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Candeago R, Wang H, Nguyen MT, Doucet M, Glezakou VA, Browning JF, Su X. Unraveling the Role of Solvation and Ion Valency on Redox-Mediated Electrosorption through In Situ Neutron Reflectometry and Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics. JACS AU 2024; 4:919-929. [PMID: 38559709 PMCID: PMC10976571 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Solvation and ion valency effects on selectivity of metal oxyanions at redox-polymer interfaces are explored through in situ spatial-temporally resolved neutron reflectometry combined with large scale ab initio molecular dynamics. The selectivity of ReO4- vs MoO42- for two redox-metallopolymers, poly(vinyl ferrocene) (PVFc) and poly(3-ferrocenylpropyl methacrylamide) (PFPMAm) is evaluated. PVFc has a higher Re/Mo separation factor compared to PFPMAm at 0.6 V vs Ag/AgCl. In situ techniques show that both PVFc and PFPMAm swell in the presence of ReO4- (having higher solvation with PFPMAm), but do not swell in contact with MoO42-. Ab initio molecular simulations suggest that MoO42- maintains a well-defined double solvation shell compared to ReO4-. The more loosely solvated anion (ReO4-) is preferably adsorbed by the more hydrophobic redox polymer (PVFc), and electrostatic cross-linking driven by divalent anionic interactions could impair film swelling. Thus, the in-depth understanding of selectivity mechanisms can accelerate the design of ion-selective redox-mediated separation systems for transition metal recovery and recycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Candeago
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Hanyu Wang
- Center
for Nanophase Materials Sciences, Oak Ridge
National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Manh-Thuong Nguyen
- Physical
and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Mathieu Doucet
- Neutron
Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | | | - James F. Browning
- Neutron
Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Xiao Su
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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2
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Tan KJ, Morikawa S, Hatton TA. Electroactive Behavior of Adjustable Vinylferrocene Copolymers in Electrolyte Media. J Phys Chem B 2024; 128:1748-1759. [PMID: 38331399 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.3c06140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
The redox-active properties of a series of ferrocene-containing vinyl polymers were investigated in aqueous and organic media. Each metallopolymer contained vinylferrocene (VFc) and a non-redox-active species (X), and was combined with carbon nanotubes (CNT) to generate P(VFcn-co-X1-n)-CNT composites for heterogeneous electrochemical analysis. Tunable pseudocapacitances spanning ca. 0.03-280 F/g VFc in aqueous solution were achieved by varying the copolymer composition, with P(VFc0.11-co-HEMA0.89) producing standardized values at ca. 160-180 F/g VFc even for differently hydrated anions. Additionally, the polymer-bound ferrocene/ferrocenium redox potential was seen to depend prominently on its electrolyte anion's Gibbs free energy of hydration. Although the hydrophilic chloride anion negatively influenced the electrochemical stability of the VFc units when in their PVFc homopolymer, copolymerizing them with 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and introducing perchlorate anions ameliorated their overall capacity retention by 64% and 38%, respectively. Lastly, the electrodes' responses in aprotic and protic solvents were examined for correlations with numerous solvent polarity metrics and solubility measures, with a notable observation being the stability and pseudocapacitive increase of the styrene (St)-containing P(VFc0.27-co-St0.73)-CNT from 5 to ca. 190 F/g VFc when in methanol instead of water. This study can help provide insight regarding material design considerations for redox moiety implementation in electrochemical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Jher Tan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Satoshi Morikawa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - T Alan Hatton
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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3
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Cho KH, Chen R, Elbert J, Su X. Redox-Functionalized Semiconductor Interfaces for Photoelectrochemical Separations. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2305275. [PMID: 37471171 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202305275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
Redox-mediated electrosorption is a promising platform for selective electrochemical (EC) separations, due to its molecular selectivity, high uptake, and tunability for target ions. However, the electrical energy required is mainly generated by non-renewable energy sources, which limits its sustainability and overall impact to decarbonization. Here, a redox-mediated photoelectrochemical (PEC) separation process using polyvinyl ferrocene functionalized TiO2 nanorod electrodes is proposed, which integrates direct solar energy as a driver for the selective electrosorption. The photoelectrochemically-driven oxidation and reduction with both homogeneous and heterogeneous ferrocene-systems is investigated to establish the underlying mechanism. The PEC system can separate heavy metal oxyanions at lower voltages or even without electrical energy. At 0.3 V versus SCE, a 124 mg g-1 uptake for Mo is achieved, which is comparable to the performance of EC cells at 0.75 V versus SCE. Thus, PEC systems not only can generate energy for spontaneous redox-separations, but also can reduce electrical energy consumption by 51.4% compared to EC cells for separation processes when coupled with an external electrical energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Hyun Cho
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA
| | - Raylin Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA
| | - Johannes Elbert
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA
| | - Xiao Su
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, USA
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4
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Tan KJ, Morikawa S, Ozbek N, Lenz M, Arlt CR, Tschöpe A, Franzreb M, Hatton TA. Redox Polyelectrolytes with pH-Sensitive Electroactive Functionality in Aqueous Media. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:2943-2956. [PMID: 36794996 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
A framework of ferrocene-containing polymers bearing adjustable pH- and redox-active properties in aqueous electrolyte environments was developed. The electroactive metallopolymers were designed to possess enhanced hydrophilicity compared to the vinylferrocene (VFc) homopolymer, poly(vinylferrocene) (PVFc), by virtue of the comonomer incorporated into the macromolecule, and could also be prepared as conductive nanoporous carbon nanotube (CNT) composites that offered a variety of different redox potentials spanning a ca. 300 mV range. The presence of charged non-redox-active moieties such as methacrylate (MA) in the polymeric structure endowed it with acid dissociation properties that interacted synergistically with the redox activity of the ferrocene moieties to impart pH-dependent electrochemical behavior to the overall polymer, which was subsequently studied and compared to several Nernstian relationships in both homogeneous and heterogeneous configurations. This zwitterionic characteristic was leveraged for the enhanced electrochemical separation of several transition metal oxyanions using a P(VFc0.63-co-MA0.37)-CNT polyelectrolyte electrode, which yielded an almost twofold preference for chromium as hydrogen chromate versus its chromate form, and also exemplified the electrochemically mediated and innately reversible nature of the separation process through the capture and release of vanadium oxyanions. These investigations into pH-sensitive redox-active materials provide insight for future developments in stimuli-responsive molecular recognition, with extendibility to areas such as electrochemical sensing and selective separation for water purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Jher Tan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States of America
| | - Satoshi Morikawa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States of America
| | - Nil Ozbek
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States of America
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34469 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Magdalena Lenz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States of America
| | - Carsten-René Arlt
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States of America
| | - André Tschöpe
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States of America
| | - Matthias Franzreb
- Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Baden-Württemberg 76344, Germany
| | - T Alan Hatton
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States of America
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5
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Polat S, Kortlever R, Eral HB. Ultrasound-promoted preparation of polyvinyl ferrocene-based electrodes for selective formate separation: Experimental design and optimization. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2022; 89:106146. [PMID: 36081315 PMCID: PMC9465433 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2022.106146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The selective separation of ions is a major technological challenge having far-ranging impacts from product separation in electrochemical production of base chemicals from CO2 to water purification. In recent years, ion-selective electrochemical systems leveraging redox-materials emerged as an attractive platform based on their reversibility and remarkable ion selectivity. In the present study, we present an ultrasound-intensified fabrication process for polyvinyl ferrocene (PVF)-functionalized electrodes in a carbon nanotube (CNT) matrix for selective electro-adsorption of formate ions. To this end, a response surface methodology involving the Box-Behnken design with three effective independent variables, namely, PVF to CNT ratio, sonication duration, and ultrasonic amplitude was applied to reach the maximum formate adsorption efficiency. The fabricated electrodes were characterized using cyclic voltammetry, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). SEM images revealed that an optimized ultrasonic amplitude and sonication time provided remarkable improvements in electrode morphology. Through a sedimentation study, we qualitatively demonstrate that the main optimized conditions improved PVF/CNT dispersion stability, consequently providing the highest number of active surface sites for adsorption and the highest adsorption efficiency. The highest percentage of active electrode surface sites and the maximum adsorption efficiency were 97.8 and 90.7% respectively at a PVF/CNT ratio of 3, ultrasonication time of one hour, and 50% ultrasonic amplitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sevgi Polat
- Complex Fluid Processing Section, Process & Energy Department, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CB Delft, The Netherlands; Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Marmara University, 34854 İstanbul, Turkey.
| | - Ruud Kortlever
- Large-Scale Energy Storage Section, Process & Energy Department, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CB Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Huseyin Burak Eral
- Complex Fluid Processing Section, Process & Energy Department, Faculty of Mechanical, Maritime and Materials Engineering, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CB Delft, The Netherlands.
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6
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Alkhadra M, Su X, Suss ME, Tian H, Guyes EN, Shocron AN, Conforti KM, de Souza JP, Kim N, Tedesco M, Khoiruddin K, Wenten IG, Santiago JG, Hatton TA, Bazant MZ. Electrochemical Methods for Water Purification, Ion Separations, and Energy Conversion. Chem Rev 2022; 122:13547-13635. [PMID: 35904408 PMCID: PMC9413246 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural development, extensive industrialization, and rapid growth of the global population have inadvertently been accompanied by environmental pollution. Water pollution is exacerbated by the decreasing ability of traditional treatment methods to comply with tightening environmental standards. This review provides a comprehensive description of the principles and applications of electrochemical methods for water purification, ion separations, and energy conversion. Electrochemical methods have attractive features such as compact size, chemical selectivity, broad applicability, and reduced generation of secondary waste. Perhaps the greatest advantage of electrochemical methods, however, is that they remove contaminants directly from the water, while other technologies extract the water from the contaminants, which enables efficient removal of trace pollutants. The review begins with an overview of conventional electrochemical methods, which drive chemical or physical transformations via Faradaic reactions at electrodes, and proceeds to a detailed examination of the two primary mechanisms by which contaminants are separated in nondestructive electrochemical processes, namely electrokinetics and electrosorption. In these sections, special attention is given to emerging methods, such as shock electrodialysis and Faradaic electrosorption. Given the importance of generating clean, renewable energy, which may sometimes be combined with water purification, the review also discusses inverse methods of electrochemical energy conversion based on reverse electrosorption, electrowetting, and electrokinetic phenomena. The review concludes with a discussion of technology comparisons, remaining challenges, and potential innovations for the field such as process intensification and technoeconomic optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad
A. Alkhadra
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Xiao Su
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Matthew E. Suss
- Faculty
of Mechanical Engineering, Technion—Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Wolfson
Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion—Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Nancy
and Stephen Grand Technion Energy Program, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Huanhuan Tian
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Eric N. Guyes
- Faculty
of Mechanical Engineering, Technion—Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Amit N. Shocron
- Faculty
of Mechanical Engineering, Technion—Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Kameron M. Conforti
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - J. Pedro de Souza
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Nayeong Kim
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Michele Tedesco
- European
Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Wetsus, Oostergoweg 9, 8911 MA Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - Khoiruddin Khoiruddin
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi
Bandung, Jl. Ganesha no. 10, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia
- Research
Center for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha no. 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | - I Gede Wenten
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi
Bandung, Jl. Ganesha no. 10, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia
- Research
Center for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha no. 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | - Juan G. Santiago
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - T. Alan Hatton
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Martin Z. Bazant
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department
of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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7
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Niu W, Zheng Y, Li Y, Du L, Liu W. Photochemical microfluidic synthesis of vitamin D3 by improved light sources with photoluminescent substrates. Chin J Chem Eng 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjche.2020.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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8
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Hemmatifar A, Ozbek N, Halliday C, Hatton TA. Electrochemical Selective Recovery of Heavy Metal Vanadium Oxyanion from Continuously Flowing Aqueous Streams. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:3865-3874. [PMID: 32449988 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202001094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
An electrochemical flow cell with redox-active electrodes was used for selective removal and recovery of vanadium(V) oxyanions from aqueous streams. The cell relies on intrinsic affinity of the redox-active polymer poly(vinyl)ferrocene (PVFc) and demonstrates selectivity of >10 towards vanadium compared to a background electrolyte in 40-fold abundance. We demonstrate highly selective vanadium removal in the presence of various competing anions (i.e., fluoride, bromide, nitrate, and sulfate). Surface elemental analysis reveals significant correlation between PVFc moieties and vanadium-rich regions after adsorption, corroborating the central role of PVFc modulation on vanadium separation. We further propose a vanadium speciation mechanism in which high and low pH environments during adsorption and desorption steps favor formation of, respectively, H2 VO3 - / HVO4 2- and H2 VO3 - / H3 VO4 / VO2 + . Results have implications for the development and optimization of flow devices, as per our observations, excessively low pH environments during desorption can lead to subsequent re-adsorption of cationic vanadium(V).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Hemmatifar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Nil Ozbek
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Cameron Halliday
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - T Alan Hatton
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
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9
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Su X, Kushima A, Halliday C, Zhou J, Li J, Hatton TA. Electrochemically-mediated selective capture of heavy metal chromium and arsenic oxyanions from water. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4701. [PMID: 30409968 PMCID: PMC6224381 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07159-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The removal of highly toxic, ultra-dilute contaminants of concern has been a primary challenge for clean water technologies. Chromium and arsenic are among the most prevalent heavy metal pollutants in urban and agricultural waters, with current separation processes having severe limitations due to lack of molecular selectivity. Here, we report redox-active metallopolymer electrodes for the selective electrochemical removal of chromium and arsenic. An uptake greater than 100 mg Cr/g adsorbent can be achieved electrochemically, with a 99% reversible working capacity, with the bound chromium ions released in the less harmful trivalent form. Furthermore, we study the metallopolymer response during electrochemical modulation by in situ transmission electron microscopy. The underlying mechanisms for molecular selectivity are investigated through electronic structure calculations, indicating a strong charge transfer to the heavy metal oxyanions. Finally, chromium and arsenic are remediated efficiently at concentrations as low as 100 ppb, in the presence of over 200-fold excess competing salts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Su
- Department of Chemical Engineering, MIT, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Akihiro Kushima
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, MIT, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, 12760 Pegasus Drive, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Cameron Halliday
- Department of Chemical Engineering, MIT, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, MIT, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Ju Li
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, MIT, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - T Alan Hatton
- Department of Chemical Engineering, MIT, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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10
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Gallei M, Rüttiger C. Recent Trends in Metallopolymer Design: Redox-Controlled Surfaces, Porous Membranes, and Switchable Optical Materials Using Ferrocene-Containing Polymers. Chemistry 2018; 24:10006-10021. [PMID: 29532972 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201800412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Metallopolymers with metal functionalities are a unique class of functional materials. Their redox-mediated optoelectronic and catalytic switching capabilities, their outstanding structure formation and separation capabilities have been reported recently. Within this Minireview, the scope and limitations of intriguing ferrocene-containing systems will be discussed. In the first section recent advances in metallopolymer design will be given leading to a plethora of novel metallopolymer architectures. Discussed synthetic pathways comprise controlled and living polymerization protocols as well as surface immobilization strategies. In the following sections, we focus on recent advances and new applications for side-chain and main-chain ferrocene-containing polymers as (i) remote-switchable materials, (ii) smart surfaces, (iii) redox-responsive membranes, and some recent trends in (iv) photonic structures and (v) other optical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Gallei
- Ernst-Berl Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Christian Rüttiger
- Ernst-Berl Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Alarich-Weiss-Straße 4, 64287, Darmstadt, Germany
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11
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Bizid S, Blili S, Mlika R, Haj Said A, Korri-Youssoufi H. Direct E-DNA sensor of Mycobacterium tuberculosis mutant strain based on new nanocomposite transducer (Fc-ac-OMPA/MWCNTs). Talanta 2018; 184:475-483. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Polymer-wrapped single-walled carbon nanotubes: a transformation toward better applications in healthcare. Drug Deliv Transl Res 2018; 9:578-594. [DOI: 10.1007/s13346-018-0505-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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13
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Chatterjee P, Nofen EM, Xu W, Hom C, Jiang H, Dai LL. Pyrrole-based poly(ionic liquids) as efficient stabilizers for formation of hollow multi-walled carbon nanotubes particles. J Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 504:140-148. [PMID: 28544915 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.03.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Poly(ionic liquid) (PIL) derivatives with pyrrole intrinsically conducting polymer (ICP) backbones were synthesized and utilized as novel dispersants of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) in various aqueous and non-aqueous systems, including polar and nonpolar solvents. This is due to the highly tunable nature of the PIL, in which the PILs of varying polarity with the same pyrrole-based polycation can be synthesized. The dispersions are exceedingly stable over many months, and with the addition of hexane, Pickering (solid-stabilized) emulsions with the PIL-stabilized MWCNTs at the droplet interfaces were formed. Depending on the hydrophobicity of the PIL, hexane-in-water and hexane-in-acetonitrile emulsions were formed, the latter marking the first non-aqueous CNT-stabilized emulsions, further advancing the processability of CNTs. The PIL-stabilized CNT Pickering emulsion droplets generated hollow conductive particles by subsequent drying of the emulsions. With emulsion templating, the hollow shells could be used as a payload carrier, depending on the solubility of the payload in the droplet phase of the emulsion. This was demonstrated with silicon nanoparticles, which have limited dispersibility in aqueous environments, but great scientific interest due to their potential electrochemical applications. Overall, this work explored a new class of efficient PIL-ICP hybrid stabilizers with tunable hydrophobicity, with hollow particle formation capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prithwish Chatterjee
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Nofen
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Wenwen Xu
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Conrad Hom
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Hanqing Jiang
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Lenore L Dai
- School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA.
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14
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Surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization of electrochemically responsive cobalt-methacrylates. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.06.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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15
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Du L, Wang Y, Xu J, Shen C, Luo G. In situ dispersion of non-aqueous Fe3O4 nanocolloids by microdroplet coalescence and their use in the preparation of magnetic composite particles. SOFT MATTER 2016; 12:5180-5187. [PMID: 27191775 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm00628k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Monodispersity and size uniformity are critical issues for nanoparticles, especially for the inorganic particles dispersed in organic carriers serving as the precursor of composites. Herein, for the first time, we have developed a method based on flow-induced droplet coalescence for in situ dispersion of surface-modified Fe3O4 nanoparticles to prepare Fe3O4/polystyrene (Fe3O4/PS) composite particles. A plate-type microchannel was constructed to initiate droplet coalescence for reducing the water-oil interfacial area and for dispersing Fe3O4 nanoparticles into the precursor suspensions. Under optimized conditions, the precursor suspensions could be composed of monodispersed Fe3O4 nanoparticles with an average size of approximately 12 nm. In this case, the saturation magnetization of the prepared superparamagnetic composites was as high as 4.012 emu g(-1) at a magnetite content of 5 wt%. The method is simple and has great potential to be tailored for the preparation of non-aqueous suspensions with uniform and monodispersed nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Du
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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16
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Du L, Wang Y, Ren Z, Shen C, Luo G. Preparation of Au Nanocolloids by in Situ Dispersion and Their Applications in Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) Films. Ind Eng Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b00807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Le Du
- Beijing
Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Technology, The State Key Laboratory
of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yujun Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The State Key Laboratory of Chemical
Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhongqi Ren
- Beijing
Key Laboratory of Membrane Science and Technology, The State Key Laboratory
of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Chun Shen
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioprocess, College
of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Guangsheng Luo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The State Key Laboratory of Chemical
Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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17
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Deng Z, Wang L, Yu H, Zhai X, Chen Y. Non-covalent dispersion of multi-walled carbon nanotubes in aqueous solution with hyperbranched polyethylene-g-poly(methacrylic acid). RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra27379j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Amphiphilic hyperbranched polyethylene-g-poly(methacrylic acid) was synthesized and found to be an efficient dispersant for dispersing MWCNTs in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
| | - Haojie Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
| | - Xiaoting Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
| | - Yongsheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
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18
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Deng Z, Wang L, Yu H, Zhai X, Chen Y, Zain-ul-Abdin ZUA, Abbasi NM. Synthesis of ferrocenyl hyper-branched polyethylene for non-covalent dispersion of multi-walled carbon nanotubes and fabrication of flexible carbon nanotubes-based conductive films. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra01182a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferrocenyl hyper-branched polyethylene was found to be an efficient dispersant for dispersing MWCNTs in CHCl3 and for preparing a flexible conductive film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
| | - Haojie Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
| | - Xiaoting Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
| | - Yongsheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
| | - Zain-ul-Abdin Zain-ul-Abdin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
| | - Nasir M. Abbasi
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering
- College of Chemical and Biological Engineering
- Zhejiang University
- Hangzhou 310027
- China
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19
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Deng Z, Wang L, Yu H, Zhai X, Chen Y. Noncovalent dispersion of multi-walled carbon nanotubes with poly(tert-butyl methacrylate) modified hyperbranched polyethylene for flexible conductive films. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra14757g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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20
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Mao X, Tian W, Hatton TA, Rutledge GC. Advances in electrospun carbon fiber-based electrochemical sensing platforms for bioanalytical applications. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 408:1307-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-9209-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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21
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Jia L, Petretic A, Molev G, Guerin G, Manners I, Winnik MA. Hierarchical Polymer-Carbon Nanotube Hybrid Mesostructures by Crystallization-Driven Self-Assembly. ACS NANO 2015; 9:10673-10685. [PMID: 26418346 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b01176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Multistep crystallization-driven self-assembly has great potential to enable the construction of sophisticated hybrid mesostructures. During the assembly procedure, each step modifies the properties of the overall structure. Here, we demonstrate the flexibility and efficiency of this approach by preparing polymer-carbon nanotube (CNT) hybrid mesostructures. We started by growing polyferrocenyldimethylsilane (PFS) homopolymer crystals onto multiwalled CNTs. This first step facilitated the redispersion of the coated CNTs in both polar (2-propanol) and nonpolar (decane) solvents. In the second step of hybrid construction, a unimer solution of a PFS block copolymer was added into the PFS-CNT solution. The PFS coating on the CNT initiated the growth of elongated micelles, resulting in structures that resembled hairy caterpillars. PFS-b-P2VP (P2VP = poly-2-vinylpyridine) micelles were grown from the surface of PFS-CNT hybrids in 2-propanol, and PFS-b-PI (PI = polyisoprene) micelles were grown from these hybrids in decane. These micelles, by transmission electron microscopy were seen to have an unusual wavy kinked structure, very different from the uniform smooth structures normally formed by both block copolymers. For hybrids with PFS-b-PI micelles, cross-linking of the micelle coronas locked the whole structure in place and allowed us to use the partial oxidation of PFS components to grow metal nanoparticles in the core of these micelles. We finally investigated the influence of the corona-forming block used to grow the micelles on the wettability of films made from these mesostructures. Films formed with CNT hybrids grafted with PFS-b-PI micelles were superhydrophobic (contact angle, 152°). In contrast, the surface of the films was much more hydrophilic (contact angle, 54°) when they were prepared from CNT hybrids grafted with PFS-b-P2VP micelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Jia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Amy Petretic
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Gregory Molev
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Gerald Guerin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Ian Manners
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol , Bristol, U.K. BS8 1TS
| | - Mitchell A Winnik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
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22
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Deng Z, Yu H, Wang L, Zhai X. A novel ferrocene-containing polymer based dispersant for noncovalent dispersion of multi-walled carbon nanotubes in chloroform. J Organomet Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2015.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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23
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Surface design and engineering of hierarchical hybrid nanostructures for asymmetric supercapacitors with improved electrochemical performance. J Colloid Interface Sci 2015; 447:282-301. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2014.12.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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24
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Mao X, Hatton TA. Recent Advances in Electrocatalytic Reduction of Carbon Dioxide Using Metal-Free Catalysts. Ind Eng Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/ie504336h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xianwen Mao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - T. Alan Hatton
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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25
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Mao X, Tian W, Wu J, Rutledge GC, Hatton TA. Electrochemically Responsive Heterogeneous Catalysis for Controlling Reaction Kinetics. J Am Chem Soc 2015; 137:1348-55. [DOI: 10.1021/ja512224g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xianwen Mao
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Wenda Tian
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Gregory C. Rutledge
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - T. Alan Hatton
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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26
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Mulla K, Liang S, Shaik H, Younes EA, Adronov A, Zhao Y. Dithiafulvenyl-grafted phenylene ethynylene polymers as selective and reversible dispersants for single-walled carbon nanotubes. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:149-52. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc07239a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Phenylene ethynylene-based π-conjugated polymers grafted with dithiafulvenyl groups on their side chains were found to be efficient in dispersing single-walled carbon nanotubes in a selective and controllable way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karimulla Mulla
- Department of Chemistry
- Memorial University
- St. John's
- Canada A1B 3X7
| | - Shuai Liang
- Department of Chemistry
- McMaster University
- Hamilton
- Canada L8S 4M1
| | - Haseena Shaik
- Department of Chemistry
- Memorial University
- St. John's
- Canada A1B 3X7
| | - Eyad A. Younes
- Department of Chemistry
- Memorial University
- St. John's
- Canada A1B 3X7
| | - Alex Adronov
- Department of Chemistry
- McMaster University
- Hamilton
- Canada L8S 4M1
| | - Yuming Zhao
- Department of Chemistry
- Memorial University
- St. John's
- Canada A1B 3X7
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27
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Kuralay F, Erdem A. Gold nanoparticle/polymer nanocomposite for highly sensitive drug–DNA interaction. Analyst 2015; 140:2876-80. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an00061k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate a gold nanaparticle/polyvinylferrocenium (AuNP/PVF+) coated platinum (Pt) electrode for sensing highly sensitive DNA–anticancer drug interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Kuralay
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Arts and Sciences
- Ordu University
- 52200 Ordu
- Turkey
| | - A. Erdem
- Analytical Chemistry Department
- Faculty of Pharmacy
- Ege University
- 35100 Bornova-Izmir
- Turkey
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28
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Plamper FA. Changing Polymer Solvation by Electrochemical Means: Basics and Applications. POROUS CARBONS – HYPERBRANCHED POLYMERS – POLYMER SOLVATION 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/12_2014_284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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