1
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Gkaliou K, Benedini L, Sárossy Z, Dalsgaard Jensen C, Henriksen UB, Daugaard AE. Recycled PMMA prepared directly from crude MMA obtained from thermal depolymerization of mixed PMMA waste. Waste Manag 2023; 164:191-199. [PMID: 37059043 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Recycled PMMA was prepared by directly polymerizing crude pyrolysis oils from lab-scale pyrolysis of collected industrial waste PMMA. The pyrolysis oils consisted mainly of methyl methacrylate (MMA, >85%), while the type and number of by-products from the thermal process were assigned through GC-MS analysis showing a clear correlation to the pyrolysis temperature. By-products can be removed by distillation; however, directly employing the crude oils to prepare PMMA through solution, suspension, emulsion, or casting polymerization was investigated to assess the potential for omitting this costly step. It was found that the crude pyrolysis oils could be polymerized efficiently via solution, emulsion, and casting polymerization to produce a polymer similar to the PMMA prepared from a pristine monomer. The impurities in the PMMAs prepared from the crude mixtures were investigated by extraction analyses followed by screening by GC-MS. In the case of casting polymerization, the GC-MS analysis, as expected, revealed various residual by-products, while solution and emulsion polymerization showed only very few impurities, mainly originating from the polymerization and not the feed material. Additional purification of the crude pyrolysis oils would be required for applications in casting polymerization. In contrast, direct polymerization by emulsion or solution polymerization is considered applicable for producing pristine PMMA from crude waste PMMA pyrolysis oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyriaki Gkaliou
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The Danish Polymer Centre, Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark.
| | - Lidia Benedini
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, CHEC Research Centre, Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Zsuzsa Sárossy
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, CHEC Research Centre, Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Claus Dalsgaard Jensen
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, CHEC Research Centre, Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Ulrik B Henriksen
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, CHEC Research Centre, Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Anders E Daugaard
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The Danish Polymer Centre, Kongens Lyngby 2800, Denmark
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2
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Gkaliou K, Daugaard AE. Silane and silazane surface modification of recycled glass fibers for polypropylene composites. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyriaki Gkaliou
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The Danish Polymer Center Technical University of Denmark Kongens Lyngby Denmark
| | - Anders E. Daugaard
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, The Danish Polymer Center Technical University of Denmark Kongens Lyngby Denmark
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3
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Ehtiati K, Moghaddam SZ, Klok HA, Daugaard AE, Thormann E. Specific Counterion Effects on the Swelling Behavior of Strong Polyelectrolyte Brushes. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koosha Ehtiati
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Saeed Z. Moghaddam
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Harm-Anton Klok
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Laboratoire des Polyméres, Institut des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Bâtiment MXD, Station 12, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anders E. Daugaard
- Danish Polymer Center, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Esben Thormann
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
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4
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Andersen C, Madsen J, Daugaard AE. A Synthetic Overview of Preparation Protocols of Nonmetallic, Contact-Active Antimicrobial Quaternary Surfaces on Polymer Substrates. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 42:e2100437. [PMID: 34491589 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Antibacterial surfaces have been researched for more than 30 years and remain highly desirable. In particular, there is an interest in providing antimicrobial properties to commodity plastics, because these, in their native state, are excellent substrates for pathogens to adhere and proliferate on. Therefore, efficient strategies for converting surfaces of commodity plastics into contact-active antimicrobial surfaces are of significant interest. Many systems have been prepared and tested for their efficacy. Here, the synthetic approaches to such active surfaces are reviewed, with the restriction to only include systems with tested antibacterial properties. The review focuses on the synthetic approach to surface functionalization of the most common materials used and tested for biomedical applications, which effectively has limited the study to quaternary materials. For future developments in the field, it is evident that there is a need for development of simple methods that permit scalable production of active surfaces. Furthermore, in terms of efficacy, there is an outstanding concern of a lack of universal antimicrobial action as well as rapid deactivation of the antibacterial effect through surface fouling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Andersen
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DTU, Søltofts Plads, building 229, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark.,Coloplast A/S, Holtedam 1-3, Humlebaek, 3050, Denmark
| | - Jeppe Madsen
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DTU, Søltofts Plads, building 229, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
| | - Anders E Daugaard
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, DTU, Søltofts Plads, building 229, Kgs. Lyngby, 2800, Denmark
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5
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Andersen C, Zverina L, Ehtiati K, Thormann E, Mordhorst H, Pamp SJ, Madsen NJ, Daugaard AE. Antimicrobial PDMS Surfaces Prepared through Fast and Oxygen-Tolerant SI-SARA-ATRP, Using Na 2SO 3 as a Reducing Agent. ACS Omega 2021; 6:14551-14558. [PMID: 34124478 PMCID: PMC8190881 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c01611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) is an attractive, versatile, and convenient material for use in biomedical devices that are in direct contact with the user. A crucial component in such a device is its surface in terms of antimicrobial properties preventing infection. Moreover, due to its inherent hydrophobicity, PDMS is rather prone to microbial colonization. Thus, developing an antimicrobial PDMS surface in a simple, large-scale, and applicable manner is an essential step in fully exploiting PDMS in the biomedical device industry. Current chemical modification methods for PDMS surfaces are limited; therefore, we present herein a new method for introducing an atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) initiator onto the PDMS surface via the base-catalyzed grafting of [(chloromethyl)phenylethyl]trimethoxysilane to the PDMS. The initiator surface was grafted with poly[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate] (PDMAEMA) brushes via a surface-initiated supplemental activator and reducing agent ATRP (SI-SARA-ATRP). The use of sodium sulfite as a novel reducing agent in SI-SARA-ATRP allowed for polymerization during complete exposure to air. Moreover, a fast and linear growth was observed for the polymer over time, leading to a 400 nm thick polymer layer in a 120 min reaction time. Furthermore, the grafted PDMAEMA was quaternized, using various alkylhalides, in order to study the effect on surface antimicrobial properties. It was shown that antimicrobial activity not only depended highly on the charge density but also on the amphiphilicity of the surface. The fast reaction rate, high oxygen tolerance, increased antimicrobial activity, and the overall robustness and simplicity of the presented method collectively move PDMS closer to its full-scale exploitation in biomedical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Andersen
- Danish
Polymer Centre, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads Building 229, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Libor Zverina
- Danish
Polymer Centre, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads Building 229, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Koosha Ehtiati
- Department
of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 207, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Esben Thormann
- Department
of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet Building 207, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Hanne Mordhorst
- National
Food Institute, Technical University of
Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 202, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sünje J. Pamp
- National
Food Institute, Technical University of
Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 202, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Anders E. Daugaard
- Danish
Polymer Centre, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads Building 229, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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6
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Ekbrant BEF, Skov AL, Daugaard AE. Epoxy-Rich Systems with Preference for Etherification over Amine-Epoxy Reactions for Tertiary Amine Accelerators. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Björn Erik Fristrup Ekbrant
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads 229, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
- Hempel A/S, Lundtoftegårdsvej 91, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anne Ladegaard Skov
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads 229, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anders E. Daugaard
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads 229, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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7
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Affiliation(s)
- Koosha Ehtiati
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Saeed Z. Moghaddam
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Anders E. Daugaard
- Danish Polymer Center, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby 2800, Denmark
| | - Esben Thormann
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby 2800, Denmark
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8
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Ehtiati K, Moghaddam SZ, Daugaard AE, Thormann E. How Dissociation of Carboxylic Acid Groups in a Weak Polyelectrolyte Brush Depend on Their Distance from the Substrate. Langmuir 2020; 36:2339-2348. [PMID: 32069409 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b03537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A weak polyelectrolyte brush is composed of a layer of polyacids or polybases grafted by one end of their chains to a substrate surface. For such brush layers immersed in an aqueous solution, the dissociation behavior of the acidic or basic groups and the structural and physical properties of the brush layer will thus be strongly dependent on the environmental conditions. For a polyacid brush layer consisting of, e.g., poly(acrylic acid), this means that the chains in the brush layer will be charged at high pH and uncharged at low pH. However, theoretical scaling laws not only foresee the structural changes occurring in response to the pH-induced dissociation behavior but also how the dissociation behavior of the brush layer depends on the ionic strength of the aqueous solution and the density of acidic groups within the brush layer. We have herein employed spectroscopic ellipsometry and a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) to experimentally evaluate the theoretically predicted dissociation and structural behavior of PAA brushes. Spectroscopic ellipsometry allows us to study the brush thickness as a function of pH and ionic strength, while QCM-D gives us an opportunity to investigate the swelling behavior of PAA brushes at various penetration depths of propagating acoustic waves. Our studies show that the dissociation degree of the carboxylic acid groups in a PAA brush increases with increasing distance from the substrate. Moreover, the ionic strength enhances carboxylic acid dissociation, such that a higher ionic strength leads to a narrower distribution and higher average dissociation degree. In conclusion, our results provide an experimental verification of the theoretically predicted gradient in the degree of dissociation of the acid groups in weak polyacid brush layers and shows that at a pH value equal to approximately the average pKa value of the brush, the state of the acid groups varies from being almost uncharged to almost fully dissociated depending on the ionic strength and vertical position in the brush.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koosha Ehtiati
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Saeed Z Moghaddam
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anders E Daugaard
- Danish Polymer Center, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Esben Thormann
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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9
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Zverina L, Koch M, Andersen MF, Pinelo M, Woodley JM, Daugaard AE. Controlled pore collapse to increase solute rejection of modified PES membranes. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.117515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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10
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Hoffmann C, Grey C, Pinelo M, Woodley JM, Daugaard AE, Adlercreutz P. Improved Alkyl Glycoside Synthesis by trans‐Glycosylation through Tailored Microenvironments of Immobilized β‐Glucosidase. Chempluschem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201900680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hoffmann
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Technical University of Denmark Søltofts Plads Building 229 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Carl Grey
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Biotechnology Lund University P.O. Box 124 221 00 Lund Sweden
| | - Manuel Pinelo
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Technical University of Denmark Søltofts Plads Building 229 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - John M. Woodley
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Technical University of Denmark Søltofts Plads Building 229 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Anders E. Daugaard
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering Technical University of Denmark Søltofts Plads Building 229 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Patrick Adlercreutz
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Biotechnology Lund University P.O. Box 124 221 00 Lund Sweden
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11
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Eriksen MK, Christiansen JD, Daugaard AE, Astrup TF. Closing the loop for PET, PE and PP waste from households: Influence of material properties and product design for plastic recycling. Waste Manag 2019; 96:75-85. [PMID: 31376972 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Recycling of plastic is an important step towards circular economy. However, plastic from household waste (HHW) is a heterogeneous and contaminated resource, leading to recycled plastic with reduced quality, limiting the potential for closed-loop recycling. In addition to regulatory requirements for the chemical composition of recycled plastic, reduced physical and mechanical properties may limit the potential for closed-loop recycling. Consequently, this study analyses the thermal degradation, processability and mechanical properties of a range of reprocessed PET, PE and PP samples from source-separated plastic in HHW. On this basis, the potential for closed-loop recycling is evaluated. The study demonstrated that PET, PE and PP recycling represent different challenges. Potential degradation of the PET polymer can be reversed in a decontamination process, making PET waste well-suited for closed-loop, multiple times recycling, even when the degree of heterogeneity in the waste is high. The processability of different kinds of PE and PP packaging types varied considerably, especially for PP. Consequently, current recycling of mixed PP waste and even separate recycling of individual PP waste packaging types, will not technically facilitate recycling into new packaging products. This highlights the importance of PE and PP waste homogeneity when sent to reprocessing. Such homogeneity may be achieved through additional plastic sorting and regulatory harmonisation of product design, accounting for polymer properties and recyclability. Degradation of PP during recycling was shown to be substantial, representing another important limitation for PP recycling, necessary to address in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Eriksen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark.
| | - J D Christiansen
- Department of Materials and Production, Aalborg University, Denmark
| | - A E Daugaard
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
| | - T F Astrup
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark
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12
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Hartmann NB, Hüffer T, Thompson RC, Hassellöv M, Verschoor A, Daugaard AE, Rist S, Karlsson T, Brennholt N, Cole M, Herrling MP, Hess MC, Ivleva NP, Lusher AL, Wagner M. Response to the Letter to the Editor Regarding Our Feature "Are We Speaking the Same Language? Recommendations for a Definition and Categorization Framework for Plastic Debris". Environ Sci Technol 2019; 53:4678-4679. [PMID: 31021610 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b02238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nanna B Hartmann
- Department of Environmental Engineering , Technical University of Denmark , Bygningstorvet B115 , Kongens Lyngby 2800 , Denmark
| | - Thorsten Hüffer
- Department of Environmental Geosciences, Environmental Science Research Network, and Research Platform Plastics in the Environment and Society (PLENTY) , University of Vienna , Althanstrasse 14 , Vienna 1090 , Austria
| | - Richard C Thompson
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences , University of Plymouth , Plymouth PL4 8AA , United Kingdom
| | - Martin Hassellöv
- Department of Marine Sciences , University of Gothenburg , Kristineberg 566 , Fiskebac̈kskil 45178 , Sweden
| | - Anja Verschoor
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment , Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9 , Bilthoven 3721 MA The Netherlands
| | - Anders E Daugaard
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Danish Polymer Centre , Technical University of Denmark , Søltofts Plads B227 , Kongens Lyngby 2800 , Denmark
| | - Sinja Rist
- Department of Environmental Engineering , Technical University of Denmark , Bygningstorvet B115 , Kongens Lyngby 2800 , Denmark
| | - Therese Karlsson
- Department of Marine Sciences , University of Gothenburg , Kristineberg 566 , Fiskebac̈kskil 45178 , Sweden
| | - Nicole Brennholt
- Department Biochemistry and Ecotoxicology , Federal Institute of Hydrology , Am Mainzer Tor 1 , Koblenz 56068 , Germany
| | - Matthew Cole
- Marine Ecology & Biodiversity, Plymouth Marine Laboratory , Prospect Place , The Hoe, Plymouth PL1 3DH , United Kingdom
| | - Maria P Herrling
- Ovivo Switzerland AG , Hauptstrasse 192 , Aesch 4147 , Switzerland
| | - Maren C Hess
- Department of Water Management and Water Protection , North Rhine Westphalia State Agency for Nature, Environment and Consumer Protection , Postfach 101052 , Recklinghausen 45610 , Germany
| | - Natalia P Ivleva
- Institute of Hydrochemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry , Technical University of Munich , Marchioninistrasse 17 , Munich 81377 , Germany
| | - Amy L Lusher
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA) , Oslo 0349 , Norway
| | - Martin Wagner
- Department of Biology , Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) , Trondheim 7491 , Norway
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13
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Hartmann NB, Hüffer T, Thompson RC, Hassellöv M, Verschoor A, Daugaard AE, Rist S, Karlsson T, Brennholt N, Cole M, Herrling MP, Hess MC, Ivleva NP, Lusher AL, Wagner M. Are We Speaking the Same Language? Recommendations for a Definition and Categorization Framework for Plastic Debris. Environ Sci Technol 2019; 53:1039-1047. [PMID: 30608663 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b05297/asset/images/acs.est.8b05297.social.jpeg_v03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of plastic litter in natural environments is a global issue. Concerns over potential negative impacts on the economy, wildlife, and human health provide strong incentives for improving the sustainable use of plastics. Despite the many voices raised on the issue, we lack a consensus on how to define and categorize plastic debris. This is evident for microplastics, where inconsistent size classes are used and where the materials to be included are under debate. While this is inherent in an emerging research field, an ambiguous terminology results in confusion and miscommunication that may compromise progress in research and mitigation measures. Therefore, we need to be explicit on what exactly we consider plastic debris. Thus, we critically discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a unified terminology, propose a definition and categorization framework, and highlight areas of uncertainty. Going beyond size classes, our framework includes physicochemical properties (polymer composition, solid state, solubility) as defining criteria and size, shape, color, and origin as classifiers for categorization. Acknowledging the rapid evolution of our knowledge on plastic pollution, our framework will promote consensus building within the scientific and regulatory community based on a solid scientific foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanna B Hartmann
- Department of Environmental Engineering , Technical University of Denmark , Bygningstorvet B115 , Kgs. Lyngby 2800 , Denmark
| | - Thorsten Hüffer
- Department of Environmental Geosciences, Environmental Science Research Network, and Research Platform Plastics in the Environment and Society (PLENTY) , University of Vienna , Althanstrasse 14 , Vienna 1090 , Austria
| | - Richard C Thompson
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences , University of Plymouth , Plymouth PL4 8AA , United Kingdom
| | - Martin Hassellöv
- Department of Marine Sciences , University of Gothenburg , Kristineberg 566 , Fiskebäckskil 45178 , Sweden
| | - Anja Verschoor
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment , Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9 , Bilthoven 3721 MA , The Netherlands
| | - Anders E Daugaard
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Danish Polymer Centre , Technical University of Denmark , Søltofts Plads B227 , Kgs. Lyngby 2800 , Denmark
| | - Sinja Rist
- Department of Environmental Engineering , Technical University of Denmark , Bygningstorvet B115 , Kgs. Lyngby 2800 , Denmark
| | - Therese Karlsson
- Department of Marine Sciences , University of Gothenburg , Kristineberg 566 , Fiskebäckskil 45178 , Sweden
| | - Nicole Brennholt
- Department Biochemistry and Ecotoxicology , Federal Institute of Hydrology , Am Mainzer Tor 1 , Koblenz 56068 , Germany
| | - Matthew Cole
- Marine Ecology & Biodiversity , Plymouth Marine Laboratory , Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth PL1 3DH , United Kingdom
| | - Maria P Herrling
- Ovivo Switzerland AG , Hauptstrasse 192 , Aesch 4147 , Switzerland
| | - Maren C Hess
- Department of Water Management and Water Protection , North Rhine Westphalia State Agency for Nature, Environment and Consumer Protection , Postfach 101052 , Recklinghausen 45610 , Germany
| | - Natalia P Ivleva
- Institute of Hydrochemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry , Technical University of Munich , Marchioninistr. 17 , Munich 81377 , Germany
| | - Amy L Lusher
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA) , Oslo 0349 , Norway
| | - Martin Wagner
- Department of Biology , Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) , Trondheim 7491 , Norway
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14
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Hartmann NB, Hüffer T, Thompson RC, Hassellöv M, Verschoor A, Daugaard AE, Rist S, Karlsson T, Brennholt N, Cole M, Herrling MP, Hess MC, Ivleva NP, Lusher AL, Wagner M. Are We Speaking the Same Language? Recommendations for a Definition and Categorization Framework for Plastic Debris. Environ Sci Technol 2019; 53:1039-1047. [PMID: 30608663 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b05297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 856] [Impact Index Per Article: 171.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The accumulation of plastic litter in natural environments is a global issue. Concerns over potential negative impacts on the economy, wildlife, and human health provide strong incentives for improving the sustainable use of plastics. Despite the many voices raised on the issue, we lack a consensus on how to define and categorize plastic debris. This is evident for microplastics, where inconsistent size classes are used and where the materials to be included are under debate. While this is inherent in an emerging research field, an ambiguous terminology results in confusion and miscommunication that may compromise progress in research and mitigation measures. Therefore, we need to be explicit on what exactly we consider plastic debris. Thus, we critically discuss the advantages and disadvantages of a unified terminology, propose a definition and categorization framework, and highlight areas of uncertainty. Going beyond size classes, our framework includes physicochemical properties (polymer composition, solid state, solubility) as defining criteria and size, shape, color, and origin as classifiers for categorization. Acknowledging the rapid evolution of our knowledge on plastic pollution, our framework will promote consensus building within the scientific and regulatory community based on a solid scientific foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanna B Hartmann
- Department of Environmental Engineering , Technical University of Denmark , Bygningstorvet B115 , Kgs. Lyngby 2800 , Denmark
| | - Thorsten Hüffer
- Department of Environmental Geosciences, Environmental Science Research Network, and Research Platform Plastics in the Environment and Society (PLENTY) , University of Vienna , Althanstrasse 14 , Vienna 1090 , Austria
| | - Richard C Thompson
- School of Biological and Marine Sciences , University of Plymouth , Plymouth PL4 8AA , United Kingdom
| | - Martin Hassellöv
- Department of Marine Sciences , University of Gothenburg , Kristineberg 566 , Fiskebäckskil 45178 , Sweden
| | - Anja Verschoor
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment , Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9 , Bilthoven 3721 MA , The Netherlands
| | - Anders E Daugaard
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Danish Polymer Centre , Technical University of Denmark , Søltofts Plads B227 , Kgs. Lyngby 2800 , Denmark
| | - Sinja Rist
- Department of Environmental Engineering , Technical University of Denmark , Bygningstorvet B115 , Kgs. Lyngby 2800 , Denmark
| | - Therese Karlsson
- Department of Marine Sciences , University of Gothenburg , Kristineberg 566 , Fiskebäckskil 45178 , Sweden
| | - Nicole Brennholt
- Department Biochemistry and Ecotoxicology , Federal Institute of Hydrology , Am Mainzer Tor 1 , Koblenz 56068 , Germany
| | - Matthew Cole
- Marine Ecology & Biodiversity , Plymouth Marine Laboratory , Prospect Place, The Hoe, Plymouth PL1 3DH , United Kingdom
| | - Maria P Herrling
- Ovivo Switzerland AG , Hauptstrasse 192 , Aesch 4147 , Switzerland
| | - Maren C Hess
- Department of Water Management and Water Protection , North Rhine Westphalia State Agency for Nature, Environment and Consumer Protection , Postfach 101052 , Recklinghausen 45610 , Germany
| | - Natalia P Ivleva
- Institute of Hydrochemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry , Technical University of Munich , Marchioninistr. 17 , Munich 81377 , Germany
| | - Amy L Lusher
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA) , Oslo 0349 , Norway
| | - Martin Wagner
- Department of Biology , Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) , Trondheim 7491 , Norway
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Hoffmann C, Chiaula V, Yu L, Pinelo M, Woodley JM, Daugaard AE. Simple Preparation of Thiol-Ene Particles in Glycerol and Surface Functionalization by Thiol-Ene Chemistry (TEC) and Surface Chain Transfer Free Radical Polymerization (SCT-FRP). Macromol Rapid Commun 2017; 39. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201700394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hoffmann
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering; Danish Polymer Centre; Technical University of Denmark; Søltofts Plads Building 229 Kgs. Lyngby 2800 Denmark
| | - Valeria Chiaula
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering; Danish Polymer Centre; Technical University of Denmark; Søltofts Plads Building 229 Kgs. Lyngby 2800 Denmark
| | - Liyun Yu
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering; Danish Polymer Centre; Technical University of Denmark; Søltofts Plads Building 229 Kgs. Lyngby 2800 Denmark
| | - Manuel Pinelo
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering; Center for BioProcess Engineering; Technical University of Denmark; Søltofts Plads Building 229 Kgs. Lyngby 2800 Denmark
| | - John M. Woodley
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering; Process and Systems Engineering Center (PROSYS); Technical University of Denmark; Søltofts Plads Building 229 Kgs. Lyngby 2800 Denmark
| | - Anders E. Daugaard
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering; Danish Polymer Centre; Technical University of Denmark; Søltofts Plads Building 229 Kgs. Lyngby 2800 Denmark
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Hoffmann C, Pinelo M, Woodley JM, Daugaard AE. Development of a thiol-ene based screening platform for enzyme immobilization demonstrated using horseradish peroxidase. Biotechnol Prog 2017; 33:1267-1277. [DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hoffmann
- Dept. of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Danish Polymer Centre; Technical University of Denmark; Søltofts Plads Building 229, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby Denmark
| | - Manuel Pinelo
- Dept. of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Center for BioProcess Engineering; Technical University of Denmark; Søltofts Plads Building 229, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby Denmark
| | - John M. Woodley
- Dept. of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Process and Systems Engineering Center (PROSYS); Technical University of Denmark; Søltofts Plads Building 229, 2800 Kgs., Lyngby Denmark
| | - Anders E. Daugaard
- Dept. of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Danish Polymer Centre; Technical University of Denmark; Søltofts Plads Building 229, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby Denmark
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzan S. Hassouneh
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Danish Polymer Centre; Technical University of Denmark, DTU; Søltofts Plads, Building 229, 2800, Kgs Lyngby Denmark
| | - Liyun Yu
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Danish Polymer Centre; Technical University of Denmark, DTU; Søltofts Plads, Building 229, 2800, Kgs Lyngby Denmark
| | - Anne L. Skov
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Danish Polymer Centre; Technical University of Denmark, DTU; Søltofts Plads, Building 229, 2800, Kgs Lyngby Denmark
| | - Anders E. Daugaard
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Danish Polymer Centre; Technical University of Denmark, DTU; Søltofts Plads, Building 229, 2800, Kgs Lyngby Denmark
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Trifol J, Plackett D, Sillard C, Szabo P, Bras J, Daugaard AE. Hybrid poly(lactic acid)/nanocellulose/nanoclay composites with synergistically enhanced barrier properties and improved thermomechanical resistance. POLYM INT 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jon Trifol
- Danish Polymer Centre, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering; Technical University of Denmark; Søltofts Plads, Building 229 DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - David Plackett
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of British Columbia; 2405 Wesbrook Mall Vancouver BC V6T 1Z3 Canada
| | - Cecile Sillard
- LGP2/Grenoble INP-Pagora/CNRS; 461 rue de la papeterie, Domaine universitaire, C10065 38402 Saint Martin d'Hères Cedex France
| | - Peter Szabo
- Danish Polymer Centre, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering; Technical University of Denmark; Søltofts Plads, Building 229 DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Julien Bras
- LGP2/Grenoble INP-Pagora/CNRS; 461 rue de la papeterie, Domaine universitaire, C10065 38402 Saint Martin d'Hères Cedex France
| | - Anders E Daugaard
- Danish Polymer Centre, Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering; Technical University of Denmark; Søltofts Plads, Building 229 DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
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Madsen FB, Daugaard AE, Hvilsted S, Skov AL. The Current State of Silicone-Based Dielectric Elastomer Transducers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2016; 37:378-413. [DOI: 10.1002/marc.201500576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Frederikke B. Madsen
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU; Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering; Søltofts Plads, building 227 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Anders E. Daugaard
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU; Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering; Søltofts Plads, building 227 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Søren Hvilsted
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU; Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering; Søltofts Plads, building 227 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
| | - Anne L. Skov
- Technical University of Denmark, DTU; Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering; Søltofts Plads, building 227 2800 Kgs. Lyngby Denmark
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Madsen FB, Yu L, Daugaard AE, Hvilsted S, Skov AL. Silicone elastomers with high dielectric permittivity and high dielectric breakdown strength based on tunable functionalized copolymers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1117/12.2082952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Lind JU, Acikgöz C, Daugaard AE, Andresen TL, Hvilsted S, Textor M, Larsen NB. Micropatterning of functional conductive polymers with multiple surface chemistries in register. Langmuir 2012; 28:6502-6511. [PMID: 22443803 DOI: 10.1021/la300503p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
A versatile procedure is presented for fast and efficient micropatterning of multiple types of covalently bound surface chemistry in perfect register on and between conductive polymer microcircuits. The micropatterning principle is applied to several types of native and functionalized PEDOT (poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)) thin films. The method is based on contacting PEDOT-type thin films with a micropatterned agarose stamp containing an oxidant (aqueous hypochlorite) and applying a nonionic detergent. Where contacted, PEDOT not only loses its conductance but is entirely removed, thereby locally revealing the underlying substrate. Surface analysis showed that the substrate surface chemistry was fully exposed and not affected by the treatment. Click chemistry could thus be applied to selectively modify re-exposed alkyne and azide functional groups of functionalized polystyrene substrates. The versatility of the method is illustrated by micropatterning cell-binding RGD-functionalized PEDOT on low cell-binding PMOXA (poly(2-methyl-2-oxazoline)) to produce cell-capturing microelectrodes on a cell nonadhesive background in a few simple steps. The method should be applicable to a wide range of native and chemically functionalized conjugated polymer systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan U Lind
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, DTU Nanotech, Ørsteds Plads 345B, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Lind JU, Hansen TS, Daugaard AE, Hvilsted S, Andresen TL, Larsen NB. Solvent Composition Directing Click-Functionalization at the Surface or in the Bulk of Azide-Modified PEDOT. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma102149u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johan U. Lind
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, DTU Nanotech, Ørsteds Plads 345ø, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Thomas S. Hansen
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, DTU Nanotech, Ørsteds Plads 345ø, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Anders E. Daugaard
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 227, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Søren Hvilsted
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Søltofts Plads, Building 227, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Thomas L. Andresen
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, DTU Nanotech, Ørsteds Plads 345ø, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Niels B. Larsen
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, DTU Nanotech, Ørsteds Plads 345ø, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Hansen TS, Lind JU, Daugaard AE, Hvilsted S, Andresen TL, Larsen NB. Complex surface concentration gradients by stenciled "electro click chemistry". Langmuir 2010; 26:16171-16177. [PMID: 20860406 DOI: 10.1021/la102652p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Complex one- or two-dimensional concentration gradients of alkynated molecules are produced on azidized conducting polymer substrates by stenciled "electro click chemistry". The latter describes the local electrochemical generation of catalytically active Cu(I) required to complete a "click reaction" between alkynes and azides at room temperature. A stencil on the counter electrode defines the shape and multiplicity of the gradient(s) on the conducting polymer substrate, while the specific reaction conditions control gradient steepness and the maximum concentration deposited. Biologically active ligands including cell binding peptides are patterned in gradients by this method without losing their biological function or the conductivity of the polymer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas S Hansen
- Department of Micro- and Nanotechnology, Technical University of Denmark, DTU Nanotech, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000 Roskilde, Denmark
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Daugaard AE, Jankova K, Bøgelund J, Nielsen JK, Hvilsted S. Novel UV initiator for functionalization of multiwalled carbon nanotubes by atom transfer radical polymerization applied on two different grades of nanotubes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.24257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Khan A, Daugaard AE, Bayles A, Koga S, Miki Y, Sato K, Enda J, Hvilsted S, Stucky GD, Hawker CJ. Dendronized macromonomers for three-dimensional data storage. Chem Commun (Camb) 2009:425-7. [DOI: 10.1039/b816298k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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