1
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Arnaboldi S. Wireless electrochemical actuation of soft materials towards chiral stimuli. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:2072-2080. [PMID: 36748650 PMCID: PMC9933456 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc06630k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Different areas of modern chemistry, require wireless systems able to transfer chirality from the molecular to the macroscopic event. The ability to recognize the enantiomers of a chiral analyte is highly desired, since in the majority of cases such molecules present different physico-chemical properties that could lead, eventually, to dangerous or harmful interactions with the environment or the human body. From an electrochemical point of view, enantiomers have the same electrochemical behavior except when they interact in a chiral environment. In this Feature Article, different approaches for the electrochemical recognition of chiral information based on the actuation of conducting polymers are described. Such a dynamic behavior of π-conjugated materials is based on an electrochemically induced shrinking/swelling transition of the polymeric matrix. Since all the systems, described so far in the literature, are achiral and require a direct connection to a power supply, new strategies will be presented in the manuscript, concerning the implementation of chirality in electrochemical actuators and their use in a wireless manner through bipolar electrochemistry. Herein, the synergy between the wireless unconventional actuation and the outstanding enantiorecognition of inherent chiral oligomers is presented as an easy and straightforward read out of chiral information in solution. This approach presents different advantages in comparison to classic electrochemical systems such as its wireless nature and the possible real-time data acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Arnaboldi
- Università degli Studi di Milano, Dipartimento di Chimica, Via Golgi 19, 20133, Milano, Italy.
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2
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Salinas G, Malacarne F, Bonetti G, Cirilli R, Benincori T, Arnaboldi S, Kuhn A. Wireless electromechanical enantio-responsive valves. Chirality 2023; 35:110-117. [PMID: 36513396 DOI: 10.1002/chir.23521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidic valves based on chemically responsive materials have gained considerable attention in recent years. Herein, a wireless enantio-responsive valve triggered by bipolar electrochemistry combined with chiral recognition is reported. A conducting polymer actuator functionalized with the enantiomers of an inherently chiral oligomer was used as bipolar valve to cover a tube loaded with a dye and immersed in a solution containing chiral analytes. When an electric field is applied, the designed actuator shows a reversible cantilever-type deflection, allowing the release of the dye from the reservoir. The tube can be opened and closed by simply switching the polarity of the system. Qualitative results show the successful release of the colorant, driven by chirality and redox reactions occurring at the bipolar valve. The device works well even in the presence of chemically different chiral analytes in the same solution. These systems open up new possibilities in the field of microfluidics, including also controlled drug delivery applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerardo Salinas
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM UMR 5255, Pessac, France
| | | | - Giorgia Bonetti
- Dip. di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, Univ. degli Studi dell'Insubria, Como, Italy
| | - Roberto Cirilli
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Centro Nazionale per il Controllo e la Valutazione dei Farmaci, Rome, Italy
| | - Tiziana Benincori
- Dip. di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, Univ. degli Studi dell'Insubria, Como, Italy
| | | | - Alexander Kuhn
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM UMR 5255, Pessac, France
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3
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Le QB, Zondaka Z, Nguyen NT, Kiefer R. Ion‐selectivity of polypyrrole carbide‐derived carbon films in aqueous electrolytes. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Quoc Bao Le
- Conducting Polymers in Composites and Applications Research Group, Faculty of Applied Sciences Ton Duc Thang University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Zane Zondaka
- Intelligent Materials and Systems Lab, Institute of Technology University of Tartu Tartu Estonia
| | - Ngoc Tuan Nguyen
- Faculty of Applied Sciences Ton Duc Thang University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Rudolf Kiefer
- Conducting Polymers in Composites and Applications Research Group, Faculty of Applied Sciences Ton Duc Thang University Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
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4
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Zondaka Z, Le QB, Kiefer R. Polypyrrole with Embedded Carbide-Derived Carbon with and without Phosphor Tungsten Acid: Linear Actuation and Energy Storage. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14214757. [PMID: 36365750 PMCID: PMC9658178 DOI: 10.3390/polym14214757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Researchers have focused on incorporating porous carbon particles such as carbon-derived carbon (CDC) into polypyrrole (PPy), preferably on the surface, to achieve high-capacitive electrodes. Less attention is afforded to their linear actuation properties. Therefore, in this work, we chose two different electropolymerization processes using the typical PPy doped with dodecylbenzene sulfonate (DBS−) and added CDC particles, compared with CDC with phosphotungstic acid (PTA), forming CDC-PT4− dopants. The resulting PPy/DBS-CDC (PPyCDC) and PPy/DBS-CDC-PT (PPyCDC-PT) films showed different morphologies, with PPyCDC having the most CDC particles on the surface with less surrounding PPy, while in PPyCDC-PT, all the CDC particles were covered with PPy. Their linear actuation properties, applying electrochemical techniques (cyclic voltammetry and square wave potential steps), were found to enhance the PPyCDC-PT films in organic (2-times-higher strain) and aqueous electrolytes (2.8-times-higher strain) in an applied potential range of 0.8 V to −0.5 V. The energy storage capability found for the PPyCDC was favorable, with 159 ± 13 F cm−3 (1.2 times lower for PPyCDC-PT) in the organic electrolyte, while in the aqueous electrolyte, a result of 135 ± 11 F cm−3 was determined (1.8 times lower for PPyCDC-PT). The results showed that PPyCDC was more favorable in terms of energy storage, while PPyCDC-PT was suitable for linear actuator applications. The characterization of both the film samples included scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman, FTIR, and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zane Zondaka
- Intelligent Materials and Systems Lab, Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Quoc Bao Le
- Conducting Polymers in Composites and Applications Research Group, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
| | - Rudolf Kiefer
- Conducting Polymers in Composites and Applications Research Group, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +84-784566419
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5
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Ting MS, Vella J, Raos BJ, Narasimhan BN, Svirskis D, Travas-Sejdic J, Malmström J. Conducting polymer hydrogels with electrically-tuneable mechanical properties as dynamic cell culture substrates. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2022; 134:112559. [PMID: 35527144 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogels are a popular substrate for cell culture due to their mechanical properties closely resembling natural tissue. Stimuli-responsive hydrogels are a good platform for studying cell response to dynamic stimuli. Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (pNIPAM) is a thermo-responsive polymer that undergoes a volume-phase transition when heated to 32 °C. Conducting polymers can be incorporated into hydrogels to introduce electrically responsive properties. The conducting polymer, polypyrrole (PPy), has been widely studied as electrochemical actuators due to its electrochemical stability, fast actuation and high strains. We determine the volume-phase transition temperature of pNIPAM hydrogels with PPy electropolymerised with different salts as a film within the hydrogel network. We also investigate the electro-mechanical properties at the transition temperature (32 °C) and physiological temperature (37 °C). We show statistically significant differences in the Young's modulus of the hybrid hydrogel at elevated temperatures upon electrochemical stimulation, with a 5 kPa difference at the transition temperature. Furthermore, we show a three-fold increase in actuation at transition temperature compared to room temperature and physiological temperature, attributed to the movement of ions in/out of the PPy film that induce the volume-phase transition of the pNIPAM hydrogel. Furthermore, cell adhesion to the hybrid hydrogel was demonstrated with mouse articular chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Ting
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington, New Zealand; Polymer Biointerface Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Joseph Vella
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Brad J Raos
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Badri Narayanan Narasimhan
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Darren Svirskis
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jadranka Travas-Sejdic
- MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington, New Zealand; Polymer Biointerface Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jenny Malmström
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand; MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Wellington, New Zealand; Polymer Biointerface Centre, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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6
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Polypyrrole Polyethylene Composite for Controllable Linear Actuators in Different Organic Electrolytes. MATERIALS 2022; 15:ma15020540. [PMID: 35057260 PMCID: PMC8781785 DOI: 10.3390/ma15020540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Controllable linear actuation of polypyrrole (PPy) is the envisaged goal where only one ion dominates direction (here anions) in reversible redox cycles. PPy with polyethylene oxide (PEO) doped with dodecylbenzenesulfonate forms PPy-PEO/DBS films (PPy-PEO), which are applied in propylene carbonate (PC) solvent with electrolytes such as 1-ethyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate (EDMICF3SO3), sodium perchlorate (NaClO4) and tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate (TBAPF6) and compared in their linear actuation properties with pristine PPy/DBS samples. PPy-PEO showed for all applied electrolytes that only expansion at oxidation appeared in cyclic voltammetric studies, while pristine PPy/DBS had mixed-ion actuation in all electrolytes. The electrolyte TBAPF6-PC revealed for PPy-PEO best results with 18% strain (PPy/DBS had 8.5% strain), 2 times better strain rates, 1.8 times higher electronic conductivity, 1.4 times higher charge densities and 1.5 times higher diffusion coefficients in comparison to PPy/DBS. Long-term measurements up to 1000 cycles at 0.1 Hz revealed strain over 4% for PPy-PEO linear actuators, showing that combination of PPy/DBS with PEO gives excellent material for artificial muscle-like applications envisaged for smart textiles and soft robotics. FTIR and Raman spectroscopy confirmed PEO content in PPy. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) of PPy samples revealed 1.3 times higher ion conductivity of PPy-PEO films in PC solvent. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to investigate morphologies of PPy samples, and EDX spectroscopy was conducted to determine ion contents of oxidized/reduced films.
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7
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Arnaboldi S, Salinas G, Bonetti G, Cirilli R, Benincori T, Kuhn A. Bipolar Electrochemical Measurement of Enantiomeric Excess with Inherently Chiral Polymer Actuators. ACS MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AU 2021; 1:110-116. [PMID: 34939074 PMCID: PMC8679086 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.1c00011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Straightforward enantioselective analytical methods are very important for drug safety, considering that in certain cases one of the two enantiomers of a chiral molecule might be harmful for humans. In this work, we propose a simple system for the direct and easy read-out of the enantiomeric excess of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) as a model analyte. A conducting oligomer, i.e. oligo-(3,3'-dibenzothiophene), bearing inherently chiral features, is electrogenerated on a polypyrrole film. The resulting freestanding hybrid material is used as a wireless enantioselective actuator in a bipolar electrochemical cell. Combining in a single setup two individual actuators with opposite chiral features allows a direct visual read-out of enantiomeric excess, as the bending amplitude of each of the two actuators is directly correlated with the concentration of the corresponding stereoisomer of the analyte. Optimization of the experimental parameters results in efficient bending, giving access to the percentage values of the enantiomeric excess in mixtures containing different ratios of the antipodes, thus opening the way to potential applications for chiral in situ analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Arnaboldi
- Université
de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5255, Bordeaux INP,
ENSCBP, 16 avenue Pey
Berland, 33607 Pessac, France
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Universita degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Gerardo Salinas
- Université
de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5255, Bordeaux INP,
ENSCBP, 16 avenue Pey
Berland, 33607 Pessac, France
| | - Giorgia Bonetti
- Dipartimento
di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, Universita
degli Studi dell’Insubria, Via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Roberto Cirilli
- Centro
Nazionale per il Controllo e la Valutazione dei Farmaci, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Tiziana Benincori
- Dipartimento
di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, Universita
degli Studi dell’Insubria, Via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Alexander Kuhn
- Université
de Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5255, Bordeaux INP,
ENSCBP, 16 avenue Pey
Berland, 33607 Pessac, France
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8
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Kiefer R, Nguyen NT, Le QB, Anbarjafari G, Tamm T. Antagonist Concepts of Polypyrrole Actuators: Bending Hybrid Actuator and Mirrored Trilayer Linear Actuator. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13060861. [PMID: 33799659 PMCID: PMC7999340 DOI: 10.3390/polym13060861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Following the natural muscle antagonist actuation principle, different adaptations for "artificial muscles" are introduced in this work. Polypyrrole (PPy) films of different polymerization techniques (potentiostatic and galvanostatic) were analyzed and their established responses were combined in several ways, resulting in beneficial actuation modes. A consecutive "one-pot" electrosynthesis of two layers with the different deposition regimes resulted in an all-PPy bending hybrid actuator. While in most cases the mixed-ion activity of conductive polymers has been considered a problem or a drawback, here for the first time, the nearly equal expansions upon oxidation and reduction of carefully selected conditions further allowed to fabricate a "mirrored" trilayer laminate, which behaved as a linear actuator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudolf Kiefer
- Conducting Polymers in Composites and Applications Research Group, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam;
- Correspondence:
| | - Ngoc Tuan Nguyen
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam;
| | - Quoc Bao Le
- Conducting Polymers in Composites and Applications Research Group, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam;
| | | | - Tarmo Tamm
- Intelligent Materials and Systems Lab, Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia;
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9
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Obana TT, Leite MM, Martins VL, Torresi RM. Downplaying the role of water in the rheological changes of conducting polymers by using water-in-salt electrolytes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:12251-12259. [PMID: 34013936 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01003d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Volumetric changes associated with solvent/electrolyte exchange in electronic conducting polymers (ECPs) play an important role in the mechanical stability of the polymers, as these changes are a critical factor in ECP-based energy storage devices. Thus, the present work explores the hindering of such volumetric deformations for polypyrrole films doped with dodecylbenzenesulphonate (PPy(DBS)) by employing highly concentrated aqueous electrolytes (or water-in-salt electrolytes, WiSEs), and their effects over the corresponding electrochemical capacitor cell energy retention. Electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring measurements for thin PPy(DBS) films in the WiSEs revealed negligible dissipation changes (ΔDn ≈ 0), in contrast with those in dilute aqueous electrolyte (ΔDn ≠ 0), indicating inexpressive structural deformation of PPy(DBS) in the WiSE. This phenomenon is observed for thick freestanding PPy(DBS) films, which presented a maximum bending angle decay from ∼56° (diluted aqueous electrolyte) to 3.5° when working in the WiSE, thus proving the hindering of film bending. The observed trends are reflected in the PPy(DBS) cell energy retention, where the use of a WiSE decreased cell energy fading by 30% after 600 cycles, in comparison with cells based on diluted electrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago T Obana
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Marina M Leite
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Vitor L Martins
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Roberto M Torresi
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, 05508-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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10
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A Kirigami Approach of Patterning Membrane Actuators. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 13:polym13010125. [PMID: 33396876 PMCID: PMC7795737 DOI: 10.3390/polym13010125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionic electroactive polymer actuators are typically implemented as bending trilayer laminates. While showing high displacements, such designs are not straightforward to implement for useful applications. To enable practical uses in actuators with ionic electroactive polymers, membrane-type film designs can be considered. The significantly lower displacement of the membrane actuators due to the lack of freedom of motion has been the main limiting factor for their application, resulting in just a few works considering such devices. However, bioinspired patterning designs have been shown to significantly increase the freedom of motion of such membranes. In this work, we apply computer simulations to design cutting patterns for increasing the performance of membrane actuators based on polypyrrole doped with dodecylbenzenesulfonate (PPy/DBS) in trilayer arrangements with a polyvinylidene fluoride membrane as the separator. A dedicated custom-designed device was built to consistently measure the response of the membrane actuators, demonstrating significant and pattern-specific enhancements of the response in terms of displacement, exchanged charge and force.
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11
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Khuyen NQ, Kiefer R, Zondaka Z, Anbarjafari G, Peikolainen AL, Otero TF, Tamm T. Multifunctionality of Polypyrrole Polyethyleneoxide Composites: Concurrent Sensing, Actuation and Energy Storage. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12092060. [PMID: 32927713 PMCID: PMC7576489 DOI: 10.3390/polym12092060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In films of conducting polymers, the electrochemical reaction(s) drive the simultaneous variation of different material properties (reaction multifunctionality). Here, we present a parallel study of actuation-sensing-energy storage triple functionality of polypyrrole (PPy) blends with dodecylbenzenesulfonate (DBS-), PPy/DBS, without and with inclusion of polyethyleneoxide, PPy-PEO/DBS. The characterization of the response of both materials in aqueous solutions of four different salts indicated that all of the actuating, sensing and charge storage responses were, independent of the electrolyte, present for both materials, but stronger for the PPy-PEO/DBS films: 1.4× higher strains, 1.3× higher specific charge densities, 2.5× higher specific capacitances and increased ion-sensitivity towards the studied counterions. For both materials, the reaction energy, the material potential and the strain variations adapt to and sense the electrical and chemical (exchanged cation) conditions. The driving and the response of actuation, sensing and charge can be controlled/read, simultaneously, via just two connecting wires. Only the cooperative actuation of chemical macromolecular motors from functional cells has such chemical multifunctionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Quang Khuyen
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam;
| | - Rudolf Kiefer
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-905-605-515
| | - Zane Zondaka
- Intelligent Materials and Systems Lab, Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (Z.Z.); (A.-L.P.); (T.T.)
| | - Gholamreza Anbarjafari
- iCV Research Lab, Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia;
- Faculty of Engineering, Hasan Kalyoncu University, 27410 Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Anna-Liisa Peikolainen
- Intelligent Materials and Systems Lab, Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (Z.Z.); (A.-L.P.); (T.T.)
| | - Toribio F. Otero
- Centre for Electrochemistry and Intelligent Materials (CEMI), Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Aulario II, Paseo Alfonso XIII, E-30203 Cartagena, Murcia, Spain;
| | - Tarmo Tamm
- Intelligent Materials and Systems Lab, Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (Z.Z.); (A.-L.P.); (T.T.)
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12
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Arnaboldi S, Gupta B, Benincori T, Bonetti G, Cirilli R, Kuhn A. Absolute Chiral Recognition with Hybrid Wireless Electrochemical Actuators. Anal Chem 2020; 92:10042-10047. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Serena Arnaboldi
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5255, Bordeaux INP, ENSCBP, 16 avenue Pey Berland, 33607 Pessac, France
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Bhavana Gupta
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5255, Bordeaux INP, ENSCBP, 16 avenue Pey Berland, 33607 Pessac, France
- Engineering Research Center for Nanomaterials, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
| | - Tiziana Benincori
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, Università degli Studi dell’Insubria, Via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Giorgia Bonetti
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Alta Tecnologia, Università degli Studi dell’Insubria, Via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Roberto Cirilli
- Centro Nazionale per il Controllo e la Valutazione dei Farmaci, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma, Italy
| | - Alexander Kuhn
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5255, Bordeaux INP, ENSCBP, 16 avenue Pey Berland, 33607 Pessac, France
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13
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Tan X, Hu C, Li X, Liu H, Qu J. Reversible superwettability switching of a conductive polymer membrane for oil-water separation and self-cleaning. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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14
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Khuyen NQ, Kiefer R, Elhi F, Anbarjafari G, Martinez JG, Tamm T. A Biomimetic Approach to Increasing Soft Actuator Performance by Friction Reduction. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1120. [PMID: 32422917 PMCID: PMC7284564 DOI: 10.3390/polym12051120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
While increasing power output is the most straight-forward solution for faster and stronger motion in technology, sports, or elsewhere, efficiency is what separates the best from the rest. In nature, where the possibilities of power increase are limited, efficiency of motion is particularly important; the same principle can be applied to the emerging biomimetic and bio-interacting technologies. In this work, by applying hints from nature, we consider possible approaches of increasing the efficiency of motion through liquid medium of bilayer ionic electroactive polymer actuations, focusing on the reduction of friction by means of surface tension and hydrophobicity. Conducting polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bilayers were chosen as the model actuator system. The actuation medium consisted of aqueous solutions containing tetramethylammonium chloride and sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate in different ratios. The roles of ion concentrations and the surface tension are discussed. Hydrophobicity of the PET support layer was further tuned by adding a spin-coated silicone layer to it. As expected, both approaches increased the displacement-the best results having been obtained by combining both, nearly doubling the bending displacement. The simple approaches for greatly increasing actuation motion efficiency can be used in any actuator system operating in a liquid medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Quang Khuyen
- Conducting Polymers in Composites and Applications Research Group, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam;
| | - Rudolf Kiefer
- Conducting Polymers in Composites and Applications Research Group, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam;
| | - Fred Elhi
- Intelligent Materials and System Lab, Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (F.E.); (T.T.)
| | - Gholamreza Anbarjafari
- iCV Research Lab, Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, 50411 Tartu, Estonia;
- Faculty of Engineering, Hasan Kalyoncu University, 27100 Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - Jose G. Martinez
- Division of Sensor and Actuator Systems, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, 581 83 Linköping, Sweden;
| | - Tarmo Tamm
- Intelligent Materials and System Lab, Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (F.E.); (T.T.)
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15
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Põldsalu I, Rohtlaid K, Plesse C, Vidal F, Nguyen NT, Peikolainen AL, Tamm T, Kiefer R. Printed PEDOT:PSS Trilayer: Mechanism Evaluation and Application in Energy Storage. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13020491. [PMID: 31968612 PMCID: PMC7013632 DOI: 10.3390/ma13020491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Combining ink-jet printing and one of the most stable electroactive materials, PEDOT:PSS (poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate)), is envisaged to pave the way for the mass production of soft electroactive materials. Despite its being a well-known electroactive material, widespread application of PEDOT:PSS also requires good understanding of its response. However, agreement on the interpretation of the material's activities, notably regarding actuation, is not unanimous. Our goal in this work is to study the behavior of trilayers with PEDOT:PSS electrodes printed on either side of a semi-interpenetrated polymer network membrane in propylene carbonate solutions of three different electrolytes, and to compare their electroactive, actuation, and energy storage behavior. The balance of apparent faradaic and non-faradaic processes in each case is discussed. The results show that the primarily cation-dominated response of the trilayers in the three electrolytes is actually remarkably different, with some rather uncommon outcomes. The different balance of the apparent charging mechanisms makes it possible to clearly select one electrolyte for potential actuation and another for energy storage application scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inga Põldsalu
- Intelligent Materials and Systems Lab, Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (I.P.); (A.-L.P.); (T.T.)
- Centre for Molecular Medicine Norway, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kätlin Rohtlaid
- Laboratoire de Physicochimie des Polymères et des Interfaces, Université de Cergy-Pontoise, 15 mail Gay Lussac, 95031 Cergy-Pontoise, France; (K.R.); (C.P.); (F.V.)
| | - Cedric Plesse
- Laboratoire de Physicochimie des Polymères et des Interfaces, Université de Cergy-Pontoise, 15 mail Gay Lussac, 95031 Cergy-Pontoise, France; (K.R.); (C.P.); (F.V.)
| | - Frédéric Vidal
- Laboratoire de Physicochimie des Polymères et des Interfaces, Université de Cergy-Pontoise, 15 mail Gay Lussac, 95031 Cergy-Pontoise, France; (K.R.); (C.P.); (F.V.)
| | - Ngoc Tuan Nguyen
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam;
| | - Anna-Liisa Peikolainen
- Intelligent Materials and Systems Lab, Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (I.P.); (A.-L.P.); (T.T.)
| | - Tarmo Tamm
- Intelligent Materials and Systems Lab, Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (I.P.); (A.-L.P.); (T.T.)
| | - Rudolf Kiefer
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Vietnam;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-90-560-5515
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16
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Harjo M, Zondaka Z, Leemets K, Järvekülg M, Tamm T, Kiefer R. Polypyrrole‐coated fiber‐scaffolds: Concurrent linear actuation and sensing. J Appl Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Madis Harjo
- Intelligent Materials and Systems Laboratory, Faculty of Science and TechnologyUniversity of Tartu, Nooruse 1 50411 Tartu Estonia
| | - Zane Zondaka
- Intelligent Materials and Systems Laboratory, Faculty of Science and TechnologyUniversity of Tartu, Nooruse 1 50411 Tartu Estonia
| | - Kaur Leemets
- Intelligent Materials and Systems Laboratory, Faculty of Science and TechnologyUniversity of Tartu, Nooruse 1 50411 Tartu Estonia
| | - Martin Järvekülg
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Science and TechnologyUniversity of Tartu W. Ostwaldi Street 1 50411 Tartu Estonia
| | - Tarmo Tamm
- Intelligent Materials and Systems Laboratory, Faculty of Science and TechnologyUniversity of Tartu, Nooruse 1 50411 Tartu Estonia
| | - Rudolf Kiefer
- Conducting Polymers in Composites and Applications Research Group, Faculty of Applied SciencesTon Duc Thang University Ho Chi Minh City 700000 Vietnam
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17
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Puiggalí-Jou A, Del Valle LJ, Alemán C. Cell Responses to Electrical Pulse Stimulation for Anticancer Drug Release. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E2633. [PMID: 31430890 PMCID: PMC6720666 DOI: 10.3390/ma12162633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Electrical stimulation is an attractive approach to tune on-demand drug release in the body as it relies on simple setups and requires typically 1 V or less. Although many studies have been focused on the development of potential smart materials for electrically controlled drug release, as well as on the exploration of different delivery mechanisms, progress in the field is slow because the response of cells exposed to external electrical stimulus is frequently omitted from such investigations. In this work, we monitor the behavior of prostate and breast cancer cells (PC-3 and MCF7, respectively) exposed to electroactive platforms loaded with curcumin, a hydrophobic anticancer drug. These consist in conducting polymer nanoparticles, which release drug molecules by altering their interactions with polymer, and electrospun polyester microfibres that contain electroactive nanoparticles able to alter the porosity of the matrix through an electro-mechanical actuation mechanism. The response of the cells against different operating conditions has been examined considering their viability, metabolism, spreading and shape. Results have allowed us to differentiate the damage induced in the cell by the electrical stimulation from other effects, as for example, the anticancer activity of curcumin and/or the presence of curcumin-loaded nanoparticles or fibres, demonstrating that these kinds of platforms can be effective when the dosage of the drug occurs under restricted conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Puiggalí-Jou
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/Eduard Maristany 10-14, Ed. I2, 08019 Barcelona, Spain.
- Barcelona Research Center for Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Luis J Del Valle
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/Eduard Maristany 10-14, Ed. I2, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelona Research Center for Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Alemán
- Departament d'Enginyeria Química, EEBE, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, C/Eduard Maristany 10-14, Ed. I2, 08019 Barcelona, Spain.
- Barcelona Research Center for Multiscale Science and Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain.
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18
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Harjo M, Tamm T, Anbarjafari G, Kiefer R. Hardware and Software Development for Isotonic Strain and Isometric Stress Measurements of Linear Ionic Actuators. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11061054. [PMID: 31212942 PMCID: PMC6631421 DOI: 10.3390/polym11061054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
An inseparable part of ionic actuator characterization is a set of adequate measurement devices. Due to significant limitations of available commercial systems, in-house setups are often employed. The main objective of this work was to develop a software solution for running isotonic and isometric experiments on a hardware setup consisting of a potentiostat, a linear displacement actuator, a force sensor, and a voltmeter for measuring the force signal. A set of functions, hardware drivers, and measurement automation algorithms were developed in the National Instruments LabVIEW 2015 system. The result is a software called isotonic (displacement) and isometric (force) electro-chemo-measurement software (IIECMS), that enables the user to control isotonic and isometric experiments over a single compact graphical user interface. The linear ionic actuators chosen as sample systems included different materials with different force and displacement characteristics, namely free-standing polypyrrole films doped with dodecylbenzene sulfonate (PPy/DBS) and multiwall carbon nanotube/carbide-derived carbon (MWCNT-CDC) fibers. The developed software was thoroughly tested with numerous test samples of linear ionic actuators, meaning over 200 h of experimenting time where over 90% of the time the software handled the experiment process autonomously. The uncertainty of isotonic measurements was estimated to be 0.6 µm (0.06%). With the integrated correction algorithms, samples with as low as 0 dB signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) can be adequately described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madis Harjo
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Tarmo Tamm
- Institute of Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia.
| | | | - Rudolf Kiefer
- Conducting polymers in composites and applications Research Group, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City 850000, Vietnam.
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19
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The response of polypyrrole–DBS electrochemical molecular motors to Na concentration: Analogies in cell biology. Electrochem commun 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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20
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Khuyen NQ, Zondaka Z, Harjo M, Torop J, Tamm T, Kiefer R. Comparative Analysis of Fluorinated Anions for Polypyrrole Linear Actuator Electrolytes. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E849. [PMID: 31083347 PMCID: PMC6571709 DOI: 10.3390/polym11050849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Either as salts or room temperature ionic liquids, fluorinated anion-based electrolytes have been a common choice for ionic electroactive polymer actuators, both linear and bending. In the present work, propylene carbonate solutions of four electrolytes of the three hugely popular anions-triflouromethanesulfonate, bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide, and hexafluorophosphate were compared and evaluated in polypyrrole linear actuators. The actuation direction, the characteristics-performance relations influence the behavior of the actuators. Isotonic Electro-chemo-mechanical deformation (ECMD) measurements were performed to study the response of the PPy/DBS samples. The highest strain for pristine PPy/DBS linear actuators was found in range of 21% for LiTFSI, while TBAPF6 had the least cation involvement, suggesting the potential for application in durable and controllable actuators. Interesting cation effects on the actuation of the same anions (CF3SO3-) were also observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Quang Khuyen
- Conducting Polymers in Composites and Applications Research Group, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
| | - Zane Zondaka
- Intelligent Materials and Systems Lab, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Madis Harjo
- Intelligent Materials and Systems Lab, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Janno Torop
- Intelligent Materials and Systems Lab, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Tarmo Tamm
- Intelligent Materials and Systems Lab, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Tartu, Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu, Estonia.
| | - Rudolf Kiefer
- Conducting Polymers in Composites and Applications Research Group, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
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21
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Gupta B, Afonso MC, Zhang L, Ayela C, Garrigue P, Goudeau B, Kuhn A. Wireless Coupling of Conducting Polymer Actuators with Light Emission. Chemphyschem 2019; 20:941-945. [PMID: 30840350 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201900116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Combining the actuation of conducting polymers with additional functionalities is an interesting fundamental scientific challenge and increases their application potential. Herein we demonstrate the possibility of direct integration of a miniaturized light emitting diode (LED) in a polypyrrole (PPy) matrix in order to achieve simultaneous wireless actuation and light emission. A light emitting diode is used as a part of an electroactive surface on which electrochemical polymerization allows direct incorporation of the electronic device into the polymer. The resulting free-standing polymer/LED hybrid can be addressed by bipolar electrochemistry to trigger simultaneously oxidation and reduction reactions at its opposite extremities, leading to a controlled deformation and an electron flow through the integrated LED. Such a dual response in the form of actuation and light emission opens up interesting perspectives in the field of microrobotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavana Gupta
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISM UMR CNRS 5255, Bordeaux INP, ENSCBP, 16 avenue Pey Berland, 33607, Pessac, France
| | - Mariana C Afonso
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISM UMR CNRS 5255, Bordeaux INP, ENSCBP, 16 avenue Pey Berland, 33607, Pessac, France
| | - Lin Zhang
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISM UMR CNRS 5255, Bordeaux INP, ENSCBP, 16 avenue Pey Berland, 33607, Pessac, France
| | - Cedric Ayela
- Univ. Bordeaux, IMS, CNRS, UMR 5218, Bordeaux INP, ENSCBP, F-33405, Talence, France
| | - Patrick Garrigue
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISM UMR CNRS 5255, Bordeaux INP, ENSCBP, 16 avenue Pey Berland, 33607, Pessac, France
| | - Bertrand Goudeau
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISM UMR CNRS 5255, Bordeaux INP, ENSCBP, 16 avenue Pey Berland, 33607, Pessac, France
| | - Alexander Kuhn
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISM UMR CNRS 5255, Bordeaux INP, ENSCBP, 16 avenue Pey Berland, 33607, Pessac, France
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22
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Prönnecke C, Staude M, Frank R, Jahnke HG, Robitzki AA. Electrically Switchable Monostable Actuatoric Polymer-Based Nanovalve Arrays with a Long-Term Stability. NANO LETTERS 2018; 18:6375-6380. [PMID: 30203982 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.8b02738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Here we present a novel electrically switchable nanovalve array based on an intrinsic conductive polymer that has the capabilities to change its volume depending on its redox state. The polymer is created by anodic deposition of a sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (DBS)-doped polypyrrole (PPy). Optimization of the DBS-doped PPy layers revealed an actuatoric performance of up to 10% out of plane volume change. More interestingly, the electrochemical characterization revealed an actuatoric monostable polymer that could be used to fabricate nanovalve arrays that have a native opened state when no potential is applied and that can be closed when a reductive potential is applied. As a proof of concept, Atto488-labeled biotin (Biotin-Atto488) was used as a model compound and defined nanovalve arrays with nanopores in the range of 10 nm in diameter (opened state) were fabricated. Afterward, we were able to successfully prove the functionality of our nanovalve array by monitoring the flow-through rates of the Biotin-Atto488. More strikingly, we could demonstrate for the first time the robust and long-term stability of our nanovalve array without any performance loss for at least 72 h and retention capabilities of up to 90%. Furthermore, the demonstrated long-term stability was achieved under biocompatible conditions without the need of toxic dopant supplementation of the flow-through solution. Thus, our novel functional long-term stable nanovalve array offers the capabilities for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Prönnecke
- Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BBZ) , Molecular Biological-Biochemical Processing Technology , Deutscher Platz 5 , Leipzig D-04103 , Germany
| | - Marek Staude
- Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BBZ) , Molecular Biological-Biochemical Processing Technology , Deutscher Platz 5 , Leipzig D-04103 , Germany
| | - Ronny Frank
- Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BBZ) , Molecular Biological-Biochemical Processing Technology , Deutscher Platz 5 , Leipzig D-04103 , Germany
| | - Heinz-Georg Jahnke
- Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BBZ) , Molecular Biological-Biochemical Processing Technology , Deutscher Platz 5 , Leipzig D-04103 , Germany
| | - Andrea A Robitzki
- Centre for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BBZ) , Molecular Biological-Biochemical Processing Technology , Deutscher Platz 5 , Leipzig D-04103 , Germany
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23
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Polypyrrole/carbide-derived carbon composite in organic electrolyte: Characterization as a linear actuator. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2018.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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24
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Khadka R, Zondaka Z, Kesküla A, Khorram MS, Khanh TT, Tamm T, Travas-Sejdic J, Kiefer R. Influence of solvent on linear polypyrrole-polyethylene oxide actuators. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roshan Khadka
- Polymer Electronics Research Center, School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland; Private Bag, 92019 Auckland New Zealand
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology; Wellington 6140 New Zealand
| | - Zane Zondaka
- IMS Lab; Institute of Technology, University of Tartu; Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu Estonia
| | - Arko Kesküla
- IMS Lab; Institute of Technology, University of Tartu; Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu Estonia
| | - Mahdi Safaei Khorram
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry; Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; 511 Kehuajie, Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Tran Thien Khanh
- Conducting polymers in composites and applications Research Group; Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University; Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
| | - Tarmo Tamm
- IMS Lab; Institute of Technology, University of Tartu; Nooruse 1, 50411 Tartu Estonia
| | - Jadranka Travas-Sejdic
- Polymer Electronics Research Center, School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland; Private Bag, 92019 Auckland New Zealand
- The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology; Wellington 6140 New Zealand
| | - Rudolf Kiefer
- Conducting polymers in composites and applications Research Group; Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University; Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
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25
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Otero TF. Structural and Conformational Chemistry from Electrochemical Molecular Machines. Replicating Biological Functions. A Review. CHEM REC 2017; 18:788-806. [DOI: 10.1002/tcr.201700059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toribio F. Otero
- Laboratory of Electrochemistry; Intelligent Materials and Devices; Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena; Campus Alfonso XIII 30203 Cartagena Spain
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26
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Otero TF, Beaumont S. The cooperative actuation of multistep electrochemical molecular machines in polypyrrole films senses the imposed energetic conditions: Influence of the potential scan rate. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.11.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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27
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Otero TF, Beaumont S. The cooperative actuation of multistep electrochemical molecular machines senses the working temperature: voltammetric study. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.10.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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28
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Gupta B, Goudeau B, Kuhn A. Wireless Electrochemical Actuation of Conducting Polymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201709038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bhavana Gupta
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISM UMR CNRS 5255; Bordeaux INP, ENSCBP; 33607 Pessac France
| | - Bertrand Goudeau
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISM UMR CNRS 5255; Bordeaux INP, ENSCBP; 33607 Pessac France
| | - Alexander Kuhn
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISM UMR CNRS 5255; Bordeaux INP, ENSCBP; 33607 Pessac France
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29
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Gupta B, Goudeau B, Kuhn A. Wireless Electrochemical Actuation of Conducting Polymers. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:14183-14186. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201709038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bhavana Gupta
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISM UMR CNRS 5255; Bordeaux INP, ENSCBP; 33607 Pessac France
| | - Bertrand Goudeau
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISM UMR CNRS 5255; Bordeaux INP, ENSCBP; 33607 Pessac France
| | - Alexander Kuhn
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISM UMR CNRS 5255; Bordeaux INP, ENSCBP; 33607 Pessac France
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30
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Beaumont S, Otero TF. A Potentiostatic/Galvanostatic Study and Theoretical Description of Polypyrrole Film Electrodes: A Model of the Intracellular Matrix of Ectothermic Muscle Cells. ChemElectroChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201700915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Beaumont
- Laboratory of Electrochemistry Intelligent Materials and Devices; Technical University of Cartagena; ETSII. Campus Alfonso XIII. 30203. Cartagena Spain
| | - Toribio F. Otero
- Laboratory of Electrochemistry Intelligent Materials and Devices; Technical University of Cartagena; ETSII. Campus Alfonso XIII. 30203. Cartagena Spain
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31
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Puckert C, Tomaskovic-Crook E, Gambhir S, Wallace GG, Crook JM, Higgins MJ. Electro-mechano responsive properties of gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) hydrogel on conducting polymer electrodes quantified using atomic force microscopy. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:4761-4772. [PMID: 28653073 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm00335h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Electrical stimulation of hydrogels has been performed to enable micro-actuation or controlled movement of ions and biomolecules such as in drug release applications. Hydrogels are also increasingly used as low modulus, biocompatible coatings on electrode devices and thus are exposed to the effects of electrical stimulation. As such, there is growing interest in the latter, especially on the dynamic and nanoscale physical properties of hydrogels. Here, we report on the electro-mechano properties of photocrosslinkable gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) hydrogel applied as coatings on conducting polymer polypyrrole-dodecylbenze sulfonate (PPy-DBSA) electrodes. In particular, Electrochemical-Atomic Force Microscopy (EC-AFM) was used to quantify the nanoscale actuation and dynamic changes in Young's modulus as the GelMA coating was electrically stimulated via the underlying PPy-DBSA electrode. Pulsed electrical stimulation was shown to induce dynamic expansion and contraction, or nanoscale actuation, of the GelMA hydrogel due to the reversible ingress of electrolyte ions and associated changes in osmotic pressure during oxidation and reduction of the PPy-DBSA film. In addition, dynamic changes in the Young's modulus of up to 50% were observed in the hydrogel and correlated with the actuation process and ion diffusion during oxidation and reduction of the underlying PPy-DBSA film. These dynamic properties were investigated for hydrogels with varying degrees of cross-linking, porosity and modulus, the latter ranging from ≈0.2-1 kPa. The study demonstrates an AFM-based approach to quantify the dynamic physical properties of hydrogels, which are shown to be modulated via electrical stimulation. This can enable a better understanding of the electro-mechano mechanisms that are important for the controlled release of drugs or controlling cell interactions at the hydrogel-cell interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Puckert
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, AIIM Facility, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
| | - Eva Tomaskovic-Crook
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, AIIM Facility, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia. and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia
| | - Sanjeev Gambhir
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, AIIM Facility, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
| | - Gordon G Wallace
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, AIIM Facility, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
| | - Jeremy M Crook
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, AIIM Facility, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia. and Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales 2522, Australia and Department of Surgery, St Vincent's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia
| | - Michael J Higgins
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, AIIM Facility, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
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Martinez JG, Ayán-Varela M, Paredes JI, Villar-Rodil S, Aznar-Cervantes SD, Otero TF. Electrochemical Synthesis and Characterization of Flavin Mononucleotide-Exfoliated Pristine Graphene/Polypyrrole Composites. ChemElectroChem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201700047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jose G. Martinez
- Group for Electrochemistry, Intelligent Materials & Devices (GEMDI); Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena; C/Carlos III, s/n 30203 Murcia Spain
| | - Miguel Ayán-Varela
- Instituto Nacional del Carbón, INCAR-CSIC; Apartado 73 33080 Oviedo Spain
| | - Juan I. Paredes
- Instituto Nacional del Carbón, INCAR-CSIC; Apartado 73 33080 Oviedo Spain
| | | | - Salvador D. Aznar-Cervantes
- Department of Biotechnology; Instituto Murciano de Investigación y Desarrollo Agrario y Alimentario (IMIDA); La Alberca (Murcia) E-30150 Spain
| | - Toribio F. Otero
- Group for Electrochemistry, Intelligent Materials & Devices (GEMDI); Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena; C/Carlos III, s/n 30203 Murcia Spain
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Kiefer R, Kesküla A, Martinez JG, Anbarjafari G, Torop J, Otero TF. Interpenetrated triple polymeric layer as electrochemomechanical actuator: Solvent influence and diffusion coefficient of counterions. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.01.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Maziz A, Concas A, Khaldi A, Stålhand J, Persson NK, Jager EWH. Knitting and weaving artificial muscles. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2017; 3:e1600327. [PMID: 28138542 PMCID: PMC5266480 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1600327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A need exists for artificial muscles that are silent, soft, and compliant, with performance characteristics similar to those of skeletal muscle, enabling natural interaction of assistive devices with humans. By combining one of humankind's oldest technologies, textile processing, with electroactive polymers, we demonstrate here the feasibility of wearable, soft artificial muscles made by weaving and knitting, with tunable force and strain. These textile actuators were produced from cellulose yarns assembled into fabrics and coated with conducting polymers using a metal-free deposition. To increase the output force, we assembled yarns in parallel by weaving. The force scaled linearly with the number of yarns in the woven fabric. To amplify the strain, we knitted a stretchable fabric, exhibiting a 53-fold increase in strain. In addition, the textile construction added mechanical stability to the actuators. Textile processing permits scalable and rational production of wearable artificial muscles, and enables novel ways to design assistive devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Maziz
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Biosensors and Bioelectronics Centre, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Alessandro Concas
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Biosensors and Bioelectronics Centre, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Alexandre Khaldi
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Biosensors and Bioelectronics Centre, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Jonas Stålhand
- Department of Management and Engineering (IEI), Solid Mechanics, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
| | - Nils-Krister Persson
- Swedish School of Textiles (THS), Smart Textiles, University of Borås, 50190 Borås, Sweden
| | - Edwin W. H. Jager
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Biosensors and Bioelectronics Centre, Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden
- Corresponding author.
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Coulovoltammetric and Dynamovoltammetric Responses from Conducting Polymers and Bilayer Muscles as Tools to Identify Reaction-driven Structural Changes. A review. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Fuchiwaki M, Martinez JG, Fernandez Otero T. Asymmetric Bilayer Muscles: Cooperative Actuation, Dynamic Hysteresis, and Creeping in NaPF6 Aqueous Solutions. ChemistryOpen 2016; 5:369-74. [PMID: 27547647 PMCID: PMC4981058 DOI: 10.1002/open.201600012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Three bilayer muscles [polypyrrole-paraphenolsulfonic acid/polypyrrole-dodecylbenzensulfonic acid (PPy-HpPS/PPy-DBS) asymmetric bilayer, PPy-HpPS/tape, and PPy-DBS/tape] were characterized during potential cycling in NaPF6 aqueous solutions. In parallel, the angular displacement of the muscle was video-recorded. The dynamo-voltammetric (angle-potential) and coulo-dynamic (charge-potential) results give the reaction-driven ionic exchanges in each PPy film. Electrochemical reactions drive the exchange of anions from the PPy-HpPS layer and cations from the PPy-DBS layer. This means that both layers from the asymmetric bilayer follow complementary volume changes (swelling/shrinking or shrinking/swelling), owing to complementary ionic exchanges (entrance/expulsion) driven by the bilayer oxidation or reduction. The result is a cooperative actuation; the bending amplitude described by the asymmetric bilayer muscle is one order of magnitude larger than those attained from each of the conducting polymer/tape muscles. The cooperative actuation almost eliminates creeping effects. A large dynamical hysteresis persists, which can be attributed to an irreversible reaction of the organic acid components at high overpotentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Fuchiwaki
- Department of Mechanical Information Science and TechnologyKyushu Institute of Technology680-4 Kawazu IizukaFukuoka820-8502Japan
| | - Jose G. Martinez
- Center for Electrochemistry and Intelligent MaterialsUniversidad Politécnica de CartagenaAulario II, C/Carlos III, s/n30203CartagenaSpain
| | - Toribio Fernandez Otero
- Center for Electrochemistry and Intelligent MaterialsUniversidad Politécnica de CartagenaAulario II, C/Carlos III, s/n30203CartagenaSpain
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Martinez JG, Aznar-Cervantes S, Abel Lozano-Pérez A, Cenis JL, Otero TF. Graphene adsorbed on silk-fibroin meshes: Biomimetic and reversible conformational movements driven by reactions. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.05.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Northcutt RG, Sundaresan VB. Mechanoelectrochemistry of PPy(DBS) from correlated characterization of electrochemical response and extensional strain. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 17:32268-75. [PMID: 26583690 DOI: 10.1039/c5cp04945h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This paper investigates nanostructured morphology-dependent charge storage and coupled mechanical strain of polypyrrole membranes doped with dodecylbenzenesulfonate (PPy(DBS)). Nanoscale features introduced in PPy(DBS) using phospholipid vesicles as soft-templates create a uniform and long-range order to the polymer morphology, and lead to higher specific capacitance. It is widely stated that nanostructured architecture offer reduced mechanical loading at higher charge capacities, but metrics and methods to precisely quantify coupled localized strains do not exist. Towards this goal, we demonstrate the use of scanning electrochemical microscope with shear force imaging hardware (SECM-SF) to precisely measure charge storage function and volumetric strain simultaneously, and define two metrics--filling efficiency and chemomechanical coupling coefficient to compare nanostructured morphologies and thicknesses. For thin membranes (smaller charge densities), planar and vesicle-templated membranes have comparable mechanoelectrochemical response. For thick membranes (0.4 to 0.8 C cm(-2)), a 15% increase in charge storage is associated with 50% reduction in extensional strain. These results allow for the formulation of rules to design nanostructured PPy(DBS)-based actuators and energy storage devices.
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Otero TF, Martinez JG. Electro-chemo-biomimetics from conducting polymers: fundamentals, materials, properties and devices. J Mater Chem B 2016; 4:2069-2085. [PMID: 32263174 DOI: 10.1039/c6tb00060f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Conjugated conducting polymers, intrinsic conducting polymers or conducting polymers are complex and mixed materials; their electroactive fractions follow reversible oxidation/reduction reactions giving reversible volume variations to lodge or expel charge-balance counterions and osmotic-balance solvent molecules. The material content (reactive macromolecules, ions and water) mimics the dense intracellular matrix gel of living cells. Here the electropolymerization mechanism is reviewed highlighting the presence of parallel reactions resulting in electroactive and non-electroactive fractions of the final material. Conducting polymers are classified into nine different material families. Each of those families follows a prevalent reaction-driven exchange of anions or cations during oxidation/reduction (p-doping/p-dedoping or n-doping/n-dedoping). Polyaniline families also follow reaction-driven exchange of protons. The polymer/counterion composition changes for several orders of magnitude in a reversible way with the reversible reaction. The value of each of the different composition-dependent properties of the material also shifts in a reversible way driven by the reaction. Each property mimics another change in functional biological organs. A family of biomimetic devices is being developed based on each biomimetic property. Those electrochemical devices work driven by reactions of the constitutive material, as biological organs do. The simultaneous variation of several composition-dependent properties during the reaction announces an unparalleled technological world of multifunctional devices: several tools working simultaneously in one device. Such properties and devices are driven by electrochemical reactions: they are Faradaic devices and must be characterized by using electrochemical cells and electro-chemical methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- T F Otero
- Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena, Laboratory of Electrochemistry, Intelligent Materials and Devices, Campus Alfonso XIII, 30203, Cartagena, Spain.
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Fuchiwaki M, Martinez JG, Otero TF. Asymmetric Bilayer Muscles. Cooperative and Antagonist Actuation. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.02.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Martinez JG, Otero TF, Jager EWH. Electrochemo-dynamical characterization of polypyrrole actuators coated on gold electrodes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:827-36. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp05841d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Parallel reactions may have an important effect on conducting polymer actuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. G. Martinez
- Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena
- ETSII
- Center for Electrochemistry and Intelligent Materials (CEMI)
- 30203 Cartagena
- Spain
| | - T. F. Otero
- Universidad Politécnica de Cartagena
- ETSII
- Center for Electrochemistry and Intelligent Materials (CEMI)
- 30203 Cartagena
- Spain
| | - E. W. H. Jager
- Linköping University
- Department of Physics
- Chemistry and Biology
- Biosensors and Bioelectronics Centre
- 58183 Linköping
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Northcutt RG, Heinemann C, Sundaresan VB. Dynamic mechanoelectrochemistry of polypyrrole membranes via shear-force tracking. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:17366-72. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp03071h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Mechanoelectrochemistry is the study of elastic and plastic deformation of materials during reversible reduction and oxidation processes.
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Zondaka Z, Valner R, Tamm T, Aabloo A, Kiefer R. Carbide-derived carbon in polypyrrole changing the elastic modulus with a huge impact on actuation. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra01511e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
With lowering of the elastic modulus, the CDC–POM–PPy composite shows a 20× improved strain response over PPy/DBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z. Zondaka
- Intelligent Materials and Systems Lab
- Institute of Technology
- University of Tartu
- 50411 Tartu
- Estonia
| | - R. Valner
- Intelligent Materials and Systems Lab
- Institute of Technology
- University of Tartu
- 50411 Tartu
- Estonia
| | - T. Tamm
- Intelligent Materials and Systems Lab
- Institute of Technology
- University of Tartu
- 50411 Tartu
- Estonia
| | - A. Aabloo
- Intelligent Materials and Systems Lab
- Institute of Technology
- University of Tartu
- 50411 Tartu
- Estonia
| | - R. Kiefer
- Intelligent Materials and Systems Lab
- Institute of Technology
- University of Tartu
- 50411 Tartu
- Estonia
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Agrisuelas J, Gabrielli C, García-Jareño J, Perrot H, Sel O, Vicente F. Electrochemically induced free solvent transfer in thin poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) films. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.02.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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