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Szczepankowska J, Khachatryan G, Khachatryan K, Krystyjan M. Carbon Dots-Types, Obtaining and Application in Biotechnology and Food Technology. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14984. [PMID: 37834430 PMCID: PMC10573487 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Materials with a "nano" structure are increasingly used in medicine and biotechnology as drug delivery systems, bioimaging agents or biosensors in the monitoring of toxic substances, heavy metals and environmental variations. Furthermore, in the food industry, they have found applications as detectors of food adulteration, microbial contamination and even in packaging for monitoring product freshness. Carbon dots (CDs) as materials with broad as well as unprecedented possibilities could revolutionize the economy, if only their synthesis was based on low-cost natural sources. So far, a number of studies point to the positive possibilities of obtaining CDs from natural sources. This review describes the types of carbon dots and the most important methods of obtaining them. It also focuses on presenting the potential application of carbon dots in biotechnology and food technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Szczepankowska
- Faculty of Biotechnology and Horticulture, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 21, 31-120 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Gohar Khachatryan
- Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 21, 31-120 Krakow, Poland; (G.K.); (K.K.)
| | - Karen Khachatryan
- Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 21, 31-120 Krakow, Poland; (G.K.); (K.K.)
| | - Magdalena Krystyjan
- Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Al. Mickiewicza 21, 31-120 Krakow, Poland; (G.K.); (K.K.)
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Sri S, Lakshmi GBVS, Gulati P, Chauhan D, Thakkar A, Solanki PR. Simple and facile carbon dots based electrochemical biosensor for TNF-α targeting in cancer patient's sample. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1182:338909. [PMID: 34602194 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Tumour Necrosis Factor (TNF-α) is a pro-inflammatory cytokine having key roles in cell death, differentiation, survival, proliferation, migration and is a modulator of immune system. Therefore, TNF-α is an ideal biomarker for several disease diagnosis including cancer. However, out of all the biomarkers of cancer, TNF-α) is less explored for cancer detection. Only a few reports are available of developing biosensors for TNF-α targeting in human serum samples. Also, Carbon Dots (CDs) remains less explored in biosensor application. In this regard, for the first time, a sensitive and low-cost electrochemical biosensor based on CDs has developed. CDs were synthesized by simple yet facile microwave pyrolysis. Poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) was selected as the matrix to hold CDs to fabricate the biosensing platform. This novel CD-PMMA nanocomposite featuring excellent biocompatibility, exceptional electrocatalytic conductivity, and large surface area. CD-PMMA was applied as transducing material to efficiently conjugate antibodies specific towards TNF-α and fabricate electrochemical immunosensor for specific detection of TNF-α. The fabricated immunosensor was used for the detection of TNF-α within a wide dynamic range of 0.05-160 pg mL-1 with a lower detection limit of 0.05 pg mL-1 and sensitivity of 5.56 pg mL-1 cm-2. Furthermore, this CDs based immunosensor retains high sensitivity, selectivity, and stability. This immunosensor demonstrated a high correlation with the conventional technique, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for early screening of cancer patient serum samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smriti Sri
- Special Centre for Nanoscience, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - G B V S Lakshmi
- Special Centre for Nanoscience, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Payal Gulati
- Special Centre for Nanoscience, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Deepika Chauhan
- Special Centre for Nanoscience, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Alok Thakkar
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Pratima R Solanki
- Special Centre for Nanoscience, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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Khan S, Dunphy A, Anike MS, Belperain S, Patel K, Chiu NHL, Jia Z. Recent Advances in Carbon Nanodots: A Promising Nanomaterial for Biomedical Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:6786. [PMID: 34202631 PMCID: PMC8269108 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbon nanodots (CNDs) are an emerging class of nanomaterials and have generated much interest in the field of biomedicine by way of unique properties, such as superior biocompatibility, stability, excellent photoluminescence, simple green synthesis, and easy surface modification. CNDs have been featured in a host of applications, including bioimaging, biosensing, and therapy. In this review, we summarize the latest research progress of CNDs and discuss key advances in our comprehension of CNDs and their potential as biomedical tools. We highlighted the recent developments in the understanding of the functional tailoring of CNDs by modifying dopants and surface molecules, which have yielded a deeper understanding of their antioxidant behavior and mechanisms of action. The increasing amount of in vitro research regarding CNDs has also spawned interest in in vivo practices. Chief among them, we discuss the emergence of research analyzing CNDs as useful therapeutic agents in various disease states. Each subject is debated with reflection on future studies that may further our grasp of CNDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safeera Khan
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27412, USA; (S.K.); (A.D.); (M.S.A.); (S.B.); (K.P.)
| | - Andrew Dunphy
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27412, USA; (S.K.); (A.D.); (M.S.A.); (S.B.); (K.P.)
| | - Mmesoma S. Anike
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27412, USA; (S.K.); (A.D.); (M.S.A.); (S.B.); (K.P.)
| | - Sarah Belperain
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27412, USA; (S.K.); (A.D.); (M.S.A.); (S.B.); (K.P.)
| | - Kamal Patel
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27412, USA; (S.K.); (A.D.); (M.S.A.); (S.B.); (K.P.)
| | - Norman H. L. Chiu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27412, USA;
- Department of Nanoscience, Joint School of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27401, USA
| | - Zhenquan Jia
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27412, USA; (S.K.); (A.D.); (M.S.A.); (S.B.); (K.P.)
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Tummala S, Lee CH, Ho YP. Boron, and nitrogen co-doped carbon dots as a multiplexing probe for sensing of p-nitrophenol, Fe (III), and temperature. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 32:265502. [PMID: 33721842 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/abeeb6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Boron and nitrogen co-doped carbon dots (B, N-CDs) were fabricated through a simple, one-step hydrothermal reaction of citric acid, boric acid, and tris base. The obtained B, N-CDs exhibit excitation-dependent fluorescence, high quantum yield (QY), biocompatibility, photostability, and aqueous solubility. The QY was substantially increased to 57% by doping boron atoms. Furthermore, the fluorescence intensity of B, N-CDs was temperature-dependent and decreased linearly from 283 to 333 K. The prepared B, N-CDs were used as a fluorescence probe for the detection ofpara-nitrophenol (p-NP) and Fe (III) ions with low detection limits of 0.17μM and 0.30μM, respectively. Moreover, the presence of p-NP could be further confirmed by a colorimetric assay. The fluorescent probe has been applied to determine p-NP and Fe (III) in a spiked serum sample and spiked water samples (lake and tap water). Moreover, the as-prepared B, N-CDs were of low toxicity and capable of bioimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srikrishna Tummala
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 97401, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hung Lee
- Department of Life Science, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 97401, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Peng Ho
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien 97401, Taiwan
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Gonçalves HMR, Pereira RFP, Lepleux E, Pacheco L, Valente AJM, Duarte AJ, de Zea Bermudez V. Non-Newtonian Thermosensitive Nanofluid Based on Carbon Dots Functionalized with Ionic Liquids. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2020; 16:e1907661. [PMID: 32462808 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201907661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Non-Newtonian nanofluids present outstanding features in terms of energy transfer and conductivity with high application in numerous areas. In this work, non-Newtonian nanofluids based on carbon dots (Cdots) functionalized with ionic liquids (ILs) are developed. The nanofluids are produced using a simple, single-step method where the raw materials for the Cdots synthesis are glucose and waste biomass (chitin from crab shells). The use of ILs as both reaction media and functionalization molecules allows for the development of a new class of nanofluids, where the ILs on the Cdots surface represent the base-fluid. Here, the well-known benign IL 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Bmim]Cl) and a novel home-made IL (1-tosylate-3-methyl-imidazolium triflate) [Tmi][Trif] are used. The nanofluids obtained from both substrates show, apart from high conductivity and viscosity, light absorption, and good wettability, an appealing thermal sensitivity behavior. This thermal sensitivity is preserved even when applied as thin films on glass slides and can be boosted using the surface plasmon resonance effect. The results reported demonstrate that the new Cdots/IL-based nanofluids constitute a versatile and cost-effective route for achieving high-performance thermosensitive non-Newtonian sustainable nanofluids with tremendous potential for the energy coatings sector and heat transfer film systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena M R Gonçalves
- REQUIMTE, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Porto, 4200-072, Portugal
- Chemistry Department and CQ-VR, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, 5001-801, Portugal
| | - Rui F P Pereira
- Chemistry Department and Chemistry Centre, University of Minho, Braga, 4710-057, Portugal
| | | | | | - Artur J M Valente
- CQC, Chemistry Department, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3004-535, Portugal
| | - Abel J Duarte
- REQUIMTE, Instituto Superior de Engenharia do Porto, Porto, 4200-072, Portugal
| | - Verónica de Zea Bermudez
- Chemistry Department and CQ-VR, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, 5001-801, Portugal
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Huang S, Yao J, Chu X, Ning G, Zhou Z, Liu Y, Xiao Q. A ratiometric fluorescent assay for evaluation of alkaline phosphatase activity based on ionic liquid-functionalized carbon dots. Mikrochim Acta 2020; 187:271. [PMID: 32291528 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-020-04264-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
A ratiometric fluorescent assay is fabricated for the evaluation of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. This assay is composed of ionic liquid-functionalized carbon dots (IL-CDs) with blue fluorescence signal at 470 nm and 2,3-diaminophenazine (DAP) with yellow fluorescence signal at 570 nm. IL-CDs were synthesized via electrochemical method by using ionic liquid (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate) and ultrapure water as precursors. DAP is produced by the oxidation reaction between o-phenylenediamine and H2O2 under the catalysis of horseradish peroxidase. H2O2 is reduced by ascorbic acid which is the hydrolysis product of ascorbic acid 2-phosphate under the catalysis of ALP, finally reducing the amount of DAP. The activity of ALP is evaluated through the ratiometric fluorescent signal between IL-CDs and DAP via Förster resonance energy transfer. Under optimal experimental conditions, this ratiometric fluorescent assay has a response that covers the 0.04 to 3.2 U L-1 (12 to 960 pM) ALP activity. This assay possesses ultralow detection limit of 0.012 U L-1 (3.6 pM) for ALP and high selectivity for ALP among several enzymes. The method was used to measure ALP activity in human serum samples with satisfying results. Graphical abstract Schematic presentation of IL-CDs-based ratiometric fluorescent assay for ALP activity evaluation via FRET strategy between IL-CDs and DAP. This ratiometric fluorescent assay possessed low detection limit of ALP activity (0.012 U L-1) and high selectivity among several enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Huang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics, College of Chemistry and Materials, Nanning Normal University, Nanning, 530001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiandong Yao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics, College of Chemistry and Materials, Nanning Normal University, Nanning, 530001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xu Chu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics, College of Chemistry and Materials, Nanning Normal University, Nanning, 530001, People's Republic of China
| | - Gan Ning
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics, College of Chemistry and Materials, Nanning Normal University, Nanning, 530001, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhou
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics, College of Chemistry and Materials, Nanning Normal University, Nanning, 530001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Liu
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics, College of Chemistry and Materials, Nanning Normal University, Nanning, 530001, People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Xiao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Natural Polymer Chemistry and Physics, College of Chemistry and Materials, Nanning Normal University, Nanning, 530001, People's Republic of China.
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Bravo I, Gutiérrez-Sánchez C, García-Mendiola T, Revenga-Parra M, Pariente F, Lorenzo E. Enhanced Performance of Reagent-Less Carbon Nanodots Based Enzyme Electrochemical Biosensors. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 19:E5576. [PMID: 31861148 PMCID: PMC6960740 DOI: 10.3390/s19245576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This work reports on the advantages of using carbon nanodots (CNDs) in the development of reagent-less oxidoreductase-based biosensors. Biosensor responses are based on the detection of H2O2, generated in the enzymatic reaction, at 0.4 V. A simple and fast method, consisting of direct adsorption of the bioconjugate, formed by mixing lactate oxidase, glucose oxidase, or uricase with CNDs, is employed to develop the nanostructured biosensors. Peripherical amide groups enriched CNDs are prepared from ethyleneglycol bis-(2-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid and tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane, and used as precursors. The bioconjugate formed between lactate oxidase and CNDs was chosen as a case study to determine the analytical parameters of the resulting L-lactate biosensor. A linear concentration range of 3.0 to 500 µM, a sensitivity of 4.98 × 10-3 µA·µM-1, and a detection limit of 0.9 µM were obtained for the L-lactate biosensing platform. The reproducibility of the biosensor was found to be 8.6%. The biosensor was applied to the L-lactate quantification in a commercial human serum sample. The standard addition method was employed. L-lactate concentration in the serum extract of 0.9 ± 0.3 mM (n = 3) was calculated. The result agrees well with the one obtained in 0.9 ± 0.2 mM, using a commercial spectrophotometric enzymatic kit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iria Bravo
- Departamento de Química Analítica y Análisis Instrumental, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (I.B.); (C.G.-S.); (T.G.-M.); (M.R.-P.); (F.P.)
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA-Nanociencia), Faraday, 9, Campus UAM, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Gutiérrez-Sánchez
- Departamento de Química Analítica y Análisis Instrumental, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (I.B.); (C.G.-S.); (T.G.-M.); (M.R.-P.); (F.P.)
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA-Nanociencia), Faraday, 9, Campus UAM, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Tania García-Mendiola
- Departamento de Química Analítica y Análisis Instrumental, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (I.B.); (C.G.-S.); (T.G.-M.); (M.R.-P.); (F.P.)
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA-Nanociencia), Faraday, 9, Campus UAM, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mónica Revenga-Parra
- Departamento de Química Analítica y Análisis Instrumental, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (I.B.); (C.G.-S.); (T.G.-M.); (M.R.-P.); (F.P.)
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA-Nanociencia), Faraday, 9, Campus UAM, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Félix Pariente
- Departamento de Química Analítica y Análisis Instrumental, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (I.B.); (C.G.-S.); (T.G.-M.); (M.R.-P.); (F.P.)
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Encarnación Lorenzo
- Departamento de Química Analítica y Análisis Instrumental, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (I.B.); (C.G.-S.); (T.G.-M.); (M.R.-P.); (F.P.)
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA-Nanociencia), Faraday, 9, Campus UAM, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Institute for Advanced Research in Chemical Sciences (IAdChem), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
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Luo T, Wang X, Qian Y, Liu J, Li L, Liu J, Chen J. Direct and sensitive detection of sulfide ions based on one-step synthesis of ionic liquid functionalized fluorescent carbon nanoribbons. RSC Adv 2019; 9:37484-37490. [PMID: 35542298 PMCID: PMC9075588 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra07701d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite widely reported fluorescence sensors for cations, direct detection of anions is nevertheless still rare. In this work, ionic liquid-functionalized fluorescent carbon nanoribbons (IL-CNRs) are one-step synthesized and serve as the fluorescent probes for direct and sensitive detection of sulfide ions (S2−). The IL-CNRs are synthesized based on electrochemical exfoliation of graphite rods in a water-IL biphasic system. The as-prepared IL-CNRs exhibit uniform structure, high crystallinity, strong blue fluorescence (absolute photoluminescence quantum yield of 11.4%), and unique selectivity towards S2−. Based on the fluorescence quenching of IL-CNRs by S2−, a fluorescence sensor is developed for direct, rapid and sensitive detection of S2− in the range of 100 nM to 1 μM and 1–300 μM with a low detection limit (LOD, 85 nM). Moreover, detection of S2− in a real sample (tap water) is also demonstrated. Sensitive detection of sulfide ions is realized based on one-step synthesis of ionic liquid functionalized fluorescent carbon nanoribbons.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Luo
- Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University 71 Hedi Road Nanning 530021 PR China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University 71 Hedi Road Nanning 530021 PR China
| | - Yuting Qian
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University 928 Second Avenue, Xiasha Higher Education Zone Hangzhou 310018 PR China
| | - Junjie Liu
- Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University 71 Hedi Road Nanning 530021 PR China
| | - Lequn Li
- Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University 71 Hedi Road Nanning 530021 PR China
| | - Jiyang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University 928 Second Avenue, Xiasha Higher Education Zone Hangzhou 310018 PR China
| | - Jie Chen
- Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University 71 Hedi Road Nanning 530021 PR China
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Campuzano S, Yáñez-Sedeño P, Pingarrón JM. Carbon Dots and Graphene Quantum Dots in Electrochemical Biosensing. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:E634. [PMID: 31010125 PMCID: PMC6523669 DOI: 10.3390/nano9040634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Graphene quantum dots (GQDs) and carbon dots (CDs) are among the latest research frontiers in carbon-based nanomaterials. They provide interesting attributes to current electrochemical biosensing due to their intrinsic low toxicity, high solubility in many solvents, excellent electronic properties, robust chemical inertness, large specific surface area, abundant edge sites for functionalization, great biocompatibility, low cost, and versatility, as well as their ability for modification with attractive surface chemistries and other modifiers/nanomaterials. In this review article, the use of GQDs and CDs as signal tags or electrode surface modifiers to develop electrochemical biosensing strategies is critically discussed through the consideration of representative approaches reported in the last five years. The advantages and disadvantages arising from the use of GQDs and CDs in this context are outlined together with the still required work to fulfil the characteristics needed to achieve suitable electrochemical enzymatic and affinity biosensors with applications in the real world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana Campuzano
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de CC. Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Paloma Yáñez-Sedeño
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de CC. Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - José M Pingarrón
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultad de CC. Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, E-28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Shadrack Jabes B, Delle Site L. Nanoscale domains in ionic liquids: A statistical mechanics definition for molecular dynamics studies. J Chem Phys 2018; 149:184502. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5054999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- B. Shadrack Jabes
- Institute for Mathematics, Freie Universitat Berlin, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - L. Delle Site
- Institute for Mathematics, Freie Universitat Berlin, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
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12
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Liu M, Xu Y, Niu F, Gooding JJ, Liu J. Carbon quantum dots directly generated from electrochemical oxidation of graphite electrodes in alkaline alcohols and the applications for specific ferric ion detection and cell imaging. Analyst 2018; 141:2657-64. [PMID: 26878217 DOI: 10.1039/c5an02231b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) are attracting tremendous interest owing to their low toxicity, water dispersibility, biocompatibility, optical properties and wide applicability. Herein, CQDs with an average diameter of (4.0 ± 0.2) nm and high crystallinity were produced simply from the electrochemical oxidation of a graphite electrode in alkaline alcohols. The as-formed CQDs dispersion was colourless but the dispersion gradually changed to bright yellow when stored in ambient conditions. Based on UV-Vis absorption, fluorescence spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), this colour change appeared to be due to oxygenation of surface species over time. Furthermore, the CQDs were used in specific and sensitive detection of ferric ion (Fe(3+)) with broad linear ranges of 10-200 μM with a low limit of detection of 1.8 μM (S/N = 3). The application of the CQDs for Fe(3+) detection in tap water was demonstrated and the possible mechanism was also discussed. Finally, based on their good characteristics of low cytotoxicity and excellent biocompatibility, the CQDs were successfully applied to cell imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengli Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering; Laboratory of Fiber Materials and Modern Textile, the Growing Base for State Key Laboratory; Collaborative Innovation Center for Marine Biomass Fibers, Materials and Textiles of Shandong Province; Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Yuanhong Xu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering; Laboratory of Fiber Materials and Modern Textile, the Growing Base for State Key Laboratory; Collaborative Innovation Center for Marine Biomass Fibers, Materials and Textiles of Shandong Province; Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Fushuang Niu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering; Laboratory of Fiber Materials and Modern Textile, the Growing Base for State Key Laboratory; Collaborative Innovation Center for Marine Biomass Fibers, Materials and Textiles of Shandong Province; Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - J Justin Gooding
- School of Chemistry, Australian Centre for NanoMedicineand ARC Centre of Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - Jingquan Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering; Laboratory of Fiber Materials and Modern Textile, the Growing Base for State Key Laboratory; Collaborative Innovation Center for Marine Biomass Fibers, Materials and Textiles of Shandong Province; Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
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Controllable electrochemical/electroanalytical approach to generate nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots from varied amino acids: pinpointing the utmost quantum yield and the versatile photoluminescent and electrochemiluminescent applications. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.03.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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14
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Improving the biocompatibility of carbon nanodots for cell imaging. Talanta 2016; 161:54-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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15
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Colorimetric detection of hydrogen peroxide and lactate based on the etching of the carbon based Au-Ag bimetallic nanocomposite synthesized by carbon dots as the reductant and stabilizer. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 947:23-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Revised: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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16
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17
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Functionalized carbon nanoparticles: Syntheses and applications in optical bioimaging and energy conversion. Coord Chem Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2016.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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18
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Catalytic and peroxidase-like activity of carbon based-AuPd bimetallic nanocomposite produced using carbon dots as the reductant. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 930:23-30. [PMID: 27265901 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In this report, carbon-based AuPd bimetallic nanocomposite (AuPd/C NC) was synthesized using carbon dots (C-dots) as the reducing agent and stabilizer by a simple green sequential reduction strategy, without adding other agents. The as synthesized AuPd/C NC showed good catalytic activity and peroxidase-like property. The structure and morphology of these nanoparticles were clearly characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The AuPd/C NC catalyst exhibits noticeably higher catalytic activity than Pd and Au nanoparticles in catalysis reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP). Moreover, based on the high peroxidase-like property of AuPd/C NC, a new colorimetric detection method for hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) has been designed using 3,3',5,5'-tetramethyl-benzidine (TMB) as the substrate, which provides a simple and sensitive means to detect H2O2 in wide linear range of 5 μM-500 μM and 500 μM-4 mM with low detection limit of 1.6 μM (S/N = 3). Therefore, the facile synthesis strategy for bimetallic nanoparticles by the mild reductant of carbon dot will provide some new thoughts for preparing of carbon-based metal nanomaterials and expand their application in catalysis and analytical chemistry areas.
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Niu F, Xu Y, Liu M, Sun J, Guo P, Liu J. Bottom-up electrochemical preparation of solid-state carbon nanodots directly from nitriles/ionic liquids using carbon-free electrodes and the applications in specific ferric ion detection and cell imaging. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:5470-5477. [PMID: 26891173 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr00023a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanodots (C-dots), a new type of potential alternative to conventional semiconductor quantum dots, have attracted numerous attentions in various applications including bio-chemical sensing, cell imaging, etc., due to their chemical inertness, low toxicity and flexible functionalization. Various methods including electrochemical (EC) methods have been reported for the synthesis of C-dots. However, complex procedures and/or carbon source-containing electrodes are often required. Herein, solid-state C-dots were simply prepared by bottom-up EC carbonization of nitriles (e.g. acetonitrile) in the presence of an ionic liquid [e.g. 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (BMIMPF6)], using carbon-free electrodes. Due to the positive charges of BMIM(+) on the C-dots, the final products presented in a precipitate form on the cathode, and the unreacted nitriles and BMIMPF6 can be easily removed by simple vacuum filtration. The as-prepared solid-state C-dots can be well dispersed in an aqueous medium with excellent photoluminescence properties. The average size of the C-dots was found to be 3.02 ± 0.12 nm as evidenced by transmission electron microscopy. Other techniques such as UV-vis spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy were applied for the characterization of the C-dots and to analyze the possible generation mechanism. These C-dots have been successfully applied in efficient cell imaging and specific ferric ion detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fushuang Niu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering; Laboratory of Fiber Materials and Modern Textile, the Growing Base for State Key Laboratory; Collaborative Innovation Center for Marine Biomass Fibers, Materials and Textiles of Shandong Province; Qingdao University, Ningxia Road 308, Qingdao 266071, China.
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20
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Yang L, Huang N, Lu Q, Liu M, Li H, Zhang Y, Yao S. A quadruplet electrochemical platform for ultrasensitive and simultaneous detection of ascorbic acid, dopamine, uric acid and acetaminophen based on a ferrocene derivative functional Au NPs/carbon dots nanocomposite and graphene. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 903:69-80. [PMID: 26709300 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2015.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a new nanomaterial of thiol functional ferrocene derivative (Fc-SH) stabilized Au NPs/carbon dots nanocomposite (Au/C NC) coupling with graphene modified glassy carbon electrode (Fc-S-Au/C NC/graphene/GCE) was fabricated to serve as a quadruplet detection platform for ultrasensitive and simultaneous determination of ascorbic acid (AA), dopamine (DA), uric acid (UA) and acetaminophen (AC). The Au/C NC was synthesized by adding HAuCl4 into carbon nanodots solution without using any additional reductant and stabilizing agent. Then the Fc-SH was utilized as the protective and capping agent to modify the Au/C NC. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UV-Vis, Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were adopted to characterize the morphology and electrochemical properties of the materials and the electrodes. The Fc-S-Au/C NC/graphene/GCE exhibits a synergistic catalytic and amplification effects towards oxidation of AA, DA, UA and AC owing to the existence of the nanomaterial and electron mediator. When simultaneous detection of AA, DA, UA and AC, the oxidation peak potentials of the four compounds on the electrode can be well separated and the peak currents were linearly dependent on their concentrations. The quadruplet detection platform shows excellent linear range and ultrasensitive response to the four components, the detection limits were estimated to be as low as 1.00, 0.05, 0.12 and 0.10 μM (S/N = 3), and the modified electrode exhibits excellent stability and reproducibility. The proposed electrode has been successfully applied to detect of these four analytes in real samples with satisfactory results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liuqing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education, China), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, PR China
| | - Na Huang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education, China), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, PR China
| | - Qiujun Lu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education, China), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, PR China
| | - Meiling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education, China), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, PR China.
| | - Haitao Li
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education, China), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, PR China
| | - Youyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education, China), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, PR China
| | - Shouzhuo Yao
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology & Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education, China), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, PR China
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Hayes
- Discipline
of Chemistry, The University of Newcastle, NSW 2308, Callaghan, Australia
| | - Gregory G. Warr
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Sydney, Australia
| | - Rob Atkin
- Discipline
of Chemistry, The University of Newcastle, NSW 2308, Callaghan, Australia
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