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Salem KS, Kasera NK, Rahman MA, Jameel H, Habibi Y, Eichhorn SJ, French AD, Pal L, Lucia LA. Comparison and assessment of methods for cellulose crystallinity determination. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:6417-6446. [PMID: 37591800 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00569g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
The degree of crystallinity in cellulose significantly affects the physical, mechanical, and chemical properties of cellulosic materials, their processing, and their final application. Measuring the crystalline structures of cellulose is a challenging task due to inadequate consistency among the variety of analytical techniques available and the lack of absolute crystalline and amorphous standards. Our article reviews the primary methods for estimating the crystallinity of cellulose, namely, X-ray diffraction (XRD), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Raman and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, sum-frequency generation vibrational spectroscopy (SFG), as well as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and evolving biochemical methods using cellulose binding molecules (CBMs). The techniques are compared to better interrogate not only the requirements of each method, but also their differences, synergies, and limitations. The article highlights fundamental principles to guide the general community to initiate studies of the crystallinity of cellulosic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khandoker Samaher Salem
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh.
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
| | - Nitesh Kumar Kasera
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh.
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Md Ashiqur Rahman
- Department of Applied Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh.
- National Institute of Textile Engineering and Research, University of Dhaka, Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
| | - Hasan Jameel
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
| | - Youssef Habibi
- Sustainable Materials Research Center (SUSMAT-RC), University Mohamed VI Polytechnic (UM6P), Lot 660, Hay Moulay Rachid, Benguerir, 43150, Morocco
| | - Stephen J Eichhorn
- Bristol Composites Institute, School of Civil, Aerospace, and Mechanical Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TR, UK
| | - Alfred D French
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Southern Regional Research Center USDA ARS SRRC, New Orleans, LA 70124, USA
| | - Lokendra Pal
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
| | - Lucian A Lucia
- Department of Forest Biomaterials, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, CD 27695-8204, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials & Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology/Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan, 250353, P. R. China
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Storani A, Guerrero SA, Iglesias AA. Insights to improve the activity of glycosyl phosphorylases from Ruminococcus albus 8 with cello-oligosaccharides. Front Chem 2023; 11:1176537. [PMID: 37090251 PMCID: PMC10119399 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1176537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The phosphorolysis of cello-oligosaccharides is a critical process played in the rumen by Ruminococcus albus to degrade cellulose. Cellodextrins, made up of a few glucosyl units, have gained lots of interest by their potential applications. Here, we characterized a cellobiose phosphorylase (RalCBP) and a cellodextrin phosphorylase (RalCDP) from R. albus 8. This latter was further analyzed in detail by constructing a truncated mutant (Ral∆N63CDP) lacking the N-terminal domain and a chimeric protein by fusing a CBM (RalCDP-CBM37). RalCBP showed a typical behavior with high activity on cellobiose. Instead, RalCDP extended its activity to longer soluble or insoluble cello-oligosaccharides. The catalytic efficiency of RalCDP was higher with cellotetraose and cellopentaose as substrates for both reaction directions. Concerning properties of Ral∆N63CDP, results support roles for the N-terminal domain in the conformation of the homo-dimer and conferring the enzyme the capacity to catalyze the phosphorolytic reaction. This mutant exhibited reduced affinity toward phosphate and increased to glucose-1-phosphate. Further, the CBM37 module showed functionality when fused to RalCDP, as RalCDP-CBM37 exhibited an enhanced ability to use insoluble cellulosic substrates. Data obtained from this enzyme's binding parameters to cellulosic polysaccharides agree with the kinetic results. Besides, studies of synthesis and phosphorolysis of cello-saccharides at long-time reactions served to identify the utility of these enzymes. While RalCDP produces a mixture of cello-oligosaccharides (from cellotriose to longer oligosaccharides), the impaired phosphorolytic activity makes Ral∆N63CDP lead mainly toward the synthesis of cellotetraose. On the other hand, RalCDP-CBM37 remarks on the utility of obtaining glucose-1-phosphate from cellulosic compounds.
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Soni AP, Lee J, Shin K, Koiwa H, Hwang I. Production of Recombinant Active Human TGFβ1 in Nicotiana benthamiana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:922694. [PMID: 35712604 PMCID: PMC9197560 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.922694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The production of recombinant proteins in plant systems is receiving wider attention. Indeed, various plant-produced pharmaceuticals have been shown to be biologically active. However, the production of human growth factors and cytokines in heterologous systems is still challenging because they often act as complex forms, such as homo- or hetero-dimers, and their production is tightly regulated in vivo. In this study, we demonstrated that the mature form of human TGFβ1 produced and purified from Nicotiana benthamiana shows biological activity in animal cells. To produce the mature form of TGFβ1, various recombinant genes containing the mature form of TGFβ1 were generated and produced in N. benthamiana. Of these, a recombinant construct, BiP:M:CBM3:LAP[C33S]:EK:TGFβ1, was expressed at a high level in N. benthamiana. Recombinant proteins were one-step purified using cellulose-binding module 3 (CBM3) as an affinity tag and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) beads as a matrix. The TGFβ1 recombinant protein bound on MCC beads was proteolytically processed with enterokinase to separate mature TGFβ1. The mature TGFβ1 still associated with Latency Associated Protein, [LAP(C33S)] that had been immobilized on MCC beads was released by HCl treatment. Purified TGFβ1 activated TGFβ1-mediated signaling in the A549 cell line, thereby inducing phosphorylation of SMAD-2, the expression of ZEB-2 and SNAIL1, and the formation of a filopodia-like structure. Based on these results, we propose that active mature TGFβ1, one of the most challenging growth factors to produce in heterologous systems, can be produced from plants at a high degree of purity via a few steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditya Prakash Soni
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
| | - Juhee Lee
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kunyoo Shin
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hisashi Koiwa
- Molecular and Environmental Plant Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
- Vegetable and Fruit Development Center, Department of Horticultural Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Inhwan Hwang
- Department of Life Science, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
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Han L, Jiang B, Wang W, Wang G, Tan Y, Niu K, Fang X. Alleviating Nonproductive Adsorption of Lignin on CBM through the Addition of Cationic Additives for Lignocellulosic Hydrolysis. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:2253-2261. [PMID: 35404566 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The nonproductive adsorption of cellulase onto lignin significantly inhibited the enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass. In this study, we constructed a rapid fluorescence detection (RFD) system, and using this system, we demonstrated that the addition of cationic additives DTAB or polyDADMAC greatly increased the partition coefficients of cellulose/lignin, reduced nonproductive adsorption, and enhanced the hydrolysis efficiency of lignocellulose compared to those of Tweens or PEGs. Moreover, the addition of polyDADMAC and DTAB increased the glucose yield released from the mixture of Avicel and AICS-lignin (MCL) by 16.9 and 20.6%, respectively, and reduced the inhibition rate of lignin by 16.9 and 20.7%, respectively. Interestingly, polyDADMAC or DTAB treatment performed more effectively for the enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated lignocellulosic biomass, compared with MCL. We confirmed that the reduced hydrophobicity and increased zeta potential of lignin cocontribute to the dampening nonproductive adsorption of lignin. In particular, the zeta potential values of lignin and the partition coefficients of Avicel/lignin with the addition of additives showed a good correlation, suggesting that electrostatic force also plays a crucial role in the adsorbing of cellulase on lignin. This work will be conducive to decreasing the nonproductive binding of cellulase onto lignin and enhancing cellulose conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Han
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China.,Rongcheng Huihai Chuangda Biotechnology CO., LTD, Weihai, Shandong 264309, China
| | - Baojie Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China.,College of Science and Technology, Hebei Agricultural University, Cangzhou 061100, China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Lab of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 311, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Gaosheng Wang
- TianJin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, TianJin University of Science and Technology, TianJin 300457, China
| | - Yinshuang Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Kangle Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
| | - Xu Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China.,National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China.,Rongcheng Huihai Chuangda Biotechnology CO., LTD, Weihai, Shandong 264309, China
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5
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de Freitas EN, Salgado JCS, Alnoch RC, Contato AG, Habermann E, Michelin M, Martínez CA, Polizeli MDLTM. Challenges of Biomass Utilization for Bioenergy in a Climate Change Scenario. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:1277. [PMID: 34943192 PMCID: PMC8698859 DOI: 10.3390/biology10121277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The climate changes expected for the next decades will expose plants to increasing occurrences of combined abiotic stresses, including drought, higher temperatures, and elevated CO2 atmospheric concentrations. These abiotic stresses have significant consequences on photosynthesis and other plants' physiological processes and can lead to tolerance mechanisms that impact metabolism dynamics and limit plant productivity. Furthermore, due to the high carbohydrate content on the cell wall, plants represent a an essential source of lignocellulosic biomass for biofuels production. Thus, it is necessary to estimate their potential as feedstock for renewable energy production in future climate conditions since the synthesis of cell wall components seems to be affected by abiotic stresses. This review provides a brief overview of plant responses and the tolerance mechanisms applied in climate change scenarios that could impact its use as lignocellulosic biomass for bioenergy purposes. Important steps of biofuel production, which might influence the effects of climate change, besides biomass pretreatments and enzymatic biochemical conversions, are also discussed. We believe that this study may improve our understanding of the plant biological adaptations to combined abiotic stress and assist in the decision-making for selecting key agronomic crops that can be efficiently adapted to climate changes and applied in bioenergy production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuelle Neiverth de Freitas
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto (FMRP), University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, São Paulo, Brazil; (E.N.d.F.); (A.G.C.)
| | - José Carlos Santos Salgado
- Department of Chemistry, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto (FFCLRP), University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-901, São Paulo, Brazil;
| | - Robson Carlos Alnoch
- Department of Biology, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto (FFCLRP), University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-901, São Paulo, Brazil; (R.C.A.); (E.H.); (C.A.M.)
| | - Alex Graça Contato
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto (FMRP), University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, São Paulo, Brazil; (E.N.d.F.); (A.G.C.)
| | - Eduardo Habermann
- Department of Biology, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto (FFCLRP), University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-901, São Paulo, Brazil; (R.C.A.); (E.H.); (C.A.M.)
| | - Michele Michelin
- Centre of Biological Engineering (CEB), Gualtar Campus, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal;
| | - Carlos Alberto Martínez
- Department of Biology, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto (FFCLRP), University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-901, São Paulo, Brazil; (R.C.A.); (E.H.); (C.A.M.)
| | - Maria de Lourdes T. M. Polizeli
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto (FMRP), University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14049-900, São Paulo, Brazil; (E.N.d.F.); (A.G.C.)
- Department of Biology, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto (FFCLRP), University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto 14040-901, São Paulo, Brazil; (R.C.A.); (E.H.); (C.A.M.)
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6
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Sun P, Valenzuela SV, Chunkrua P, Javier Pastor FI, Laurent CVF, Ludwig R, van Berkel WJH, Kabel MA. Oxidized Product Profiles of AA9 Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenases Depend on the Type of Cellulose. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2021; 9:14124-14133. [PMID: 34722005 PMCID: PMC8549066 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.1c04100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) are essential for enzymatic conversion of lignocellulose-rich biomass in the context of biofuels and platform chemicals production. Considerable insight into the mode of action of LPMOs has been obtained, but research on the cellulose specificity of these enzymes is still limited. Hence, we studied the product profiles of four fungal Auxiliary Activity family 9 (AA9) LPMOs during their oxidative cleavage of three types of cellulose: bacterial cellulose (BC), Avicel PH-101 (AVI), and regenerated amorphous cellulose (RAC). We observed that attachment of a carbohydrate-binding module 1 (CBM1) did not change the substrate specificity of LPMO9B from Myceliophthora thermophila C1 (MtLPMO9B) but stimulated the degradation of all three types of cellulose. A detailed quantification of oxidized ends in both soluble and insoluble fractions, as well as characterization of oxidized cello-oligosaccharide patterns, suggested that MtLPMO9B generates mainly oxidized cellobiose from BC, while producing oxidized cello-oligosaccharides from AVI and RAC ranged more randomly from DP2-8. Comparable product profiles, resulting from BC, AVI, and RAC oxidation, were found for three other AA9 LPMOs. These distinct cleavage profiles highlight cellulose specificity rather than an LPMO-dependent mechanism and may further reflect that the product profiles of AA9 LPMOs are modulated by different cellulose types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peicheng Sun
- Laboratory
of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University
& Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Susana V. Valenzuela
- Department
of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute
of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pimvisuth Chunkrua
- Laboratory
of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University
& Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Francisco I. Javier Pastor
- Department
of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
- Institute
of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 645, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christophe V. F.
P. Laurent
- Biocatalysis
and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU−University of Natural Resources and Life
Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
- Institute
of Molecular Modeling and Simulation, Department of Material Sciences
and Process Engineering, BOKU−University
of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Roland Ludwig
- Biocatalysis
and Biosensing Laboratory, Department of Food Science and Technology, BOKU−University of Natural Resources and Life
Sciences, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Willem J. H. van Berkel
- Laboratory
of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University
& Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Mirjam A. Kabel
- Laboratory
of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University
& Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
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7
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Ayeni AO, Agboola O, Daramola MO, Grabner B, Oni BA, Babatunde DE, Evwodere J. Kinetic study of activation and deactivation of adsorbed cellulase during enzymatic conversion of alkaline peroxide oxidation-pretreated corn cob to sugar. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-020-0667-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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8
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Nemmaru B, Ramirez N, Farino CJ, Yarbrough JM, Kravchenko N, Chundawat SPS. Reduced type-A carbohydrate-binding module interactions to cellulose I leads to improved endocellulase activity. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 118:1141-1151. [PMID: 33245142 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Dissociation of nonproductively bound cellulolytic enzymes from cellulose is hypothesized to be a key rate-limiting factor impeding cost-effective biomass conversion to fermentable sugars. However, the role of carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs) in enabling nonproductive enzyme binding is not well understood. Here, we examine the subtle interplay of CBM binding and cellulose hydrolysis activity for three models type-A CBMs (Families 1, 3a, and 64) tethered to multifunctional endoglucanase (CelE) on two distinct cellulose allomorphs (i.e., cellulose I and III). We generated a small library of mutant CBMs with varying cellulose affinity, as determined by equilibrium binding assays, followed by monitoring cellulose hydrolysis activity of CelE-CBM fusion constructs. Finally, kinetic binding assays using quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation were employed to measure CBM adsorption and desorption rate constants k on and k off , respectively, towards nanocrystalline cellulose derived from both allomorphs. Overall, our results indicate that reduced CBM equilibrium binding affinity towards cellulose I alone, resulting from increased desorption rates ( k off ) and reduced effective adsorption rates ( nk on ), is correlated to overall improved endocellulase activity. Future studies could employ similar approaches to unravel the role of CBMs in nonproductive enzyme binding and develop improved cellulolytic enzymes for industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicholas Ramirez
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Cindy J Farino
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - John M Yarbrough
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado, USA
| | - Nicholas Kravchenko
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Shishir P S Chundawat
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
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Mohapatra S, Ranjan Mishra R, Nayak B, Chandra Behera B, Das Mohapatra PK. Development of co-culture yeast fermentation for efficient production of biobutanol from rice straw: A useful insight in valorization of agro industrial residues. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 318:124070. [PMID: 32942093 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Escalating environmental concerns and petroleum demands leads into the present study. In this investigation delignification of rice straw was optimized by NaOH and H2SO4 pretreatment using L16 Taguchi orthogonal array. NaOH pretreatment revealed higher delignification as compared to H2SO4 and; further subjected to separate enzymatic hydrolysis and co-fermentation (SHCF) using RSM as the SHCF demonstrated a maximum glucose and xylose yield of 575 and 205 mg/g. Further, butanol concentration of 4.32 g/L was achieved from 20 g/L of sugar loadings by co-culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pichia sp. at 72 h of incubation time which was 79.25% higher as compared to monocultures of Pichia sp. Scale-up experiments with higher sugar loadings (90 g/L) demonstrated a butanol concentration of 13.3 g/L. The release of amino acids in co-culture and monoculture systems demonstrated that the addition of S. cerevisiae promoted the butanol synthesis pathway which led to higher butanol concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali Mohapatra
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Engg. & Technology, Kalinga Nagar, Ghatikia, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751003, India
| | - Rashmi Ranjan Mishra
- Department of Biotechnology, MITS School of Biotechnology, KIIT Road, Infocity, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
| | - Bikash Nayak
- Department of Biotechnology, MITS School of Biotechnology, KIIT Road, Infocity, Patia, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
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10
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Sorption of Methylene Blue for Studying the Specific Surface Properties of Biomass Carbohydrates. COATINGS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings10111115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The surface area is an important parameter in setting any biorefining technology. The aim of this study was to investigate the applicability of sorption of methylene blue to characterize the surface of the main biomass carbohydrates: α-cellulose, sigmacell cellulose, natural gum, β-glucan, and starch. The morphology of particles of the model objects was studied by scanning electron microscopy. Nitrogen adsorption isotherms demonstrate that the selected carbohydrates are macroporous adsorbents. The monolayer capacities, the energy constants of the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) equation, and specific surface areas were calculated using the BET theory, the comparative method proposed by Gregg and Sing, and the Harkins–Jura method. The method of methylene blue sorption onto biomass carbohydrates was adapted and mastered. It was demonstrated that sorption of methylene blue proceeds successfully in ethanol, thus facilitating surface characterization for carbohydrates that are either soluble in water or regain water. It was found that the methylene blue sorption values correlate with specific surface area determined by nitrogen adsorption/desorption and calculated from the granulometric data. As a result of electrostatic attraction, the presence of ion-exchanged groups on the analyte surface has a stronger effect on binding of methylene blue than the surface area does. Sorption of methylene blue can be used in addition to gas adsorption/desorption to assess the accessibility of carbohydrate surface for binding large molecules.
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11
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Immobilization and enzymatic properties of glutamate decarboxylase from Enterococcus faecium by affinity adsorption on regenerated chitin. Amino Acids 2020; 52:1479-1489. [PMID: 33128622 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-020-02906-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Glutamate decarboxylase (GAD, EC 4.1.1.15) is an important enzyme in gamma-aminobutyric acid biosynthesis and DL-glutamic acid resolution. In this study, the Enterococcus faecium-derived GAD was successfully immobilized by regenerated chitin (RC) via specific adsorption of cellulose-binding domain (CBD). The optimal binding buffer was 20 mmol/L phosphate buffer saline (pH 8.0), and the RC binding capacity was 1.77 ± 0.11 mgcbd-gad/grc under this condition. The ratio of wet RC and crude enzyme solution used for immobilization was recommended to 3:50 (g/mL). To evaluate the effect of RC immobilization on GAD, properties of the immobilize GAD (RC-CBD-GAD) were investigated. Results indicated RC-CBD-GAD was relatively stable at pH 4.4-5.6 and temperature - 20-40 °C, and the optimal reaction pH value and temperature were pH 4.8 and 50 °C, respectively. When it was reacted with 5 mmol/L of follow chemical reagents respectively, the activity of RC-CBD-GAD was hardly affected by EDTA, KCl, and NaCl, and significantly inactivated by AgNO3, MnSO4, MgSO4, CuSO4, ZnSO4, FeCl2, FeCl3, AlCl3, CaCl2, and Pb(CH3COO)2. The apparent Km and Vmax were 28.35 mmol/L and 147.06 μmol/(gRC-CBD-GAD·min), respectively. The optimum time for a batch of catalytic reaction without exogenous pH control was 2 h. Under this reaction time, RC-CBD-GAD had a good reusability with a half-life of 23 cycles, indicating that it was very attractive for GABA industry. As a novel, efficient, and green CBD binding carrier, RC provides an alternative way to protein immobilization.
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Kumari M, Lee J, Lee DW, Hwang I. High-level production in a plant system of a thermostable carbonic anhydrase and its immobilization on microcrystalline cellulose beads for CO 2 capture. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2020; 39:1317-1329. [PMID: 32651706 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-020-02566-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE Plant-produced SazCA and its application to CO2 capture. Technologies that rely on chemical absorption or physical adsorption have been developed to capture CO2 from industrial flue gases and sequester it at storage sites. Carbonic anhydrases (CAs), metalloenzymes, that catalyze the reversible hydration of CO2 have recently received attention as biocatalysts in the capture of CO2 from flue gases, but their cost presents a major obstacle for use at an industrial scale. This cost, however, can be reduced either by producing a long-lasting enzyme suitable for CO2 capture or by lowering production costs. High-level expression, easy purification, and immobilization of CAs from Sulfurihydrogenibium azorense (SazCA) were investigated in a plant system. Fusion of the 60-amino acid-long ectodomain (M-domain) of the human receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase C increased the levels of SazCA accumulation. Fusion of the cellulose-binding module (CBM3) from Clostridium thermocellum resulted in tight binding of recombinant protein to microcrystalline cellulose beads, enabling easy purification. The chimeric fusion protein, BMC-SazCA, which consisted of SazCA with the M and CBM3 domains, was expressed in tobacco (Nicotiana benthamiana), giving a recombinant protein yield in leaf extracts of 350 mg/kg fresh weight. BMC-SazCA produced in planta was active in the presence of various chemicals used in CO2 capture. Immobilization of BMC-SazCA on the surface of microcrystalline cellulose beads extended its heat stability, allowing its reuse in multiple rounds of the CO2 hydration reaction. These results suggest that production of SazCA in plants has great potential for CA-based CO2 sequestration and mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhu Kumari
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Junho Lee
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Dong Wook Lee
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
- Department of Bioenergy Science and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, South Korea
| | - Inhwan Hwang
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and Biotechnology, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, South Korea.
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, South Korea.
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13
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Mboowa D, Khatri V, Saddler JN. The use of fluorescent protein-tagged carbohydrate-binding modules to evaluate the influence of drying on cellulose accessibility and enzymatic hydrolysis. RSC Adv 2020; 10:27152-27160. [PMID: 35515757 PMCID: PMC9055586 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra05333c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The influence of drying on cellulose accessibility and enzymatic hydrolysis was assessed. Dissolving pulp was differentially dried by freeze-, air- and oven-drying at 50 °C and subsequently hydrolyzed using the commercial CTec 3 cellulase preparation. It was apparent that drying reduced the ease of enzymatic hydrolysis of all of the substrates with a pronounced reduction (48%) exhibited by the oven-dried pulp. To assess if the ease of hydrolysis was due to enzyme accessibility to the substrate, microscopy (SEM), FTIR spectroscopy, water retention value (WRV), fiber aspect ratio analysis, Simons' stain and the selective binding of Fluorescent Protein-tagged Carbohydrate Binding Modules (FP-CBMs): CBM3a (crystalline cellulose) and CBM17 (amorphous cellulose) in combination with confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) were used. The combined methods indicated that, if the gross characteristics of the substrate limited enzyme accessibility, the cellulases, as represented by the FP-CBMs, could not in turn access the finer structural components of the cellulosic substrates. Drying restricts cellulose accessibility at macro- and micro-scale of fiber structure with restriction at macro-fiber significantly limiting accessibility to micro-fibrils.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Drake Mboowa
- Forest Products Biotechnology/Bioenergy Group, Faculty of Forestry, Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia 2424 main mall Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Vinay Khatri
- Forest Products Biotechnology/Bioenergy Group, Faculty of Forestry, Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia 2424 main mall Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
| | - Jack N Saddler
- Forest Products Biotechnology/Bioenergy Group, Faculty of Forestry, Department of Wood Science, University of British Columbia 2424 main mall Vancouver BC V6T 1Z4 Canada
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14
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Godigamuwa K, Nakashima K, Okamoto J, Kawasaki S. Biological Route to Fabricate Silica on Cellulose Using Immobilized Silicatein Fused with a Carbohydrate-Binding Module. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:2922-2928. [PMID: 32543179 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c00730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Silicatein is an enzyme capable of catalyzing silica formation under mild conditions and is a promising catalyst for the fabrication of biohybrid materials. However, unfavorable aggregation of silicatein makes it unsuitable for use in material fabrication. In this study, a soluble protein tag (ProS2) and a carbohydrate-binding module (CBM) were used to develop a soluble and cellulose-binding fusion silicatein, ProS2-Sil-CBM, which can be efficiently immobilized on cellulose to form silica on it. ProS2-Sil-CBM was soluble in aqueous media and strongly bound to cellulose. ProS2-Sil-CBM bound on cellulose catalyzed the formation of a silica layer on the cellulose in the presence of tetraethyl orthosilicate as the substrate. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and surface elemental analysis confirmed the formation of silica on cellulose. This technique can be used to fabricate inorganic-organic hybrid materials to immobilize biomolecules and can be applied to develop novel biocatalytic systems, biosensors, and tissue culture scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasun Godigamuwa
- Division of Sustainable Resources Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13, Nishi 8, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Kazunori Nakashima
- Division of Sustainable Resources Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13, Nishi 8, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Junnosuke Okamoto
- Division of Sustainable Resources Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13, Nishi 8, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Satoru Kawasaki
- Division of Sustainable Resources Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13, Nishi 8, Kita-Ku, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
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15
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Novy V, Nielsen F, Olsson J, Aïssa K, Saddler JN, Wallberg O, Galbe M. Elucidation of Changes in Cellulose Ultrastructure and Accessibility in Hardwood Fractionation Processes with Carbohydrate Binding Modules. ACS SUSTAINABLE CHEMISTRY & ENGINEERING 2020; 8:6767-6776. [PMID: 32391215 PMCID: PMC7202243 DOI: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.9b07589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
We have recently presented a sequential treatment method, in which steam explosion (STEX) was followed by hydrotropic extraction (HEX), to selectively fractionate cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin in hardwood into separate process streams. However, above a treatment severity threshold, the structural alterations in the cellulose-enriched fraction appeared to restrict the enzymatic hydrolyzability and delignification efficiency. To better understand the ultrastructural changes in the cellulose, hardwood chips were treated by single (STEX or HEX) and combined treatments (STEX and HEX), and the cellulose accessibility quantified with carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs) that bind preferentially to crystalline (CBM2a) and paracrystalline cellulose (CBM17). Fluorescent-tagged versions of the CBMs were used to map the spatial distribution of cellulose substructures with confocal laser scanning microscopy. With increasing severities, STEX increased the apparent crystallinity (CBM2a/CBM17-ratio) and overall accessibility (CBM2aH6 + CBM17) of the cellulose, whereas HEX demonstrated the opposite trend. The respective effects could also be discerned in the combined treatments where increasing severities further resulted in higher hemicellulose dissolution and, although initially beneficial, in stagnating accessibility and hydrolyzability. This study suggests that balancing the severities in the two treatments is required to maximize the fractionation and simultaneously achieve a reactive and accessible cellulose that is readily hydrolyzable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Novy
- Department
of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, The
University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Nielsen
- Department
of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, The
University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Johanna Olsson
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Kevin Aïssa
- Department
of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, The
University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Jack N. Saddler
- Department
of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, The
University of British Columbia, 2424 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Ola Wallberg
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Mats Galbe
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
- . Phone: +46
46 2228299
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16
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Mwandira W, Nakashima K, Togo Y, Sato T, Kawasaki S. Cellulose-metallothionein biosorbent for removal of Pb(II) and Zn(II) from polluted water. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 246:125733. [PMID: 31901659 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Intake of toxic trace elements in drinking water can lead to adverse health effects. To remove toxic trace elements from water, we developed a novel biosorbent composed of cellulose and a fusion protein. The fusion protein was constructed from metallothionein (MT) and a carbohydrate-binding module (CBM), where CBM can bind to cellulose while MT can capture heavy metal ions in solution. In a batch experiment, the biosorbent had maximum biosorption capacities for Pb(II) and Zn(II) ions of 39.02 mg/g and 29.28 mg/g, respectively. Furthermore, the biosorbent could be used in a semi-continuous system and showed good regeneration and recyclability. Both cellulose and the MT-CBM are environmentally friendly and renewable materials, and this biosorbent has great potential for efficient removal of toxic trace elements from polluted water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson Mwandira
- Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13, Nishi 8, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Kazunori Nakashima
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13, Nishi 8, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan.
| | - Yuki Togo
- Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13, Nishi 8, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Sato
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13, Nishi 8, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Satoru Kawasaki
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13, Nishi 8, Kita-Ku, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan
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17
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Nanofibrillated Cellulose-Enzyme Assemblies for Enhanced Biotransformations with In Situ Cofactor Regeneration. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2020; 191:1369-1383. [PMID: 32100231 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-020-03263-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
We report herein the use of nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) for development of enzyme assemblies in an oriented manner for biotransformation with in situ cofactor regeneration. This is achieved by developing fusion protein enzymes with cellulose-specific binding domains. Specifically, lactate dehydrogenase and NADH oxidase were fused with a cellulose binding domain, which enabled both enzyme recovery and assembling in essentially one single step by using NFC. Results showed that the binding capacity of the enzymes was as high as 0.9 μmol-enzyme/g-NFC. Compared to native parent free enzymes, NFC-enzyme assemblies improved the catalytic efficiency of the coupled reaction system by over 100%. The lifetime of enzymes was also improved by as high as 27 folds. The work demonstrates promising potential of using biocompatible and environmentally benign bio-based nanomaterials for construction of efficient catalysts for intensified bioprocessing and biotransformation applications.
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18
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Hossain A, Rahaman MS, Lee D, Phung TK, Canlas CG, Simmons BA, Renneckar S, Reynolds W, George A, Tulaphol S, Sathitsuksanoh N. Enhanced Softwood Cellulose Accessibility by H 3PO 4 Pretreatment: High Sugar Yield without Compromising Lignin Integrity. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b05873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anwar Hossain
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
| | - Mohammad Shahinur Rahaman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
| | - David Lee
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, 5885 Hollis St, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
| | - Thanh Khoa Phung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
| | - Christian G. Canlas
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Core Laboratories, Thuwal, 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
- College of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Blake A. Simmons
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, 5885 Hollis St, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
- Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Rd, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Scott Renneckar
- Faculty of Forestry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - William Reynolds
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Anthe George
- Joint BioEnergy Institute, 5885 Hollis St, Emeryville, California 94608, United States
- Sandia National Laboratories, 7011 East Ave, Livermore, California 94551, United States
| | - Sarttrawut Tulaphol
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
- Department of Chemistry, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
| | - Noppadon Sathitsuksanoh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, United States
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19
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Togo Y, Nakashima K, Mwandira W, Kawasaki S. A Novel Metal Adsorbent Composed of a Hexa-histidine Tag and a Carbohydrate-binding Module on Cellulose. ANAL SCI 2019; 36:459-464. [PMID: 31866603 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.19p356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We developed a novel metal adsorbent composed of bio-based materials, cellulose and a protein. The approach involved the immobilization of a hexa-histidine tag (His6), which shows an affinity for an intermediate acid (metal ion) in Hard and Soft Acids and Bases (HSAB) theory, on cellulose by fusing with a carbohydrate-binding module (CBM). The results show that CBM-His6-bound cellulose has adsorption selectivity reflecting the original properties of His6. Additionally, we prepared three configurations of CBM-His6 proteins, which were subsequently immobilized on filter paper for Ni2+ ion adsorption. Of these configurations, we found that the protein containing two His6 tags at each terminus (N- and C-) of CBM exhibited the highest metal adsorption ability. Furthermore, XPS analysis confirmed the binding of Ni2+ ions on the cellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Togo
- Division of Sustainable Resources Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University
| | - Kazunori Nakashima
- Division of Sustainable Resources Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University
| | - Wilson Mwandira
- Division of Sustainable Resources Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University
| | - Satoru Kawasaki
- Division of Sustainable Resources Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University
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20
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Zhou X, Wang M, Fang S, Liu X, Liu P. Effect of Alkaline Black Liquor Recycling on Alkali Combined with Ozone Pretreatment of Corn Stalk. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24152836. [PMID: 31387205 PMCID: PMC6696168 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24152836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the early stage, the best conditions for alkali-bound ozone pretreatment were studied. But after treatment, the alkaline black liquor was directly discarded due to the large amount of organic matter, resulting in environmental pollution and waste of resources. In this paper, the alkaline black liquor was recycled under the optimal pretreatment conditions. The results showed that the number of alkaline black liquor cycles had little effect on hemicellulose content, and had a great influence on cellulose content and lignin content. Through structural characterization of corn stover, it was found that the pretreatment caused structural changes of lignin in straw. However, when the alkaline black liquor was recycled for the fourth time, the ether bond in the side chain of lignin and the covalent bond between the components were not sufficiently destroyed, and the damage to the phenolic hydroxyl group was also weakened. It was indicated that when the alkaline black liquor was recycled for the fourth time, the destruction effect of the alkaline black liquor on the straw was significantly inhibited. Therefore, the optimal circulation time of alkaline black liquor was three times, and the cellulolytic conversion rate was 81.53%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Zhou
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Mengya Wang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shuo Fang
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ping Liu
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, China.
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21
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Podgorbunskikh EM, Bychkov AL, Lomovsky OI. Determination of Surface Accessibility of the Cellulose Substrate According to Enzyme Sorption. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11071201. [PMID: 31323787 PMCID: PMC6680662 DOI: 10.3390/polym11071201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As a heterogeneous process, enzymatic hydrolysis depends on the contact area between enzymes and the cellulose substrate. The surface area of a substrate is typically evaluated through the sorption of gases (nitrogen, argon, or water vapor) or sorption of high-molecular-weight pigments or proteins. However, lignocellulosic biomass uninvolved in the reaction because of inefficient binding or even the complete inhibition of the enzymes on the surface consisting of lignin or inorganic compounds is erroneously taken into account under these conditions. The initial rate of enzymatic hydrolysis will directly depend on the number of enzymes efficiently sorbed onto cellulose. In this study, the sorption of cellulolytic enzymes was used to evaluate the surface accessibility of the cellulose substrate and its changes during mechanical pretreatment. It was demonstrated that for pure cellulose, mechanical activation did not alter the chemical composition of the surface and the initial rate of hydrolysis increased, which was inconsistent with the data on the thermal desorption of nitrogen. New active cellulose sorption sites were shown to be formed upon. the mechanical activation of plant biomass (wheat straw), and the ultimate initial rate of hydrolysis corresponding to saturation of the accessible surface area with enzyme molecules was determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina M Podgorbunskikh
- Institute of Solid State Chemistry and Mechanochemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Kutateladze 18, Novosibirsk 630128, Russia.
| | - Aleksey L Bychkov
- Institute of Solid State Chemistry and Mechanochemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Kutateladze 18, Novosibirsk 630128, Russia
- Novosibirsk State Technical University, pr. K. Marksa 20, Novosibirsk 630073, Russia
| | - Oleg I Lomovsky
- Institute of Solid State Chemistry and Mechanochemistry, Siberian Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences, ul. Kutateladze 18, Novosibirsk 630128, Russia
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22
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Cui CH, Jeon BM, Fu Y, Im WT, Kim SC. High-density immobilization of a ginsenoside-transforming β-glucosidase for enhanced food-grade production of minor ginsenosides. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:7003-7015. [PMID: 31289903 PMCID: PMC6690934 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09951-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Use of recombinant glycosidases is a promising approach for the production of minor ginsenosides, e.g., Compound K (CK) and F1, which have potential applications in the food industry. However, application of these recombinant enzymes for food-grade preparation of minor ginsenosides are limited by the lack of suitable expression hosts and low productivity. In this study, Corynebacterium glutamicum ATCC13032, a GRAS strain that has been used extensively for the industrial-grade production of additives for foodstuffs, was employed to express a novel β-glucosidase (MT619) from Microbacterium testaceum ATCC 15829 with high ginsenoside-transforming activity. A cellulose-binding module was additionally fused to the N-terminus of MT619 for immobilization on cellulose, which is an abundant and safe material. Via one-step immobilization, the fusion protein in cell lysates was efficiently immobilized on regenerated amorphous cellulose at a high density (maximum 984 mg/g cellulose), increasing the enzyme concentration by 286-fold. The concentrated and immobilized enzyme showed strong conversion activities against protopanaxadiol- and protopanaxatriol-type ginsenosides for the production of CK and F1. Using gram-scale ginseng extracts as substrates, the immobilized enzyme produced 7.59 g/L CK and 9.42 g/L F1 in 24 h. To the best of our knowledge, these are the highest reported product concentrations of CK and F1, and this is the first time that a recombinant enzyme has been immobilized on cellulose for the preparation of minor ginsenosides. This safe, convenient, and efficient production method could also be effectively exploited in the preparation of food-processing recombinant enzymes in the pharmaceutical, functional food, and cosmetics industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Hao Cui
- Intelligent Synthetic Biology Center, 291 Daehak-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Korea.,The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plant of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Normal University, No. 101 Shanghai Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, People's Republic of China
| | - Byeong-Min Jeon
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Korea
| | - Yaoyao Fu
- The Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Medicinal Plant of Jiangsu Province, Jiangsu Normal University, No. 101 Shanghai Road, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, 221116, People's Republic of China
| | - Wan-Taek Im
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hankyong National University, 327 Chungang-Ro, Anseong City, Kyonggi-Do, 456-749, Korea
| | - Sun-Chang Kim
- Intelligent Synthetic Biology Center, 291 Daehak-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Korea. .,Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Korea. .,KAIST Institute for Biocentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-Ro, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, 305-701, Korea.
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23
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Islam MR, Kwak J, Lee J, Hong S, Khan MRI, Lee Y, Lee Y, Lee S, Hwang I. Cost-effective production of tag-less recombinant protein in Nicotiana benthamiana. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2019; 17:1094-1105. [PMID: 30468023 PMCID: PMC6523591 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plants have recently received a great deal of attention as a means of producing recombinant proteins. Despite this, a limited number of recombinant proteins are currently on the market and, if plants are to be more widely used, a cost-effective and efficient purification method is urgently needed. Although affinity tags are convenient tools for protein purification, the presence of a tag on the recombinant protein is undesirable for many applications. A cost-effective method of purification using an affinity tag and the removal of the tag after purification has been developed. The family 3 cellulose-binding domain (CBM3), which binds to microcrystalline cellulose, served as the affinity tag and the small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) and SUMO-specific protease were used to remove it. This method, together with size-exclusion chromatography, enabled purification of human interleukin-6 (hIL6) with a yield of 18.49 mg/kg fresh weight from leaf extracts of Nicotiana benthamiana following Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression. Plant-produced hIL6 (P-hIL6) contained less than 0.2 EU/μg (0.02 ng/mL) endotoxin. P-hIL6 activated the Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcriptional pathways in human LNCaP cells, and induced expression of IL-21 in activated mouse CD4+ T cells. This approach is thus a powerful method for producing recombinant proteins in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Reyazul Islam
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and BiotechnologyPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohangKorea
| | - Ju‐Won Kwak
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and BiotechnologyPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohangKorea
| | - Jeon‐soo Lee
- Department of Life SciencePohang University of Science and TechnologyPohangKorea
| | - Sung‐Wook Hong
- Department of Life SciencePohang University of Science and TechnologyPohangKorea
| | - Md Rezaul Islam Khan
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and BiotechnologyPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohangKorea
| | - Yongjik Lee
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and BiotechnologyPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohangKorea
| | - Yoontae Lee
- Department of Life SciencePohang University of Science and TechnologyPohangKorea
| | - Seung‐Woo Lee
- Department of Life SciencePohang University of Science and TechnologyPohangKorea
| | - Inhwan Hwang
- Division of Integrative Biosciences and BiotechnologyPohang University of Science and TechnologyPohangKorea
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Gatt E, Khatri V, Bley J, Barnabé S, Vandenbossche V, Beauregard M. Enzymatic hydrolysis of corn crop residues with high solid loadings: New insights into the impact of bioextrusion on biomass deconstruction using carbohydrate-binding modules. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 282:398-406. [PMID: 30884460 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass is a sustainable source of renewable substrate to produce low carbon footprint energy and materials. Biomass conversion is usually performed in two steps: a biomass pretreatment for improving cellulose accessibility followed by enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose. In this study we investigated the efficiency of a bioextrusion pretreatment (extrusion in the presence of cellulase enzyme) for production of reducing sugars from corn crop agricultural residues. Our results demonstrate that bioextrusion increased the reducing sugar conversion yield by at least 94% at high solid/liquid ratio (14%-40%). Monitoring biomass surface with carbohydrate-binding modules (FTCM-depletion assay) revealed that well known negative impact of high solid/liquid ratio on conversion yield is not due to the lack of exposed cellulose which was abundant under such conditions. Bioextrusion was found to be less efficient on alkaline pretreated biomass but being a mild and solvent limiting pretreatment, it might help to minimize the waste stream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Gatt
- Laboratoire de Chimie Agro-industrielle, LCA, Université de Toulouse, INRA, Toulouse, France.
| | - Vinay Khatri
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2P5, Canada; PROTEO, Université Laval, Québec G1V 4G2, Canada.
| | - Julien Bley
- Centre de recherche sur les matériaux lignocellulosiques, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Canada; Innofibre, 3351 Boulevard des Forges, Québec G9A 5E6, Canada
| | - Simon Barnabé
- Centre de recherche sur les matériaux lignocellulosiques, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Canada
| | - Virginie Vandenbossche
- Laboratoire de Chimie Agro-industrielle, LCA, Université de Toulouse, INRA, Toulouse, France.
| | - Marc Beauregard
- Centre de recherche sur les matériaux lignocellulosiques, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Canada; PROTEO, Université Laval, Québec G1V 4G2, Canada
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Guo X, Yang F, Liu H, Hou Y, Wang Y, Sun J, Chen X, Liu Y, Li X. Prediction of Cellulose Crystallinity in Liquid Phase Using CBM-GFP Probe. Macromol Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-019-7059-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Comparative Biochemical and Structural Analysis of Novel Cellulose Binding Proteins (Tāpirins) from Extremely Thermophilic Caldicellulosiruptor Species. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.01983-18. [PMID: 30478233 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01983-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Genomes of extremely thermophilic Caldicellulosiruptor species encode novel cellulose binding proteins, called tāpirins, located proximate to the type IV pilus locus. The C-terminal domain of Caldicellulosiruptor kronotskyensis tāpirin 0844 (Calkro_0844) is structurally unique and has a cellulose binding affinity akin to that seen with family 3 carbohydrate binding modules (CBM3s). Here, full-length and C-terminal versions of tāpirins from Caldicellulosiruptor bescii (Athe_1870), Caldicellulosiruptor hydrothermalis (Calhy_0908), Caldicellulosiruptor kristjanssonii (Calkr_0826), and Caldicellulosiruptor naganoensis (NA10_0869) were produced recombinantly in Escherichia coli and compared to Calkro_0844. All five tāpirins bound to microcrystalline cellulose, switchgrass, poplar, and filter paper but not to xylan. Densitometry analysis of bound protein fractions visualized by SDS-PAGE revealed that Calhy_0908 and Calkr_0826 (from weakly cellulolytic species) associated with the cellulose substrates to a greater extent than Athe_1870, Calkro_0844, and NA10_0869 (from strongly cellulolytic species). Perhaps this relates to their specific needs to capture glucans released from lignocellulose by cellulases produced in Caldicellulosiruptor communities. Calkro_0844 and NA10_0869 share a higher degree of amino acid sequence identity (>80% identity) with each other than either does with Athe_1870 (∼50%). The levels of amino acid sequence identity of Calhy_0908 and Calkr_0826 to Calkro_0844 were only 16% and 36%, respectively, although the three-dimensional structures of their C-terminal binding regions were closely related. Unlike the parent strain, C. bescii mutants lacking the tāpirin genes did not bind to cellulose following short-term incubation, suggesting a role in cell association with plant biomass. Given the scarcity of carbohydrates in neutral terrestrial hot springs, tāpirins likely help scavenge carbohydrates from lignocellulose to support growth and survival of Caldicellulosiruptor species.IMPORTANCE The mechanisms by which microorganisms attach to and degrade lignocellulose are important to understand if effective approaches for conversion of plant biomass into fuels and chemicals are to be developed. Caldicellulosiruptor species grow on carbohydrates from lignocellulose at elevated temperatures and have biotechnological significance for that reason. Novel cellulose binding proteins, called tāpirins, are involved in the way that Caldicellulosiruptor species interact with microcrystalline cellulose, and additional information about the diversity of these proteins across the genus, including binding affinity and three-dimensional structural comparisons, is provided here.
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Liang C, Gu C, Raftery J, Karim MN, Holtzapple M. Development of modified HCH-1 kinetic model for long-term enzymatic cellulose hydrolysis and comparison with literature models. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2019; 12:34. [PMID: 30820244 PMCID: PMC6378734 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-019-1371-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Enzymatic hydrolysis is a major step for cellulosic ethanol production. A thorough understanding of enzymatic hydrolysis is necessary to help design optimal conditions and economical systems. The original HCH-1 (Holtzapple-Caram-Humphrey-1) model is a generalized mechanistic model for enzymatic cellulose hydrolysis, but was previously applied only to the initial rates. In this study, the original HCH-1 model was modified to describe integrated enzymatic cellulose hydrolysis. The relationships between parameters in the HCH-1 model and substrate conversion were investigated. Literature models for long-term (> 48 h) enzymatic hydrolysis were summarized and compared to the modified HCH-1 model. RESULTS A modified HCH-1 model was developed for long-term (> 48 h) enzymatic cellulose hydrolysis. This modified HCH-1 model includes the following additional considerations: (1) relationships between coefficients and substrate conversion, and (2) enzyme stability. Parameter estimation was performed with 10-day experimental data using α-cellulose as substrate. The developed model satisfactorily describes integrated cellulose hydrolysis data taken with various reaction conditions (initial substrate concentration, initial product concentration, enzyme loading, time). Mechanistic (and semi-mechanistic) literature models for long-term enzymatic hydrolysis were compared with the modified HCH-1 model and evaluated by the corrected version of the Akaike information criterion. Comparison results show that the modified HCH-1 model provides the best fit for enzymatic cellulose hydrolysis. CONCLUSIONS The HCH-1 model was modified to extend its application to integrated enzymatic hydrolysis; it performed well when predicting 10-day cellulose hydrolysis at various experimental conditions. Comparison with the literature models showed that the modified HCH-1 model provided the best fit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Liang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3122 USA
| | - Chao Gu
- Department of Educational Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3122 USA
| | - Jonathan Raftery
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3122 USA
| | - M. Nazmul Karim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3122 USA
| | - Mark Holtzapple
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3122 USA
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Zhu JQ, Wu XL, Li WC, Qin L, Chen S, Xu T, Liu H, Zhou X, Li X, Zhong C, Li BZ, Yuan YJ. Ethylenediamine pretreatment of corn stover facilitates high gravity fermentation with low enzyme loading. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 267:227-234. [PMID: 30025318 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This work investigated the effect of ethylenediamine pretreatment on reducing enzyme loading in high gravity fermentation. At optimal conditions of ethylenediamine pretreatment, 85.5% lignin was removed. Enzyme adsorption analysis using a fluorescent cellulose-binding protein showed 35.2% increase of productive adsorption of enzymes to ethylenediamine pretreated biomass, which was caused by high delignification and dramatically increased surface roughness and porosity. In SScF at 15% glucan loading, up to 82.2 g/L ethanol was achieved with a relatively low enzyme loading of 3.6 FPU/g dry matter. It suggested that the remarkably high digestibility of EDA pretreated corn stover could effectively reduce the enzyme loading in the high gravity fermentation of cellulosic ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Qing Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China; Center of Synthetic Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Xiao-Le Wu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China; Center of Synthetic Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Wen-Chao Li
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China; Center of Synthetic Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Lei Qin
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China; Center of Synthetic Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Si Chen
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China; Center of Synthetic Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Tao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China; Center of Synthetic Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Hong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China; Center of Synthetic Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Xiao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China; Center of Synthetic Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Xia Li
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China; Center of Synthetic Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Cheng Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Bing-Zhi Li
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China; Center of Synthetic Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China.
| | - Ying-Jin Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Systems Bioengineering (Ministry of Education), School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China; Center of Synthetic Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
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Thankappan S, Kandasamy S, Joshi B, Sorokina KN, Taran OP, Uthandi S. Bioprospecting thermophilic glycosyl hydrolases, from hot springs of Himachal Pradesh, for biomass valorization. AMB Express 2018; 8:168. [PMID: 30324223 PMCID: PMC6188974 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-018-0690-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The harnessing of biocatalysts from extreme environment hot spring niche for biomass conversion is significant and promising owing to the special characteristics of extremozymes attributed by intriguing biogeochemistry and extreme conditions of these environments. Hence, in the present study 38 bacterial isolates obtained from hot springs of Manikaran (~ 95 °C), Kalath (~ 50 °C) and Vasist (~ 65 °C) of Himachal Pradesh were screened for glycosyl hydrolases by in situ enrichment technique using lignocellulosic biomass (LCB). Based on their hydrolytic potential 5 isolates were selected and they were Bacillus tequilensis (VCB1, VCB2 and VSDB4), and B. licheniformis (KBFB2 and KBFB3). Cellulolytic activity assayed by growth under submerged fermentation showed that B. tequilensis VCB1 had maximum FPA activity (3.38 IU ml−1) in 48 h, while B. licheniformis KBFB3 excelled for endoglucanase (EGA of 4.81 IU ml−1 in 24 h) and cellobiase (0.71 IU ml−1 in 48 h) activities. Among all the thermophilic biocatalysts evaluated, highest exoglucanase (0.06 IU ml−1) activity was observed in B. tequilensis VSDB4 while endoglucanase of B. licheniformis KBFB3 showed optimum specific activity at pH 7 and 70 °C. Further, the presence of celS, celB and xlnB genes in the isolates suggest their possible role in biomass conversion. Protein profiling by SDS-PAGE analysis revealed that cellulase isoforms migrated with molecular masses of 75 kDa. The endoglucanase activity of promising strain B. licheniformis KBFB3 was enhanced in the presence of Ca2+, mercaptoethanol and sodium hypochlorite whereas moderately inhibited by Cu2+, Zn2+, urea, SDS and H2O2. The results of this study indicate scope for the possible development of novel biocatalysts with multifunctional thermostable glycosyl hydrolases from hot springs for efficient hydrolysis of the complex lignocellulosic biomass into simple sugars and other derived bioproducts leading to biomass valorization.
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Kang KY, Hwang KR, Park JY, Lee JP, Kim JS, Lee JS. Critical Point Drying: An Effective Drying Method for Direct Measurement of the Surface Area of a Pretreated Cellulosic Biomass. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10060676. [PMID: 30966710 PMCID: PMC6404156 DOI: 10.3390/polym10060676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The surface area and pore size distribution of Eucalyptus samples that were pretreated by different methods were determined by the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) technique. Three methods were applied to prepare cellulosic biomass samples for the BET measurements, air, freeze, and critical point drying (CPD). The air and freeze drying caused a severe collapse of the biomass pore structures, but the CPD effectively preserved the biomass morphology. The surface area of the CPD prepared Eucalyptus samples were determined to be 58–161 m2/g, whereas the air and freeze dried samples were 0.5–1.3 and 1.0–2.4 m2/g, respectively. The average pore diameter of the CPD prepared Eucalyptus samples were 61–70 Å. The CPD preserved the Eucalyptus sample morphology by replacing water with a non-polar solvent, CO2 fluid, which prevented hydrogen bond reformation in the cellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu-Young Kang
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, Dongguk University-Seoul, 32 Dongguk-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang 10326, Korea.
| | - Kyung-Ran Hwang
- Biomass and Waste Energy Laboratory, Korea Institute of Energy Research, 152 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34129, Korea.
| | - Ji-Yeon Park
- Biomass and Waste Energy Laboratory, Korea Institute of Energy Research, 152 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34129, Korea.
| | - Joon-Pyo Lee
- Gwangju Bioenergy R&D Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, 25 Samso-ro270beongil, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61003, Korea.
| | - Jun-Seok Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kyonggi University, 154-42 Gwanggyosan-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon 16227, Korea.
| | - Jin-Suk Lee
- Gwangju Bioenergy R&D Center, Korea Institute of Energy Research, 25 Samso-ro270beongil, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61003, Korea.
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Li T, Liu N, Ou X, Zhao X, Qi F, Huang J, Liu D. Visualizing cellulase adsorption and quantitatively determining cellulose accessibility with an updated fungal cellulose-binding module-based fluorescent probe protein. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2018; 11:105. [PMID: 29657580 PMCID: PMC5890345 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1105-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cellulose accessibility to cellulases (CAC) is a direct factor determining the enzymatic digestibility of lignocellulosic cellulose. Improving CAC by pretreatment is a prerequisite step for the efficient release of fermentable sugars from biomass cell wall. However, conventional methods to study the porosimetry of solid materials showed some limitations to be used for investigating CAC. In this work, an updated novel fusion protein comprising a fungal cellulose-binding module (CBM) from Cel7A cellobiohydrolase I (CBH I) of Trichoderma reesei QM6 and a di-green fluorescent protein (GFP2) was constructed for quantitative determination of CAC. RESULTS The obtained probe protein had similar molecular size (e.g., weight) with that of Cel7A and could give detectable signal for quantitative analysis. Several construction strategies were compared with regard to the site of His-tag and order of CBM and GFP2 modules in the protein sequence, in order to achieve good expression quantity and usability of the probe protein. His6-CBM-GFP2 has been identified as the best probe protein for investigating the effects of structural features of cellulosic substrates on cellulose accessibility. Substrate samples with different contents of xylan, lignin, and degree of substitution of cellulose -OH by formyl group were obtained, respectively, by mild H2SO4 pre-hydrolysis, NaClO2 selective delignification, and treatment of filter paper cellulose with concentrated formic acid. The determined CAC was in a wide range of 0.6-20.4 m2/g depending on the contents of hemicelluloses, lignin, and formyl group as well as cellulose degree of crystallization. CONCLUSIONS The obtained fusion probe protein could be used as a versatile tool to quantitatively investigate the impacts of biomass structural features on CAC and hydrolyzability of cellulose substrates, as well as nonproductive adsorption of cellulase enzymes on lignin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian Li
- Key Laboratory for Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Nan Liu
- Key Laboratory for Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
- Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117 Fujian China
| | - Xianjin Ou
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Xuebing Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Feng Qi
- Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117 Fujian China
| | - Jianzhong Huang
- Engineering Research Center of Industrial Microbiology of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350117 Fujian China
| | - Dehua Liu
- Key Laboratory for Industrial Biocatalysis, Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
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A Simple Method for Beta-glucosidase Immobilization and Its Application in Soybean Isoflavone Glycosides Hydrolysis. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-017-0434-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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De Bhowmick G, Sarmah AK, Sen R. Lignocellulosic biorefinery as a model for sustainable development of biofuels and value added products. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 247:1144-1154. [PMID: 28993055 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.09.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
A constant shift of society's dependence from petroleum-based energy resources towards renewable biomass-based has been the key to tackle the greenhouse gas emissions. Effective use of biomass feedstock, particularly lignocellulosic, has gained worldwide attention lately. Lignocellulosic biomass as a potent bioresource, however, cannot be a sustainable alternative if the production cost is too high and/ or the availability is limited. Recycling the lignocellulosic biomass from various sources into value added products such as bio-oil, biochar or other biobased chemicals in a bio-refinery model is a sensible idea. Combination of integrated conversion techniques along with process integration is suggested as a sustainable approach. Introducing 'series concept' accompanying intermittent dark/photo fermentation with co-cultivation of microalgae is conceptualised. While the cost of downstream processing for a single type of feedstock would be high, combining different feedstocks and integrating them in a bio-refinery model would lessen the production cost and reduce CO2 emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goldy De Bhowmick
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Ajit K Sarmah
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Ramkrishna Sen
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal 721302, India
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Khatri V, Meddeb-Mouelhi F, Adjallé K, Barnabé S, Beauregard M. Determination of optimal biomass pretreatment strategies for biofuel production: investigation of relationships between surface-exposed polysaccharides and their enzymatic conversion using carbohydrate-binding modules. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2018; 11:144. [PMID: 29796085 PMCID: PMC5960114 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1145-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) is a key step for its efficient bioconversion into ethanol. Determining the best pretreatment and its parameters requires monitoring its impacts on the biomass material. Here, we used fluorescent protein-tagged carbohydrate-binding modules method (FTCM)-depletion assay to study the relationship between surface-exposed polysaccharides and enzymatic hydrolysis of LCB. RESULTS Our results indicated that alkali extrusion pretreatment led to the highest hydrolysis rates for alfalfa stover, cattail stems and flax shives, despite its lower lignin removal efficiency compared to alkali pretreatment. Corn crop residues were more sensitive to alkali pretreatments, leading to higher hydrolysis rates. A clear relationship was consistently observed between total surface-exposed cellulose detected by the FTCM-depletion assay and biomass enzymatic hydrolysis. Comparison of bioconversion yield and total composition analysis (by NREL/TP-510-42618) of LCB prior to or after pretreatments did not show any close relationship. Lignin removal efficiency and total cellulose content (by NREL/TP-510-42618) led to an unreliable prediction of enzymatic polysaccharide hydrolysis. CONCLUSIONS Fluorescent protein-tagged carbohydrate-binding modules method (FTCM)-depletion assay provided direct evidence that cellulose exposure is the key determinant of hydrolysis yield. The clear and robust relationships that were observed between the cellulose accessibility by FTCM probes and enzymatic hydrolysis rates change could be evolved into a powerful prediction tool that might help develop optimal biomass pretreatment strategies for biofuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Khatri
- Centre de recherche sur les matériaux lignocellulosiques, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7 Canada
- PROTEO, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2 Canada
| | - Fatma Meddeb-Mouelhi
- Centre de recherche sur les matériaux lignocellulosiques, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7 Canada
- PROTEO, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2 Canada
| | - Kokou Adjallé
- Centre de recherche sur les matériaux lignocellulosiques, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7 Canada
| | - Simon Barnabé
- Centre de recherche sur les matériaux lignocellulosiques, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7 Canada
| | - Marc Beauregard
- Centre de recherche sur les matériaux lignocellulosiques, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, C.P. 500, Trois-Rivières, QC G9A 5H7 Canada
- PROTEO, Université Laval, Québec, QC G1V 4G2 Canada
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Kansou K, Rémond C, Paës G, Bonnin E, Tayeb J, Bredeweg B. Testing scientific models using Qualitative Reasoning: Application to cellulose hydrolysis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14122. [PMID: 29074872 PMCID: PMC5658447 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14281-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
With the accumulation of scientific information in natural science, even experts can find difficult to keep integrating new piece of information. It is critical to explore modelling solutions able to capture information scattered in publications as a computable representation form. Traditional modelling techniques are important in that regard, but relying on numerical information comes with limitations for integrating results from distinct studies, high-level representations can be more suited. We present an approach to stepwise construct mechanistic explanation from selected scientific papers using the Qualitative Reasoning framework. As a proof of concept, we apply the approach to modelling papers about cellulose hydrolysis mechanism, focusing on the causal explanations for the decreasing of hydrolytic rate. Two explanatory QR models are built to capture classical explanations for the phenomenon. Our results show that none of them provides sufficient explanation for a set of basic experimental observations described in the literature. Combining the two explanations into a third one allowed to get a new and sufficient explanation for the experimental results. In domains where numerical data are scarce and strongly related to the experimental conditions, this approach can aid assessing the conceptual validity of an explanation and support integration of knowledge from different sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamal Kansou
- INRA, Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, BP 71267, 44316, Nantes, France.
| | - Caroline Rémond
- FARE laboratory, INRA, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100, Reims, France
| | - Gabriel Paës
- FARE laboratory, INRA, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100, Reims, France
| | - Estelle Bonnin
- INRA, Biopolymères Interactions Assemblages, BP 71267, 44316, Nantes, France
| | - Jean Tayeb
- FARE laboratory, INRA, University of Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 51100, Reims, France
| | - Bert Bredeweg
- Informatics Institute, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Tian JH, Pourcher AM, Bize A, Wazeri A, Peu P. Impact of wet aerobic pretreatments on cellulose accessibility and bacterial communities in rape straw. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 237:31-38. [PMID: 28411050 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.03.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A new pretreatment method of lignocellulosic biomass was explored by using a wet aerobic process with an alkaline lignin and a mineral salt solution. This treatment significantly improved structural modification of rape straw used as substrate model in this study. Change in cellulose accessibility to cellulase of rape straw rose up to six fold within the first days of this pretreatment without generated significant modification of van Soest lignocellulose fractionation. The biological pretreatment apply to rape straw induced a high microbial activity revealed by quantitative PCR and sequencing techniques, suggesting that bacteria including Xanthomonadales and Sphingobacteriales may be involved in this lignocellulosic biomass transformation. Moreover, results of this work demonstrate that the endogenous microbial community associated with rape straw plays a key role in its alteration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Hao Tian
- IRSTEA, UR OPAALE, 17 avenue de Cucillé, CS 64427, F-35044 Rennes, France; Université Bretagne Loire, France
| | - Anne-Marie Pourcher
- IRSTEA, UR OPAALE, 17 avenue de Cucillé, CS 64427, F-35044 Rennes, France; Université Bretagne Loire, France
| | - Ariane Bize
- IRSTEA, Hydrosystems and Bioprocesses Research Unit, 1 rue Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, CS 10030, F-92761 Antony, France
| | - Alaa Wazeri
- Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology (E-JUST), Environmental Engineering Department, P.O. Box 179, New Borg El-Arab City 21934, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Pascal Peu
- IRSTEA, UR OPAALE, 17 avenue de Cucillé, CS 64427, F-35044 Rennes, France; Université Bretagne Loire, France.
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Knapp A, Ripphahn M, Volkenborn K, Skoczinski P, Jaeger KE. Activity-independent screening of secreted proteins using split GFP. J Biotechnol 2017; 258:110-116. [PMID: 28619616 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The large-scale industrial production of proteins requires efficient secretion, as provided, for instance, by the Sec system of Gram-positive bacteria. Protein engineering approaches to optimize secretion often involve the screening of large libraries, e.g. comprising a target protein fused to many different signal peptides. Respective high-throughput screening methods are usually based on photometric or fluorimetric assays enabling fast and simple determination of enzymatic activities. Here, we report on an alternative method for quantification of secreted proteins based on the split GFP assay. We analyzed the secretion by Bacillus subtilis of a homologous lipase and a heterologous cutinase by determination of GFP fluorescence and enzyme activity assays. Furthermore, we identified from a signal peptide library a variant of the biotechnologically relevant B. subtilis protein swollenin EXLX1 with up to 5-fold increased secretion. Our results demonstrate that the split GFP assay can be used to monitor secretion of enzymatic and non-enzymatic proteins in B. subtilis in a high-throughput manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Knapp
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich -Heine -University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52426 Jülich, Germany
| | - Myriam Ripphahn
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich -Heine -University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52426 Jülich, Germany
| | - Kristina Volkenborn
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich -Heine -University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52426 Jülich, Germany
| | - Pia Skoczinski
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich -Heine -University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52426 Jülich, Germany
| | - Karl-Erich Jaeger
- Institute of Molecular Enzyme Technology, Heinrich -Heine -University Düsseldorf, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52426 Jülich, Germany; Institute of Bio- and Geosciences IBG-1: Biotechnology, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52428 Jülich, Germany.
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38
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Li T, Fang Q, Chen H, Qi F, Ou X, Zhao X, Liu D. Solvent-based delignification and decrystallization of wheat straw for efficient enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose and ethanol production with low cellulase loadings. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra28509k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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39
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Tian JH, Pourcher AM, Bureau C, Peu P. Cellulose accessibility and microbial community in solid state anaerobic digestion of rape straw. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 223:192-201. [PMID: 27792929 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Solid state anaerobic digestion (SSAD) with leachate recirculation is an appropriate method for the valorization of agriculture residues. Rape straw is a massively produced residue with considerable biochemical methane potential, but its degradation in SSAD remains poorly understood. A thorough study was conducted to understand the performance of rape straw as feedstock for laboratory solid state anaerobic digesters. We investigated the methane production kinetics of rape straw in relation to cellulose accessibility to cellulase and the microbial community. Improving cellulose accessibility through milling had a positive influence on both the methane production rate and methane yield. The SSAD of rape straw reached 60% of its BMP in a 40-day pilot-scale test. Distinct bacterial communities were observed in digested rape straw and leachate, with Bacteroidales and Sphingobacteriales as the most abundant orders, respectively. Archaeal populations showed no phase preference and increased chronologically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Hao Tian
- IRSTEA, UR OPAALE, 17 Avenue de Cucillé, CS 64427, F-35044 Rennes, France; Université Bretagne Loire, France
| | - Anne-Marie Pourcher
- IRSTEA, UR OPAALE, 17 Avenue de Cucillé, CS 64427, F-35044 Rennes, France; Université Bretagne Loire, France
| | - Chrystelle Bureau
- IRSTEA, Hydrosystems and Bioprocesses Research Unit, 1 rue Pierre-Gilles de Gennes, CS 10030, 92761 Antony Cedex, France
| | - Pascal Peu
- IRSTEA, UR OPAALE, 17 Avenue de Cucillé, CS 64427, F-35044 Rennes, France; Université Bretagne Loire, France.
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Shi J, Wu D, Zhang L, Simmons BA, Singh S, Yang B, Wyman CE. Dynamic changes of substrate reactivity and enzyme adsorption on partially hydrolyzed cellulose. Biotechnol Bioeng 2016; 114:503-515. [PMID: 27617791 DOI: 10.1002/bit.26180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose is a thermodynamically challenging catalytic process that is influenced by both substrate-related and enzyme-related factors. In this study, a proteolysis approach was applied to recover and clean the partially converted cellulose at the different stages of enzymatic hydrolysis to monitor the hydrolysis rate as a function of substrate reactivity/accessibility and investigate surface characteristics of the partially converted cellulose. Enzyme-substrate interactions between individual key cellulase components from wild-type Trichoderma reesei and partially converted cellulose were followed and correlated to the enzyme adsorption capacity and dynamic sugar release. Results suggest that cellobiohydrolase CBH1 (Cel7A) and endoglucanases EG2 (Cel5A) adsorption capacities decreased as cellulose was progressively hydrolyzed, likely due to the "depletion" of binding sites. Furthermore, the degree of synergism between CBH1 and EG2 varied depending on the enzyme loading and the substrates. The results provide a better understanding of the relationship between dynamic change of substrate features and the functionality of various cellulase components during enzymatic hydrolysis. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 503-515. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Shi
- Center for Environmental Research and Technology, University of California, 1084 Columbia Avenue, Riverside, CA 92507.,Deconstruction Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California.,Department of Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Dong Wu
- Deconstruction Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California.,Biological and Materials Science Center, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California
| | - Libing Zhang
- Bioproducts, Sciences and Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Richland, Washington
| | - Blake A Simmons
- Deconstruction Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California
| | - Seema Singh
- Deconstruction Division, Joint BioEnergy Institute, Emeryville, California.,Biological and Materials Science Center, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California
| | - Bin Yang
- Center for Environmental Research and Technology, University of California, 1084 Columbia Avenue, Riverside, CA 92507.,Bioproducts, Sciences and Engineering Laboratory, Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Washington State University, Richland, Washington
| | - Charles E Wyman
- Center for Environmental Research and Technology, University of California, 1084 Columbia Avenue, Riverside, CA 92507.,Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Bourns College of Engineering, Riverside, California.,BioEnergy Science Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee
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41
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Song X, Jiang Y, Rong X, Wei W, Wang S, Nie S. Surface characterization and chemical analysis of bamboo substrates pretreated by alkali hydrogen peroxide. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 216:1098-101. [PMID: 27311789 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The surface characterization and chemical analysis of bamboo substrates by alkali hydrogen peroxide pretreatment (AHPP) were investigated in this study. The results tended to manifest that AHPP prior to enzymatic and chemical treatment was potential for improving accessibility and reactivity of bamboo substrates. The inorganic components, organic solvent extractives and acid-soluble lignin were effectively removed by AHPP. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis indicated that the surface of bamboo chips had less lignin but more carbohydrate after pre-treatment. Fiber surfaces became etched and collapsed, and more pores and debris on the substrate surface were observed with Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Brenauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) results showed that both of pore volume and surface area were increased after AHPP. Although XRD analysis showed that AHPP led to relatively higher crystallinity, pre-extraction could overall enhance the accessibility of enzymes and chemicals into the bamboo structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueping Song
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Yan Jiang
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Xianjian Rong
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Wei Wei
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Shuangfei Wang
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning 530004, PR China
| | - Shuangxi Nie
- College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, PR China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Clean Pulp & Papermaking and Pollution Control, Nanning 530004, PR China.
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42
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Song X, Zhang S, Wang Y, Li J, He C, Yao L. A kinetic study of Trichoderma reesei Cel7B catalyzed cellulose hydrolysis. Enzyme Microb Technol 2016; 87-88:9-16. [PMID: 27178789 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
One prominent feature of Trichoderma reesei (Tr) endoglucanases catalyzed cellulose hydrolysis is that the reaction slows down quickly after it starts (within minutes). But the mechanism of the slowdown is not well understood. A structural model of Tr- Cel7B catalytic domain bound to cellulose was built computationally and the potentially important binding residues were identified and tested experimentally. The 13 tested mutants show different binding properties in the adsorption to phosphoric acid swollen cellulose and filter paper. Though the partitioning parameter to filter paper is about 10 times smaller than that to phosphoric acid swollen cellulose, a positive correlation is shown for two substrates. The kinetic studies show that the reactions slow down quickly for both substrates. This slowdown is not correlated to the binding constant but anticorrelated to the enzyme initial activity. The amount of reducing sugars released after 24h by Cel7B in phosphoric acid swollen cellulose, Avicel and filter paper cellulose hydrolysis is correlated with the enzyme activity against a soluble substrate p-nitrophenyl lactoside. Six of the 13 tested mutants, including N47A, N52D, S99A, N323D, S324A, and S346A, yield ∼15-35% more reducing sugars than the wild type (WT) Cel7B in phosphoric acid swollen cellulose and filter paper hydrolysis. This study reveals that the slowdown of the reaction is not due to the binding of the enzyme to cellulose. The activity of Tr- Cel7B against the insoluble substrate cellulose is determined by the enzyme's capability in hydrolyzing the soluble substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangfei Song
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Shujun Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Yefei Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Jingwen Li
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Chunyan He
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Lishan Yao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Laboratory of Biofuels, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266061, China.
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Karim Z, Afrin S, Husain Q, Danish R. Necessity of enzymatic hydrolysis for production and functionalization of nanocelluloses. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2016; 37:355-370. [PMID: 27049593 DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2016.1163322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Nanocellulose (NC) from cellulosic biomass has recently gained attention owing to their biodegradable nature, low density, high mechanical properties, economic value and renewability. They still suffer, however, some drawbacks. The challenges are the exploration of raw materials, scaling, recovery of chemicals utilized for the production or functionalization and most important is toxic behavior that hinders them from implementing in medical/pharmaceutical field. This review emphasizes the structural behavior of cellulosic biomass and biological barriers for enzyme interactions, which are pertinent to understand the enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulose for the production of NCs. Additionally, the enzymatic catalysis for the modification of solid and NC is discussed. The utility of various classes of enzymes for introducing desired functional groups on the surface of NC has been further examined. Thereafter, a green mechanistic approach is applied for understanding at molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoheb Karim
- a Division of Materials Science , Composite Centre Sweden, Luleå University of Technology , Luleå , Sweden
| | - Sadaf Afrin
- b Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences , Aligarh Muslim University , Aligarh , UP , India
| | - Qayyum Husain
- c Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences , Aligarh Muslim University , Aligarh , UP , India
| | - Rehan Danish
- d Infinity Vacuum Technology , Geomdan Techpart Geomdangondan-Ro 26, Buk-Gu , Daegu , Korea
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Attia M, Stepper J, Davies GJ, Brumer H. Functional and structural characterization of a potent GH74 endo-xyloglucanase from the soil saprophyte Cellvibrio japonicus unravels the first step of xyloglucan degradation. FEBS J 2016; 283:1701-19. [PMID: 26929175 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The heteropolysaccharide xyloglucan (XyG) comprises up to one-quarter of the total carbohydrate content of terrestrial plant cell walls and, as such, represents a significant reservoir in the global carbon cycle. The complex composition of XyG requires a consortium of backbone-cleaving endo-xyloglucanases and side-chain cleaving exo-glycosidases for complete saccharification. The biochemical basis for XyG utilization by the model Gram-negative soil saprophytic bacterium Cellvibrio japonicus is incompletely understood, despite the recent characterization of associated side-chain cleaving exo-glycosidases. We present a detailed functional and structural characterization of a multimodular enzyme encoded by gene locus CJA_2477. The CJA_2477 gene product comprises an N-terminal glycoside hydrolase family 74 (GH74) endo-xyloglucanase module in train with two carbohydrate-binding modules (CBMs) from families 10 and 2 (CBM10 and CBM2). The GH74 catalytic domain generates Glc4 -based xylogluco-oligosaccharide (XyGO) substrates for downstream enzymes through an endo-dissociative mode of action. X-ray crystallography of the GH74 module, alone and in complex with XyGO products spanning the entire active site, revealed a broad substrate-binding cleft specifically adapted to XyG recognition, which is composed of two seven-bladed propeller domains characteristic of the GH74 family. The appended CBM10 and CBM2 members notably did not bind XyG, nor other soluble polysaccharides, and instead were specific cellulose-binding modules. Taken together, these data shed light on the first step of xyloglucan utilization by C. japonicus and expand the repertoire of GHs and CBMs for selective biomass analysis and utilization. DATABASE Structural data have been deposited in the RCSB protein database under the Protein Data Bank codes: 5FKR, 5FKS, 5FKT and 5FKQ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Attia
- Michael Smith Laboratories and Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | | | - Harry Brumer
- Michael Smith Laboratories and Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Haque MA, Barman DN, Kim MK, Yun HD, Cho KM. Cogon grass (Imperata cylindrica), a potential biomass candidate for bioethanol: cell wall structural changes enhancing hydrolysis in a mild alkali pretreatment regime. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2016; 96:1790-1797. [PMID: 26041026 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2015] [Revised: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Imperata cylindrica is being considered as a biomass candidate for bioethanol. This work aimed to evaluate a mild alkali pretreatment effect on the Imperata recalcitrant structure. Therefore, varied concentrations of NaOH (0, 7.5, 15, 20, and 25 g L(-1) ) were applied as treatments to Imperata at 105 °C for 10 min. RESULTS Scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy studies revealed that 20 to 25 g L(-1) NaOH-treated Imperata exposed amorphous cellulose on surface granules composed of lignin, waxes, and partly hemicelluloses were abolished due to the comprehensive disruption of the linkages between lignin and carbohydrates. The cellulose crystalline index was increased with 7.5 to 20 g L(-1) NaOH treatments and reduced with a 25 g L(-1) NaOH treatment. In fact, the cellulose content in solids increased with the increasing NaOH concentration and was estimated to be 720 and 740 g kg(-1) for the 20 and 25 g L(-1) NaOH treatments, respectively. The yield of the reducing sugar was obtained 805 and 813 mg g(-1) from 20 and 25 g L(-1) NaOH-treated Imperata, respectively. CONCLUSION Considering the cost of pretreatment, the 20 g L(-1) NaOH treatment is judged to be effective for disrupting Imperata recalcitrance in this pretreatment regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Azizul Haque
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Gyeongsang National University, Chinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
- Dept of Food Science, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju 660-758, Republic of Korea
| | - Dhirendra Nath Barman
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Gyeongsang National University, Chinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Keun Kim
- Gyeongsangnam-do Agricultural Research and Extension Service, Jinju 660-758, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Dae Yun
- Division of Applied Life Science (BK21 Program), Gyeongsang National University, Chinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Chinju, 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Kye Man Cho
- Dept of Food Science, Gyeongnam National University of Science and Technology, Jinju 660-758, Republic of Korea
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Karimi K, Taherzadeh MJ. A critical review on analysis in pretreatment of lignocelluloses: Degree of polymerization, adsorption/desorption, and accessibility. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 203:348-56. [PMID: 26778166 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 12/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The pretreatment of lignocelluloses results in changes in the different properties of these materials. In a recent review (Karimi and Taherzadeh, 2016), the details of compositional, imaging, and crystallinity analyses of lignocelluloses were reviewed and critically discussed. Changes in the cellulose degree of polymerization, accessibility, and enzyme adsorption/desorption by pretreatments are also among the effective parameters. This paper deals with the measurement techniques, modifications, and relation to bioconversions, as well as the challenges of these three properties. These analyses are very helpful to investigate the pretreatment processes; however, the pretreatments are very complicated and challenging processes. It is not easily possible to study the effects of only one of these parameters and even to find which one is the dominant one. Moreover, it is not possible to accurately predict the changes in the bioconversion yield using these methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keikhosro Karimi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran; Industrial Biotechnology Group, Institute of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan 84156-83111, Iran
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47
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Karita S. Carbohydrate-Binding Modules in Plant Cell Wall-Degrading Enzymes. TRENDS GLYCOSCI GLYC 2016. [DOI: 10.4052/tigg.1403.1j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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49
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Niu H, Shah N, Kontoravdi C. Modelling of amorphous cellulose depolymerisation by cellulases, parametric studies and optimisation. Biochem Eng J 2016; 105:455-472. [PMID: 26865832 PMCID: PMC4705870 DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2015.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A mechanistic model for heterogeneous cellulose hydrolysis by cellulases. A modeling framework for uncertainty analysis, model reduction and refinement. The parameters were estimated. Composition of cellulases cocktail was optimized using the model.
Improved understanding of heterogeneous cellulose hydrolysis by cellulases is the basis for optimising enzymatic catalysis-based cellulosic biorefineries. A detailed mechanistic model is developed to describe the dynamic adsorption/desorption and synergistic chain-end scissions of cellulases (endoglucanase, exoglucanase, and β-glucosidase) upon amorphous cellulose. The model can predict evolutions of the chain lengths of insoluble cellulose polymers and production of soluble sugars during hydrolysis. Simultaneously, a modelling framework for uncertainty analysis is built based on a quasi-Monte-Carlo method and global sensitivity analysis, which can systematically identify key parameters, help refine the model and improve its identifiability. The model, initially comprising 27 parameters, is found to be over-parameterized with structural and practical identification problems under usual operating conditions (low enzyme loadings). The parameter estimation problem is therefore mathematically ill posed. The framework allows us, on the one hand, to identify a subset of 13 crucial parameters, of which more accurate confidence intervals are estimated using a given experimental dataset, and, on the other hand, to overcome the identification problems. The model’s predictive capability is checked against an independent set of experimental data. Finally, the optimal composition of cellulases cocktail is obtained by model-based optimisation both for enzymatic hydrolysis and for the process of simultaneous saccharification and fermentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxing Niu
- Centre for Process Systems Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, England, UK
| | - Nilay Shah
- Centre for Process Systems Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, England, UK
| | - Cleo Kontoravdi
- Centre for Process Systems Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, England, UK
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50
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Catalytic conversion of sugarcane bagasse to cellulosic ethanol: TiO2 coupled nanocellulose as an effective hydrolysis enhancer. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 136:700-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.09.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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