman Institute; University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign; Urbana IL 61801 USA
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30
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Hirai T, Kobayashi M, Takahara A. Control of the primary and secondary structure of polymer brushes by surface-initiated living/controlled polymerization. Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py00956a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we summarize current research regarding the precise synthesis of polymer brushes and characterization methods for their molecular aggregate structure using neutron and/or synchrotron facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyasu Hirai
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering
- Fukuoka
- Japan
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER)
- Kyushu University
| | - Motoyasu Kobayashi
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering
- Fukuoka
- Japan
- Japan Science and Technology Agency
- ERATO
| | - Atsushi Takahara
- Institute for Materials Chemistry and Engineering
- Fukuoka
- Japan
- International Institute for Carbon-Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER)
- Kyushu University
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31
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Willott JD, Murdoch TJ, Webber GB, Wanless EJ. Physicochemical behaviour of cationic polyelectrolyte brushes. Prog Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2016.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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32
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Murdoch TJ, Willott JD, de Vos WM, Nelson A, Prescott SW, Wanless EJ, Webber GB. Influence of Anion Hydrophilicity on the Conformation of a Hydrophobic Weak Polyelectrolyte Brush. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b01897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J. Murdoch
- Priority Research
Centre for Advanced Particle Processing and Transport, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Joshua D. Willott
- Priority Research
Centre for Advanced Particle Processing and Transport, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Wiebe M. de Vos
- Membrane Science
and Technology, Mesa+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede 7500 AE, Netherlands
| | - Andrew Nelson
- Australian
Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Lucas Heights, NSW 2234, Australia
| | - Stuart W. Prescott
- School of Chemical Engineering, UNSW Australia, UNSW Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Erica J. Wanless
- Priority Research
Centre for Advanced Particle Processing and Transport, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Grant B. Webber
- Priority Research
Centre for Advanced Particle Processing and Transport, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
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33
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34
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Murakami D, Kobayashi M, Higaki Y, Jinnai H, Takahara A. Swollen structure and electrostatic interactions of polyelectrolyte brush in aqueous solution. POLYMER 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2016.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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35
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Yang Z, Tarabara VV, Bruening ML. Adsorption of Anionic or Cationic Surfactants in Polyanionic Brushes and Its Effect on Brush Swelling and Fouling Resistance during Emulsion Filtration. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:11790-9. [PMID: 26442835 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b01938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Atom transfer radical polymerization of ionic monomers from membrane surfaces yields polyelectrolyte brushes that swell in water and repel oil droplets to resist fouling during filtration of oil-in-water emulsions. However, surfactant adsorption to polyelectrolyte brushes may overcome this fouling resistance. This work examines adsorption of cationic and anionic surfactants in polyanionic brushes and the effect of these surfactants on emulsion filtration. In situ ellipsometry with films on flat surfaces shows that brushes composed of poly(3-sulfopropyl methacrylate salts) (pSPMK) swell 280% in water and do not adsorb sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). pSPMK-modified microfiltration membranes reject >99.9% of the oil from SDS-stabilized submicron emulsions, and the specific flux through these modified membranes is comparable to that through NF270 nanofiltration membranes. Moreover, the brush-modified membranes show no decline in flux over a 12 h filtration, whereas the flux through NF270 membranes decreases by 98.7%. In contrast, pSPMK brushes adsorb large quantities of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), and at low chain densities the brushes collapse in the presence of this cationic surfactant. Filtration of CTAB-stabilized emulsions through pSPMK-modified membranes gives minimal oil rejection, presumably due to the brush collapse. Thus, the fouling resistance of polyelectrolyte brush-modified membranes clearly depends on the surfactant composition in a particular emulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhefei Yang
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Volodymyr V Tarabara
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Merlin L Bruening
- Department of Chemistry and ‡Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University , East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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36
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Higaki Y, Nishida J, Takenaka A, Yoshimatsu R, Kobayashi M, Takahara A. Versatile inhibition of marine organism settlement by zwitterionic polymer brushes. Polym J 2015. [DOI: 10.1038/pj.2015.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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37
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Harrison RH, Steele JAM, Chapman R, Gormley AJ, Chow LW, Mahat MM, Podhorska L, Palgrave RG, Payne DJ, Hettiaratchy SP, Dunlop IE, Stevens MM. Modular and Versatile Spatial Functionalization of Tissue Engineering Scaffolds through Fiber-Initiated Controlled Radical Polymerization. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2015; 25:5748-5757. [PMID: 27134621 PMCID: PMC4845664 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201501277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Native tissues are typically heterogeneous and hierarchically organized, and generating scaffolds that can mimic these properties is critical for tissue engineering applications. By uniquely combining controlled radical polymerization (CRP), end-functionalization of polymers, and advanced electrospinning techniques, a modular and versatile approach is introduced to generate scaffolds with spatially organized functionality. Poly-ε-caprolactone is end functionalized with either a polymerization-initiating group or a cell-binding peptide motif cyclic Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser (cRGDS), and are each sequentially electrospun to produce zonally discrete bilayers within a continuous fiber scaffold. The polymerization-initiating group is then used to graft an antifouling polymer bottlebrush based on poly(ethylene glycol) from the fiber surface using CRP exclusively within one bilayer of the scaffold. The ability to include additional multifunctionality during CRP is showcased by integrating a biotinylated monomer unit into the polymerization step allowing postmodification of the scaffold with streptavidin-coupled moieties. These combined processing techniques result in an effective bilayered and dual-functionality scaffold with a cell-adhesive surface and an opposing antifouling non-cell-adhesive surface in zonally specific regions across the thickness of the scaffold, demonstrated through fluorescent labelling and cell adhesion studies. This modular and versatile approach combines strategies to produce scaffolds with tailorable properties for many applications in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael H Harrison
- Department of Materials Imperial College London London SW7 2AZ UK; Institute of Biomedical Engineering Imperial College London London SW7 2AZ UK; Department of Bioengineering Imperial College London London SW7 2AZ UK; Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust Charing Cross Campus Fulham Palace Road London W6 8RF UK
| | - Joseph A M Steele
- Department of Materials Imperial College London London SW7 2AZ UK; Institute of Biomedical Engineering Imperial College London London SW7 2AZ UK; Department of Bioengineering Imperial College London London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Robert Chapman
- Department of Materials Imperial College London London SW7 2AZ UK; Institute of Biomedical Engineering Imperial College London London SW7 2AZ UK; Department of Bioengineering Imperial College London London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Adam J Gormley
- Department of Materials Imperial College London London SW7 2AZ UK; Institute of Biomedical Engineering Imperial College London London SW7 2AZ UK; Department of Bioengineering Imperial College London London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Lesley W Chow
- Department of Materials Imperial College London London SW7 2AZ UK; Institute of Biomedical Engineering Imperial College London London SW7 2AZ UK; Department of Bioengineering Imperial College London London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Muzamir M Mahat
- Department of Materials Imperial College London London SW7 2AZ UK; Institute of Biomedical Engineering Imperial College London London SW7 2AZ UK; Department of Bioengineering Imperial College London London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Lucia Podhorska
- Department of Materials Imperial College London London SW7 2AZ UK; Institute of Biomedical Engineering Imperial College London London SW7 2AZ UK; Department of Bioengineering Imperial College London London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Robert G Palgrave
- Department of Chemistry University College London 20 Gordon Street London WC1H 0AJ UK
| | - David J Payne
- Department of Materials Imperial College London London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Shehan P Hettiaratchy
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust Charing Cross Campus Fulham Palace Road London W6 8RF UK
| | - Iain E Dunlop
- Department of Materials Imperial College London London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Molly M Stevens
- Department of Materials Imperial College London London SW7 2AZ UK; Institute of Biomedical Engineering Imperial College London London SW7 2AZ UK; Department of Bioengineering Imperial College London London SW7 2AZ UK
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38
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Wang T, Long Y, Liu L, Wang X, Craig VSJ, Zhang G, Liu G. Cation-specific conformational behavior of polyelectrolyte brushes: from aqueous to nonaqueous solvent. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:12850-12859. [PMID: 25300430 DOI: 10.1021/la5033493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated changes in the cation-specific conformational behavior of poly(sodium styrenesulfonate) (PSS) brushes as the solvent changes from water to methanol using a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D). A solvation to desolvation transition of the grafted chains accompanied by swelling to the collapse transition of the brushes is observed for Na(+). In the case of Cs(+), the brushes undergo solvation to desolvation to resolvation accompanied by swelling to collapse to reswelling transitions. The resolvation and reswelling transitions for Cs(+) are induced by the charge inversion of the brushes via van der Waals interactions between Cs(+) and the brushes. All of the transitions for monovalent cations become less obvious as the methanol content increases. For divalent Ca(2+) and trivalent La(3+), a solvation to desolvation to resolvation transition of the grafted chains accompanied by a swelling to collapse to reswelling transition of the brushes can be observed. The resolvation and reswelling of the brushes for the multivalent cations are induced by the charge inversion of the brushes via charge-image charge interactions. The extent of the transitions for the PSS brushes in the presence of multivalent cations is only slightly influenced by the methanol content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, Department of Chemical Physics, University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei, PR China 230026
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39
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Kobayashi M, Ishihara K, Takahara A. Neutron reflectivity study of the swollen structure of polyzwitterion and polyeletrolyte brushes in aqueous solution. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2014; 25:1673-86. [DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2014.952992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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40
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Chu X, Yang J, Liu G, Zhao J. Swelling enhancement of polyelectrolyte brushes induced by external ions. SOFT MATTER 2014; 10:5568-5578. [PMID: 24960144 DOI: 10.1039/c4sm00860j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
It has been observed previously that when permanently charged polyelectrolyte brushes are exposed to an external salt solution, they shrink when the salt level is high enough. In this study, we observed an enhanced swelling process before the salt concentration reached that limit. We systematically investigated a few strong polyelectrolyte brush systems, including sodium polystyrene sulfonate (PSSNa), poly([2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl] trimethylammonium chloride) (PMETAC) and potassium poly(3-sulfopropyl methacrylate) (PSPMA) with different molecular weights and grafting density using a combination of methods, including ellipsometry, quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) and atomic force microscope (AFM). The swelling enhancement is expressed by the thickening of the brush layer at moderate salt concentrations, accompanied by the decrease of refractive index, the increase of the amount of solvent inside the brushes and an increase in retardation time. A scenario is proposed in which the counterions penetrate into the brushes driven by the external salt ions, they disrupt and break up the previously formed multiplets due to the dipole-dipole interaction by the ion-pairs on the polymer chain. This process results in the release of the bound segments and the stretching of the polymer chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Chu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Science, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
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41
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Chernyy S, Järn M, Shimizu K, Swerin A, Pedersen SU, Daasbjerg K, Makkonen L, Claesson P, Iruthayaraj J. Superhydrophilic polyelectrolyte brush layers with imparted anti-icing properties: effect of counter ions. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:6487-96. [PMID: 24713022 DOI: 10.1021/am500046d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This work demonstrates the feasibility of superhydrophilic polyelectrolyte brush coatings for anti-icing applications. Five different types of ionic and nonionic polymer brush coatings of 25-100 nm thickness were formed on glass substrates using silane chemistry for surface premodification followed by polymerization via the SI-ATRP route. The cationic [2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl]trimethylammonium chloride] and the anionic [poly(3-sulfopropyl methacrylate), poly(sodium methacrylate)] polyelectrolyte brushes were further exchanged with H+, Li+, Na+, K+, Ag+, Ca2+, La3+, C16N+, F-, Cl-, BF4-, SO4(2-), and C12SO3- ions. By consecutive measurements of the strength of ice adhesion toward ion-incorporated polymer brushes on glass it was found that Li+ ions reduce ice adhesion by 40% at -18 °C and 70% at -10 °C. Ag+ ions reduce ice adhesion by 80% at -10 °C relative to unmodified glass. In general, superhydrophilic polyelectrolyte brushes exhibit better anti-icing property at -10 °C compared to partially hydrophobic brushes such as poly(methyl methacrylate) and surfactant exchanged polyelectrolyte brushes. The data are interpreted using the concept of a quasi liquid layer (QLL) that is enhanced in the presence of highly hydrated ions at the interface. It is suggested that the ability of ions to coordinate water is directly related to the efficiency of a given anti-icing coating based on the polyelectrolyte brush concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Chernyy
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark ,, Produktionstorvet, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
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42
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Banerjee S, Paira TK, Mandal TK. Surface confined atom transfer radical polymerization: access to custom library of polymer-based hybrid materials for speciality applications. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4py00007b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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43
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Moya SE, Irigoyen J. Recent advances in the use of the quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation for the study of the collapse of polyelectrolyte brushes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.23311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseba Irigoyen
- CIC biomaGUNE; Paseo Miramón 182 C 20009 San Sebastián Spain
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44
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Topham PD, Glidle A, Toolan DTW, Weir MP, Skoda MWA, Barker R, Howse JR. The relationship between charge density and polyelectrolyte brush profile using simultaneous neutron reflectivity and in situ attenuated total internal reflection FTIR. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:6068-6076. [PMID: 23607484 DOI: 10.1021/la4005592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We report on a novel experimental study of a pH-responsive polyelectrolyte brush at the silicon/D2O interface. A poly[2-(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate] brush was grown on a large silicon crystal which acted as both a substrate for a neutron reflectivity solid/liquid experiment but also as an FTIR-ATR spectroscopy crystal. This arrangement has allowed for both neutron reflectivities and FTIR spectroscopic information to be measured in parallel. The chosen polybase brush shows strong IR bands which can be assigned to the N-D(+) stretch, D2O, and a carbonyl group. From such FTIR data, we are able to closely monitor the degree of protonation along the polymer chain as well as revealing information concerning the D2O concentration at the interface. The neutron reflectivity data allows us to determine the physical brush profile normal to the solid/liquid interface along with the corresponding degree of hydration. This combined approach makes it possible to quantify the charge on a polymer brush alongside the morphology adopted by the polymer chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul D Topham
- Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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45
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Mitamura K, Yamada NL, Sagehashi H, Torikai N, Arita H, Terada M, Kobayashi M, Sato S, Seto H, Goko S, Furusaka M, Oda T, Hino M, Jinnai H, Takahara A. Novel neutron reflectometer SOFIA at J-PARC/MLF for in-situ soft-interface characterization. Polym J 2012. [DOI: 10.1038/pj.2012.156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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