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Verimli N, Goralı Sİ, Abisoglu B, Altan CL, Sucu BO, Karatas E, Tulek A, Bayraktaroglu C, Beker MC, Erdem SS. Development of light and pH-dual responsive self-quenching theranostic SPION to make EGFR overexpressing micro tumors glow and destroy. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY. B, BIOLOGY 2023; 248:112797. [PMID: 37862898 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2023.112797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Drug resistant and undetectable tumors easily escape treatment leading metastases and/or recurrence of the lethal disease. Therefore, it is vital to diagnose and destroy micro tumors using simple yet novel approaches. Here, we present fluorescence-based detection and light-based destruction of cancer cells that are known to be resistant to standard therapies. We developed a superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle (SPION)-based theranostic agent that is composed of self-quenching light activated photosensitizer (BPD) and EGFR targeting ligand (Anti-EGFR ScFv or GE11 peptide). Photosensitizer (BPD) was immobilized to PEG-PEI modified SPION with acid-labile linker. Prior to stimulation of the theranostic system by light its accumulation within cancer cells is vital since BPD phototoxicity and fluorescence is activated by lysosomal proteolysis. As BPD is cleaved, the system switches from off to on position which triggers imaging and therapy. Targeting, therapeutic and diagnostic features of the theranostic system were evaluated in high and moderate level EGFR expressing pancreatic cancer cell lines. Our results indicate that the system distinguishes high and moderate EGFR expression levels and yields up to 4.3-fold increase in intracellular fluorescence intensity. Amplification of fluorescence signal was as low as 1.3-fold in the moderate or no EGFR expressing cell lines. Anti-EGFR ScFv targeted SPION caused nearly 2-fold higher cell death via apoptosis in high EGFR expressing Panc-1 cell line. The developed system, possessing advanced targeting, enhanced imaging and effective therapeutic features, is a promising candidate for multi-mode detection and destruction of residual drug-resistant cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihan Verimli
- Research Institute for Health Science and Technologies (SABITA), 34810 Istanbul, Turkey; International School of Medicine, Medical Biochemistry, Istanbul Medipol University, 34810 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - S İrem Goralı
- Research Institute for Health Science and Technologies (SABITA), 34810 Istanbul, Turkey; International School of Medicine, Medical Biochemistry, Istanbul Medipol University, 34810 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Beyza Abisoglu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Yeditepe University, Atasehir, Istanbul 34755, Turkey
| | - Cem Levent Altan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Yeditepe University, Atasehir, Istanbul 34755, Turkey
| | - Bilgesu Onur Sucu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey; Center of Drug Discovery and Development, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technologies (SABITA), Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ersin Karatas
- Ağrı İbrahim Çeçen University, Patnos Vocational School, Department of Medical Services and Techniques, Ağrı, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Tulek
- Iğdır University, Vocational School of Health Services, Department of Care Services, Iğdır, Turkey
| | - Cigdem Bayraktaroglu
- Research Institute for Health Science and Technologies (SABITA), 34810 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Caglar Beker
- Research Institute for Health Science and Technologies (SABITA), 34810 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - S Sibel Erdem
- Research Institute for Health Science and Technologies (SABITA), 34810 Istanbul, Turkey; International School of Medicine, Medical Biochemistry, Istanbul Medipol University, 34810 Istanbul, Turkey.
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2
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Choi J, Kim DI, Kim JY, Pané S, Nelson BJ, Chang YT, Choi H. Magnetically Enhanced Intracellular Uptake of Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Antitumor Therapy. ACS NANO 2023; 17:15857-15870. [PMID: 37477428 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c03780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) have been widely employed in biomedical fields, including targeted delivery of antitumor therapy. Conventional magnetic tumor targeting has used simple static magnetic fields (SMFs), which cause SPIONs to linearly aggregate into a long chain-like shape. Such agglomeration greatly hinders the intracellular targeting of SPIONs into tumors, thus reducing the therapeutic efficacy. In this study, we investigated the enhancement of the intracellular uptake of SPIONs through the application of rotating magnetic fields (RMFs). Based on the physical principles of SPION chain disassembly, we investigated physical parameters to predict the chain length favorable for intracellular uptake. Our prediction was validated by clear visualization of the intracellular distributions of SPIONs in tumor cells at both cellular and three-dimensional microtissue levels. To identify the potential therapeutic effects of enhanced intracellular uptake, magnetic hyperthermia as antitumor therapy was investigated under varying conditions of magnetic hyperthermia and RMFs. The results showed that enhanced intracellular uptake reduced magnetic hyperthermia time and strength as well as particle concentration. The proposed method will be useful in the development of techniques to determine the optimized physical conditions for the enhanced intracellular uptake of SPIONs in antitumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhee Choi
- Department of Robotics and Mechatronics Engineering, Daegu Gyeong-buk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
- DGIST-ETH Microrobotics Research Center, Daegu Gyeong-buk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-In Kim
- Department of Robotics and Mechatronics Engineering, Daegu Gyeong-buk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
- DGIST-ETH Microrobotics Research Center, Daegu Gyeong-buk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Young Kim
- Department of Robotics and Mechatronics Engineering, Daegu Gyeong-buk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
- DGIST-ETH Microrobotics Research Center, Daegu Gyeong-buk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
- Robotics Research Center, Daegu Gyeong-buk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
- Division of Biotechnology, Daegu Gyeong-buk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
- IMsystem Co., Ltd., Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Salvador Pané
- DGIST-ETH Microrobotics Research Center, Daegu Gyeong-buk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
- Multi-Scale Robotics Lab, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zurich, Zurich CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - Bradley J Nelson
- DGIST-ETH Microrobotics Research Center, Daegu Gyeong-buk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
- Multi-Scale Robotics Lab, Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zurich, Zurich CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - Young-Tae Chang
- Center for Self-assembly and Complexity, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongsoo Choi
- Department of Robotics and Mechatronics Engineering, Daegu Gyeong-buk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
- DGIST-ETH Microrobotics Research Center, Daegu Gyeong-buk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
- Robotics Research Center, Daegu Gyeong-buk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
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3
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Mdlovu NV, Lin KS, Weng MT, Lin YS, Liu SY. Preparation and in-vitro/in-vivo evaluation of doxorubicin-loaded magnetic SBA-15 nanocomposites from rice husk for enhancing therapeutic efficacy. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 220:112923. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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4
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Sjöstrand S, Bacou M, Kaczmarek K, Evertsson M, Svensson IK, Thomson AJW, Farrington SM, Moug SJ, Jansson T, Moran CM, Mulvana H. Modelling of magnetic microbubbles to evaluate contrast enhanced magnetomotive ultrasound in lymph nodes - a pre-clinical study. Br J Radiol 2022; 95:20211128. [PMID: 35522781 PMCID: PMC10996324 DOI: 10.1259/bjr.20211128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Despite advances in MRI the detection and characterisation of lymph nodes in rectal cancer remains complex, especially when assessing the response to neoadjuvant treatment. An alternative approach is functional imaging, previously shown to aid characterisation of cancer tissues. We report proof of concept of the novel technique Contrast-Enhanced Magneto-Motive Ultrasound (CE-MMUS) to recover information relating to local perfusion and lymphatic drainage, and interrogate tissue mechanical properties through magnetically induced deformations. METHODS The feasibility of the proposed application was explored using a combination of experimental animal and phantom ultrasound imaging, along with finite element analysis. First, contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging on one wild type mouse recorded lymphatic drainage of magnetic microbubbles after bolus injection. Second, tissue phantoms were imaged using MMUS to illustrate the force- and elasticity dependence of the magnetomotion. Third, the magnetomechanical interactions of a magnetic microbubble with an elastic solid were simulated using finite element software. RESULTS Accumulation of magnetic microbubbles in the inguinal lymph node was verified using contrast enhanced ultrasound, with peak enhancement occurring 3.7 s post-injection. The magnetic microbubble gave rise to displacements depending on force, elasticity, and bubble radius, indicating an inverse relation between displacement and the latter two. CONCLUSION Combining magnetic microbubbles with MMUS could harness the advantages of both techniques, to provide perfusion information, robust lymph node delineation and characterisation based on mechanical properties. ADVANCES IN KNOWLEDGE (a) Lymphatic drainage of magnetic microbubbles visualised using contrast-enhanced ultrasound imaging and (b) magnetomechanical interactions between such bubbles and surrounding tissue could both contribute to (c) robust detection and characterisation of lymph nodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Sjöstrand
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,
Lund University, Lund,
Sweden
| | - Marion Bacou
- Colorectal Cancer Genetics Group, Cancer Research UK Edinburgh
Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of
Edinburgh, Edinburgh,
United Kingdom
| | - Katarzyna Kaczmarek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,
University of Strathclyde, Glasgow,
United Kingdom
| | - Maria Evertsson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund
University, Lund,
Sweden
| | - Ingrid K Svensson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,
Lund University, Lund,
Sweden
| | - Adrian JW Thomson
- Edinburgh Preclinical Imaging, Centre for Cardiovascular
Science, University of Edinburgh,
Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Susan M Farrington
- Colorectal Cancer Genetics Group, Cancer Research UK Edinburgh
Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of
Edinburgh, Edinburgh,
United Kingdom
| | - Susan J Moug
- Consultant General and Colorectal Surgeon, Royal Alexandra
Hospital, Paisley and Golden Jubilee National Hospital, Honorary
Professor, University of Glasgow,
Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Tomas Jansson
- Department of Clinical Sciences Lund, Lund
University, Lund, Sweden and Clinical
Engineering Skåne, Digitalisering IT/MT, Skåne Regional
Council, Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Helen Mulvana
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,
University of Strathclyde, Glasgow,
United Kingdom
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5
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Spaeth P, Adhikari S, Lahabi K, Baaske MD, Wang Y, Orrit M. Imaging the Magnetization of Single Magnetite Nanoparticle Clusters via Photothermal Circular Dichroism. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:3645-3650. [PMID: 35420830 PMCID: PMC9101077 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic imaging is a versatile tool in biological and condensed-matter physics. Existing magnetic imaging techniques either require demanding experimental conditions which restrict the range of their applications or lack the spatial resolution required for single-particle measurements. Here, we combine photothermal (PT) microscopy with magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) to develop a versatile magnetic imaging technique using visible light. Unlike most magnetic imaging techniques, photothermal magnetic circular dichroism (PT MCD) microscopy works particularly well for single nanoparticles immersed in liquids. As a proof of principle, we demonstrate magnetic CD imaging of superparamagnetic magnetite nanoparticulate clusters immersed in microscope immersion oil. The sensitivity of our method allowed us to probe the magnetization curve of single ∼400-nm-diameter magnetite nanoparticulate clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Spaeth
- Huygens-Kamerlingh
Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Subhasis Adhikari
- Huygens-Kamerlingh
Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Kaveh Lahabi
- Huygens-Kamerlingh
Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Dieter Baaske
- Huygens-Kamerlingh
Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Yonghui Wang
- Huygens-Kamerlingh
Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
- School
of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute
of Technology, Harbin 150001, P. R. China
| | - Michel Orrit
- Huygens-Kamerlingh
Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
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6
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A New Design for Magnetic Poly(vinyl pivalate) for Biomedical Applications: Synthesis, Characterization, and Evaluation of Cytotoxicity in Fibroblasts, Keratinocytes, and Human Melanoma Cells. COLLOIDS AND INTERFACES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/colloids6010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Polymers containing magnetic properties play an important role in biomedical therapies, such as embolotherapy or hyperthermia, for their differentiated properties. In this work, magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles were synthesized by the coprecipitation method and dispersed into a thermoplastic matrix of poly(vinyl pivalate) through an emulsion polymerization process. The main goal was the individual encapsulation of magnetite nanoparticles to improve the magnetic response of the magneto-polymeric materials using polymerizable carboxylic acids as coating agents, minimizing the leaching of nanoparticles throughout the nanocomposite formation. For this purpose, synthesized magnetite had its surface modified by acrylic acid or methacrylic acid to improve its individual encapsulation during the polymerization step, thus generating a series of magnetic nanocomposite materials containing different amounts of magnetite intended for biomedical applications. X-ray diffractometry and TEM measurements provided a mean size of approximately 8 nm for the pure magnetite nanoparticles and a spherical morphology. Acid-functionalized Fe3O4 had a size of approximately 6 nm, while the nanocomposites showed a size of approximately 7 nm. Magnetization measurement provided a saturation magnetization value of approximately 75 emu/g and confirmed superparamagnetic behavior at room temperature. DSC analysis showed a glass transition temperature of 65 °C for poly(vinyl pivalate)-based nanocomposites. The tests realized with homopolymer and magnetic composites against different cell lineages (i.e., fibroblasts, keratinocytes, and human melanoma) to evaluate the levels of cytotoxicity showed good results in the different exposure times and concentrations used, since the obtained results showed cell viability greater than 70% compared to the control group, suggesting that the synthesized materials are very promising for medical applications.
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7
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Smart Magnetic Nanocarriers for Multi-Stimuli On-Demand Drug Delivery. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12030303. [PMID: 35159647 PMCID: PMC8840331 DOI: 10.3390/nano12030303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we report the realization of drug-loaded smart magnetic nanocarriers constituted by superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles encapsulated in a dual pH- and temperature-responsive poly (N-vinylcaprolactam-co-acrylic acid) copolymer to achieve highly controlled drug release and localized magnetic hyperthermia. The magnetic core was constituted by flower-like magnetite nanoparticles with a size of 16.4 nm prepared by the polyol approach, with good saturation magnetization and a high specific absorption rate. The core was encapsulated in poly (N-vinylcaprolactam-co-acrylic acid) obtaining magnetic nanocarriers that revealed reversible hydration/dehydration transition at the acidic condition and/or at temperatures above physiological body temperature, which can be triggered by magnetic hyperthermia. The efficacy of the system was proved by loading doxorubicin with very high encapsulation efficiency (>96.0%) at neutral pH. The double pH- and temperature-responsive nature of the magnetic nanocarriers facilitated a burst, almost complete release of the drug at acidic pH under hyperthermia conditions, while a negligible amount of doxorubicin was released at physiological body temperature at neutral pH, confirming that in addition to pH variation, drug release can be improved by hyperthermia treatment. These results suggest this multi-stimuli-sensitive nanoplatform is a promising candidate for remote-controlled drug release in combination with magnetic hyperthermia for cancer treatment.
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8
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Seo Y, Ghazanfari L, Master A, Vishwasrao HM, Wan X, Sokolsky-Papkov M, Kabanov AV. Poly(2-oxazoline)-magnetite NanoFerrogels: Magnetic field responsive theranostic platform for cancer drug delivery and imaging. NANOMEDICINE : NANOTECHNOLOGY, BIOLOGY, AND MEDICINE 2022; 39:102459. [PMID: 34530163 PMCID: PMC8665074 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2021.102459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Combining diagnosis and treatment approaches in one entity is the goal of theranostics for cancer therapy. Magnetic nanoparticles have been extensively used as contrast agents for nuclear magnetic resonance imaging as well as drug carriers and remote actuation agents. Poly(2-oxazoline)-based polymeric micelles, which have been shown to efficiently solubilize hydrophobic drugs and drug combinations, have high loading capacity (above 40% w/w) for paclitaxel. In this study, we report the development of novel theranostic system, NanoFerrogels, which is designed to capitalize on the magnetic nanoparticle properties as imaging agents and the poly(2-oxazoline)-based micelles as drug loading compartment. We developed six formulations with magnetic nanoparticle content of 0.3%-12% (w/w), with the z-average sizes of 85-130 nm and ξ-potential of 2.7-28.3 mV. The release profiles of paclitaxel from NanoFerrogels were notably dependent on the degree of dopamine grafting on poly(2-oxazoline)-based micelles. Paclitaxel loaded NanoFerrogels showed efficacy against three breast cancer lines which was comparable to free paclitaxel. They also showed improved tumor and lymph node accumulation and signal reduction in vivo (2.7% in tumor; 8.5% in lymph node) compared to clinically approved imaging agent ferumoxytol (FERAHEME®) 24 h after administration. NanoFerrogels responded to super-low frequency alternating current magnetic field (50 kA m-1, 50 Hz) which accelerated drug release from paclitaxel-loaded NanoFerrogels or caused death of cells loaded with NanoFerrogels. These proof-of-concept experiments demonstrate that NanoFerrogels have potential as remotely actuated theranostic platform for cancer diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngee Seo
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Lida Ghazanfari
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Alyssa Master
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Hemant M Vishwasrao
- Center for Drug Delivery and Nanomedicine and Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Xiaomeng Wan
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Marina Sokolsky-Papkov
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.
| | - Alexander V Kabanov
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Laboratory of Chemical Design of Bionanomaterials, Faculty of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
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9
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Asialoglycoprotein receptor targeted optical and magnetic resonance imaging and therapy of liver fibrosis using pullulan stabilized multi-functional iron oxide nanoprobe. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18324. [PMID: 34526590 PMCID: PMC8443657 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97808-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Early diagnosis and therapy of liver fibrosis is of utmost importance, especially considering the increased incidence of alcoholic and non-alcoholic liver syndromes. In this work, a systematic study is reported to develop a dual function and biocompatible nanoprobe for liver specific diagnostic and therapeutic applications. A polysaccharide polymer, pullulan stabilized iron oxide nanoparticle (P-SPIONs) enabled high liver specificity via asialogycoprotein receptor mediation. Longitudinal and transverse magnetic relaxation rates of 2.15 and 146.91 mM−1 s−1 respectively and a size of 12 nm, confirmed the T2 weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) efficacy of P-SPIONs. A current of 400A on 5 mg/ml of P-SPIONs raised the temperature above 50 °C, to facilitate effective hyperthermia. Finally, a NIR dye conjugation facilitated targeted dual imaging in liver fibrosis models, in vivo, with favourable histopathological results and recommends its use in early stage diagnosis using MRI and optical imaging, and subsequent therapy using hyperthermia.
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10
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Mamani JB, Souza TKF, Nucci MP, Oliveira FA, Nucci LP, Alves AH, Rego GNA, Marti L, Gamarra LF. In Vitro Evaluation of Hyperthermia Magnetic Technique Indicating the Best Strategy for Internalization of Magnetic Nanoparticles Applied in Glioblastoma Tumor Cells. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:1219. [PMID: 34452180 PMCID: PMC8399657 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This in vitro study aims to evaluate the magnetic hyperthermia (MHT) technique and the best strategy for internalization of magnetic nanoparticles coated with aminosilane (SPIONAmine) in glioblastoma tumor cells. SPIONAmine of 50 and 100 nm were used for specific absorption rate (SAR) analysis, performing the MHT with intensities of 50, 150, and 300 Gauss and frequencies varying between 305 and 557 kHz. The internalization strategy was performed using 100, 200, and 300 µgFe/mL of SPIONAmine, with or without Poly-L-Lysine (PLL) and filter, and with or without static or dynamic magnet field. The cell viability was evaluated after determination of MHT best condition of SPIONAmine internalization. The maximum SAR values of SPIONAmine (50 nm) and SPIONAmine (100 nm) identified were 184.41 W/g and 337.83 W/g, respectively, using a frequency of 557 kHz and intensity of 300 Gauss (≈23.93 kA/m). The best internalization strategy was 100 µgFe/mL of SPIONAmine (100 nm) using PLL with filter and dynamic magnet field, submitted to MHT for 40 min at 44 °C. This condition displayed 70.0% decreased in cell viability by flow cytometry and 68.1% by BLI. We can conclude that our study is promising as an antitumor treatment, based on intra- and extracellular MHT effects. The optimization of the nanoparticles internalization process associated with their magnetic characteristics potentiates the extracellular acute and late intracellular effect of MHT achieving greater efficiency in the therapeutic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier B. Mamani
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo 05652-000, SP, Brazil; (J.B.M.); (T.K.F.S.); (M.P.N.); (F.A.O.); (A.H.A.); (G.N.A.R.); (L.M.)
| | - Taylla K. F. Souza
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo 05652-000, SP, Brazil; (J.B.M.); (T.K.F.S.); (M.P.N.); (F.A.O.); (A.H.A.); (G.N.A.R.); (L.M.)
| | - Mariana P. Nucci
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo 05652-000, SP, Brazil; (J.B.M.); (T.K.F.S.); (M.P.N.); (F.A.O.); (A.H.A.); (G.N.A.R.); (L.M.)
- LIM44-Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernando A. Oliveira
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo 05652-000, SP, Brazil; (J.B.M.); (T.K.F.S.); (M.P.N.); (F.A.O.); (A.H.A.); (G.N.A.R.); (L.M.)
| | - Leopoldo P. Nucci
- Centro Universitário do Planalto Central, Brasília 72445-020, DF, Brazil;
| | - Arielly H. Alves
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo 05652-000, SP, Brazil; (J.B.M.); (T.K.F.S.); (M.P.N.); (F.A.O.); (A.H.A.); (G.N.A.R.); (L.M.)
| | - Gabriel N. A. Rego
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo 05652-000, SP, Brazil; (J.B.M.); (T.K.F.S.); (M.P.N.); (F.A.O.); (A.H.A.); (G.N.A.R.); (L.M.)
| | - Luciana Marti
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo 05652-000, SP, Brazil; (J.B.M.); (T.K.F.S.); (M.P.N.); (F.A.O.); (A.H.A.); (G.N.A.R.); (L.M.)
| | - Lionel F. Gamarra
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo 05652-000, SP, Brazil; (J.B.M.); (T.K.F.S.); (M.P.N.); (F.A.O.); (A.H.A.); (G.N.A.R.); (L.M.)
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11
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Magnetism of Nanoparticles: Effect of the Organic Coating. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11071787. [PMID: 34361173 PMCID: PMC8308320 DOI: 10.3390/nano11071787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The design of novel multifunctional materials based on nanoparticles requires tuning of their magnetic properties, which are strongly dependent on the surface structure. The organic coating represents a unique tool to significantly modify the surface structure trough the bonds between the ligands of the organic molecule and the surface metal atoms. This work presents a critical overview of the effects of the organic coating on the magnetic properties of nanoparticles trough a selection of papers focused on different approaches to control the surface structure and the morphology of nanoparticles’ assemblies.
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12
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Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) are unique in their abilities to penetrate and interact with a wide range of liquid media. Because of their magnetic properties, MNPs can be directed to any area of interest, and interact with core structures deep inside the medium which is normally inaccessible. In this report, we investigate the behavior of MNPs in a specific biological fluid, namely in a mucus layer of air–liquid interface cultured primary normal human tracheobronchial epithelial cells. Using Fokker–Planck algorithm simulations and observing the behavior of MNPs from prior experiments, we found MNPs that are initially less than 100 nm in size, to aggregate into sizes of ~50 μm and to deviate from the expected Fokker–Planck distribution due to the mucus structure. Based on our analysis, human tracheobronchial epithelial (NHTE) cell mucus viscosity ranges from 15 Pa·s to 150 Pa·s. The results not only confirm the possible use of MNPs as a means for medical drug delivery but also underline important consequences of MNP surface modifications.
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13
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Vale AC, Pereira PR, Alves NM. Polymeric biomaterials inspired by marine mussel adhesive proteins. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2020.104802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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14
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Oil-absorbent MnOx capped iron oxide nanoparticles: Synthesis, characterization and applications in oil recovery. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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15
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Rajan A, Sharma M, Sahu NK. Assessing magnetic and inductive thermal properties of various surfactants functionalised Fe 3O 4 nanoparticles for hyperthermia. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15045. [PMID: 32963264 PMCID: PMC7508873 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71703-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This work reports the fabrication of magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles (NPs) coated with various biocompatible surfactants such as glutamic acid (GA), citric acid (CA), polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyvinylpyrrolidine (PVP), ethylene diamine (EDA) and cetyl-trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) via co-precipitation method and their comparative inductive heating ability for hyperthermia (HT) applications. X-ray and electron diffraction analyses validated the formation of well crystallined inverse spinel structured Fe3O4 NPs (crystallite size of ~ 8–10 nm). Magnetic studies confirmed the superparamagnetic (SPM) behaviour for all the NPs with substantial magnetisation (63–68 emu/g) and enhanced magnetic susceptibility is attributed to the greater number of occupations of Fe2+ ions in the lattice as revealed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Moreover, distinctive heating response (specific absorption rate, SAR from 130 to 44 W/g) of NPs with similar size and magnetisation is observed. The present study was successful in establishing a direct correlation between relaxation time (~ 9.42–15.92 ns) and heating efficiency of each surface functionalised NPs. Moreover, heat dissipated in different surface grafted NPs is found to be dependent on magnetic susceptibility, magnetic anisotropy and magnetic relaxation time. These results open very promising avenues to design surface functionalised magnetite NPs for effective HT applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunima Rajan
- Centre for Nanotechnology Research, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, India.,School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, India
| | - Madhulika Sharma
- Department of Metallurgical Engineering and Material Science, IIT Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, 400076, India
| | - Niroj Kumar Sahu
- Centre for Nanotechnology Research, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014, India.
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16
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Farcas CG, Macasoi I, Pinzaru I, Chirita M, Chirita Mihaila MC, Dehelean C, Avram S, Loghin F, Mocanu L, Rotaru V, Ieta A, Ercuta A, Coricovac D. Controlled Synthesis and Characterization of Micrometric Single Crystalline Magnetite With Superparamagnetic Behavior and Cytocompatibility/Cytotoxicity Assessments. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:410. [PMID: 32317973 PMCID: PMC7147350 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A new class of magnetite (Fe3O4) particles, coined as “Single Crystalline Micrometric Iron Oxide Particles” (SCMIOPs), were obtained by hydrothermal synthesis. Both the single Fe3O4 phase content and the particle sizes range, from 1 µm to 30 µm, can be controlled by synthesis. The notable finding states that these particles exhibit vanishing remanent magnetization (σr=0.28 emu/g) and coercive force (Hc=1.5 Oe), which indicate a superparamagnetic-like behavior (unexpected at micrometric particles size), and remarkably high saturation magnetization (σs=95.5 emu/g), what ensures strong magnetic response, and the lack of agglomeration after the magnetic field removal. These qualities make such particles candidates for biomedical applications, to be used instead of magnetic nanoparticles which inevitably involve some drawbacks like aglommeration and insufficient magnetic response. In this sense, cytocompatibility/cytotoxicity tests were performed on human cells, and the results have clearly indicated that SCMIOPs are cytocompatible for healthy cell lines HaCaT (human keratinocytes) and HEMa (primary epidermal melanocytes) and cytotoxic for neoplastic cell lines A375 (human melanoma) and B164A5 (murine melanoma) in a dose-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Geanina Farcas
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Faculty of Pharmacy, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Ioana Macasoi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Iulia Pinzaru
- Faculty of Pharmacy, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Marius Chirita
- Department of Condensed Matter, National Institute for Research and Development in Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Marius Constantin Chirita Mihaila
- Department of Condensed Matter, National Institute for Research and Development in Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, Timisoara, Romania.,Max F. Prutz Laboratories, Department of Structural and Computational Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.,Quantum Optics, Quantum Nanophysics and Quantum Information, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Cristina Dehelean
- Faculty of Pharmacy, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Stefana Avram
- Faculty of Pharmacy, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Felicia Loghin
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Liviu Mocanu
- Department of Condensed Matter, National Institute for Research and Development in Electrochemistry and Condensed Matter, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Virgil Rotaru
- Faculty of Medicine, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Adrian Ieta
- Electrical and Computer Science Department SUNY Oswego, Oswego, NY, United States
| | - Aurel Ercuta
- Faculty of Physics, West University of Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Dorina Coricovac
- Faculty of Pharmacy, "Victor Babes" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Timisoara, Romania
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17
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Gürten B, Yenigül E, Sezer AD, Altan C, Malta S. Targeting of temozolomide using magnetic nanobeads: an in vitro study. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902019000418579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
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18
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Ghafelehbashi R, Tavakkoli Yaraki M, Heidarpoor Saremi L, Lajevardi A, Haratian M, Astinchap B, Rashidi AM, Moradian R. A pH-responsive citric-acid/α-cyclodextrin-functionalized Fe 3O 4 nanoparticles as a nanocarrier for quercetin: An experimental and DFT study. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 109:110597. [PMID: 32228991 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Developing new nanocarriers and understanding the interactions between the drug and host molecules in the nanocarrier at the molecular level is of importance for future of nanomedicine. In this work, we synthesized and characterized a series of iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) functionalized with different organic molecules (citric acid, α-cyclodextrin, and citric acid/α-cyclodextrin composite). It was found that incorporation of citric acid into the α-cyclodextrin had negligible effect on the adsorption efficiency (<5%) of citric acid/α-cyclodextrin functionalized IONPs, while the isotherm adsorption data were well described by the Langmuir isotherm model (qmax = 2.92 mg/g at T = 25 °C and pH = 7). In addition, the developed nanocarrier showed pH-responsive behavior for releasing the quercetin molecules as drug model, where the Korsmeyer-Peppas model could describe the release profile with Fickian diffusion (n < 0.45 for at all pH and temperatures). Then, Density functional theory was applied to calculate the absolute binding energies (ΔEb) of the complexation of quercetin with different host molecules in the developed nanocarriers. The calculated energies are as follow: 1) quercetin and citric acid: ΔEb = -16.58 kcal/mol, 2) quercetin and α-cyclodextrin: ΔEb = -46.98 kcal/mol, and 3) quercetin and citric acid/α-cyclodextrin composite: ΔEb = -40.15 kcal/mol. It was found that quercetin tends to interact with all hosts via formation of hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interactions. Finally, the cytotoxicity of the as-developed nanocarriers was evaluated using MTT assay and both normal NIH-3T3 and cancereous HeLa cells. The cell viability results showed that the quercetin could be delivered effectively to the HeLa cells due to the acidic environment inside the cells with minimum effect on the viability of NIH-3T3 cells. These results might open a new window to design of stimuli-responsive nanocarriers for drug delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad Tavakkoli Yaraki
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585, Singapore; Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), The Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03, Innovis, 138634, Singapore.
| | - Leily Heidarpoor Saremi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Aseman Lajevardi
- Department of Chemistry, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Haratian
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Arak University, Arak, Iran
| | - Bandar Astinchap
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran; Research Center for Nanotechnology, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran.
| | - Ali Mohammad Rashidi
- Department of Materials and Textile Engineering, College of Engineering, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Rostam Moradian
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran; Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Research Center, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
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19
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Park Y, Huh C, Ok J, Cho H. One-Step Synthesis and Functionalization of High-Salinity-Tolerant Magnetite Nanoparticles with Sulfonated Phenolic Resin. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:8769-8775. [PMID: 31244256 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b00752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Superparamagnetic nanoparticles are being actively developed for various applications in oil fields. A key requirement for such nanoparticles is the long-term stability of their dispersion under harsh subsurface conditions such as high salinity and high temperature. In this study, through functionalization of the surface of the magnetite nanoparticles with a sulfonated phenolic resin, stable dispersions of the nanoparticles in 5 wt % NaCl solution at neutral to basic pH were achieved. Sulfonated phenolic resin is aromatic in nature and can endure high temperatures; moreover, the strongly anionic sulfonate groups facilitate sufficient electrostatic repulsion between the particles even in a highly saline environment. Sulfonated phenolic resin was synthesized by heating a mixture of 4-hydroxybenzenesulfonic acid and formaldehyde at 1:1 molar ratio. Then, by synthesizing magnetite nanoparticles by a co-precipitation process in a solution of sulfonated phenolic resin, one-pot synthesis/surface functionalization was accomplished, which not only simplifies the manufacturing process but also can potentially lower the cost of production owing to the use of readily available phenolic resins. The reliability of the technique was confirmed by the detailed characterization of the nanoparticle through size distribution analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, ζ-potential measurements, transmission electron microscopy imaging, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy mapping. Further, Langevin curve was generated for evaluating the superparamagnetism of the nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chun Huh
- Department of Petroleum & Geosystems Engineering , University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
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20
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Rabel M, Warncke P, Grüttner C, Bergemann C, Kurland HD, Müller R, Dugandžić V, Thamm J, Müller FA, Popp J, Cialla-May D, Fischer D. Simulation of the long-term fate of superparamagnetic iron oxide-based nanoparticles using simulated biological fluids. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2019; 14:1681-1706. [DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2018-0382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To simulate the stability and degradation of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MNP) in vitro as part of their life cycle using complex simulated biological fluids. Materials & methods: A set of 13 MNP with different polymeric or inorganic shell materials was synthesized and characterized regarding stability and degradation of core and shell in simulated biological fluids. Results: All MNP formulations showed excellent stability during storage and in simulated body fluid. In endosomal/lysosomal media the degradation behavior depended on shell characteristics (e.g., charge, acid-base character) and temperature enabling the development of an accelerated stress test protocol. Conclusion: Kinetics of transformations depending on the MNP type could be established to define structure-activity relationships as prediction model for rational particle design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Rabel
- Pharmaceutical Technology & Biopharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstraße 8, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Paul Warncke
- Pharmaceutical Technology & Biopharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstraße 8, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Cordula Grüttner
- Micromod Partikeltechnologie GmbH, Friedrich-Barnewitz-Straße 4, 18119 Rostock, Germany
| | | | - Heinz-Dieter Kurland
- Otto Schott Institute of Materials Research, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Löbdergraben 32, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Robert Müller
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Vera Dugandžić
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Jana Thamm
- Pharmaceutical Technology & Biopharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstraße 8, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Frank A. Müller
- Otto Schott Institute of Materials Research, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Löbdergraben 32, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Jürgen Popp
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Dana Cialla-May
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Dagmar Fischer
- Pharmaceutical Technology & Biopharmacy, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Lessingstraße 8, 07743 Jena, Germany
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21
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Obaidullah M, Bahadur NM, Furusawa T, Sato M, Sakuma H, Suzuki N. Microwave assisted rapid synthesis of Fe2O3@SiO2 core-shell nanocomposite for the persistence of magnetic property at high temperature. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2019.03.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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22
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Wang J, Guan H, Han Q, Tan S, Liang Q, Ding M. Fabrication of Yb 3+-Immobilized Hydrophilic Phytic-Acid-Coated Magnetic Nanocomposites for the Selective Separation of Bovine Hemoglobin from Bovine Serum. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2019; 5:2740-2749. [PMID: 33405606 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this work, Yb3+-immobilized hydrophilic phytic-acid-coated magnetic nanocomposites were prepared through a facile route and used to selectively separatrf bovine hemoglobin. Hydrophilic phytic acid (PA) was coated onto the magnetic Fe3O4-PEI via electrostatic interactions, followed by finally chelating with Yb3+ ions, which could produce specific protein binding sites at room temperature in water, and complex instrumentation was not necessary. The performance of as-prepared hybrids (Fe3O4-PEI-PA-Yb3+) was assessed by selectively isolating bovine hemoglobin (BHb). The obtained maximum binding capacity was 347.3 mg g-1. The retained BHb could be eluted under simple elution via using 0.1 M of Na2CO3, giving a recovery of 83%. Moreover, the generation of nanocomposites was demonstrated. In addition, the PA and PEI could improve the hydrophilicity of nanoparticles and further reduce the nonspecific adsorption. Therefore, such nanocomposites were successfully employed to selectively bind and separate BHb from bovine serum as verified by SDS-PAGE and MALDI-TOF MS analysis, providing a new perspective for the isolation of heme proteins in proteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jundong Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Huiyuan Guan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qiang Han
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Siyuan Tan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qionglin Liang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Mingyu Ding
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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23
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Ma Y, Chen T, Iqbal MZ, Yang F, Hampp N, Wu A, Luo L. Applications of magnetic materials separation in biological nanomedicine. Electrophoresis 2019; 40:2011-2028. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Ma
- Department of Chemistry College of Sciences Shanghai University Shanghai P. R. China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices & Division of Functional Materials and Nanodevices Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo P. R. China
| | - Tianxiang Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices & Division of Functional Materials and Nanodevices Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo P. R. China
| | - Muhammad Zubair Iqbal
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices & Division of Functional Materials and Nanodevices Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo P. R. China
| | - Fang Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices & Division of Functional Materials and Nanodevices Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo P. R. China
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo P. R. China
- Fachbereich Chemie Philipps Universität Marburg Marburg Germany
| | - Norbert Hampp
- Fachbereich Chemie Philipps Universität Marburg Marburg Germany
| | - Aiguo Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices & Division of Functional Materials and Nanodevices Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo P. R. China
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering Chinese Academy of Sciences Ningbo P. R. China
| | - Liqiang Luo
- Department of Chemistry College of Sciences Shanghai University Shanghai P. R. China
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24
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Influence of chain length of long-chain fatty acid surfactant on the thermal conductivity of magnetite nanofluids in a magnetic field. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2018.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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25
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Abstract
Despite preliminary confidence on biosafety of polymer coated iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs), toxicity concerns have hampered their clinical translation. SPIONs toxicity is known to be due to catalytic activity of their surface and release of toxic Fe ions originating from the core biodegradation, leading to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Here, we hypothesized that a double-layer polymeric corona comprising of dextran as an interior, and polyethylene glycol (PEG) as an exterior layer better shields the core SPIONs. We found that ROS generation was cell specific and depended on SPIONs concentration, although it was reduced by sufficient PEG immobilization or 100 µM deferoxamine. 24 h following injection, PEGylated samples showed reduction of biodistribution in liver, heterogenous biodistribution profile in spleen, and no influence on NPs blood retention. Sufficient surface masking or administration of deferoxamine could be beneficial strategies in designing and clinical translation of future biomedical SPIONs.
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26
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Xie CY, Meng SX, Xue LH, Bai RX, Yang X, Wang Y, Qiu ZP, Binks BP, Guo T, Meng T. Light and Magnetic Dual-Responsive Pickering Emulsion Micro-Reactors. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:14139-14148. [PMID: 29148793 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b03642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Emulsion droplets can serve as ideal compartments for reactions. In fact, in many cases, the chemical reactions are supposed to be triggered at a desired position and time without change of the system environment. Here, we present a type of light and magnetic dual-responsive Pickering emulsion microreactor by coadsorption of light-sensitive titania (TiO2) and super paramagnetic iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles at the oil-water interface of emulsion droplets. The droplets encapsulating different reactants in advance can be driven close to each other by an external magnetic field, and then the chemical reaction is triggered by UV illumination due to the contact of the isolated reactants as a result of droplet coalescence. An insight into the incorporation of hydrophobic TiO2 and hydrophilic Fe3O4 nanoparticles simultaneously at the emulsion interface is achieved. On the basis of that, an account is given of the coalescence mechanism of the Pickering emulsion microreactors. Our work not only provides a novel Pickering emulsion microreactor platform for triggering chemical reactions in a nonintrusive and well-controlled way but also opens a promising avenue to construct multifunctional Pickering emulsions by assembly of versatile building block nanoparticles at the interface of emulsion droplets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yan Xie
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University , Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Xin Meng
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University , Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, P.R. China
| | - Long-Hui Xue
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University , Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, P.R. China
| | - Rui-Xue Bai
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University , Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, P.R. China
| | - Xin Yang
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University , Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, P.R. China
| | - Yaolei Wang
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University , Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, P.R. China
| | - Zhong-Ping Qiu
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University , Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, P.R. China
| | - Bernard P Binks
- School of Mathematics and Physical Sciences, University of Hull , Hull HU6 7RX, U.K
| | - Ting Guo
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University , Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, P.R. China
| | - Tao Meng
- School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University , Chengdu, Sichuan 610031, P.R. China
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27
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Raghav S, Painuli R, Kumar D. Multifunctional Nanomaterials for Multifaceted Applications in Biomedical Arena. INT J PHARMACOL 2017. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2017.890.906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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28
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Guo J, Filpponen I, Johansson LS, Mohammadi P, Latikka M, Linder MB, Ras RHA, Rojas OJ. Complexes of Magnetic Nanoparticles with Cellulose Nanocrystals as Regenerable, Highly Efficient, and Selective Platform for Protein Separation. Biomacromolecules 2017; 18:898-905. [PMID: 28199100 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.6b01778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
We present an efficient approach to develop cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) hybrids with magnetically responsive Fe3O4 nanoparticles that were synthesized using the (Fe3+/Fe2+) coprecipitation. After 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl radical (TEMPO)-catalyzed oxidation of CNC, carbodiimide (EDC/NHS) was used for coupling amine-containing iron oxide nanoparticles that were achieved by dopamine ligand exchange (NH2-Fe3O4 NPs). The as-prepared hybrids (Fe3O4@CNC) were further complexed with Cu(II) ions to produce specific protein binding sites. The performance of magnetically responsive Cu-Fe3O4@CNC hybrids was assessed by selectively separating lysozyme from aqueous media. The hybrid system displayed a remarkable binding capacity with lysozyme of 860.6 ± 14.6 mg/g while near full protein recovery (∼98%) was achieved by simple elution. Moreover, the regeneration of Fe3O4@CNC hybrids and efficient reutilization for protein separation was demonstrated. Finally, lysozyme separation from matrices containing egg white was achieved, thus revealing the specificity and potential of the presented method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Guo
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University , FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Ilari Filpponen
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University , FI-00076 Aalto, Finland.,Alabama Center for Paper and Bioresource Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University , Auburn, Alabama 36849-5127, United States
| | - Leena-Sisko Johansson
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University , FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Pezhman Mohammadi
- Alabama Center for Paper and Bioresource Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University , Auburn, Alabama 36849-5127, United States
| | - Mika Latikka
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto University , FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Markus B Linder
- Alabama Center for Paper and Bioresource Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University , Auburn, Alabama 36849-5127, United States
| | - Robin H A Ras
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto University , FI-00076 Aalto, Finland
| | - Orlando J Rojas
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, School of Chemical Engineering, Aalto University , FI-00076 Aalto, Finland.,Department of Applied Physics, School of Science, Aalto University , FI-00076 Aalto, Finland.,Departments of Forest Biomaterials and Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University , Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
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29
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Cowger TA, Yang Y, Rink DE, Todd T, Chen H, Shen Y, Yan Y, Xie J. Protein-Adsorbed Magnetic-Nanoparticle-Mediated Assay for Rapid Detection of Bacterial Antibiotic Resistance. Bioconjug Chem 2017; 28:890-896. [PMID: 28192992 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.7b00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic susceptibility tests have been used for years as a crucial diagnostic tool against antibiotic-resistant bacteria. However, due to a lack of biomarkers specific to resistant types, these approaches are often time-consuming, inaccurate, and inflexible in drug selections. Here, we present a novel susceptibility test method named protein-adsorbed nanoparticle-mediated matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization mass spectrometry, or PANMS. Briefly, we adsorb five different proteins (β-casein, α-lactalbumin, human serum albumin, fibrinogen, and avidin) onto the surface of Fe3O4. Upon interaction with bacteria surface, proteins were displaced from the nanoparticle surface, the amounts of which were quantified by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry. We find that the protein displacement profile was different distinctive among different bacteria strains and, in particular, between wild-type and drug-resistant strains. More excitingly, we observe bacteria resistant to drugs of the same mechanisms share similar displacement profiles on a linear discriminant analysis (LDA) map. This suggests the possibility of using PANMS to identify the type of mechanism behind antibiotic resistance, which was confirmed in a blind test. Given that PANMS is free of drug incubation and the whole procedure takes less than 50 min, it holds great potential as a high-throughput, low-cost, and accurate drug susceptibility test in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taku A Cowger
- Department of Chemistry and Bio-Imaging Research Center, ‡College of Engineering, and §Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Yaping Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Bio-Imaging Research Center, ‡College of Engineering, and §Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - David E Rink
- Department of Chemistry and Bio-Imaging Research Center, ‡College of Engineering, and §Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Trever Todd
- Department of Chemistry and Bio-Imaging Research Center, ‡College of Engineering, and §Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Hongmin Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Bio-Imaging Research Center, ‡College of Engineering, and §Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Ye Shen
- Department of Chemistry and Bio-Imaging Research Center, ‡College of Engineering, and §Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Yajun Yan
- Department of Chemistry and Bio-Imaging Research Center, ‡College of Engineering, and §Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Jin Xie
- Department of Chemistry and Bio-Imaging Research Center, ‡College of Engineering, and §Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Georgia , Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
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30
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Boni A, Basini A, Capolupo L, Innocenti C, Corti M, Cobianchi M, Orsini F, Guerrini A, Sangregorio C, Lascialfari A. Optimized PAMAM coated magnetic nanoparticles for simultaneous hyperthermic treatment and contrast enhanced MRI diagnosis. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra07589h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the synthesis and characterization of multi-functional monodisperse superparamagnetic Magnetic NanoParticles, MNPs, able to act as contrast agents for magnetic resonance and Magnetic Fluid Hyperthermia (MFH) mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Boni
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia
- 12 – 56127 Pisa
- Italy
| | - A. M. Basini
- Dipartimento di Fisica and INSTM
- Università degli studi di Milano
- Italy
| | - L. Capolupo
- Center for Nanotechnology Innovation @NEST
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia
- 12 – 56127 Pisa
- Italy
| | - C. Innocenti
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Shiff”
- University of Florence and INSTM
- Firenze
- Italy
| | - M. Corti
- Dipartimento di Fisica and INSTM
- Università degli studi di Milano
- Italy
| | - M. Cobianchi
- Dipartimento di Fisica and INSTM
- Università degli studi di Pavia
- Italy
| | - F. Orsini
- Dipartimento di Fisica and INSTM
- Università degli studi di Milano
- Italy
| | - A. Guerrini
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Shiff”
- University of Florence and INSTM
- Firenze
- Italy
| | - C. Sangregorio
- Department of Chemistry “Ugo Shiff”
- University of Florence and INSTM
- Firenze
- Italy
- CNR-ICCOM and INSTM
| | - A. Lascialfari
- Dipartimento di Fisica and INSTM
- Università degli studi di Milano
- Italy
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31
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Marín T, Montoya P, Arnache O, Calderón J. Influence of Surface Treatment on Magnetic Properties of Fe3O4 Nanoparticles Synthesized by Electrochemical Method. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:6634-45. [PMID: 27267938 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b01796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The changes of magnetic properties in magnetite nanoparticles during two different stabilization processes were investigated. Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) were obtained by electrochemical synthesis from two kinds of salts: (CH3)4NCl and NaCl. After that, two methods-steric and electrostatic-were used to stabilize MNPs with oleic acid (OA) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH), respectively. As a consequence, aqueous and organic dispersions were obtained after surface modification. The coated nanoparticles were characterized by TEM, zeta potential, thermogravimetry analysis (TGA), cyclic voltammetry (CV), magnetization measurements, and infrared and Mössbauer spectroscopy. The results showed that the particles were between 8 and 13 nm in size. In addition, the MNPs were coated with negative charge layers from NaOH by physisorption and coated with carboxylate groups from OA by the chemisorption process, and hence, they exhibited different reactivity and behavior depending on the nature of the electrolyte used in the electrochemical synthesis. Furthermore, the uncoated and coated MNPs had a narrow size distribution. Additionally, the saturation magnetization values showed dependence on the magnetite synthesis conditions and surface modifiers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tíffany Marín
- Centro de Investigación, Innovación y Desarrollo de Materiales - CIDEMAT, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA , Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín Apartado Aéreo 1226, Colombia
| | - Paula Montoya
- Centro de Investigación, Innovación y Desarrollo de Materiales - CIDEMAT, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA , Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín Apartado Aéreo 1226, Colombia
| | - Oscar Arnache
- Grupo de Estado Sólido, Instituto de Física, Universidad de Antioquia , Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín Apartado Aéreo 1226, Colombia
| | - Jorge Calderón
- Centro de Investigación, Innovación y Desarrollo de Materiales - CIDEMAT, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA , Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín Apartado Aéreo 1226, Colombia
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32
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Khaleghi S, Rahbarizadeh F, Ahmadvand D, Malek M, Madaah Hosseini HR. The effect of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles surface engineering on relaxivity of magnetoliposome. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2016; 11:340-349. [PMID: 27307214 DOI: 10.1002/cmmi.1697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this work is evaluating the effect of ultra small superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (USPIONs) coatings on encapsulation efficiency in liposomes and cellular cytotoxicity assay. Moreover, we assessed the effects of surface engineering on the relaxivity of magnetoliposome nanoparticles in order to create a targeted reagent for the intelligent diagnosis of cancers by MRI. For estimating the effect of nanoparticle coatings on encapsulation, several kinds of USPIONs coated by dextran, PEG5000 and citrate were used. All kinds of samples are monodispersed and below 100 ± 10 nm and the coatings of USPIONs have no significant effect on magnetoliposome diameter. The coating of USPIONs could have effect on percentage of encapsulation. The dextran coated USPIONs have more stability and quality accordingly the encapsulation increased up to 92%, then the magnetoliposome nano particles have been targeted by Herceptin and anti-HER2 VHH, separately. Over storage period of four weeks the resulting particles were stable and physico-chemical properties such as size and zetapotential did not show any significant changes. The relaxivity of contrast agents was measured using a 1.5 T MRI. The r2/r1 ratio was more than two for all samples which demonstrate the negative contrast enhancing of all SPION embedded specimens. The high ratio of r2/r1 as well as high r2 is the best combination of a negative contrast agent as it is obtained for pure magnetite. The value of r2/r1 for all other samples including Herceptin targeted magnetoliposome, anti-HER2 VHH targeted magnetoliposome and non-targeted magnetoliposome were between ~21 to ~28, which show the magnetite embedded samples have enough negative contrast to be detectable by MRI. Therefore the HER2 targeted magnetoliposomes are a good and stable candidate as contrast agents in clinical radiology and biomedical research with minimal cytotoxicity and biocompatibility effects. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Khaleghi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. BOX. 14115-331, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Rahbarizadeh
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. BOX. 14115-331, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Davoud Ahmadvand
- School of Allied Medical Sciences, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahrooz Malek
- Department of Radiology, Medical Imaging Center, Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research Center (ADIR), Imam Khomeini Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Madaah Hosseini
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, Sharif University of Technology, P.O. BOX. 11155-9466, Azadi Avenue, Tehran, Iran
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33
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Angeloni L, Passeri D, Scaramuzzo FA, Di Iorio D, Barteri M, Mantovani D, Rossi M. Measurement of the nonmagnetic coating thickness of core-shell magnetic nanoparticles by controlled magnetization magnetic force microscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4954489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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34
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Zhang G, Lu S, Qian J, Zhong K, Yao J, Cai D, Cheng Z, Wu Z. Magnetic Relaxation Switch Detecting Boric Acid or Borate Ester through One-Pot Synthesized Poly(vinyl alcohol) Functionalized Nanomagnetic Iron Oxide. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:16837-16841. [PMID: 26171794 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b04863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We developed a highly efficient magnetic relaxation switch (MRS) system based on poly(vinyl alcohol) functionalized nanomagnetic iron oxide (PVA@NMIO) particles for the detection of boric acid or borate ester (BA/BE). It was found that the addition of BA/BE induced the aggregation of PVA@NMIO particles, resulting in a measurable change in the T2 relaxation time in magnetic resonance measurements. The main mechanism was proposed that the electron-deficient boron atoms of BA/BE caused the aggregation of PVA@NMIO particles through covalent binding to the hydroxyl groups of PVA. This novel detection system displayed excellent selectivity, high sensitivity, and rapid detection for BA/BE. Thus, this system may provide a great application prospect for detection of BA/BE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilong Zhang
- †Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Anhui Province, Hefei, 230031, People's Republic of China
- ‡University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiyao Lu
- †Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Anhui Province, Hefei, 230031, People's Republic of China
| | - Junchao Qian
- ∥High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Zhong
- ∥High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianming Yao
- †Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Anhui Province, Hefei, 230031, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongqing Cai
- †Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Anhui Province, Hefei, 230031, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiliang Cheng
- §Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, 240 Skirkanich Hall, 210 South 33rd Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Zhengyan Wu
- †Key Laboratory of Ion Beam Bioengineering Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences and Anhui Province, Hefei, 230031, People's Republic of China
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35
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Mondini S, Leonzino M, Drago C, Ferretti AM, Usseglio S, Maggioni D, Tornese P, Chini B, Ponti A. Zwitterion-Coated Iron Oxide Nanoparticles: Surface Chemistry and Intracellular Uptake by Hepatocarcinoma (HepG2) Cells. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:7381-7390. [PMID: 26057696 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b01496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) have received much attention in recent years for their diverse potential biomedical applications. However, the synthesis of NPs with desired biodistribution and pharmacokinetics is still a major challenge, with NP size and surface chemistry being the main factors determining the behavior of NPs in vivo. Here we report on the surface chemistry and in vitro cellular uptake of magnetic iron oxide NPs coated with zwitterionic dopamine sulfonate (ZDS). ZDS-coated NPs were compared to similar iron oxide NPs coated with PEG-like 2-[2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethoxy]acetic acid (MEEA) to investigate how surface chemistry affects their in vitro behavior. ZDS-coated NPs had a very dense coating, guaranteeing high colloidal stability in several aqueous media and negligible interaction with proteins. Treatment of HepG2 cells with increasing doses (2.5-100 μg Fe/mL) of ZDS-coated iron oxide NPs had no effect on cell viability and resulted in a low, dose-dependent NP uptake, inferior than most reported data for the internalization of iron oxide NPs by HepG2 cells. MEEA-coated NPs were scarcely stable and formed micrometer-sized aggregates in aqueous media. They decreased cell viability for dose ≥50 μg Fe/mL, and were more efficiently internalized than ZDS-coated NPs. In conclusion, our data indicate that the ZDS layer prevented both aggregation and sedimentation of iron oxide NPs and formed a biocompatible coating that did not display any biocorona effect. The very low cellular uptake of ZDS-coated iron NPs can be useful to achieve highly selective targeting upon specific functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Mondini
- †Laboratorio di Nanotecnologie, Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via G. Fantoli 16/15, 20138 Milano, Italy
| | - Marianna Leonzino
- ‡Istituto di Neuroscienze, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via L. Vanvitelli 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Carmelo Drago
- †Laboratorio di Nanotecnologie, Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via G. Fantoli 16/15, 20138 Milano, Italy
| | - Anna M Ferretti
- †Laboratorio di Nanotecnologie, Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via G. Fantoli 16/15, 20138 Milano, Italy
| | - Sandro Usseglio
- †Laboratorio di Nanotecnologie, Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via G. Fantoli 16/15, 20138 Milano, Italy
| | - Daniela Maggioni
- §Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Paolo Tornese
- ‡Istituto di Neuroscienze, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via L. Vanvitelli 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Bice Chini
- ‡Istituto di Neuroscienze, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via L. Vanvitelli 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Ponti
- †Laboratorio di Nanotecnologie, Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, via G. Fantoli 16/15, 20138 Milano, Italy
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36
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Hofer CJ, Zlateski V, Stoessel PR, Paunescu D, Schneider EM, Grass RN, Zeltner M, Stark WJ. Stable dispersions of azide functionalized ferromagnetic metal nanoparticles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:1826-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc06126h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Stable dispersions of azide functionalized ferromagnetic metal nanoparticles were synthesized by covalent attachment of a block-copolymer to the nanoparticles surface via SI-ATRP and subsequent post-modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. J. Hofer
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich
- CH-8093 Zurich
- Switzerland
| | - V. Zlateski
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich
- CH-8093 Zurich
- Switzerland
| | - P. R. Stoessel
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich
- CH-8093 Zurich
- Switzerland
| | - D. Paunescu
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich
- CH-8093 Zurich
- Switzerland
| | - E. M. Schneider
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich
- CH-8093 Zurich
- Switzerland
| | - R. N. Grass
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich
- CH-8093 Zurich
- Switzerland
| | - M. Zeltner
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich
- CH-8093 Zurich
- Switzerland
| | - W. J. Stark
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich
- CH-8093 Zurich
- Switzerland
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37
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Abstract
We present a critical review of the state of the art of magnetic particle hyperthermia (MPH) as a minimal invasive tumour therapy. Magnetic principles of heating mechanisms are discussed with respect to the optimum choice of nanoparticle properties. In particular, the relation between superparamagnetic and ferrimagnetic single domain nanoparticles is clarified in order to choose the appropriate particle size distribution and the role of particle mobility for the relaxation path is discussed. Knowledge of the effect of particle properties for achieving high specific heating power provides necessary guidelines for development of nanoparticles tailored for tumour therapy. Nanoscale heat transfer processes are discussed with respect to the achievable temperature increase in cancer cells. The need to realize a well-controlled temperature distribution in tumour tissue represents the most serious problem of MPH, at present. Visionary concepts of particle administration, in particular by means of antibody targeting, are far from clinical practice, yet. On the basis of current knowledge of treating cancer by thermal damaging, this article elucidates possibilities, prospects, and challenges for establishment of MPH as a standard medical procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvio Dutz
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics (BMTI), Technische Universität Ilmenau, G-Kirchhoff-Str. 2, D-98693 Ilmenau, Germany. Department of Nano Biophotonics, Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), A.-Einstein-Str. 9, D-07745 Jena, Germany
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38
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Nguyen DT, Kim KS. Functionalization of magnetic nanoparticles for biomedical applications. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-014-0156-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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39
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Murugappan K, Silvester DS, Chaudhary D, Arrigan DWM. Electrochemical Characterization of an Oleyl-coated Magnetite Nanoparticle-Modified Electrode. ChemElectroChem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201402012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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40
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Kleine A, Altan CL, Yarar UE, Sommerdijk NAJM, Bucak S, Holder SJ. The polymerisation of oligo(ethylene glycol methyl ether) methacrylate from a multifunctional poly(ethylene imine) derived amide: a stabiliser for the synthesis and dispersion of magnetite nanoparticles. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py01094e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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41
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Basuki JS, Jacquemin A, Esser L, Li Y, Boyer C, Davis TP. A block copolymer-stabilized co-precipitation approach to magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles for potential use as MRI contrast agents. Polym Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3py01778h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
A library of magnetic nanoparticles was generated usingin situco-precipitation of ferrous (Fe2+) and ferric (Fe3+) ions from aqueous solutions in the presence of functional block copolymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan S. Basuki
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine
- School of Chemical Engineering
- University of New South Wales
- Sydney, Australia
| | - Alexandre Jacquemin
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design
- School of Chemical Engineering
- University of New South Wales
- Sydney, Australia
| | - Lars Esser
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine
- School of Chemical Engineering
- University of New South Wales
- Sydney, Australia
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Yang Li
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine
- School of Chemical Engineering
- University of New South Wales
- Sydney, Australia
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine
- School of Chemical Engineering
- University of New South Wales
- Sydney, Australia
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design
| | - Thomas P. Davis
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Monash University
- Parkville, Australia
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Warwick
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42
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Taratula O, Dani RK, Schumann C, Xu H, Wang A, Song H, Dhagat P, Taratula O. Multifunctional nanomedicine platform for concurrent delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs and mild hyperthermia to ovarian cancer cells. Int J Pharm 2013; 458:169-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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43
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Grüttner C, Müller K, Teller J, Westphal F. Synthesis and functionalisation of magnetic nanoparticles for hyperthermia applications. Int J Hyperthermia 2013; 29:777-89. [DOI: 10.3109/02656736.2013.835876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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44
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Dutz S, Hergt R. Magnetic nanoparticle heating and heat transfer on a microscale: Basic principles, realities and physical limitations of hyperthermia for tumour therapy. Int J Hyperthermia 2013; 29:790-800. [DOI: 10.3109/02656736.2013.822993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 330] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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45
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Majewski AP, Stahlschmidt U, Jérôme V, Freitag R, Müller AHE, Schmalz H. PDMAEMA-Grafted Core–Shell–Corona Particles for Nonviral Gene Delivery and Magnetic Cell Separation. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:3081-90. [DOI: 10.1021/bm400703d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander P. Majewski
- Makromolekulare
Chemie II and ‡Bioprozesstechnik, Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Ullrich Stahlschmidt
- Makromolekulare
Chemie II and ‡Bioprozesstechnik, Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Valérie Jérôme
- Makromolekulare
Chemie II and ‡Bioprozesstechnik, Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Ruth Freitag
- Makromolekulare
Chemie II and ‡Bioprozesstechnik, Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Axel H. E. Müller
- Makromolekulare
Chemie II and ‡Bioprozesstechnik, Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Holger Schmalz
- Makromolekulare
Chemie II and ‡Bioprozesstechnik, Universität Bayreuth, 95440 Bayreuth, Germany
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46
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Kucheryavy P, He J, John VT, Maharjan P, Spinu L, Goloverda GZ, Kolesnichenko VL. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles with variable size and an iron oxidation state as prospective imaging agents. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:710-6. [PMID: 23249219 PMCID: PMC3666865 DOI: 10.1021/la3037007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Magnetite nanoparticles in the size range of 3.2-7.5 nm were synthesized in high yields under variable reaction conditions using high-temperature hydrolysis of the precursor iron(II) and iron(III) alkoxides in diethylene glycol solution. The average sizes of the particles were adjusted by changing the reaction temperature and time and by using a sequential growth technique. To obtain γ-iron(III) oxide particles in the same range of sizes, magnetite particles were oxidized with dry oxygen in diethylene glycol at room temperature. The products were characterized by DLS, TEM, X-ray powder diffractometry, TGA, chemical analysis, and magnetic measurements. NMR r(1) and r(2) relaxivity measurements in water and diethylene glycol (for OH and CH(2) protons) have shown a decrease in the r(2)/r(1) ratio with the particle size reduction, which correlates with the results of magnetic measurements on magnetite nanoparticles. Saturation magnetization of the oxidized particles was found to be 20% lower than that for Fe(3)O(4) with the same particle size, but their r(1) relaxivities are similar. Because the oxidation of magnetite is spontaneous under ambient conditions, it was important to learn that the oxidation product has no disadvantages as compared to its precursor and therefore may be a better prospective imaging agent because of its chemical stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Kucheryavy
- Chemistry Department, Xavier University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70125, United States
| | - Jibao He
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, United States
| | - Vijay T. John
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70118, United States
| | - Pawan Maharjan
- Advanced Materials Research Institute University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana 70148, United States
| | - Leonard Spinu
- Department of Physics, University of New Orleans, New Orleans, Louisiana 70148, United States
| | - Galina Z. Goloverda
- Chemistry Department, Xavier University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70125, United States
| | - Vladimir L. Kolesnichenko
- Chemistry Department, Xavier University, New Orleans, Louisiana 70125, United States
- Corresponding Author:
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Grudzinski IP, Bystrzejewski M, Cywinska MA, Kosmider A, Poplawska M, Cieszanowski A, Ostrowska A. Cytotoxicity evaluation of carbon-encapsulated iron nanoparticles in melanoma cells and dermal fibroblasts. JOURNAL OF NANOPARTICLE RESEARCH : AN INTERDISCIPLINARY FORUM FOR NANOSCALE SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2013; 15:1835. [PMID: 23990753 PMCID: PMC3751228 DOI: 10.1007/s11051-013-1835-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Carbon-encapsulated iron nanoparticles (CEINs) are emerging as promising biomedical tools due to their unique physicochemical properties. In this study, the cytotoxic effect of CEINs (the mean diameter distribution ranges 46-56 nm) has been explored by MTT, LDH leakage, Calcein-AM/propidium iodide (PI) and Annexin V-FITC/PI assays in human melanoma (HTB-140), mouse melanoma (B16-F10) cells, and human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs). The results demonstrated that CEINs produce mitochondrial and cell membrane cytotoxicities in a dose (0.0001-100 μg/ml)-dependent manner. Moreover, the studies elucidated some differences in cytotoxic effects between CEINs used as raw and purified materials composing of the carbon surface with acidic groups. Experiments showed that HTB-140 cells are more sensitive to prone early apoptotic events due to raw CEINs as compared to B16-F10 or HDF cells, respectively. Taken together, these results suggest that the amount of CEINs administered to cells and the composition of CEINs containing different amounts of iron as well as the carbon surface modification type is critical determinant of cytotoxic responses in both normal and cancer (melanoma) cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ireneusz P. Grudzinski
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, ul. S. Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michal Bystrzejewski
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University, ul. L. Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Monika A. Cywinska
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, ul. S. Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anita Kosmider
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, ul. S. Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Poplawska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, ul. S. Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Andrzej Cieszanowski
- Department of Clinical Radiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Warsaw, ul. S. Banacha 1a, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Ostrowska
- Analytic Centre, University of Life Sciences SGGW, ul. J. Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland
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48
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Mody VV, Singh A, Wesley B. Basics of magnetic nanoparticles for their application in the field of magnetic fluid hyperthermia. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF NANOMEDICINE 2013. [DOI: 10.1515/ejnm-2012-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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