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Identifying and Manipulating Giant Vesicles: Review of Recent Approaches. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:mi13050644. [PMID: 35630111 PMCID: PMC9144095 DOI: 10.3390/mi13050644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Giant vesicles (GVs) are closed bilayer membranes that primarily comprise amphiphiles with diameters of more than 1 μm. Compared with regular vesicles (several tens of nanometers in size), GVs are of greater scientific interest as model cell membranes and protocells because of their structure and size, which are similar to those of biological systems. Biopolymers and nano-/microparticles can be encapsulated in GVs at high concentrations, and their application as artificial cell bodies has piqued interest. It is essential to develop methods for investigating and manipulating the properties of GVs toward engineering applications. In this review, we discuss current improvements in microscopy, micromanipulation, and microfabrication technologies for progress in GV identification and engineering tools. Combined with the advancement of GV preparation technologies, these technological advancements can aid the development of artificial cell systems such as alternative tissues and GV-based chemical signal processing systems.
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Nanogap dielectrophoresis combined with buffer exchange for detecting protein binding to trapped bioparticles. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2020.125829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Priti Sinha K, Das S, Karyappa RB, Thaokar RM. Electrohydrodynamics of Vesicles and Capsules. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:4863-4886. [PMID: 32275824 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b03971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) made up of phospholipid bilayer membranes (liposomes) and elastic capsules with a cross-linked, polymerized membrane, have emerged as biomimetic alternatives to investigating biological cells such as leukocytes and erythrocytes. This feature article looks at the similarities and differences in the electrohydrodynamics (EHD) of vesicles and capsules under electric fields that determines their electromechanical response. The physics of EHD is illustrated through several examples such as the electrodeformation of single and compound, spherical and cylindrical, and charged and uncharged vesicles in uniform and nonuniform electric fields, and the relevance and challenges are discussed. Both small and large deformation results are discussed. The use of EHD in understanding complex interfacial kinetics in capsules and the synthesis of nonspherical capsules using electric fields are also presented. Finally, the review looks at the large electrodeformation of water-in-water capsules and the relevance of constitutive laws in their response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumari Priti Sinha
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India
| | - Sudip Das
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India
| | - Rahul Bapusaheb Karyappa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India
| | - Rochish M Thaokar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India
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Sinha KP, Thaokar RM. Shape deformation of a vesicle under an axisymmetric non-uniform alternating electric field. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2019; 31:035101. [PMID: 30523861 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aaef15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We suggest that non-uniform electric fields that are commonly used to study vesicle dielectrophoresis can be employed in hitherto relatively unexplored areas of vesicle deformation (for electromechanical characterization) and electroporation. Conventionally, the tension generated in vesicles is commonly modeled to be entropic or enthalpic in origin. A comparison of the configuration of a vesicle in the enthalpic and entropic regimes as well as the cross over between the two regimes during vesicle deformation has eluded understanding. A lucid demonstration of this concept is provided by the study of vesicle deformation under axisymmetric quadrupole electric field and the shapes of the vesicles obtained using the entropic and the enthalpic approaches, show significant differences. A strong dependence of the final vesicle shapes on the ratio of electrical conductivities of the fluids inside and outside the vesicle as well as on the frequency of the applied quadrupole electric field is observed. A comparison with experimental data from the literature is also made. Moreover, an excess area dependent transition between the entropic and enthalpic regimes is observed. The method could be used to estimate electromechanical properties of the vesicle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumari Priti Sinha
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
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Yale AR, Nourse JL, Lee KR, Ahmed SN, Arulmoli J, Jiang AYL, McDonnell LP, Botten GA, Lee AP, Monuki ES, Demetriou M, Flanagan LA. Cell Surface N-Glycans Influence Electrophysiological Properties and Fate Potential of Neural Stem Cells. Stem Cell Reports 2018; 11:869-882. [PMID: 30197120 PMCID: PMC6178213 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2018.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the cellular properties controlling neural stem and progenitor cell (NSPC) fate choice will improve their therapeutic potential. The electrophysiological measure whole-cell membrane capacitance reflects fate bias in the neural lineage but the cellular properties underlying membrane capacitance are poorly understood. We tested the hypothesis that cell surface carbohydrates contribute to NSPC membrane capacitance and fate. We found NSPCs differing in fate potential express distinct patterns of glycosylation enzymes. Screening several glycosylation pathways revealed that the one forming highly branched N-glycans differs between neurogenic and astrogenic populations of cells in vitro and in vivo. Enhancing highly branched N-glycans on NSPCs significantly increases membrane capacitance and leads to the generation of more astrocytes at the expense of neurons with no effect on cell size, viability, or proliferation. These data identify the N-glycan branching pathway as a significant regulator of membrane capacitance and fate choice in the neural lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Yale
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Sue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Jamison L Nourse
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Sue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Kayla R Lee
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Sue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Syed N Ahmed
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Sue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Janahan Arulmoli
- Sue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Alan Y L Jiang
- Sue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Lisa P McDonnell
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Sue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Giovanni A Botten
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Abraham P Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Edwin S Monuki
- Sue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Michael Demetriou
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Lisa A Flanagan
- Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Sue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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Nguyen J, Underwood JG, Llorente García I. Orienting lipid-coated graphitic micro-particles in solution using AC electric fields: A new theoretical dual-ellipsoid Laplace model for electro-orientation. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2018.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Barik A, Cherukulappurath S, Wittenberg NJ, Johnson TW, Oh SH. Dielectrophoresis-Assisted Raman Spectroscopy of Intravesicular Analytes on Metallic Pyramids. Anal Chem 2016; 88:1704-10. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b03719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Avijit Barik
- Department of Electrical
and Computer Engineering, ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Sudhir Cherukulappurath
- Department of Electrical
and Computer Engineering, ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Nathan J. Wittenberg
- Department of Electrical
and Computer Engineering, ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Timothy W. Johnson
- Department of Electrical
and Computer Engineering, ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Sang-Hyun Oh
- Department of Electrical
and Computer Engineering, ‡Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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Nguyen J, Contera S, Llorente García I. Magneto-electrical orientation of lipid-coated graphitic micro-particles in solution. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra07657b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We demonstrate, for the first time, confinement of the orientation of graphitic micro-flakes to a well-defined plane in solution by applying two perpendicular fields: a vertical static magnetic field and a horizontal time-varying electric field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnny Nguyen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy
- University College London
- London WC1E 6BT
- UK
| | - Sonia Contera
- Clarendon Laboratory
- Dept. of Physics
- University of Oxford
- UK
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Liang X, Graham KA, Johannessen AC, Costea DE, Labeed FH. Human oral cancer cells with increasing tumorigenic abilities exhibit higher effective membrane capacitance. Integr Biol (Camb) 2014; 6:545-54. [PMID: 24663430 DOI: 10.1039/c3ib40255j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although cells with tumorigenic/stem cell-like properties have been identified in many cancers, including oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), their isolation and characterisation is still at early stages. The aim of this study is to characterise the electrophysiological properties of OSCC cells with different tumorigenic properties in order to establish if a correlation exists between tumorigenicity and cellular electrical characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS Rapid adherence to collagen IV was used as a non-invasive, functional method to isolate subsets of cells with different tumorigenic abilities from one oral dysplastic and three OSCC-derived cell lines. The cell subsets identified and isolated using this method were further investigated using dielectrophoresis, a label-free method to determine their electrophysiological parameters. Cell membrane morphology was investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and modulated by use of 4-methylumbelliferone (4-MU). RESULTS Rapid adherent cells (RAC) to collagen IV, enriched for increased tumorigenic ability, had significantly higher effective membrane capacitance than middle (MAC) and late (LAC) adherent cells. SEM showed that, in contrast to MAC and LAC, RAC displayed a rough surface, extremely rich in cellular protrusions. Treatment with 4-MU dramatically altered RAC membrane morphology by causing loss of filopodia, and significantly decreased their membrane capacitance, indicating that the highest membrane capacitance found in RAC was due to their cell membrane morphology. CONCLUSION This is the first study showing that OSCC cells with higher tumour formation ability exhibit higher effective membrane capacitance than cells that are less tumorigenic. OSSC cells with different tumorigenic ability possessed different electrophysiological properties mostly due to their differences in the cell membrane morphology. These results suggest that dielectrophoresis could potentially used in the future for reliable, label-free isolation of putative tumorigenic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Liang
- The Gade Laboratory for Pathology, Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, 5021, Bergen, Norway
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Nourse JL, Prieto JL, Dickson AR, Lu J, Pathak MM, Tombola F, Demetriou M, Lee AP, Flanagan LA. Membrane biophysics define neuron and astrocyte progenitors in the neural lineage. Stem Cells 2014; 32:706-16. [PMID: 24105912 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Neural stem and progenitor cells (NSPCs) are heterogeneous populations of self-renewing stem cells and more committed progenitors that differentiate into neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Accurately identifying and characterizing the different progenitor cells in this lineage has continued to be a challenge for the field. We found previously that populations of NSPCs with more neurogenic progenitors (NPs) can be distinguished from those with more astrogenic progenitors (APs) by their inherent biophysical properties, specifically the electrophysiological property of whole cell membrane capacitance, which we characterized with dielectrophoresis (DEP). Here, we hypothesize that inherent electrophysiological properties are sufficient to define NPs and APs and test this by determining whether isolation of cells solely by these properties specifically separates NPs and APs. We found NPs and APs are enriched in distinct fractions after separation by electrophysiological properties using DEP. A single round of DEP isolation provided greater NP enrichment than sorting with PSA-NCAM, which is considered an NP marker. Additionally, cell surface N-linked glycosylation was found to significantly affect cell fate-specific electrophysiological properties, providing a molecular basis for the cell membrane characteristics. Inherent plasma membrane biophysical properties are thus sufficient to define progenitor cells of differing fate potential in the neural lineage, can be used to specifically isolate these cells, and are linked to patterns of glycosylation on the cell surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Nourse
- Department of Neurology, Sue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
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Arriaga LR, Datta SS, Kim SH, Amstad E, Kodger TE, Monroy F, Weitz DA. Ultrathin shell double emulsion templated giant unilamellar lipid vesicles with controlled microdomain formation. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2014; 10:950-6. [PMID: 24150883 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201301904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
A microfluidic approach is reported for the high-throughput, continuous production of giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) using water-in-oil-in-water double emulsion drops as templates. Importantly, these emulsion drops have ultrathin shells; this minimizes the amount of residual solvent that remains trapped within the GUV membrane, overcoming a major limitation of typical microfluidic approaches for GUV fabrication. This approach enables the formation of microdomains, characterized by different lipid compositions and structures within the GUV membranes. This work therefore demonstrates a straightforward and versatile approach to GUV fabrication with precise control over the GUV size, lipid composition and the formation of microdomains within the GUV membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura R Arriaga
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences and Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA
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Kodama T, Osaki T, Kawano R, Kamiya K, Miki N, Takeuchi S. Round-tip dielectrophoresis-based tweezers for single micro-object manipulation. Biosens Bioelectron 2013; 47:206-12. [PMID: 23570681 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2013.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2013] [Revised: 03/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we present an efficient methodology to manipulate a single micro-object using round-tip positive dielectrophoresis-based tweezers. The tweezers consist of a glass needle with a round-tip and a pair of thin gold-film electrodes. The round-tip, which has a radius of 3µm, is formed by melting a finely pulled glass needle and concentrates the electric field at the tip of the tweezers, which allows the individual manipulation of single micro-objects. The tweezers successfully captured, conveyed, and positioned single cell-sized liposomes with diameters of 5-23µm, which are difficult to manipulate with conventional manipulation methodologies, such as optical tweezers or glass micropipettes, due to the similarities between their optical properties and those of the media, as well as the ease with which they are deformed or broken. We used Stokes' drag theory to experimentally evaluate the positive dielectrophoresis (pDEP) force generated by the tweezers as a function of the liposome size, the content of the surrounding media, and the applied AC voltage and frequency. The results agreed with the theoretically deduced pDEP force. Finally, we demonstrated the separation of labeled single cells from non-labeled cells with the tweezers. This device can be used as an efficient tool for precisely and individually manipulating biological micro-objects that are typically transparent and flexible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiga Kodama
- Kanagawa Academy of Science and Technology, KSP EAST 303, 3-2-1 Sakado, Takatsu-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 213-0012, Japan
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Labeed FH, Lu J, Mulhall HJ, Marchenko SA, Hoettges KF, Estrada LC, Lee AP, Hughes MP, Flanagan LA. Biophysical characteristics reveal neural stem cell differentiation potential. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25458. [PMID: 21980464 PMCID: PMC3184132 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Distinguishing human neural stem/progenitor cell (huNSPC) populations that will predominantly generate neurons from those that produce glia is currently hampered by a lack of sufficient cell type-specific surface markers predictive of fate potential. This limits investigation of lineage-biased progenitors and their potential use as therapeutic agents. A live-cell biophysical and label-free measure of fate potential would solve this problem by obviating the need for specific cell surface markers. Methodology/Principal Findings We used dielectrophoresis (DEP) to analyze the biophysical, specifically electrophysiological, properties of cortical human and mouse NSPCs that vary in differentiation potential. Our data demonstrate that the electrophysiological property membrane capacitance inversely correlates with the neurogenic potential of NSPCs. Furthermore, as huNSPCs are continually passaged they decrease neuron generation and increase membrane capacitance, confirming that this parameter dynamically predicts and negatively correlates with neurogenic potential. In contrast, differences in membrane conductance between NSPCs do not consistently correlate with the ability of the cells to generate neurons. DEP crossover frequency, which is a quantitative measure of cell behavior in DEP, directly correlates with neuron generation of NSPCs, indicating a potential mechanism to separate stem cells biased to particular differentiated cell fates. Conclusions/Significance We show here that whole cell membrane capacitance, but not membrane conductance, reflects and predicts the neurogenic potential of human and mouse NSPCs. Stem cell biophysical characteristics therefore provide a completely novel and quantitative measure of stem cell fate potential and a label-free means to identify neuron- or glial-biased progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima H. Labeed
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Jente Lu
- Department of Neurology and Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Hayley J. Mulhall
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Steve A. Marchenko
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Kai F. Hoettges
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Laura C. Estrada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Abraham P. Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Michael P. Hughes
- Centre for Biomedical Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa A. Flanagan
- Department of Neurology and Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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