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Valiei A, Bryche JF, Canva M, Charette PG, Moraes C, Hill RJ, Tufenkji N. Effects of Surface Topography and Cellular Biomechanics on Nanopillar-Induced Bactericidal Activity. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:9614-9625. [PMID: 38378485 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c09552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Bacteria are mechanically resistant biological structures that can sustain physical stress. Experimental data, however, have shown that high-aspect-ratio nanopillars deform bacterial cells upon contact. If the deformation is sufficiently large, it lyses the bacterial cell wall, ultimately leading to cell death. This has prompted a novel strategy, known as mechano-bactericide technology, to fabricate antibacterial surfaces. Although adhesion forces were originally proposed as the driving force for mechano-bactericidal action, it has been recently shown that external forces, such as capillary forces arising from an air-water interface at bacterial surfaces, produce sufficient loads to rapidly kill bacteria on nanopillars. This discovery highlights the need to theoretically examine how bacteria respond to external loads and to ascertain the key factors. In this study, we developed a finite element model approximating bacteria as elastic shells filled with cytoplasmic fluid brought into contact with an individual nanopillar or nanopillar array. This model elucidates that bacterial killing caused by external forces on nanopillars is influenced by surface topography and cell biomechanical variables, including the density and arrangement of nanopillars, in addition to the cell wall thickness and elastic modulus. Considering that surface topography is an important design parameter, we performed experiments using nanopillar arrays with precisely controlled nanopillar diameters and spacing. Consistent with model predictions, these demonstrate that nanopillars with a larger spacing increase bacterial susceptibility to mechanical puncture. The results provide salient insights into mechano-bactericidal activity and identify key design parameters for implementing this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Valiei
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Québec H3A 0C5, Canada
| | - Jean-François Bryche
- Laboratoire Nanotechnologies Nanosystèmes (LN2)-IRL3463, CNRS, Université de Sherbrooke, Universitè Grenoble Alpes, École Centrale de Lyon, INSA Lyon, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 0A5, Canada
- Institut Interdisciplinaire d'Innovation Technologique (3IT), Université de Sherbrooke, 3000 Boulevard de l'Université, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K OA5, Canada
| | - Michael Canva
- Laboratoire Nanotechnologies Nanosystèmes (LN2)-IRL3463, CNRS, Université de Sherbrooke, Universitè Grenoble Alpes, École Centrale de Lyon, INSA Lyon, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 0A5, Canada
- Institut Interdisciplinaire d'Innovation Technologique (3IT), Université de Sherbrooke, 3000 Boulevard de l'Université, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K OA5, Canada
| | - Paul G Charette
- Laboratoire Nanotechnologies Nanosystèmes (LN2)-IRL3463, CNRS, Université de Sherbrooke, Universitè Grenoble Alpes, École Centrale de Lyon, INSA Lyon, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K 0A5, Canada
- Institut Interdisciplinaire d'Innovation Technologique (3IT), Université de Sherbrooke, 3000 Boulevard de l'Université, Sherbrooke, Québec J1K OA5, Canada
| | - Christopher Moraes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Québec H3A 0C5, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Québec H3A 0C5, Canada
- Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montreal, Québec H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Reghan J Hill
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Québec H3A 0C5, Canada
| | - Nathalie Tufenkji
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Québec H3A 0C5, Canada
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2
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Huang LZY, Shaw ZL, Penman R, Cheeseman S, Truong VK, Higgins MJ, Caruso RA, Elbourne A. Cell Adhesion, Elasticity, and Rupture Forces Guide Microbial Cell Death on Nanostructured Antimicrobial Titanium Surfaces. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2024; 7:344-361. [PMID: 38100088 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.3c00943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Naturally occurring and synthetic nanostructured surfaces have been widely reported to resist microbial colonization. The majority of these studies have shown that both bacterial and fungal cells are killed upon contact and subsequent surface adhesion to such surfaces. This occurs because the presence of high-aspect-ratio structures can initiate a self-driven mechanical rupture of microbial cells during the surface adsorption process. While this technology has received a large amount of scientific and medical interest, one important question still remains: what factors drive microbial death on the surface? In this work, the interplay between microbial-surface adhesion, cell elasticity, cell membrane rupture forces, and cell lysis at the microbial-nanostructure biointerface during adsorptive processes was assessed using a combination of live confocal laser scanning microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, in situ amplitude atomic force microscopy, and single-cell force spectroscopy. Specifically, the adsorptive behavior and nanomechanical properties of live Gram-negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and Gram-positive (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) bacterial cells, as well as the fungal species Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans, were assessed on unmodified and nanostructured titanium surfaces. Unmodified titanium and titanium surfaces with nanostructures were used as model substrates for investigation. For all microbial species, cell elasticity, rupture force, maximum cell-surface adhesion force, the work of adhesion, and the cell-surface tether behavior were compared to the relative cell death observed for each surface examined. For cells with a lower elastic modulus, lower force to rupture through the cell, and higher work of adhesion, the surfaces had a higher antimicrobial activity, supporting the proposed biocidal mode of action for nanostructured surfaces. This study provides direct quantification of the differences observed in the efficacy of nanostructured antimicrobial surface as a function of microbial species indicating that a universal, antimicrobial surface architecture may be hard to achieve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louisa Z Y Huang
- Applied Chemistry and Environmental Science, School of Science, College of STEM, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Z L Shaw
- School of Engineering, College of STEM, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Rowan Penman
- Applied Chemistry and Environmental Science, School of Science, College of STEM, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Samuel Cheeseman
- Applied Chemistry and Environmental Science, School of Science, College of STEM, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- Graeme Clark Institute, Faculty of Engineering and Information Technology & Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Services, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Vi Khanh Truong
- Applied Chemistry and Environmental Science, School of Science, College of STEM, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
- College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Bedford Park, South Australia 5042, Australia
| | - Michael J Higgins
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Electromaterials Science, Intelligent Polymer Research Institute, AIIM Facility, Innovation Campus, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Rachel A Caruso
- Applied Chemistry and Environmental Science, School of Science, College of STEM, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Aaron Elbourne
- Applied Chemistry and Environmental Science, School of Science, College of STEM, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
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3
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Peng L, Zhu H, Wang H, Guo Z, Wu Q, Yang C, Hu HY. Hydrodynamic tearing of bacteria on nanotips for sustainable water disinfection. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5734. [PMID: 37714847 PMCID: PMC10504294 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41490-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Water disinfection is conventionally achieved by oxidation or irradiation, which is often associated with a high carbon footprint and the formation of toxic byproducts. Here, we describe a nano-structured material that is highly effective at killing bacteria in water through a hydrodynamic mechanism. The material consists of carbon-coated, sharp Cu(OH)2 nanowires grown on a copper foam substrate. We show that mild water flow (e.g. driven from a storage tank) can efficiently tear up bacteria through a high dispersion force between the nanotip surface and the cell envelope. Bacterial cell rupture is due to tearing of the cell envelope rather than collisions. This mechanism produces rapid inactivation of bacteria in water, and achieved complete disinfection in a 30-day field test. Our approach exploits fluidic energy and does not require additional energy supply, thus offering an efficient and low-cost system that could potentially be incorporated in water treatment processes in wastewater facilities and rural communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Peng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ecological Remediation and Carbon Sequestration, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Haojie Zhu
- Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Haobin Wang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenbin Guo
- Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
- Institute of Semiconductor Manufacturing Research, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qianyuan Wu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ecological Remediation and Carbon Sequestration, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Cheng Yang
- Institute of Materials Research, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Hong-Ying Hu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Ecological Remediation and Carbon Sequestration, Institute of Environment and Ecology, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China.
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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4
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Nature-Inspired Surface Structures Design for Antimicrobial Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021348. [PMID: 36674860 PMCID: PMC9865960 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Surface contamination by microorganisms such as viruses and bacteria may simultaneously aggravate the biofouling of surfaces and infection of wounds and promote cross-species transmission and the rapid evolution of microbes in emerging diseases. In addition, natural surface structures with unique anti-biofouling properties may be used as guide templates for the development of functional antimicrobial surfaces. Further, these structure-related antimicrobial surfaces can be categorized into microbicidal and anti-biofouling surfaces. This review introduces the recent advances in the development of microbicidal and anti-biofouling surfaces inspired by natural structures and discusses the related antimicrobial mechanisms, surface topography design, material application, manufacturing techniques, and antimicrobial efficiencies.
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Handrea-Dragan IM, Botiz I, Tatar AS, Boca S. Patterning at the micro/nano-scale: Polymeric scaffolds for medical diagnostic and cell-surface interaction applications. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 218:112730. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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6
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Valiei A, Lin N, McKay G, Nguyen D, Moraes C, Hill RJ, Tufenkji N. Surface Wettability Is a Key Feature in the Mechano-Bactericidal Activity of Nanopillars. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:27564-27574. [PMID: 35670568 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c03258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nanopillar-textured surfaces are of growing interest because of their ability to kill bacteria through physical damage without relying on antimicrobial chemicals. Although research on antibacterial nanopillars has progressed significantly in recent years, the effect of nanopillar hydrophobicity on bactericidal activity remains elusive. In this study, we investigated the mechano-bactericidal efficacy of etched silicon nanopillars against Pseudomonas aeruginosa at nanopillar hydrophobicities from superhydrophilic to superhydrophobic. Assessing cell viability and bacterial morphology in immersed wet conditions, we observed negligible bactericidal activity; however, air/liquid interface displacement during water evaporation established a bactericidal effect that strongly depends on substrate hydrophobicity. Specifically, bactericidal activity was highest on superhydrophilic surfaces but abated with increasing hydrophobicity, diminishing at substrate contact angles larger than 90°. Calculation of the surface tension and Laplace pressure forces during water evaporation for each substrate subsequently highlighted that the total capillary force, as an external driving force responsible for bacterial deformation, is significantly weaker on hydrophobic substrates. These findings suggest that superhydrophilic nanopillared surfaces are a superior choice for mechano-bactericidal activity, whereas superhydrophobic surfaces, although not bactericidal, may have antibiofouling properties through their self-cleaning effect. These findings provide new insights into the design and application of nanopillared surfaces as functional antibacterial materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Valiei
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Québec H3A 0C5, Canada
| | - Nicholas Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Québec H3A 0C5, Canada
| | - Geoffrey McKay
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Québec H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Dao Nguyen
- Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Québec H3A 0G4, Canada
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Québec H3A 0G4, Canada
| | - Christopher Moraes
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Québec H3A 0C5, Canada
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Québec H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Reghan J Hill
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Québec H3A 0C5, Canada
| | - Nathalie Tufenkji
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Québec H3A 0C5, Canada
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7
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Ishak MI, Jenkins J, Kulkarni S, Keller TF, Briscoe WH, Nobbs AH, Su B. Insights into complex nanopillar-bacteria interactions: Roles of nanotopography and bacterial surface proteins. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 604:91-103. [PMID: 34265695 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.06.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Nanopillared surfaces have emerged as a promising strategy to combat bacterial infections on medical devices. However, the mechanisms that underpin nanopillar-induced rupture of the bacterial cell membrane remain speculative. In this study, we have tested three medically relevant poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) nanopillared-surfaces with well-defined nanotopographies against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM) and contact mechanics analysis were utilised to understand the nanobiophysical response of the bacterial cell envelope to a single nanopillar. Given their importance to bacterial adhesion, the contribution of bacterial surface proteins to nanotopography-mediated cell envelope damage was also investigated. We found that, whilst cell envelope deformation was affected by the nanopillar tip diameter, the nanopillar density affected bacterial metabolic activities. Moreover, three different types of bacterial cell envelope deformation were observed upon contact of bacteria with the nanopillared surfaces. These were attributed to bacterial responses to cell wall stresses resulting from the high intrinsic pressure caused by the engagement of nanopillars by bacterial surface proteins. Such influences of bacterial surface proteins on the antibacterial action of nanopillars have not been previously reported. Our findings will be valuable to the improved design and fabrication of effective antibacterial surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd I Ishak
- Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol BS1 2LY, UK; School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK; Faculty of Engineering Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Perlis, Malaysia
| | - J Jenkins
- Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol BS1 2LY, UK
| | - S Kulkarni
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany
| | - T F Keller
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, Hamburg 22607, Germany; Physics Department, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Wuge H Briscoe
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Angela H Nobbs
- Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol BS1 2LY, UK
| | - Bo Su
- Bristol Dental School, University of Bristol, Lower Maudlin Street, Bristol BS1 2LY, UK.
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8
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Zhang H, Wang H, Wilksch JJ, Strugnell RA, Gee ML, Feng XQ. Measurement of the interconnected turgor pressure and envelope elasticity of live bacterial cells. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:2042-2049. [PMID: 33592087 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm02075c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Turgor pressure and envelope elasticity of bacterial cells are two mechanical parameters that play a dominant role in cellular deformation, division, and motility. However, a clear understanding of these two properties is lacking because of their strongly interconnected mechanisms. This study established a nanoindentation method to precisely measure the turgor pressure and envelope elasticity of live bacteria. The indentation force-depth curves of Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria were recorded with atomic force microscopy. Through combination of dimensional analysis and numerical simulations, an explicit expression was derived to decouple the two properties of individual bacteria from the nanoindentation curves. We show that the Young's modulus of bacterial envelope is sensitive to the external osmotic environment, and the turgor pressure is significantly dependent on the external osmotic stress. This method can not only quantify the turgor pressure and envelope elasticity of bacteria, but also help resolve the mechanical behaviors of bacteria in different environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanxin Zhang
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Huabin Wang
- Research Center of Applied Physics, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China. and Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China and Chongqing Engineering Research Center of High-Resolution and Three-Dimensional Dynamic Imaging Technology, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Jonathan J Wilksch
- Infection and Immunity Program, Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Richard A Strugnell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Michelle L Gee
- School of Aerospace Engineering and Aviation, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Xi-Qiao Feng
- Institute of Biomechanics and Medical Engineering, AML, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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9
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Arias SL, Devorkin J, Spear JC, Civantos A, Allain JP. Bacterial Envelope Damage Inflicted by Bioinspired Nanostructures Grown in a Hydrogel. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2020; 3:7974-7988. [PMID: 35019537 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.0c01076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Surface-associated bacterial communities, known as biofilms, are responsible for a broad spectrum of infections in humans. Recent studies have indicated that surfaces containing nanoscale protrusions, like those in dragonfly wings, create a hostile niche for bacterial colonization and biofilm growth. This functionality has been mimicked on metals and semiconductors by creating nanopillars and other high aspect ratio nanostructures at the interface of these materials. However, bactericidal topographies have not been reported on clinically relevant hydrogels and highly compliant polymers, mostly because of the complexity of fabricating nanopatterns in hydrogels with precise control of the size that can also resist aqueous immersion. Here, we report the fabrication of bioinspired bactericidal nanostructures in bacterial cellulose (BC) hydrogels using low-energy ion beam irradiation. By challenging the currently accepted view, we show that the nanostructures grown in BC affect preferentially stiff membranes like those of the Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis in a time-dependent manner and, to a lesser extent, the more deformable and softer membrane of Escherichia coli. Moreover, the nanostructures in BC did not affect the viability of murine preosteoblasts. Using single-cell analysis, we demonstrate that indeed B. subtilis requires less force than E. coli to be penetrated by nanoprobes with dimensions comparable to those of the nanostructured BC, providing the first direct experimental evidence validating a mechanical model of membrane rupture via a tension-induced mechanism within the activation energy theory. Our findings bridge the gap between mechano-bactericidal surfaces and low-dimensional materials, including single-walled carbon nanotubes and graphene nanosheets, in which a higher bactericidal activity toward Gram-positive bacteria has been extensively reported. Our results also demonstrate the ability to confer bactericidal properties to a hydrogel by only altering its topography at the nanoscale and contribute to a better understanding of the bacterial mechanobiology, which is fundamental for the rational design bactericidal topographies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra L Arias
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Joshua Devorkin
- Department of Nuclear, Plasma and Radiological Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jessica C Spear
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Ana Civantos
- Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Department of Nuclear, Plasma and Radiological Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jean Paul Allain
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Micro and Nanotechnology Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Department of Nuclear, Plasma and Radiological Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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10
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Grzeszczuk Z, Rosillo A, Owens Ó, Bhattacharjee S. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) As a Surface Mapping Tool in Microorganisms Resistant Toward Antimicrobials: A Mini-Review. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:517165. [PMID: 33123004 PMCID: PMC7567160 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.517165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The worldwide emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in pathogenic microorganisms, including bacteria and viruses due to a plethora of reasons, such as genetic mutation and indiscriminate use of antimicrobials, is a major challenge faced by the healthcare sector today. One of the issues at hand is to effectively screen and isolate resistant strains from sensitive ones. Utilizing the distinct nanomechanical properties (e.g., elasticity, intracellular turgor pressure, and Young’s modulus) of microbes can be an intriguing way to achieve this; while atomic force microscopy (AFM), with or without modification of the tips, presents an effective way to investigate such biophysical properties of microbial surfaces or an entire microbial cell. Additionally, advanced AFM instruments, apart from being compatible with aqueous environments—as often is the case for biological samples—can measure the adhesive forces acting between AFM tips/cantilevers (conjugated to bacterium/virion, substrates, and molecules) and target cells/surfaces to develop informative force-distance curves. Moreover, such force spectroscopies provide an idea of the nature of intercellular interactions (e.g., receptor-ligand) or propensity of microbes to aggregate into densely packed layers, that is, the formation of biofilms—a property of resistant strains (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa). This mini-review will revisit the use of single-cell force spectroscopy (SCFS) and single-molecule force spectroscopy (SMFS) that are emerging as powerful additions to the arsenal of researchers in the struggle against resistant microbes, identify their strengths and weakness and, finally, prioritize some future directions for research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Óisín Owens
- School of Physics, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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11
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Del Valle A, Torra J, Bondia P, Tone CM, Pedraz P, Vadillo-Rodriguez V, Flors C. Mechanically Induced Bacterial Death Imaged in Real Time: A Simultaneous Nanoindentation and Fluorescence Microscopy Study. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:31235-31241. [PMID: 32476402 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c08184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Mechano-bactericidal nanomaterials rely on their mechanical or physical interactions with bacteria and are promising antimicrobial strategies that overcome bacterial resistance. However, the real effect of mechanical versus chemical action on their activity is under debate. In this paper, we quantify the forces necessary to produce critical damage to the bacterial cell wall by performing simultaneous nanoindentation and fluorescence imaging of single bacterial cells. Our experimental setup allows puncturing the cell wall of an immobilized bacterium with the tip of an atomic force microscope (AFM) and following in real time the increase in the fluorescence signal from a cell membrane integrity marker. We correlate the forces exerted by the AFM tip with the fluorescence dynamics for tens of cells, and we find that forces above 20 nN are necessary to exert critical damage. Moreover, a similar experiment is performed in which bacterial viability is assessed through physiological activity, in order to gain a more complete view of the effect of mechanical forces on bacteria. Our results contribute to the quantitative understanding of the interaction between bacteria and nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián Del Valle
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies in Nanoscience (IMDEA Nanociencia), C/Faraday 9, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Joaquim Torra
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies in Nanoscience (IMDEA Nanociencia), C/Faraday 9, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Patricia Bondia
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies in Nanoscience (IMDEA Nanociencia), C/Faraday 9, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Caterina M Tone
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies in Nanoscience (IMDEA Nanociencia), C/Faraday 9, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | - Patricia Pedraz
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies in Nanoscience (IMDEA Nanociencia), C/Faraday 9, Madrid 28049, Spain
| | | | - Cristina Flors
- Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies in Nanoscience (IMDEA Nanociencia), C/Faraday 9, Madrid 28049, Spain
- Nanobiotechnology Unit Associated to the National Center for Biotechnology (CNB-CSIC-IMDEA), Madrid 28049, Spain
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12
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Deliorman M, Janahi FK, Sukumar P, Glia A, Alnemari R, Fadl S, Chen W, Qasaimeh MA. AFM-compatible microfluidic platform for affinity-based capture and nanomechanical characterization of circulating tumor cells. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2020; 6:20. [PMID: 34567635 PMCID: PMC8433216 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-020-0131-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) carried by the patient's bloodstream are known to lead to the metastatic spread of cancer. It is becoming increasingly clear that an understanding of the nanomechanical characteristics of CTCs, such as elasticity and adhesiveness, represents advancements in tracking and monitoring cancer progression and metastasis. In the present work, we describe a combined microfluidic-atomic force microscopy (AFM) platform that uses antibody-antigen capture to routinely isolate and nanomechanically characterize CTCs present in blood samples from prostate cancer patients. We introduce the reversible assembly of a microfluidic device and apply refined and robust chemistry to covalently bond antibodies onto its glass substrate with high density and the desired orientation. As a result, we show that the device can efficiently capture CTCs from patients with localized and metastatic prostate cancer through anti-EpCAM, anti-PSA, and anti-PSMA antibodies, and it is suitable for AFM measurements of captured intact CTCs. When nanomechanically characterized, CTCs originating from metastatic cancer demonstrate decreased elasticity and increased deformability compared to those originating from localized cancer. While the average adhesion of CTCs to the AFM tip surface remained the same in both the groups, there were fewer multiple adhesion events in metastatic CTCs than there were in their counterparts. The developed platform is simple, robust, and reliable and can be useful in the diagnosis and prognosis of prostate cancer as well as other forms of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammedin Deliorman
- Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Farhad K. Janahi
- Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, P.O. Box 505055, Dubai, UAE
| | - Pavithra Sukumar
- Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Ayoub Glia
- Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, New York University, New York, NY 10003 USA
| | - Roaa Alnemari
- Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Samar Fadl
- Division of Science, New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Weiqiang Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, New York University, New York, NY 10003 USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New York University, New York, NY 10003 USA
| | - Mohammad A. Qasaimeh
- Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, New York University, New York, NY 10003 USA
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Deliorman M, Duatepe FPG, Davenport EK, Fransson BA, Call DR, Beyenal H, Abu-Lail NI. Responses of Acinetobacter baumannii Bound and Loose Extracellular Polymeric Substances to Hyperosmotic Agents Combined with or without Tobramycin: An Atomic Force Microscopy Study. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:9071-9083. [PMID: 31184900 PMCID: PMC7607972 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b01227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In this work, contributions of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) to the nanoscale mechanisms through which the multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii responds to antimicrobial and hyperosmotic treatments were investigated by atomic force microscopy. Specifically, the adhesion strengths to a control surface of silicon nitride (Si3N4) and the lengths of bacterial surface biopolymers of bound and loose EPS extracted from A. baumannii biofilms were quantified after individual or synergistic treatments with hyperosmotic agents (NaCl and maltodextrin) and an antibiotic (tobramycin). In the absence of any treatment, the loose EPS were significantly longer in length and higher in adhesion to Si3N4 than the bound EPS. When used individually, the hyperosmotic agents and tobramycin collapsed the A. baumannii bound and loose EPS. The combined treatment of maltodextrin with tobramycin collapsed only the loose EPS and did not alter the adhesion of both bound and loose EPS to Si3N4. In addition, the combined treatment was not as effective in collapsing the EPS molecules as when tobramycin was applied alone. Finally, the effects of treatments were dose-dependent. Altogether, our findings suggest that a sequential treatment could be effective in treating A. baumannii biofilms, in which a hyperosmotic agent is used first to collapse the EPS and limit the diffusion of nutrients into the biofilm, followed by the use of an antibiotic to kill the bacterial cells that escape from the biofilm because of starvation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammedin Deliorman
- Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | | | - Emily K. Davenport
- Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, 99164 Pullman, Washington, United States
| | - Boel A. Fransson
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Washington State University, 99164 Pullman, Washington, United States
| | - Douglas R. Call
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Animal Health, Washington State University, 99164 Pullman, Washington, United States
| | - Haluk Beyenal
- Gene and Linda Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, 99164 Pullman, Washington, United States
| | - Nehal I. Abu-Lail
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, 78249 San Antonio, Texas, United States
- Corresponding Author:. Phone: +1 210 458 8131
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Pulingam T, Thong KL, Ali ME, Appaturi JN, Dinshaw IJ, Ong ZY, Leo BF. Graphene oxide exhibits differential mechanistic action towards Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 181:6-15. [PMID: 31103799 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The antibacterial nature of graphene oxide (GO) has stimulated wide interest in the medical field. Although the antibacterial activity of GO towards bacteria has been well studied, a deeper understanding of the mechanism of action of GO is still lacking. The objective of the study was to elucidate the difference in the interactions of GO towards Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The synthesized GO was characterized by Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-vis), Raman and Attenuated Total Reflectance-Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). Viability, time-kill and Lactose Dehydrogenase (LDH) release assays were carried out along with FESEM, TEM and ATR-FTIR analysis of GO treated bacterial cells. Characterizations of synthesized GO confirmed the transition of graphene to GO and the antibacterial activity of GO was concentration and time-dependent. Loss of membrane integrity in bacteria was enhanced with increasing GO concentrations and this corresponded to the elevated release of LDH in the reaction medium. Surface morphology of GO treated bacterial culture showed apparent differences in the mechanism of action of GO towards Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria where cell entrapment was mainly observed for Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis whereas membrane disruption due to physical contact was noted for Gram-negative Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. ATR-FTIR characterizations of the GO treated bacterial cells showed changes in the fatty acids, amide I and amide II of proteins, peptides and amino acid regions compared to untreated bacterial cells. Therefore, the data generated further enhance our understanding of the antibacterial activity of GO towards bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiruchelvi Pulingam
- Nanotechnology & Catalysis Research Centre (NANOCAT), Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Kwai Lin Thong
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Md Eaqub Ali
- Nanotechnology & Catalysis Research Centre (NANOCAT), Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Jimmy Nelson Appaturi
- Nanotechnology & Catalysis Research Centre (NANOCAT), Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Ignatius Julian Dinshaw
- Nanotechnology & Catalysis Research Centre (NANOCAT), Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Zhan Yuin Ong
- School of Physics and Astronomy and Leeds Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Bey Fen Leo
- Nanotechnology & Catalysis Research Centre (NANOCAT), Institute for Advanced Studies, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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15
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Elbourne A, Chapman J, Gelmi A, Cozzolino D, Crawford RJ, Truong VK. Bacterial-nanostructure interactions: The role of cell elasticity and adhesion forces. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 546:192-210. [PMID: 30921674 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The attachment of single-celled organisms, namely bacteria and fungi, to abiotic surfaces is of great interest to both the scientific and medical communities. This is because the interaction of such cells has important implications in a range of areas, including biofilm formation, biofouling, antimicrobial surface technologies, and bio-nanotechnologies, as well as infection development, control, and mitigation. While central to many biological phenomena, the factors which govern microbial surface attachment are still not fully understood. This lack of understanding is a direct consequence of the complex nature of cell-surface interactions, which can involve both specific and non-specific interactions. For applications involving micro- and nano-structured surfaces, developing an understanding of such phenomenon is further complicated by the diverse nature of surface architectures, surface chemistry, variation in cellular physiology, and the intended technological output. These factors are extremely important to understand in the emerging field of antibacterial nanostructured surfaces. The aim of this perspective is to re-frame the discussion surrounding the mechanism of nanostructured-microbial surface interactions. Broadly, the article reviews our current understanding of these phenomena, while highlighting the knowledge gaps surrounding the adhesive forces which govern bacterial-nanostructure interactions and the role of cell membrane rigidity in modulating surface activity. The roles of surface charge, cell rigidity, and cell-surface adhesion force in bacterial-surface adsorption are discussed in detail. Presently, most studies have overlooked these areas, which has left many questions unanswered. Further, this perspective article highlights the numerous experimental issues and misinterpretations which surround current studies of antibacterial nanostructured surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Elbourne
- School of Science, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia; Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia.
| | - James Chapman
- School of Science, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia; Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Amy Gelmi
- School of Science, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Daniel Cozzolino
- School of Science, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Russell J Crawford
- School of Science, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia; Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Vi Khanh Truong
- School of Science, College of Science, Engineering and Health, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia; Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
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Marnocha CL, Sabanayagam CR, Modla S, Powell DH, Henri PA, Steele AS, Hanson TE, Webb SM, Chan CS. Insights Into the Mineralogy and Surface Chemistry of Extracellular Biogenic S 0 Globules Produced by Chlorobaculum tepidum. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:271. [PMID: 30858832 PMCID: PMC6398422 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Elemental sulfur (S0) is produced and degraded by phylogenetically diverse groups of microorganisms. For Chlorobaculum tepidum, an anoxygenic phototroph, sulfide is oxidized to produce extracellular S0 globules, which can be further oxidized to sulfate. While some sulfur-oxidizing bacteria (e.g., Allochromatium vinosum) are also capable of growth on commercial S0 as an electron donor, C. tepidum is not. Even colloidal sulfur sols, which appear indistinguishable from biogenic globules, do not support the growth of C. tepidum. Here, we investigate the properties that make biogenic S0 globules distinct from abiotic forms of S0. We found that S0 globules produced by C. tepidum and abiotic S0 sols are quite similar in terms of mineralogy and material properties, but the two are distinguished primarily by the properties of their surfaces. C. tepidum's globules are enveloped by a layer of organics (protein and polysaccharides), which results in a surface that is fundamentally different from that of abiotic S0 sols. The organic coating on the globules appears to slow the aging and crystallization of amorphous sulfur, perhaps providing an extended window of time for microbes in the environment to access the more labile forms of sulfur as needed. Overall, our results suggest that the surface of biogenic S0 globules may be key to cell-sulfur interactions and the reactivity of biogenic S0 in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra L. Marnocha
- Department of Biology, Niagara University, Lewiston, NY, United States
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | | | - Shannon Modla
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, Newark, DE, United States
| | | | - Pauline A. Henri
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Andrew S. Steele
- Geophysical Laboratory, Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Thomas E. Hanson
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, Newark, DE, United States
- School of Marine Science and Policy, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
| | - Samuel M. Webb
- Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Lightsource, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, United States
| | - Clara S. Chan
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, United States
- Delaware Biotechnology Institute, Newark, DE, United States
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Xie X, Deliorman M, Qasaimeh MA, Percipalle P. The relative composition of actin isoforms regulates cell surface biophysical features and cellular behaviors. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1862:1079-1090. [PMID: 29410074 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cell surface mechanics is able to physically and biomechanically affect cell shape and motility, vesicle trafficking and actin dynamics. The biophysical properties of cell surface are strongly influenced by cytoskeletal elements. In mammals, tissue-specific expression of six actin isoforms is thought to confer differential biomechanical properties. However, the relative contribution of actin isoforms to cell surface properties is not well understood. Here, we sought to investigate whether and how the composition of endogenous actin isoforms directly affects the biomechanical features of cell surface and cellular behavior. METHODS We used fibroblasts isolated from wild type (WT), heterozygous (HET) and from knockout (KO) mouse embryos where both β-actin alleles are not functional. We applied a combination of genome-wide analysis and biophysical methods such as RNA-seq and atomic force microscopy. RESULTS We found that endogenous β-actin levels are essential in controlling cell surface stiffness and pull-off force, which was not compensated by the up-regulation of other actin isoforms. The variations of surface biophysical features and actin contents were associated with distinct cell behaviors in 2D and 3D WT, HET and KO cell cultures. Since β-actin in WT cells and smooth muscle α-actin up-regulated in KO cells showed different organization patterns, our data support the differential localization and organization as a mechanism to regulate the biophysical properties of cell surface by actin isoforms. CONCLUSIONS We propose that variations in actin isoforms composition impact on the biophysical features of cell surface and cause the changes in cell behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xie
- Science Division, Biology Program, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Muhammedin Deliorman
- Engineering Division, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohammad A Qasaimeh
- Engineering Division, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, New York University, USA
| | - Piergiorgio Percipalle
- Science Division, Biology Program, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Department of Molecular Biosciences, The Wenner-Gren Institute, Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
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18
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The Role of Type VI Secretion System Effectors in Target Cell Lysis and Subsequent Horizontal Gene Transfer. Cell Rep 2017; 21:3927-3940. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
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Abstract
Cellular mechanical properties play an integral role in bacterial survival and adaptation. Historically, the bacterial cell wall and, in particular, the layer of polymeric material called the peptidoglycan were the elements to which cell mechanics could be primarily attributed. Disrupting the biochemical machinery that assembles the peptidoglycan (e.g., using the β-lactam family of antibiotics) alters the structure of this material, leads to mechanical defects, and results in cell lysis. Decades after the discovery of peptidoglycan-synthesizing enzymes, the mechanisms that underlie their positioning and regulation are still not entirely understood. In addition, recent evidence suggests a diverse group of other biochemical elements influence bacterial cell mechanics, may be regulated by new cellular mechanisms, and may be triggered in different environmental contexts to enable cell adaptation and survival. This review summarizes the contributions that different biomolecular components of the cell wall (e.g., lipopolysaccharides, wall and lipoteichoic acids, lipid bilayers, peptidoglycan, and proteins) make to Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial cell mechanics. We discuss the contribution of individual proteins and macromolecular complexes in cell mechanics and the tools that make it possible to quantitatively decipher the biochemical machinery that contributes to bacterial cell mechanics. Advances in this area may provide insight into new biology and influence the development of antibacterial chemotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- George K Auer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Douglas B Weibel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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20
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Bandara CD, Singh S, Afara IO, Wolff A, Tesfamichael T, Ostrikov K, Oloyede A. Bactericidal Effects of Natural Nanotopography of Dragonfly Wing on Escherichia coli. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:6746-6760. [PMID: 28139904 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b13666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Nanotextured surfaces (NTSs) are critical to organisms as self-adaptation and survival tools. These NTSs have been actively mimicked in the process of developing bactericidal surfaces for diverse biomedical and hygiene applications. To design and fabricate bactericidal topographies effectively for various applications, understanding the bactericidal mechanism of NTS in nature is essential. The current mechanistic explanations on natural bactericidal activity of nanopillars have not utilized recent advances in microscopy to study the natural interaction. This research reveals the natural bactericidal interaction between E. coli and a dragonfly wing's (Orthetrum villosovittatum) NTS using advanced microscopy techniques and proposes a model. Contrary to the existing mechanistic models, this experimental approach demonstrated that the NTS of Orthetrum villosovittatum dragonfly wings has two prominent nanopillar populations and the resolved interface shows membrane damage occurred without direct contact of the bacterial cell membrane with the nanopillars. We propose that the bacterial membrane damage is initiated by a combination of strong adhesion between nanopillars and bacterium EPS layer as well as shear force when immobilized bacterium attempts to move on the NTS. These findings could help guide the design of novel biomimetic nanomaterials by maximizing the synergies between biochemical and mechanical bactericidal effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaturanga D Bandara
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) , Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
- Institute for Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology (QUT) , Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia
| | - Sanjleena Singh
- Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) , Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
| | - Isaac O Afara
- Research and Innovation Centre, Elizade University , 1 Wuraola Ade.Ojo Avenue, P.M.B 002, Ilara-Mokin, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | - Annalena Wolff
- Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) , Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
| | - Tuquabo Tesfamichael
- Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) , Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
| | - Kostya Ostrikov
- Institute for Health and Biomedical Innovation (IHBI), Queensland University of Technology (QUT) , Kelvin Grove, Queensland 4059, Australia
- Institute for Future Environments, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) , Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
| | - Adekunle Oloyede
- School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Science and Engineering Faculty, Queensland University of Technology (QUT) , Brisbane, Queensland 4001, Australia
- Research and Innovation Centre, Elizade University , 1 Wuraola Ade.Ojo Avenue, P.M.B 002, Ilara-Mokin, Ondo State, Nigeria
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Wang H, Wilksch JJ, Chen L, Tan JWH, Strugnell RA, Gee ML. Influence of Fimbriae on Bacterial Adhesion and Viscoelasticity and Correlations of the Two Properties with Biofilm Formation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:100-106. [PMID: 27959542 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b03764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The surface polymers of bacteria determine the ability of bacteria to adhere to a substrate for colonization, which is an essential step for a variety of microbial processes, such as biofilm formation and biofouling. Capsular polysaccharides and fimbriae are two major components on a bacterial surface, which are critical for mediating cell-surface interactions. Adhesion and viscoelasticity of bacteria are two major physical properties related to bacteria-surface interactions. In this study, we employed atomic force microscopy (AFM) to interrogate how the adhesion work and the viscoelasticity of a bacterial pathogen, Klebsiella pneumoniae, influence biofilm formation. To do this, the wild-type, type 3 fimbriae-deficient, and type 3 fimbriae-overexpressed K. pneumoniae strains have been investigated in an aqueous environment. The results show that the measured adhesion work is positively correlated to biofilm formation; however, the viscoelasticity is not correlated to biofilm formation. This study indicates that AFM-based adhesion measurements of bacteria can be used to evaluate the function of bacterial surface polymers in biofilm formation and to predict the ability of bacterial biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huabin Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Multi-Scale Manufacturing Technology, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Chongqing 400714, China
- Key Laboratory of Interfacial Physics and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 201800, China
| | | | - Ligang Chen
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Multi-Scale Manufacturing Technology, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Chongqing 400714, China
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Mularski A, Separovic F. Atomic Force Microscopy Studies of the Interaction of Antimicrobial Peptides with Bacterial Cells. Aust J Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1071/ch16425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are promising therapeutic alternatives to conventional antibiotics. Many AMPs are membrane-active but their mode of action in killing bacteria or in inhibiting their growth remains elusive. Recent studies indicate the mechanism of action depends on peptide structure and lipid components of the bacterial cell membrane. Owing to the complexity of working with living cells, most of these studies have been conducted with synthetic membrane systems, which neglect the possible role of bacterial surface structures in these interactions. In recent years, atomic force microscopy has been utilized to study a diverse range of biological systems under non-destructive, physiologically relevant conditions that yield in situ biophysical measurements of living cells. This approach has been applied to the study of AMP interaction with bacterial cells, generating data that describe how the peptides modulate various biophysical behaviours of individual bacteria, including the turgor pressure, cell wall elasticity, bacterial capsule thickness, and organization of bacterial adhesins.
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Li X, Cheung GS, Watson GS, Watson JA, Lin S, Schwarzkopf L, Green DW. The nanotipped hairs of gecko skin and biotemplated replicas impair and/or kill pathogenic bacteria with high efficiency. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:18860-18869. [PMID: 27812584 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr05046h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
We show that gecko microspinules (hairs) and their equivalent replicas, bearing nanoscale tips, can kill or impair surface associating oral pathogenic bacteria with high efficiency even after 7 days of repeated attacks. Scanning Electron Microscopy suggests that there is more than one mechanism contributing to cell death which appears to be related to the scaling of the bacteria type with the hair arrays and accessibility to the underlying nano-topography of the hierarchical surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Li
- Endodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Hong Kong, Sai Ying Pun, Hong Kong, China
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A nanomechanical study of the effects of colistin on the Klebsiella pneumoniae AJ218 capsule. EUROPEAN BIOPHYSICS JOURNAL: EBJ 2016; 46:351-361. [DOI: 10.1007/s00249-016-1178-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Karahan HE, Wei L, Goh K, Liu Z, Birer Ö, Dehghani F, Xu C, Wei J, Chen Y. Bacterial physiology is a key modulator of the antibacterial activity of graphene oxide. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:17181-17189. [PMID: 27722381 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr05745d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Carbon-based nanomaterials have a great potential as novel antibacterial agents; however, their interactions with bacteria are not fully understood. This study demonstrates that the antibacterial activity of graphene oxide (GO) depends on the physiological state of cells for both Gram-negative and -positive bacteria. GO susceptibility of bacteria is the highest in the exponential growth phase, which are in growing physiology, and stationary-phase (non-growing) cells are quite resistant against GO. Importantly, the order of GO susceptibility of E. coli with respect to the growth phases (exponential ≫ decline > stationary) correlates well with the changes in the envelope ultrastructures of the cells. Our findings are not only fundamentally important but also particularly critical for practical antimicrobial applications of carbon-based nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Enis Karahan
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637459, Singapore and Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology (SIMTech), Singapore, 638075, Singapore.
| | - Li Wei
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Kunli Goh
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
| | - Zhe Liu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
| | - Özgür Birer
- Chemistry Department, Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sarıyer, 34450, Istanbul, Turkey and KUYTAM Surface Science and Technology Center, Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sarıyer, 34450, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Fariba Dehghani
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
| | - Chenjie Xu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637459, Singapore and NTU-Northwestern Institute of Nanomedicine, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Jun Wei
- Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology (SIMTech), Singapore, 638075, Singapore.
| | - Yuan Chen
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia.
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Smolyakov G, Formosa-Dague C, Severac C, Duval R, Dague E. High speed indentation measures by FV, QI and QNM introduce a new understanding of bionanomechanical experiments. Micron 2016; 85:8-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Mularski A, Wilksch JJ, Hanssen E, Strugnell RA, Separovic F. Atomic force microscopy of bacteria reveals the mechanobiology of pore forming peptide action. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2016; 1858:1091-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Karahan HE, Wei L, Goh K, Wiraja C, Liu Z, Xu C, Jiang R, Wei J, Chen Y. Synergism of Water Shock and a Biocompatible Block Copolymer Potentiates the Antibacterial Activity of Graphene Oxide. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2016; 12:951-62. [PMID: 26707949 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201502496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO) is promising in the fight against pathogenic bacteria. However, the antibacterial activity of pristine GO is relatively low and concern over human cytotoxicity further limits its potential. This study demonstrates a general approach to address both issues. The developed approach synergistically combines the water shock treatment (i.e., a sudden decrease in environmental salinity) and the use of a biocompatible block copolymer (Pluronic F-127) as a synergist co-agent. Hypoosmotic stress induced by water shock makes gram-negative pathogens more susceptible to GO. Pluronic forms highly stable nanoassemblies with GO (Pluronic-GO) that can populate around bacterial envelopes favoring the interactions between GO and bacteria. The antibacterial activity of GO at a low concentration (50 μg mL(-1) ) increases from <30% to virtually complete killing (>99%) when complemented with water shock and Pluronic (5 mg mL(-1) ) at ≈2-2.5 h of exposure. Results suggest that the enhanced dispersion of GO and the osmotic pressure generated on bacterial envelopes by polymers together potentiate GO. Pluronic also significantly suppresses the toxicity of GO toward human fibroblast cells. Fundamentally, the results highlight the crucial role of physicochemical milieu in the antibacterial activity of GO. The demonstrated strategy has potentials for daily-life bacterial disinfection applications, as hypotonic Pluronic-GO mixture is both safe and effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Enis Karahan
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
- Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology (SIMTech), Singapore, 638075, Singapore
| | - Li Wei
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
| | - Kunli Goh
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
| | - Christian Wiraja
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
| | - Zhe Liu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
| | - Chenjie Xu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
- NTU-Northwestern Institute of Nanomedicine, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Rongrong Jiang
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
| | - Jun Wei
- Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology (SIMTech), Singapore, 638075, Singapore
| | - Yuan Chen
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637459, Singapore
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, 2006, Australia
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Mularski A, Wilksch JJ, Wang H, Hossain MA, Wade JD, Separovic F, Strugnell RA, Gee ML. Atomic Force Microscopy Reveals the Mechanobiology of Lytic Peptide Action on Bacteria. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2015; 31:6164-71. [PMID: 25978768 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b01011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Increasing rates of antimicrobial-resistant medically important bacteria require the development of new, effective therapeutics, of which antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are among the promising candidates. Many AMPs are membrane-active, but their mode of action in killing bacteria or in inhibiting their growth remains elusive. This study used atomic force microscopy (AFM) to probe the mechanobiology of a model AMP (a derivative of melittin) on living Klebsiella pneumoniae bacterial cells. We performed in situ biophysical measurements to understand how the melittin peptide modulates various biophysical behaviors of individual bacteria, including the turgor pressure, cell wall elasticity, and bacterial capsule thickness and organization. Exposure of K. pneumoniae to the peptide had a significant effect on the turgor pressure and Young's modulus of the cell wall. The turgor pressure increased upon peptide addition followed by a later decrease, suggesting that cell lysis occurred and pressure was lost through destruction of the cell envelope. The Young's modulus also increased, indicating that interaction with the peptide increased the rigidity of the cell wall. The bacterial capsule did not prevent cell lysis by the peptide, and surprisingly, the capsule appeared unaffected by exposure to the peptide, as capsule thickness and inferred organization were within the control limits, determined by mechanical measurements. These data show that AFM measurements may provide valuable insights into the physical events that precede bacterial lysis by AMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Mularski
- †School of Chemistry, ‡Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, and §Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Jonathan J Wilksch
- †School of Chemistry, ‡Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, and §Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Huabin Wang
- †School of Chemistry, ‡Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, and §Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Mohammed Akhter Hossain
- †School of Chemistry, ‡Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, and §Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - John D Wade
- †School of Chemistry, ‡Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, and §Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Frances Separovic
- †School of Chemistry, ‡Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, and §Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Richard A Strugnell
- †School of Chemistry, ‡Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, and §Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Michelle L Gee
- †School of Chemistry, ‡Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, and §Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
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Formosa C, Herold M, Vidaillac C, Duval RE, Dague E. Unravelling of a mechanism of resistance to colistin inKlebsiella pneumoniaeusing atomic force microscopy. J Antimicrob Chemother 2015; 70:2261-70. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkv118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Perfumo A, Elsaesser A, Littmann S, Foster RA, Kuypers MMM, Cockell CS, Kminek G. Epifluorescence, SEM, TEM and nanoSIMS image analysis of the cold phenotype of Clostridium psychrophilum at subzero temperatures. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2014; 90:869-82. [PMID: 25319134 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6941.12443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
We have applied an image-based approach combining epifluorescence microscopy, electron microscopy and nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry (nanoSIMS) with stable isotope probing to examine directly the characteristic cellular features involved in the expression of the cold phenotype in the Antarctic bacterium Clostridium psychrophilum exposed to a temperature range from +5 to -15 °C under anoxic conditions. We observed dramatic morphological changes depending on temperature. At temperatures below -10 °C, cell division was inhibited and consequently filamentous growth predominated. Bacterial cells appeared surrounded by a remarkably thick cell wall and a capsule formed of long exopolysaccharide fibres. Moreover, bacteria were entirely embedded within a dense extracellular matrix, suggesting a role both in cryo-protection and in the cycling of nutrients and genetic material. Strings of extracellular DNA, transient cell membrane permeability and release of membrane vesicles were observed that suggest that evolution via transfer of genetic material may be especially active under frozen conditions. While at -5 °C, the bacterial population was metabolically healthy, at temperatures below -10 °C, most cells showed no sign of active metabolism or the metabolic flux was extremely slowed down; instead of being consumed, carbon was accumulated and stored in intracellular granules as in preparation for a long-term survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amedea Perfumo
- European Space Agency, TEC-QI, Noordwijk, The Netherlands
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Guillaume-Gentil O, Potthoff E, Ossola D, Franz CM, Zambelli T, Vorholt JA. Force-controlled manipulation of single cells: from AFM to FluidFM. Trends Biotechnol 2014; 32:381-8. [PMID: 24856959 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The ability to perturb individual cells and to obtain information at the single-cell level is of central importance for addressing numerous biological questions. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) offers great potential for this prospering field. Traditionally used as an imaging tool, more recent developments have extended the variety of cell-manipulation protocols. Fluidic force microscopy (FluidFM) combines AFM with microfluidics via microchanneled cantilevers with nano-sized apertures. The crucial element of the technology is the connection of the hollow cantilevers to a pressure controller, allowing their operation in liquid as force-controlled nanopipettes under optical control. Proof-of-concept studies demonstrated a broad spectrum of single-cell applications including isolation, deposition, adhesion and injection in a range of biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eva Potthoff
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dario Ossola
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Gloriastrasse 35, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Clemens M Franz
- DFG-Center for Functional Nanostructures, Karlsruhe Institute for Technology, Wolfgang-Gaede-Strasse 1a, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Tomaso Zambelli
- Laboratory of Biosensors and Bioelectronics, Institute for Biomedical Engineering, ETH Zurich, Gloriastrasse 35, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Julia A Vorholt
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
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Abstract
The bacterial type VI secretion system (T6SS) is an organelle that is structurally and mechanistically analogous to an intracellular membrane-attached contractile phage tail. Recent studies determined that a rapid conformational change in the structure of a sheath protein complex propels T6SS spike and tube components along with antibacterial and antieukaryotic effectors out of predatory T6SS(+) cells and into prey cells. The contracted organelle is then recycled in an ATP-dependent process. T6SS is regulated at transcriptional and posttranslational levels, the latter involving detection of membrane perturbation in some species. In addition to directly targeting eukaryotic cells, the T6SS can also target other bacteria coinfecting a mammalian host, highlighting the importance of the T6SS not only for bacterial survival in environmental ecosystems, but also in the context of infection and disease. This review highlights these and other advances in our understanding of the structure, mechanical function, assembly, and regulation of the T6SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian T Ho
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tao G Dong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - John J Mekalanos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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Liu J, Vipulanandan C. Effects of Au/Fe and Fe nanoparticles on Serratia bacterial growth and production of biosurfactant. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2013; 33:3909-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2013.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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35
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Dertli E, Colquhoun IJ, Gunning AP, Bongaerts RJ, Le Gall G, Bonev BB, Mayer MJ, Narbad A. Structure and biosynthesis of two exopolysaccharides produced by Lactobacillus johnsonii FI9785. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:31938-51. [PMID: 24019531 PMCID: PMC3814790 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.507418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Exopolysaccharides were isolated and purified from Lactobacillus johnsonii FI9785, which has previously been shown to act as a competitive exclusion agent to control Clostridium perfringens in poultry. Structural analysis by NMR spectroscopy revealed that L. johnsonii FI9785 can produce two types of exopolysaccharide: EPS-1 is a branched dextran with the unusual feature that every backbone residue is substituted with a 2-linked glucose unit, and EPS-2 was shown to have a repeating unit with the following structure: -6)-α-Glcp-(1-3)-β-Glcp-(1-5)-β-Galf-(1-6)-α-Glcp-(1-4)-β-Galp-(1-4)-β-Glcp-(1-. Sites on both polysaccharides were partially occupied by substituent groups: 1-phosphoglycerol and O-acetyl groups in EPS-1 and a single O-acetyl group in EPS-2. Analysis of a deletion mutant (ΔepsE) lacking the putative priming glycosyltransferase gene located within a predicted eps gene cluster revealed that the mutant could produce EPS-1 but not EPS-2, indicating that epsE is essential for the biosynthesis of EPS-2. Atomic force microscopy confirmed the localization of galactose residues on the exterior of wild type cells and their absence in the ΔepsE mutant. EPS2 was found to adopt a random coil structural conformation. Deletion of the entire 14-kb eps cluster resulted in an acapsular mutant phenotype that was not able to produce either EPS-2 or EPS-1. Alterations in the cell surface properties of the EPS-specific mutants were demonstrated by differences in binding of an anti-wild type L. johnsonii antibody. These findings provide insights into the biosynthesis and structures of novel exopolysaccharides produced by L. johnsonii FI9785, which are likely to play an important role in biofilm formation, protection against harsh environment of the gut, and colonization of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enes Dertli
- From the Gut Health and Food Safety Programme, Institute of Food Research, Colney, Norwich NR4 7UA, United Kingdom
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36
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Pascual DW, Suo Z, Cao L, Avci R, Yang X. Attenuating gene expression (AGE) for vaccine development. Virulence 2013; 4:384-90. [PMID: 23652809 PMCID: PMC3714130 DOI: 10.4161/viru.24886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Live attenuated vaccines are adept in stimulating protective immunity. Methods for generating such vaccines have largely adopted strategies used with Salmonella enterica. Yet, when similar strategies were tested in other gram-negative bacteria, the virulence factors or genes responsible to incapacitate Salmonella often failed in providing the desired outcome. Consequently, conventional live vaccines rely on prior knowledge of the pathogen's virulence factors to successfully attenuate them. This can be problematic since such bacterial pathogens normally harbor thousands of genes. To circumvent this problem, we found that overexpression of bacterial appendages, e.g., fimbriae, capsule, and flagella, could successfully attenuate wild-type (wt) Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Further analysis revealed these attenuated Salmonella strains conferred protection against wt S. Typhimurium challenge as effectively as genetically defined Salmonella vaccines. We refer to this strategy as attenuating gene expression (AGE), a simple efficient approach in attenuating bacterial pathogens, greatly facilitating the construction of live vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- David W Pascual
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA.
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37
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Cao L, Lim T, Jun S, Thornburg T, Avci R, Yang X. Vulnerabilities in Yersinia pestis caf operon are unveiled by a Salmonella vector. PLoS One 2012; 7:e36283. [PMID: 22558420 PMCID: PMC3340336 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During infection, Yersinia pestis uses its F1 capsule to enhance survival and cause virulence to mammalian host. Since F1 is produced in large quantities and secreted into the host tissues, it also serves as a major immune target. To hold this detrimental effect under proper control, Y. pestis expresses the caf operon (encoding the F1 capsule) in a temperature-dependent manner. However, additional properties of the caf operon limit its expression. By overexpressing the caf operon in wild-type Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium under a potent promoter, virulence of Salmonella was greatly attenuated both in vitro and in vivo. In contrast, expression of the caf operon under the regulation of its native promoter exhibited negligible impairment of Salmonellae virulence. In-depth investigation revealed all individual genes in the caf operon attenuated Salmonella when overexpressed. The deleterious effects of caf operon and the caf individual genes were further confirmed when they were overexpressed in Y. pestis KIM6+. This study suggests that by using a weak inducible promoter, the detrimental effects of the caf operon are minimally manifested in Y. pestis. Thus, through tight regulation of the caf operon, Y. pestis precisely balances its capsular anti-phagocytic properties with the detrimental effects of caf during interaction with mammalian host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Cao
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
| | - Timothy Lim
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
| | - SangMu Jun
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
| | - Theresa Thornburg
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
| | - Recep Avci
- Imaging and Chemical Analysis Laboratory, Department of Physics, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
| | - Xinghong Yang
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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38
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Zhou J, Qi X. Multi-walled carbon nanotubes/epilson-polylysine nanocomposite with enhanced antibacterial activity. Lett Appl Microbiol 2010; 52:76-83. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2010.02969.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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39
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Liu S, Ng AK, Xu R, Wei J, Tan CM, Yang Y, Chen Y. Antibacterial action of dispersed single-walled carbon nanotubes on Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis investigated by atomic force microscopy. NANOSCALE 2010; 2:2744-2750. [PMID: 20877897 DOI: 10.1039/c0nr00441c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) exhibit strong antibacterial activities. Direct contact between bacterial cells and SWCNTs may likely induce cell damages. Therefore, the understanding of SWCNT-bacteria interactions is essential in order to develop novel SWCNT-based materials for their potential environmental, imaging, therapeutic, and military applications. In this preliminary study, we utilized atomic force microscopy (AFM) to monitor dynamic changes in cell morphology and mechanical properties of two typical bacterial models (gram-negative Escherichia coli and gram-positive Bacillus subtilis) upon incubation with SWCNTs. The results demonstrated that individually dispersed SWCNTs in solution develop nanotube networks on the cell surface, and then destroy the bacterial envelopes with leakage of the intracellular contents. The cell morphology changes observed on air dried samples are accompanied by an increase in cell surface roughness and a decrease in surface spring constant. To mimic the collision between SWCNTs and cells, a sharp AFM tip of 2 nm was chosen to introduce piercings on the cell surface. No clear physical damages were observed if the applied force was below 10 nN. Further analysis also indicates that a single collision between one nanotube and a bacterial cell is unlikely to introduce direct physical damage. Hence, the antibacterial activity of SWCNTs is the accumulation effect of large amount of nanotubes through interactions between SWCNT networks and bacterial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaobin Liu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459
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40
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Dorobantu LS, Gray MR. Application of atomic force microscopy in bacterial research. SCANNING 2010; 32:74-96. [PMID: 20695026 DOI: 10.1002/sca.20177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The atomic force microscope (AFM) has evolved from an imaging device into a multifunctional and powerful toolkit for probing the nanostructures and surface components on the exterior of bacterial cells. Currently, the area of application spans a broad range of interesting fields from materials sciences, in which AFM has been used to deposit patterns of thiol-functionalized molecules onto gold substrates, to biological sciences, in which AFM has been employed to study the undesirable bacterial adhesion to implants and catheters or the essential bacterial adhesion to contaminated soil or aquifers. The unique attribute of AFM is the ability to image bacterial surface features, to measure interaction forces of functionalized probes with these features, and to manipulate these features, for example, by measuring elongation forces under physiological conditions and at high lateral resolution (<1 A). The first imaging studies showed the morphology of various biomolecules followed by rapid progress in visualizing whole bacterial cells. The AFM technique gradually developed into a lab-on-a-tip allowing more quantitative analysis of bacterial samples in aqueous liquids and non-contact modes. Recently, force spectroscopy modes, such as chemical force microscopy, single-cell force spectroscopy, and single-molecule force spectroscopy, have been used to map the spatial arrangement of chemical groups and electrical charges on bacterial surfaces, to measure cell-cell interactions, and to stretch biomolecules. In this review, we present the fascinating options offered by the rapid advances in AFM with emphasizes on bacterial research and provide a background for the exciting research articles to follow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loredana S Dorobantu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.
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Suo Z, Yang X, Avci R, Deliorman M, Rugheimer P, Pascual DW, Idzerda Y. Antibody selection for immobilizing living bacteria. Anal Chem 2009; 81:7571-8. [PMID: 19681578 PMCID: PMC2766298 DOI: 10.1021/ac9014484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report a comparative study of the efficacy of immobilizing living bacteria by means of seven antibodies against bacterial surface antigens associated with Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium. The targeted bacterial antigens were CFA/I fimbriae, flagella, lipopolysaccharides (LPS), and capsular F1 antigen. The best immobilization of S. Typhimurium was achieved with the antibody against CFA/I fimbriae. The immobilization of bacteria using antiflagellin showed significant enhancement if the flagella rotary motion was paralyzed. Of the four antibodies targeting LPS structures, only one, the antibody against the O-antigen polysaccharides, showed a relatively efficient bacterial immobilization. No bacterial immobilization was achieved using the antibody against F1 antigen, presumably because F1 protein can detach from the bacterial surface easily. The results suggest that an antibody for bacterial immunoimmobilization should target a surface antigen which extends out from the bacterial surface and is tightly attached to the bacterial cell wall. The microarrays of living S. Typhimurium cells immobilized in this manner remained viable and effective for at least 2 weeks in growth medium before a thick biofilm covered the whole surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Suo
- Department of Physics, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 59717, USA
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