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Shah DD, Carter P, Shivdasani MN, Fong N, Duan W, Esrafilzadeh D, Poole-Warren LA, Aregueta Robles UA. Deciphering platinum dissolution in neural stimulation electrodes: Electrochemistry or biology? Biomaterials 2024; 309:122575. [PMID: 38677220 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2024.122575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
Platinum (Pt) is the metal of choice for electrodes in implantable neural prostheses like the cochlear implants, deep brain stimulating devices, and brain-computer interfacing technologies. However, it is well known since the 1970s that Pt dissolution occurs with electrical stimulation. More recent clinical and in vivo studies have shown signs of corrosion in explanted electrode arrays and the presence of Pt-containing particulates in tissue samples. The process of degradation and release of metallic ions and particles can significantly impact on device performance. Moreover, the effects of Pt dissolution products on tissue health and function are still largely unknown. This is due to the highly complex chemistry underlying the dissolution process and the difficulty in decoupling electrical and chemical effects on biological responses. Understanding the mechanisms and effects of Pt dissolution proves challenging as the dissolution process can be influenced by electrical, chemical, physical, and biological factors, all of them highly variable between experimental settings. By evaluating comprehensive findings on Pt dissolution mechanisms reported in the fuel cell field, this review presents a critical analysis of the possible mechanisms that drive Pt dissolution in neural stimulation in vitro and in vivo. Stimulation parameters, such as aggregate charge, charge density, and electrochemical potential can all impact the levels of dissolved Pt. However, chemical factors such as electrolyte types, dissolved gases, and pH can all influence dissolution, confounding the findings of in vitro studies with multiple variables. Biological factors, such as proteins, have been documented to exhibit a mitigating effect on the dissolution process. Other biological factors like cells and fibro-proliferative responses, such as fibrosis and gliosis, impact on electrode properties and are suspected to impact on Pt dissolution. However, the relationship between electrical properties of stimulating electrodes and Pt dissolution remains contentious. Host responses to Pt degradation products are also controversial due to the unknown chemistry of Pt compounds formed and the lack of understanding of Pt distribution in clinical scenarios. The cytotoxicity of Pt produced via electrical stimulation appears similar to Pt-based compounds, including hexachloroplatinates and chemotherapeutic agents like cisplatin. While the levels of Pt produced under clinical and acute stimulation regimes were typically an order of magnitude lower than toxic concentrations observed in vitro, further research is needed to accurately assess the mass balance and type of Pt produced during long-term stimulation and its impact on tissue response. Finally, approaches to mitigating the dissolution process are reviewed. A wide variety of approaches, including stimulation strategies, coating electrode materials, and surface modification techniques to avoid excess charge during stimulation and minimise tissue response, may ultimately support long-term and safe operation of neural stimulating devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhyey Devashish Shah
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Paul Carter
- Cochlear Ltd, Macquarie University, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Nicole Fong
- Cochlear Ltd, Macquarie University, NSW, Australia
| | - Wenlu Duan
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Dorna Esrafilzadeh
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Laura Anne Poole-Warren
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia; The Tyree Foundation Institute of Health Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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2
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Chen X, Guo J, Qian D, Wu J, Liao W, Waterhouse GIN, Liu J. Insightful Understanding of Synergistic Oxygen Reduction on PtCo 3(111) Toward Zinc-Air Batteries. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024:e2403894. [PMID: 38864207 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202403894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
Theory-guided materials design is an effective strategy for designing catalysts with high intrinsic activity whilst minimizing the usage of expensive metals like platinum. As proof-of-concept, herein it demonstrates that using density functional theory (DFT) calculations and experimental validation that intermetallic PtCo3 alloy nanoparticles offer enhanced electrocatatalytic performance for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) compared to Pt nanoparticles. DFT calculations established that PtCo3(111) surfaces possess better intrinsic ORR activity compared to Pt(111) surfaces, owing to the synergistic action of adjacent Pt and Co active sites which optimizes the binding strength of ORR intermediates to boost overall ORR kinetics. With this understanding, a PtCo3/NC catalyst, comprising PtCo3 nanoparticles exposing predominantly (111) facets dispersed on an N-doped carbon support, is successfully fabricated. PtCo3/NC demonstrates a high specific activity (3.4 mA cm-2 mgPt -1), mass activity (0.67 A mgPt -1), and cycling stability for the ORR in 0.1 M KOH, significantly outperforming a commercial 20 wt.% Pt/C catalyst. Moreover, a zinc-air battery (ZAB) assembled with PtCo3/NC as the air-electrode catalyst delivered an open-circuit voltage of 1.47 V, a specific capacity of 775.1 mAh gZn -1 and excellent operation durability after 200 discharge/charge cycles, vastly superior performance to a ZAB built using commercial Pt/C+IrO2 as the air-electrode catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangxiong Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
- Hunan Jomo Technology Co Ltd, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Jiangnan Guo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Dong Qian
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Jiayun Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Weixiong Liao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
| | - Geoffrey I N Waterhouse
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand
| | - Jinlong Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, China
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3
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Lee W, Kim S, Cho K. Quantitative Evaluations on Ozone Evolution Electrocatalysts by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy for Oxidative Water Treatment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:18529-18537. [PMID: 36245147 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This study valorized scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) for the detection of dissolved O3, which is increasingly in demand for water treatment. Au ultramicroelectrodes biased at 0.62 V RHE provided superior activity and selectivity for O3 reduction, compared to Pt analogues. It allowed quantitative in situ interrogation of ozone evolution reaction (OZER) electrocatalysts with unprecedented estimations on the OZER overpotential. The difference in onset potentials between the OZER and the competing oxygen evolution reaction (OER) primarily accounted for the OZER current efficiency (CE) on boron-doped diamond (BDD, 1.4% at 10 mA cm-2 in 0.5 M H2SO4), Ni-Sb-doped SnO2 (NSS, 10.8%), and SiOx-coated NSS (NSS/SiOx, 34.4%). SECM areal scans in tandem with elemental mapping perspicuously visualized the improved OZER activity by the SiOx overlayer on NSS. A shift in the charge transfer coefficient further rationalized the elevated OZER selectivity on NSS/SiOx, in association with the weakened Sn-O bond strength confirmed by valence band X-ray photoelectron spectra. The invigorated OZER on NSS/SiOx effectively accelerated the degradation of a model aqueous pollutant (4-chlorophenol).
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Affiliation(s)
- Woonghee Lee
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Kim
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Kangwoo Cho
- Division of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang37673, Republic of Korea
- Institute for Convergence Research and Education in Advanced Technology (I-CREATE), Yonsei University International Campus, Incheon21983, Republic of Korea
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4
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Chen X, Guo J, Liu J, Luo Z, Zhang X, Qian D, Sun-Waterhouse D, Waterhouse GIN. Nanostructure Engineering and Electronic Modulation of a PtNi Alloy Catalyst for Enhanced Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalysis in Zinc-Air Batteries. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:1740-1747. [PMID: 36758156 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
PtNi nanoalloys have demonstrated electrocatalysis superior to that of benchmark Pt/C catalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), yet the underlying mechanisms remain underexplored. Herein, a PtNi/NC catalyst comprising PtNi nanoparticles (∼5.2 nm in size) dispersed on N-doped carbon frameworks was prepared using a simple pyrolysis strategy. Benefiting from the individual components and a hierarchical structure, the PtNi/NC catalyst exhibited outstanding ORR activity and stability (E1/2 = 0.82 V vs RHE and 8 mV negative shift after 20000 cycles), outperforming a commercial 20 wt % Pt/C catalyst (E1/2 = 0.81 V and 32 mV negative shift). A prototype zinc-air battery constructed using PtNi/NC as the air electrode catalyst achieved highly enhanced electrochemical performance, outperforming a battery constructed using Pt/C as the ORR catalyst. Density functional theory calculations revealed that the improved ORR activity of the PtNi nanoalloys originated from charge redistribution with a suitable metal d-band center to promote the formation of the ORR intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangxiong Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
- Yoening Tianci Mining Changsha Technology Center, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Jiangnan Guo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Jinlong Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Ziyu Luo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Dong Qian
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | | | - Geoffrey I N Waterhouse
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington 6140, New Zealand
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5
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Battistel D, Citron A, Veclani D, Daniele S. Pt Nanoelectrodes Sealed in Quartz Capillaries Modified with Underpotential‐Deposited Bismuth for Formic Acid Electrooxidation. ChemElectroChem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202200754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dario Battistel
- Ca' Foscari University of Venice: Universita Ca' Foscari Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics Venice ITALY
| | - Alberto Citron
- Ca' Foscari University of Venice: Universita Ca' Foscari Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems Venice ITALY
| | - Daniele Veclani
- CNR: Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche The Institute of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity (ISOF) ITALY
| | - Salvatore Daniele
- Ca'Foscari University of Venice: Universita Ca' Foscari Scienze Molecolari e Nanosistemi Via Torino, 155 30172 Venice ITALY
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6
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Evazzade I, Zagalskaya A, Alexandrov V. Revealing Elusive Intermediates of Platinum Cathodic Corrosion through DFT Simulations. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:3047-3052. [PMID: 35352928 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c04187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cathodic corrosion of metals discovered more than 120 years ago remains a poorly understood electrochemical process. It is believed that the corrosion intermediates formed during cathodic polarization are extremely short-lived species because of their high reactivity. Together with the concurrent vigorous hydrogen evolution, this makes it challenging to investigate the reaction mechanism and detect the intermediates experimentally. From a computational standpoint, the process also presents a serious challenge as it occurs at rather low negative potentials in concentrated alkaline solutions. Here, we use density-functional-theory calculations to elucidate the identity of reaction intermediates and their reactivity at the Pt(111)/electrolyte interface. By controlling the electrode potential in an experimentally relevant region through constant Fermi-level molecular dynamics, we reveal the formation of alkali cation-stabilized Pt hydrides as intermediates of cathodic corrosion. The results also suggest that the found Pt anions could discharge at the interface to produce H2 by reacting with either surface-bound hydrogen species or solution water molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Evazzade
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Alexandra Zagalskaya
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
| | - Vitaly Alexandrov
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
- Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
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7
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Lenne Q, Retout M, Gosselin B, Bruylants G, Jabin I, Hamon J, Lagrost C, Leroux YR. Highly stable silver nanohybrid electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:3334-3337. [PMID: 35188169 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc00637e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were deliberately functionalized via aryl diazonium chemistry with a monolayer of calix[4]arenes. The resulting nanohybrids show high efficiency and high selectivity toward the ORR in alkaline media along with an exceptional durability and a high methanol tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quentin Lenne
- Univ. Rennes, CNRS, ISCR - UMR 6226, 35000 Rennes, France.
| | - Maurice Retout
- EMNS, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50, CP165/64, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bryan Gosselin
- EMNS, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50, CP165/64, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gilles Bruylants
- EMNS, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50, CP165/64, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ivan Jabin
- LCO, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), CP 160/06, avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | - Yann R Leroux
- Univ. Rennes, CNRS, ISCR - UMR 6226, 35000 Rennes, France.
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8
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Dogan DC, Choi J, Seo MH, Lee E, Jung N, Yim SD, Yang TH, Park GG. Enhancement of Catalytic Activity and Durability of Pt Nanoparticle through Strong Chemical Interaction with Electrically Conductive Support of Magnéli Phase Titanium Oxide. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11040829. [PMID: 33804971 PMCID: PMC8063942 DOI: 10.3390/nano11040829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we address the catalytic performance of variously sized Pt nanoparticles (NPs) (from 1.7 to 2.9 nm) supported on magnéli phase titanium oxide (MPTO, Ti4O7) along with commercial solid type carbon (VXC-72R) for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). Key idea is to utilize a robust and electrically conductive MPTO as a support material so that we employed it to improve the catalytic activity and durability through the strong metal-support interaction (SMSI). Furthermore, we increase the specific surface area of MPTO up to 61.6 m2 g−1 to enhance the SMSI effect between Pt NP and MPTO. After the deposition of a range of Pt NPs on the support materials, we investigate the ORR activity and durability using a rotating disk electrode (RDE) technique in acid media. As a result of accelerated stress test (AST) for 30k cycles, regardless of the Pt particle size, we confirmed that Pt/MPTO samples show a lower electrochemical surface area (ECSA) loss (<20%) than that of Pt/C (~40%). That is explained by the increased dissolution potential and binding energy of Pt on MPTO against to carbon, which is supported by the density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Based on these results, we found that conductive metal oxides could be an alternative as a support material for the long-term fuel cell operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didem C. Dogan
- Fuel Cell Laboratory, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), 152, Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34129, Korea; (D.C.D.); (J.C.); (E.L.); (S.-D.Y.); (T.-H.Y.)
- University of Science and Technology (UST), 217, Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34129, Korea
| | - Jiye Choi
- Fuel Cell Laboratory, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), 152, Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34129, Korea; (D.C.D.); (J.C.); (E.L.); (S.-D.Y.); (T.-H.Y.)
- Graduate School of Energy Science and Technology (GEST), Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Min Ho Seo
- Fuel Cell Research & Demonstration Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Buan-gun 56332, Korea;
| | - Eunjik Lee
- Fuel Cell Laboratory, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), 152, Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34129, Korea; (D.C.D.); (J.C.); (E.L.); (S.-D.Y.); (T.-H.Y.)
| | - Namgee Jung
- Fuel Cell Research & Demonstration Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, Buan-gun 56332, Korea;
- Correspondence: (N.J.); (G.-G.P.)
| | - Sung-Dae Yim
- Fuel Cell Laboratory, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), 152, Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34129, Korea; (D.C.D.); (J.C.); (E.L.); (S.-D.Y.); (T.-H.Y.)
| | - Tae-Hyun Yang
- Fuel Cell Laboratory, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), 152, Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34129, Korea; (D.C.D.); (J.C.); (E.L.); (S.-D.Y.); (T.-H.Y.)
| | - Gu-Gon Park
- Fuel Cell Laboratory, Korea Institute of Energy Research (KIER), 152, Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34129, Korea; (D.C.D.); (J.C.); (E.L.); (S.-D.Y.); (T.-H.Y.)
- University of Science and Technology (UST), 217, Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34129, Korea
- Correspondence: (N.J.); (G.-G.P.)
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9
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Shepherd RK, Carter PM, Dalrymple AN, Enke YL, Wise AK, Nguyen T, Firth J, Thompson A, Fallon JB. Platinum dissolution and tissue response following long-term electrical stimulation at high charge densities. J Neural Eng 2021; 18:10.1088/1741-2552/abe5ba. [PMID: 33578409 PMCID: PMC8711780 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/abe5ba] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Objective. Established guidelines for safe levels of electrical stimulation for neural prostheses are based on a limited range of the stimulus parameters used clinically. Recent studies have reported particulate platinum (Pt) associated with long-term clinical use of these devices, highlighting the need for more carefully defined safety limits. We previously reported no adverse effects of Pt corrosion products in the cochleae of guinea pigs following 4 weeks of electrical stimulation using charge densities far greater than the published safe limits for cochlear implants. The present study examines the histopathological effects of Pt within the cochlea following continuous stimulation at a charge density well above the defined safe limits for periods up to 6 months.Approach. Six cats were bilaterally implanted with Pt electrode arrays and unilaterally stimulated using charge balanced current pulses at a charge density of 267μC cm-2phase-1using a tripolar electrode configuration. Electrochemical measurements were made throughout the implant duration and evoked potentials recorded at the outset and on completion of the stimulation program. Cochleae were examined histologically for particulate Pt, tissue response, and auditory nerve survival; electrodes were examined for surface corrosion; and cochlea, brain, kidney, and liver tissue analysed for trace levels of Pt.Main results. Chronic stimulation resulted in both a significant increase in tissue response and particulate Pt within the tissue capsule surrounding the electrode array compared with implanted, unstimulated control cochleae. Importantly, there was no stimulus-induced loss of auditory neurons (ANs) or increase in evoked potential thresholds. Stimulated electrodes were significantly more corroded compared with unstimulated electrodes. Trace analysis revealed Pt in both stimulated and control cochleae although significantly greater levels were detected within stimulated cochleae. There was no evidence of Pt in brain or liver; however, trace levels of Pt were recorded in the kidneys of two animals. Finally, increased charge storage capacity and charge injection limit reflected the more extensive electrode corrosion associated with stimulated electrodes.Significance. Long-term electrical stimulation of Pt electrodes at a charge density well above existing safety limits and nearly an order of magnitude higher than levels used clinically, does not adversely affect the AN population or reduce neural function, despite a stimulus-induced tissue response and the accumulation of Pt corrosion product. The mechanism resulting in Pt within the unstimulated cochlea is unclear, while the level of Pt observed systemically following stimulation at these very high charge densities does not appear to be of clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K Shepherd
- Bionics Institute, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Medical Bionics Department, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Ashley N Dalrymple
- Bionics Institute, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, United States of America
| | | | - Andrew K Wise
- Bionics Institute, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Medical Bionics Department, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Trung Nguyen
- Bionics Institute, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - James Firth
- Bionics Institute, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alex Thompson
- Bionics Institute, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - James B Fallon
- Bionics Institute, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Medical Bionics Department, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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10
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den Hartog S, Samanipour M, Ching HV, Van Doorslaer S, Breugelmans T, Hubin A, Ustarroz J. Reactive oxygen species formation at Pt nanoparticles revisited by electron paramagnetic resonance and electrochemical analysis. Electrochem commun 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2020.106878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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11
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Roehrich B, Sepunaru L. Nanoimpacts at Active and Partially Active Electrodes: Insights and Limitations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:19184-19192. [PMID: 32745310 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202007148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
While the electrochemical nanoimpact technique has recently emerged as a method of studying single entities, it is limited by requirement of a catalytically active particle impacting an inert electrode. We show that an active particle-active electrode can provide mechanistic insight into electrochemical reactions. When an individual Pt electrocatalyst adsorbs to the surface of a partially active electrode, further reduction of electrode-produced species can proceed on the nanocatalyst. Current transients obtained during hydrogen evolution allow simultaneous measurement of the Pt catalyst over different length scales, size dependency suggests H atom intercalation as a catalytic deactivation mechanism. Although results show that outer-sphere redox probes are unproductive for particle characterization, the breadth of inner-sphere electrochemical reactions makes this a promising method for understanding the properties of catalytic nanomaterials, one at a time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Roehrich
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Building 232, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
| | - Lior Sepunaru
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Building 232, Santa Barbara, CA, 93106, USA
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12
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Roehrich B, Sepunaru L. Nanoimpacts at Active and Partially Active Electrodes: Insights and Limitations. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202007148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Roehrich
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California Santa Barbara, Building 232 Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
| | - Lior Sepunaru
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of California Santa Barbara, Building 232 Santa Barbara CA 93106 USA
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13
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Shepherd RK, Carter PM, Enke YL, Thompson A, Flynn B, Trang EP, Dalrymple AN, Fallon JB. Chronic intracochlear electrical stimulation at high charge densities: reducing platinum dissolution. J Neural Eng 2020; 17:056009. [DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/abb7a6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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14
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Aceta Y, Hapiot P, Leroux YR. Investigation of Protective Properties of Organic Layers toward Reactive Oxygen Species. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:16210-16216. [PMID: 31697088 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b02991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The antioxidant protective properties of polyaromatic organic layers were evaluated toward reactive oxygen species (ROS) using scanning electrochemical microscopy in a foot-printing strategy. The layers were prepared by electrografting of aryldiazonium salts. Where p-(methyl)phenyl films show only weak protective properties toward ROS, p-(ethynyl)phenyl films evidence efficient protection of the covered surfaces. Applied potentials and electrolytes used during oxygen reduction reaction are critical parameters to control, prevent, or reduce the influence of ROS production and hence enhance the device lifetime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yara Aceta
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226 , F-35000 Rennes , France
| | | | - Yann R Leroux
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226 , F-35000 Rennes , France
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15
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Lee S, Jang W, Kim M, Shin JE, Park HB, Jung N, Whang D. Rational Design of Ultrathin Gas Barrier Layer via Reconstruction of Hexagonal Boron Nitride Nanoflakes to Enhance the Chemical Stability of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2019; 15:e1903705. [PMID: 31523914 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201903705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) has great potential as a promising gas barrier layer in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) as it shows high proton conductivity as well as excellent gas-blocking capability. However, structural defects and mechanical damage during the transfer of the hBN layer and membrane swelling have limited the application of hBN sheets to PEMFCs. Here, an ultrathin gas barrier layer is successfully fabricated on a proton exchange membrane via reconstruction of mechanically exfoliated hBN nanoflakes using a direct spin-coating process. The hBN-coated layer effectively suppresses the gas crossover and inhibits the formation of reactive oxygen radicals in the electrodes without reducing the proton conductivity of the membrane. It is also demonstrated that the structural advantages of hBN-coated gas barrier layers promise high performance of a unit cell even after a open-circuit voltage (OCV) hold test for 100 h. Furthermore, through in-depth postmortem analyses, a time-dependent degradation mechanism of membrane electrode assembly under the OCV condition is rationally proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongsoo Lee
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT) and School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonseok Jang
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT) and School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Mansu Kim
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT) and School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Eun Shin
- Department of Energy Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Bum Park
- Department of Energy Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Namgee Jung
- Graduate School of Energy Science and Technology (GEST), Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34148, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongmok Whang
- SKKU Advanced Institute of Nanotechnology (SAINT) and School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, Republic of Korea
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16
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Deng X, Galli F, Koper MTM. In Situ Electrochemical AFM Imaging of a Pt Electrode in Sulfuric Acid under Potential Cycling Conditions. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:13285-13291. [PMID: 30222335 PMCID: PMC6328281 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b07452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the electrochemical behavior of Pt at the solid/liquid interface is of significant importance for the development of efficient electrochemical devices, such as fuel cells and water electrolyzers. In this work, the evolution of the surface morphology of a polycrystalline platinum under potential cycling conditions was investigated by in situ electrochemical atomic force microscopy (EC-AFM). After 50 cycles between 0.05 and 1.8 V in 0.1 M H2SO4, the Pt surface is coarsened and nanoparticles of several nanometers appear on the surface. The critical upper and lower potentials for the formation of nanoparticles are found to be 1.8 and 0.8 V, respectively. The in situ AFM observation coupled with Cyclic Voltammerty reveals the periodic disappearance and reappearance of the nanoparticles, based on which the formation of nanoparticles is attributed to the deposition of dissolved Pt from solution, and a model for the nanoparticle formation is proposed. While the formation of a thick oxide layer is a prerequisite, the reduction process is found to have a strong influence on Pt nanoparticle formation as well. This investigation provides a visualization of the Pt electrode surface under electrochemical control in a large potential window, enabling a broader understanding of the Pt electrode roughening mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Deng
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, PO Box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Federica Galli
- Huygens-Kamerlingh
Onnes Laboratory, Leiden University, Niels Bohrweg 2, 2333 CA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marc T. M. Koper
- Leiden
Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, PO Box 9502, 2300 RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
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17
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Hussain G, O'Mullane AP, Silvester DS. Modification of Microelectrode Arrays with High Surface Area Dendritic Platinum 3D Structures: Enhanced Sensitivity for Oxygen Detection in Ionic Liquids. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 8:E735. [PMID: 30227681 PMCID: PMC6163947 DOI: 10.3390/nano8090735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemical gas sensors are often used for identifying and quantifying redox-active analyte gases in the atmosphere. However, for amperometric sensors, the current signal is usually dependent on the electroactive surface area, which can become small when using microelectrodes and miniaturized devices. Microarray thin-film electrodes (MATFEs) are commercially available, low-cost devices that give enhanced current densities compared to mm-sized electrodes, but still give low current responses (e.g., less than one nanoamp), when detecting low concentrations of gases. To overcome this, we have modified the surface of the MATFEs by depositing platinum into the recessed holes to create arrays of 3D structures with high surface areas. Dendritic structures have been formed using an additive, lead acetate (Pb(OAc)₂) into the plating solution. One-step and two-step depositions were explored, with a total deposition time of 300 s or 420 s. The modified MATFEs were then studied for their behavior towards oxygen reduction in the room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) [N8,2,2,2][NTf₂]. Significantly enhanced currents for oxygen were observed, ranging from 9 to 16 times the current of the unmodified MATFE. The highest sensitivity was obtained using a two-step deposition with a total time of 420 s, and both steps containing Pb(OAc)₂. This work shows that commercially-available microelectrodes can be favorably modified to give significantly enhanced analytical performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghulam Hussain
- Curtin Institute for Functional Molecules and Interfaces, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth 6845, Australia.
| | - Anthony P O'Mullane
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia.
| | - Debbie S Silvester
- Curtin Institute for Functional Molecules and Interfaces, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth 6845, Australia.
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18
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Iffelsberger C, Raith T, Vatsyayan P, Vyskočil V, Matysik FM. Detection and imaging of reactive oxygen species associated with the electrochemical oxygen evolution by hydrodynamic scanning electrochemical microscopy. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.05.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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19
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Ustarroz J, Ornelas IM, Zhang G, Perry D, Kang M, Bentley CL, Walker M, Unwin PR. Mobility and Poisoning of Mass-Selected Platinum Nanoclusters during the Oxygen Reduction Reaction. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b00553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jon Ustarroz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
- Research Group Electrochemical and Surface Engineering (SURF), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Isabel M. Ornelas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
- Nanoscale Physics, Chemistry and Engineering Research Laboratory, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, U.K
| | - Guohui Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - David Perry
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Minkyung Kang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | | | - Marc Walker
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Patrick R. Unwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
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20
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Jedraszko J, Michalak M, Jönsson-Niedziolka M, Nogala W. Hopping mode SECM imaging of redox activity in ionic liquid with glass-coated inlaid platinum nanoelectrodes prepared using a heating coil puller. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2018.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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21
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Bae JH, Brocenschi RF, Kisslinger K, Xin HL, Mirkin MV. Dissolution of Pt during Oxygen Reduction Reaction Produces Pt Nanoparticles. Anal Chem 2017; 89:12618-12621. [PMID: 29139288 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b03121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The loss of Pt during the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) affects the performance and economic viability of fuel cells and sensors. Our group previously observed the dissolution of Pt nanoelectrodes at moderately negative potentials during the ORR. Here we report a more detailed study of this process and identify its product. The nanoporous Pt surface formed during the ORR was visualized by AFM and high-resolution SEM, which also showed ∼5 nm sized Pt particles on the glass surface surrounding the electrode. The release of these nanoparticles into the solution was confirmed by monitoring their catalytically amplified collisions with a Hg-coated microelectrode used as the tip in the scanning electrochemical microscope (SECM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Je Hyun Bae
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College-CUNY , Flushing, New York 11367, United States
| | - Ricardo F Brocenschi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College-CUNY , Flushing, New York 11367, United States
| | - Kim Kisslinger
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Huolin L Xin
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory , Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Michael V Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Queens College-CUNY , Flushing, New York 11367, United States.,The Graduate Center, CUNY , New York, New York 10016, United States
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22
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Percival SJ, Dick JE, Bard AJ. Cathodically Dissolved Platinum Resulting from the O2 and H2O2 Reduction Reactions on Platinum Ultramicroelectrodes. Anal Chem 2017; 89:3087-3092. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J. Percival
- Center for Electrochemistry,
Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Jeffrey E. Dick
- Center for Electrochemistry,
Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Allen J. Bard
- Center for Electrochemistry,
Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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23
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Sun P, Kitt J, Tran N, Dang J, Saavedra DP, Hong J, Wampler R, Anz S. Voltammetry on a Nanometer-sized Electrode in Solution Containing Very Dilute Electroactive Species. ELECTROANAL 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201600030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; California State Polytechnic University; Pomona California 91768
| | - Jordan Kitt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; California State Polytechnic University; Pomona California 91768
| | - Nina Tran
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; California State Polytechnic University; Pomona California 91768
| | - Jennytruc Dang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; California State Polytechnic University; Pomona California 91768
| | - Daniel P. Saavedra
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; California State Polytechnic University; Pomona California 91768
| | - Jungik Hong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; California State Polytechnic University; Pomona California 91768
| | - Rachel Wampler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; California State Polytechnic University; Pomona California 91768
| | - Samir Anz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; California State Polytechnic University; Pomona California 91768
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24
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Tian M, Cousins C, Beauchemin D, Furuya Y, Ohma A, Jerkiewicz G. Influence of the Working and Counter Electrode Surface Area Ratios on the Dissolution of Platinum under Electrochemical Conditions. ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Tian
- Department
of Chemistry, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Christine Cousins
- Department
of Chemistry, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Diane Beauchemin
- Department
of Chemistry, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Yoshihisa Furuya
- Nissan
Research Center, Nissan Motor Company, 1-Natsushima Cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-8523, Japan
| | - Atsushi Ohma
- Nissan
Research Center, Nissan Motor Company, 1-Natsushima Cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237-8523, Japan
| | - Gregory Jerkiewicz
- Department
of Chemistry, Queen’s University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
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25
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Noël JM, Médard J, Combellas C, Kanoufi F. Prussian Blue Degradation during Hydrogen Peroxide Reduction: A Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy Study on the Role of the Hydroxide Ion and Hydroxyl Radical. ChemElectroChem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201600196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Marc Noël
- Sorbonne Paris Cité; Université Paris Diderot, Interfaces, Traitements, Organisation et Dynamique des Systèmes, CNRS-UMR 7086; 15 rue J. A. Baif 75013 Paris France
| | - Jérôme Médard
- Sorbonne Paris Cité; Université Paris Diderot, Interfaces, Traitements, Organisation et Dynamique des Systèmes, CNRS-UMR 7086; 15 rue J. A. Baif 75013 Paris France
| | - Catherine Combellas
- Sorbonne Paris Cité; Université Paris Diderot, Interfaces, Traitements, Organisation et Dynamique des Systèmes, CNRS-UMR 7086; 15 rue J. A. Baif 75013 Paris France
| | - Frédéric Kanoufi
- Sorbonne Paris Cité; Université Paris Diderot, Interfaces, Traitements, Organisation et Dynamique des Systèmes, CNRS-UMR 7086; 15 rue J. A. Baif 75013 Paris France
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26
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Lin TE, Cortés-Salazar F, Lesch A, Qiao L, Bondarenko A, Girault HH. Multiple scanning electrochemical microscopy mapping of tyrosinase in micro-contact printed fruit samples on polyvinylidene fluoride membrane. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.03.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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27
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Zhou M, Yu Y, Hu K, Mirkin MV. Nanoelectrochemical Approach To Detecting Short-Lived Intermediates of Electrocatalytic Oxygen Reduction. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:6517-23. [DOI: 10.1021/ja512482n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhou
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, New York 11367, United States
| | - Yun Yu
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, New York 11367, United States
| | - Keke Hu
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, New York 11367, United States
| | - Michael V. Mirkin
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, New York 11367, United States
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28
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Petrii OA. Electrosynthesis of nanostructures and nanomaterials. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2015. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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29
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Zhang Y, Xu S, Qian Y, Yang X, Li Y. Preparation, electrochemical responses and sensing application of Au disk nanoelectrodes down to 5 nm. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra14777h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Single Au nano-disk nanoelectrodes with the radii down to 5 nm have been prepared, which can be used to measure ferritin molecules in the amount of ∼3900 molecules or 6.1 zmol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyao Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Anhui Normal University
- Wuhu 241000
- China
| | - Shen Xu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Anhui Normal University
- Wuhu 241000
- China
| | - YuanYuan Qian
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Anhui Normal University
- Wuhu 241000
- China
| | - Xiaosong Yang
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Anhui Normal University
- Wuhu 241000
- China
| | - Yongxin Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science
- Anhui Normal University
- Wuhu 241000
- China
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30
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Boutier-Pischon A, Auger F, Noël JM, Almario A, Frapart YM. EPR and electrochemical quantification of oxygen using newly synthesized para-silylated triarylmethyl radicals. Free Radic Res 2014; 49:236-43. [PMID: 25488370 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2014.995183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Novel silylated triarylmethyl (TAM) radicals based on TAM core CT-03 and their electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra are evaluated as a function of oxygen concentration. Combination of peak-to-peak linewidth of the EPR signal and electrochemical determination allows designing a method for oxygen quantification in phosphate buffer, dimethylsulfoxide, and dichloromethane, which can be extended to other solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Boutier-Pischon
- LCBPT, UMR 8601 CNRS-Paris Descartes University , Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris , France
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31
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Li M, Liu Y, Ding S, Zhu A, Shi G. In situ synthesis of poly(ionic liquid)-Pt nanoparticle composite in glass capillary for the electrocatalytic reduction of oxygen. Analyst 2014; 139:5964-9. [PMID: 25265363 DOI: 10.1039/c4an01229a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
A novel approach for in situ synthesizing poly(ionic liquid)-Pt nanoparticle (PIL-Pt) composite in a glass capillary for fabricating filling-type electrode is reported in this work. XRD and TEM were used to characterize the as-synthesized PIL-Pt composite. Because of the modification of poly(ionic liquid)s (PILs), the PIL-Pt composite can not only be dispersed well to form a homogeneous suspension of Pt nanoparticles, but also be synthesized directly in a glass capillary with a tip radius ranging from 250 nm to 2.5 µm. By simple heating at 130 °C, the PIL-Pt composite capillary electrode was fabricated under mild conditions. With the advantages of both PILs and glass capillary, a PIL-Pt capillary electrode can provide a favourable microenvironment for the encapsulated Pt nanoparticles and promote the mass transfer rate; thus, showing a high electrocatalytic activity and stability for an oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The present study provided a novel method for the development of high performance electrocatalysts based on the construction of PIL-Pt composite in a glass capillary for fuel cell or electrochemical sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meina Li
- Department of Chemistry, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200241, China.
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32
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Deng H, Stockmann TJ, Peljo P, Opallo M, Girault HH. Electrochemical oxygen reduction at soft interfaces catalyzed by the transfer of hydrated lithium cations. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2014.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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33
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Percival SJ, Zhang B. Study of the formation and quick growth of thick oxide films using platinum nanoelectrodes as a model electrocatalyst. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2014; 30:11235-11242. [PMID: 25162785 DOI: 10.1021/la502336e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We report a study of the formation and quick growth of thick films of platinum oxide on platinum nanoelectrodes at low anodic potentials. Here, structurally well-defined platinum nanoelectrodes are used as a model platform for nanoscale platinum electrocatalysts. Platinum films are formed on the surface of the nanoelectrode upon application of a constant anodic potential in an acidic environment for an extended time period. A current spike is initially observed, which is attributed to capacitance charging, the oxidation of water, and the initial oxidation of the platinum surface. A finite residual current follows the initial current spike, which is composed of both water oxidation and the oxidation of platinum metal concealed beneath the growing oxide layer. These films are observed to be structurally irreversible, grow to be relatively thick, and protrude out of the glass insulating material encasing the nanoelectrode due to the added volume of the oxygen incorporated into the growing platinum oxide film. Once reduced, the platinum metal remains protruding out of the glass, and its presence is confirmed by both SEM imaging and cyclic voltammetry. Steady-state voltammetric data shows a finite increase in the diffusion-limited faradaic current of the nanoelectrode, relative to the initial steady-state current, after the oxidation/reduction of the platinum which is due to an increased area of the protruding platinum metal. A minimum apparent rate of ∼1.2 nm/min can be calculated for the growth of the platinum oxide film. The use of platinum nanoelectrodes has shown several distinct advantages in this study, including better control of the size and morphology of the individual electrocatalysts, the ability to image using electron microscopy, and the ability to use voltammetry to evaluate the geometry of the electrode quickly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Percival
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington , Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
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34
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Najdovski I, Selvakannan PR, O'Mullane AP. Cathodic Corrosion of Cu Substrates as a Route to Nanostructured Cu/M (M=Ag, Au, Pd) Surfaces. ChemElectroChem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201402259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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35
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Malinowska S, Gniadek M, Rapecki T, Kurek E, Stojek Z, Donten M. Polypyrrole–gold nanostructured composite, active and durable electrocatalytic material. J Solid State Electrochem 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-014-2408-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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36
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Repeated rearrangements of oligonucleotides immobilized on gold surface caused by UV irradiation in presence of dissolved oxygen. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.03.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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37
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Radich EJ, Kamat PV. Making graphene holey. Gold-nanoparticle-mediated hydroxyl radical attack on reduced graphene oxide. ACS NANO 2013; 7:5546-5557. [PMID: 23641756 DOI: 10.1021/nn401794k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (RGO) have important applications in the development of new electrode and photocatalyst architectures. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) have now been employed as catalyst to generate OH(•) and oxidize RGO via hydroxyl radical attack. The oxidation of RGO is marked by pores and wrinkles within the 2-D network. Nanosecond laser flash photolysis was used in conjunction with competition kinetics to elucidate the oxidative mechanism and calculate rate constants for the AuNP-catalyzed and direct reaction between RGO and OH(•). The results highlight the use of the AuNP-mediated oxidation reaction to tune the properties of RGO through the degree of oxidation and/or functional group selectivity in addition to the nanoporous and wrinkle facets. The ability of AuNPs to catalyze the photolytic decomposition of H2O2 as well as the hydroxyl radical-induced oxidation of RGO raises new issues concerning graphene stability in energy conversion and storage (photocatalysis, fuel cells, Li-ion batteries, etc.). Understanding RGO oxidation by free radicals will aid in maintaining the long-term stability of RGO-based functional composites where intimate contact with radical species is inevitable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmy J Radich
- Radiation Laboratory, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, USA
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38
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Nioradze N, Chen R, Kim J, Shen M, Santhosh P, Amemiya S. Origins of nanoscale damage to glass-sealed platinum electrodes with submicrometer and nanometer size. Anal Chem 2013; 85:6198-202. [PMID: 23763642 DOI: 10.1021/ac401316n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Glass-sealed Pt electrodes with submicrometer and nanometer size have been successfully developed and applied for nanoscale electrochemical measurements such as scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM). These small electrodes, however, are difficult to work with because they often lose a current response or give a low SECM feedback in current-distance curves. Here we report that these problems can be due to the nanometer-scale damage that is readily and unknowingly made to the small tips in air by electrostatic discharge or in electrolyte solution by electrochemical etching. The damaged Pt electrodes are recessed and contaminated with removed electrode materials to lower their current responses. The recession and contamination of damaged Pt electrodes are demonstrated by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy. The recessed geometry is noticeable also by SECM but is not obvious from a cyclic voltammogram. Characterization of a damaged Pt electrode with recessed geometry only by cyclic voltammetry may underestimate electrode size from a lower limiting current owing to an invalid assumption of inlaid disk geometry. Significantly, electrostatic damage can be avoided by grounding a Pt electrode and nearby objects, most importantly, an operator as a source of electrostatic charge. Electrochemical damage can be avoided by maintaining potentiostatic control of a Pt electrode without internally disconnecting the electrode from a potentiostat between voltammetric measurements. Damage-free Pt electrodes with submicrometer and nanometer sizes are pivotal for reliable and quantitative nanoelectrochemical measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikoloz Nioradze
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA
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