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Dabhi RC, Sharma VS, Arya PS, Patel UP, Shrivastav PS, Maru JJ. Coumarin functionalized dimeric mesogens for promising anticoagulant activity: Tuning of liquid crystalline property. J Mol Struct 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2023.135336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
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2
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Balischewski C, Bhattacharyya B, Sperlich E, Günter C, Beqiraj A, Klamroth T, Behrens K, Mies S, Kelling A, Lubahn S, Holtzheimer L, Nitschke A, Taubert A. Tetrahalidometallate(II) Ionic Liquids with More than One Metal: The Effect of Bromide versus Chloride. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201068. [PMID: 35789121 PMCID: PMC9826293 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Fifteen N-butylpyridinium salts - five monometallic [C4 Py]2 [MBr4 ] and ten bimetallic [C4 Py]2 [M0.5 a M0.5 b Br4 ] (M=Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, Zn) - were synthesized, and their structures and thermal and electrochemical properties were studied. All the compounds are ionic liquids (ILs) with melting points between 64 and 101 °C. Powder and single-crystal X-ray diffraction show that all ILs are isostructural. The electrochemical stability windows of the ILs are between 2 and 3 V. The conductivities at room temperature are between 10-5 and 10-6 S cm-1 . At elevated temperatures, the conductivities reach up to 10-4 S cm-1 at 70 °C. The structures and properties of the current bromide-based ILs were also compared with those of previous examples using chloride ligands, which illustrated differences and similarities between the two groups of ILs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eric Sperlich
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Potsdam14476PotsdamGermany
| | - Christina Günter
- Institute of GeosciencesUniversity of Potsdam14476PotsdamGermany
| | - Alkit Beqiraj
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Potsdam14476PotsdamGermany
| | | | - Karsten Behrens
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Potsdam14476PotsdamGermany
| | - Stefan Mies
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Potsdam14476PotsdamGermany
| | | | - Susanne Lubahn
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Potsdam14476PotsdamGermany
| | - Lea Holtzheimer
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Potsdam14476PotsdamGermany
| | - Anne Nitschke
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Potsdam14476PotsdamGermany
| | - Andreas Taubert
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Potsdam14476PotsdamGermany
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3
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Ferrocene based ionic liquid: synthesis, structure, transport properties and mechanism of thermal degradation. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.118933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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4
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Lamellar Tetragonal Symmetry of Amphiphilic Thermotropic Ionic Liquid Crystals in the Framework of Other Closely Related Highly Ordered Structures. Symmetry (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/sym14020394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
An overview of the chemical compounds forming the rare smectic T phases is presented with references to the historical context. Thermodynamics (transition temperatures, enthalpies) along with the factors (stereochemical constraints, electrostatic interactions, aliphatic chain stacking, intermolecular forces) contributing to the adoption of tetragonal scaffolds are also discussed. Characteristic optical microscopy textures and X-ray diffraction patterns are presented. In parallel, a comparison of the geometrical parameters such as distances between atoms, molecular areas, volumes, and lattice parameters with the closest two-dimensional and three-dimensional organizations, is performed.
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Kapernaum N, Lange A, Ebert M, Grunwald MA, Haege C, Marino S, Zens A, Taubert A, Giesselmann F, Laschat S. Current Topics in Ionic Liquid Crystals. Chempluschem 2021; 87:e202100397. [PMID: 34931472 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202100397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ionic liquid crystals (ILCs), that is, ionic liquids exhibiting mesomorphism, liquid crystalline phases, and anisotropic properties, have received intense attention in the past years. Among others, this is due to their special properties arising from the combination of properties stemming from ionic liquids and from liquid crystalline arrangements. Besides interesting fundamental aspects, ILCs have been claimed to have tremendous application potential that again arises from the combination of properties and architectures that are not accessible otherwise, or at least not accessible easily by other strategies. The current review highlights recent developments in ILC research, starting with some key fundamental aspects. Further subjects covered include the synthesis and variations of modern ILCs, including the specific tuning of their mesomorphic behavior. The review concludes with reflections on some applications that may be within reach for ILCs and finally highlights a few key challenges that must be overcome prior and during true commercialization of ILCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Kapernaum
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Alyna Lange
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Golm, Germany
| | - Max Ebert
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Marco A Grunwald
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Christian Haege
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sebastian Marino
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Anna Zens
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andreas Taubert
- Institut für Chemie, Universität Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Golm, Germany
| | - Frank Giesselmann
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sabine Laschat
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
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6
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Yan A, Sokolinski T, Lane W, Tan J, Ferris K, Ryan EM. Applying transfer learning with convolutional neural networks to identify novel electrolytes for metal air batteries. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2021.113443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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7
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Sharma RK, Ghosh P. Lanthanide-Doped Luminescent Nanophosphors via Ionic Liquids. Front Chem 2021; 9:715531. [PMID: 34513795 PMCID: PMC8432941 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.715531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Lanthanide (Ln3+) ion(s)-doped or rare-earth ion(s)-doped nanomaterials have been considered a very important class of nanophosphors for various photonic and biophotonic applications. Unlike semiconductors and organic-based luminescent particles, the optical properties of Ln3+-doped nanophosphors are independent of the size of the nanoparticles. However, by varying the crystal phase, morphology, and lattice strain of the host materials along with making core-shell structure, the relaxation dynamics of dopant Ln3+ ions can be effectively tuned. Interestingly, a judicious choice of dopant ions leads to unparallel photophysical dynamics, such as quantum cutting, upconversion, and energy transfer. Recently, ionic liquids (ILs) have drawn tremendous attention in the field of nanomaterials synthesis due to their unique properties like negligible vapor pressure, nonflammability, and, most importantly, tunability; thus, they are often called "green" and "designer" solvents. This review article provides a critical overview of the latest developments in the ILs-assisted synthesis of rare-earth-doped nanomaterials and their subsequent photonic/biophotonic applications, such as energy-efficient lighting and solar cell applications, photodynamic therapy, and in vivo and in vitro bioimaging. This article will emphasize how luminescence dynamics of dopant rare-earth ions can be tuned by changing the basic properties of the host materials like crystal phase, morphology, and lattice strain, which can be eventually tuned by various properties of ILs such as cation/anion combination, alkyl chain length, and viscosity. Last but not least, different aspects of ILs like their ability to act as templating agents, solvents, and reaction partners and sometimes their "three-in-one" use in nanomaterials synthesis are highlighted along with various photoluminescence mechanisms of Ln3+ ion like up- and downconversion (UC and DC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Kumar Sharma
- Department of Chemistry, Government Shyam Sundar Agrawal PG College, Jabalpur, India
| | - Pushpal Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences and Technology, Dr. Hari Singh Gour University (A Central University), Sagar, India
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Mandal S, Gupta RK, Pathak SK, Rao DSS, Prasad SK, Ammathnadu Sudhakar A, Jana CK. Metal-free C–H functionalization of pyrrolidine to pyrrolinium-based room temperature ionic liquid crystals. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj00647a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
C–H functionalization of pyrrolidine-enabled synthesis of a new class of ionic liquid crystals
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumana Mandal
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
- Guwahati
- India
| | | | - Suraj Kumar Pathak
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
- Guwahati
- India
| | | | | | | | - Chandan K. Jana
- Department of Chemistry
- Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati
- Guwahati
- India
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9
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Riccobono A, Lazzara G, Rogers SE, Pibiri I, Pace A, Slattery JM, Bruce DW. Synthesis and mesomorphism of related series of triphilic ionic liquid crystals based on 1,2,4-triazolium cations. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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10
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Balischewski C, Behrens K, Zehbe K, Günter C, Mies S, Sperlich E, Kelling A, Taubert A. Ionic Liquids with More than One Metal: Optical and Electrochemical Properties versus d-Block Metal Combinations. Chemistry 2020; 26:17504-17513. [PMID: 32841435 PMCID: PMC7839689 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Thirteen N-butylpyridinium salts, including three monometallic [C4 Py]2 [MCl4 ], nine bimetallic [C4 Py]2 [M1-x a Mx b Cl4 ] and one trimetallic compound [C4 Py]2 [M1-y-z a My b Mz c Cl4 ] (M=Co, Cu, Mn; x=0.25, 0.50 or 0.75 and y=z=0.33), were synthesized and their structure and thermal and electrochemical properties were studied. All compounds are ionic liquids (ILs) with melting points between 69 and 93 °C. X-ray diffraction proves that all ILs are isostructural. The conductivity at room temperature is between 10-4 and 10-8 S cm-1 . Some Cu-based ILs reach conductivities of 10-2 S cm-1 , which is, however, probably due to IL dec. This correlates with the optical bandgap measurements indicating the formation of large bandgap semiconductors. At elevated temperatures approaching the melting points, the conductivities reach up to 1.47×10-1 S cm-1 at 70 °C. The electrochemical stability windows of the ILs are between 2.5 and 3.0 V.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karsten Behrens
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Potsdam14476PotsdamGermany
| | - Kerstin Zehbe
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Potsdam14476PotsdamGermany
| | - Christina Günter
- Institute of GeosciencesUniversity of Potsdam14476PotsdamGermany
| | - Stefan Mies
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Potsdam14476PotsdamGermany
| | - Eric Sperlich
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Potsdam14476PotsdamGermany
| | | | - Andreas Taubert
- Institute of ChemistryUniversity of Potsdam14476PotsdamGermany
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11
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Bader K, Müller C, Molard Y, Baro A, Ehni P, Knelles J, Laschat S. Fluorenone imidazolium salts as novel de Vries materials. RSC Adv 2020; 10:23999-24016. [PMID: 35517358 PMCID: PMC9055108 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra04650g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In ionic liquid crystals (ILCs) tilted mesophases such as SmC required for electro-optic devices are quite rare. We report a design concept that induced the SmC phase and enabled de Vries-like behaviour in ILCs. For this purpose, we synthesized and characterized a library of ILC derivatives ImR(On,Ym)X which consist of a rigid central fluorenone core containing an alkoxy or thioether side chain and connected via a flexible spacer to an imidazolium head group. The mesomorphic properties were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), polarizing optical microscopy (POM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Temperature-dependent measurements of smectic layer spacing d by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) and of optical tilt angles by POM demonstrate that ILCs ImR(On,Ym)X undergo SmA–SmC phase transitions with maximum layer contraction values between 0.4% and 2.1%. The lowest reduction factor R of 0.2 at the reduced temperature T − TAC = −10 K was calculated for Im(O12,S14)Br. Electron density calculations indicated a bilayer structure. Furthermore, temperature dependent emission studies show that self-assembling has a strong influence on the emission intensity of these ILCs. ILCs consisting of cationic head group–spacer–fluorenone central core–side chain show de Vries-like behaviour.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Korinna Bader
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Carsten Müller
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Yann Molard
- CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226, ScanMAT-UMS 2001, University Rennes 35000 Rennes France
| | - Angelika Baro
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Philipp Ehni
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Jakob Knelles
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Sabine Laschat
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart Pfaffenwaldring 55 70569 Stuttgart Germany
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12
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Bhowmik PK, Al-Karawi MKM, Killarney ST, Dizon EJ, Chang A, Kim J, Chen SL, Principe RCG, Ho A, Han H, Mandal HD, Cortez RG, Gutierrez B, Mendez K, Sharpnack L, Agra-Kooijman DM, Fisch MR, Kumar S. Thermotropic Liquid-Crystalline and Light-Emitting Properties of Bis(4-aalkoxyphenyl) Viologen Bis(triflimide) Salts. Molecules 2020; 25:E2435. [PMID: 32456122 PMCID: PMC7288076 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25102435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of bis(4-alkoxyphenyl) viologen bis(triflimide) salts with alkoxy chains of different lengths were synthesized by the metathesis reaction of respective bis(4-alkoxyphenyl) viologen dichloride salts, which were in turn prepared from the reaction of Zincke salt with the corresponding 4-n-alkoxyanilines, with lithium triflimide in methanol. Their chemical structures were characterized by 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectra and elemental analysis. Their thermotropic liquid-crystalline (LC) properties were examined by differential scanning calorimetry, polarizing optical microscopy, and variable temperature X-ray diffraction. Salts with short length alkoxy chains had crystal-to-liquid transitions. Salts of intermediate length alkoxy chains showed both crystal-to-smectic A (SmA) transitions, Tms, and SmA-to-isotropic transitions, Tis. Those with longer length of alkoxy chains had relatively low Tms at which they formed the SmA phases that persisted up to the decomposition at high temperatures. As expected, all of them had excellent thermal stabilities in the temperature range of 330-370 °C. Their light-emitting properties in methanol were also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradip K. Bhowmik
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway Box 454003, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4003, USA; (M.K.M.A.-K.); (S.T.K.); (E.J.D.); (A.C.); (J.K.); (S.L.C.); (R.C.G.P.); (A.H.); (H.H.)
| | - Muhammed Kareem M. Al-Karawi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway Box 454003, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4003, USA; (M.K.M.A.-K.); (S.T.K.); (E.J.D.); (A.C.); (J.K.); (S.L.C.); (R.C.G.P.); (A.H.); (H.H.)
| | - Shane T. Killarney
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway Box 454003, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4003, USA; (M.K.M.A.-K.); (S.T.K.); (E.J.D.); (A.C.); (J.K.); (S.L.C.); (R.C.G.P.); (A.H.); (H.H.)
| | - Erenz J. Dizon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway Box 454003, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4003, USA; (M.K.M.A.-K.); (S.T.K.); (E.J.D.); (A.C.); (J.K.); (S.L.C.); (R.C.G.P.); (A.H.); (H.H.)
| | - Anthony Chang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway Box 454003, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4003, USA; (M.K.M.A.-K.); (S.T.K.); (E.J.D.); (A.C.); (J.K.); (S.L.C.); (R.C.G.P.); (A.H.); (H.H.)
| | - Jongin Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway Box 454003, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4003, USA; (M.K.M.A.-K.); (S.T.K.); (E.J.D.); (A.C.); (J.K.); (S.L.C.); (R.C.G.P.); (A.H.); (H.H.)
| | - Si L. Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway Box 454003, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4003, USA; (M.K.M.A.-K.); (S.T.K.); (E.J.D.); (A.C.); (J.K.); (S.L.C.); (R.C.G.P.); (A.H.); (H.H.)
| | - Ronald Carlo G. Principe
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway Box 454003, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4003, USA; (M.K.M.A.-K.); (S.T.K.); (E.J.D.); (A.C.); (J.K.); (S.L.C.); (R.C.G.P.); (A.H.); (H.H.)
| | - Andy Ho
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway Box 454003, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4003, USA; (M.K.M.A.-K.); (S.T.K.); (E.J.D.); (A.C.); (J.K.); (S.L.C.); (R.C.G.P.); (A.H.); (H.H.)
| | - Haesook Han
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada Las Vegas, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway Box 454003, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4003, USA; (M.K.M.A.-K.); (S.T.K.); (E.J.D.); (A.C.); (J.K.); (S.L.C.); (R.C.G.P.); (A.H.); (H.H.)
| | - Hari D. Mandal
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Texas A & M International University, 5201 University Blvd., Laredo, TX 78041, USA; (H.D.M.); (R.G.C.); (B.G.); (K.M.)
| | - Raymond G. Cortez
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Texas A & M International University, 5201 University Blvd., Laredo, TX 78041, USA; (H.D.M.); (R.G.C.); (B.G.); (K.M.)
| | - Bryan Gutierrez
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Texas A & M International University, 5201 University Blvd., Laredo, TX 78041, USA; (H.D.M.); (R.G.C.); (B.G.); (K.M.)
| | - Klarissa Mendez
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Texas A & M International University, 5201 University Blvd., Laredo, TX 78041, USA; (H.D.M.); (R.G.C.); (B.G.); (K.M.)
| | - Lewis Sharpnack
- Department of Earth Science, 1006 Webb Hall, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA;
| | - Deña M. Agra-Kooijman
- Advanced Materials and Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA;
| | - Michael R. Fisch
- College of Aeronautics and Engineering, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA;
| | - Satyendra Kumar
- Division of Research, University at Albany, Albany, NY 12222, USA;
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Wang X, Valldor M, Spielberg ET, Heinemann FW, Meyer K, Mudring AV. Paramagnetic iron-containing ionic liquid crystals. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.112583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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14
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Saielli G, Satoh K. A coarse-grained model of ionic liquid crystals: the effect of stoichiometry on the stability of the ionic nematic phase. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:20327-20337. [PMID: 31495845 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp03296g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated, by means of molecular dynamics simulations, the phase behaviour of mixtures of charged ellipsoidal Gay-Berne (GB) particles and spherical Lennard-Jones (LJ) particles, as a coarse-grained model of ionic liquid crystals (ILCs). The anisotropic GB particles represent cations usually found in ILCs, for example, pyridinium or bipyridinium salts, while the spherical LJ particles are taken as a model of anions like common halides, hexafluorophosphate and tetrafluoroborate. Here we have focused our attention on the effect of the stoichiometry of the system (that is, the GB : LJ ratio n : m in the salt formula [GB]n[LJ]m) on the stability and thermal range of the ionic liquid crystal phases formed, with special attention to the ionic nematic phase. To isolate the stoichiometry effect, a comparison of four different systems with GB : LJ ratios of 1 : 3, 1 : 2, 1 : 1 and 2 : 1 is made by keeping the packing fraction and the charge of the minor component fixed. Our results suggest a way to improve the stability of the ionic nematic phase by enhancing the anisotropic van der Waals interaction compared to the Coulomb interaction, and by increasing the proportion of anisotropic particles in the mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giacomo Saielli
- CNR Institute on Membrane Technology, Unit of Padova, Via Marzolo, 1, 35131 Padova, Italy.
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15
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Park G, Goossens K, Shin TJ, Bielawski CW. Dicyanamide Salts that Adopt Smectic, Columnar, or Bicontinuous Cubic Liquid-Crystalline Mesophases. Chemistry 2018; 24:6399-6411. [PMID: 29446859 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201705794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Although dicyanamide (i.e., [N(CN)2 ]- ) has been commonly used to obtain low-viscosity, halogen-free, room-temperature ionic liquids, liquid-crystalline salts containing such anions have remained virtually unexplored. Here we report a series of amphiphilic dicyanamide salts that, depending on their structures and compositions, adopt smectic, columnar, or bicontinuous cubic thermotropic liquid-crystalline mesophases, even at room temperature in some cases. Their thermal properties were explored by polarized light optical microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis (including evolved gas analysis), and variable-temperature synchrotron X-ray diffraction. Comparison of the thermal phase characteristics of these new liquid-crystalline salts featuring "V-shaped" [N(CN)2 ]- anions with those of structural analogues containing [SCN]- , [BF4 ]- , [PF6 ]- , or [CF3 SO3 ]- anions indicated that not only the size of the counterion but also its shape should be considered in the development of mesomorphic salts. Collectively, these discoveries may be expected to facilitate the design of thermotropic ionic liquid crystals that form inverted-type bicontinuous cubic and other sophisticated liquid-crystalline phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geonhui Park
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.,Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Karel Goossens
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Joo Shin
- UNIST Central Research Facilities (UCRF) and School of Natural Science, UNIST, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Christopher W Bielawski
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.,Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.,Department of Energy Engineering, UNIST, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
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Bader K, Neidhardt MM, Wöhrle T, Forschner R, Baro A, Giesselmann F, Laschat S. Amino acid/crown ether hybrid materials: how charge affects liquid crystalline self-assembly. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:8379-8391. [PMID: 29063090 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm01484h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
To probe the influence of electrostatic interactions on the mesomorphic self-assembly and phase behaviour of hybrid liquid crystals a series of crown ether/tyrosine hybrid systems was prepared by Steglich esterification of alkyl N-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-l-tyrosinates with 4-carboxybenzo[15]crown-5 and 4-carboxybenzo[18]crown-6. The obtained derivatives allowed further manipulations at the NH functional group and complexation of the crown ether unit with NaI to give neutral or charged hybrid materials. All compounds were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), polarizing optical microscopy (POM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements. Neither the variation of the N-protecting group, introduction of charge at the N-terminus nor anion exchange (Cl vs. I) resulted in mesomorphism. In contrast, N-Boc-protected and unprotected hybrids formed rectangular columnar (Colr) mesophases with phase widths up to 35 K. NaI complexation switched these neutral thermotropic derivatives into ionic liquid crystals (ILCs) and induced a change of mesophase type from Colr to smectic A (SmA). A comparison of experimentally obtained layer distances and theoretically calculated molecular lengths indicated bilayer SmA formation with interdigitated alkyl chains. Packing models for both mesophase types are proposed and discussed with respect to stabilizing interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korinna Bader
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
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17
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Kapernaum N, Wuckert E, Frey W, Marino S, Wahl M, Giesselmann F, Laschat S. Hunting for smectic C in calamitic azobenzene ionic liquid crystals with different cationic head groups. J PHYS ORG CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/poc.3779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Kapernaum
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie; Universität Stuttgart; Stuttgart Germany
| | - Eugen Wuckert
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Universität Stuttgart; Stuttgart Germany
| | - Wolfgang Frey
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Universität Stuttgart; Stuttgart Germany
| | - Sebastian Marino
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie; Universität Stuttgart; Stuttgart Germany
| | - Manuel Wahl
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie; Universität Stuttgart; Stuttgart Germany
| | - Frank Giesselmann
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie; Universität Stuttgart; Stuttgart Germany
| | - Sabine Laschat
- Institut für Organische Chemie; Universität Stuttgart; Stuttgart Germany
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18
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Kapernaum N, Müller C, Moors S, Schlick MC, Wuckert E, Laschat S, Giesselmann F. First Examples of de Vries-like Smectic A to Smectic C Phase Transitions in Ionic Liquid Crystals. Chemphyschem 2016; 17:4116-4123. [PMID: 27712023 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201600829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In ionic liquid crystals, the orthogonal smectic A phase is the most common phase whereas the tilted smectic C phase is rather rare. We present a new study with five novel ionic liquid crystals exhibiting both a smectic A as well as the rare smectic C phase. Two of them have a phenylpyrimidine core whereas the other three are imidazolium azobenzenes. Their phase sequences and tilt angles were studied by polarizing microscopy and their temperature-dependent layer spacing as well as their translational and orientational order parameters were studied by X-ray diffraction. The X-ray tilt angles derived from X-ray studies of the layer contraction and the optically measured tilt angles of the five ionic liquid crystals were compared to obtain their de Vries character. Four of our five mesogens turned out to show de Vries-like behavior with a layer shrinkage that is far less than that expected for conventional materials. These materials can thus be considered as the first de Vries-type materials among ionic liquid crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Kapernaum
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Carsten Müller
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Svenja Moors
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - M Christian Schlick
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Eugen Wuckert
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sabine Laschat
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Frank Giesselmann
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569, Stuttgart, Germany
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19
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Ahmed S, Rahman MM, Rabbi AR, Ahmed MK, Islam SS, Younus M, Chakraborty BB, Choudhury S, Ahmed S, Sultana N. Synthesis, characterization and liquid crystalline properties of a series of hydroxybiphenyl benzoate and biphenyl bis(benzoate). J Mol Liq 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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20
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Zhang J, Li J, Yuan H, Zhang G, Li B, Li W, Wei X, Duan XE, Wu L. Optically Active Liquid Crystalline Polyoxometalates via Electrostatic Encapsulation with Cholesterol-Containing Amphiphile. Chem Asian J 2016; 11:2001-5. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201600532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Institute of Applied Chemistry; Shanxi University; Taiyuan 030006 China
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials; Jilin University; Changchun 130012 China
| | - Jingfang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials; Jilin University; Changchun 130012 China
| | - Hong Yuan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shanxi University; Taiyuan 030006 China
| | - Guohua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials; Jilin University; Changchun 130012 China
| | - Bao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials; Jilin University; Changchun 130012 China
| | - Wen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials; Jilin University; Changchun 130012 China
| | - Xuehong Wei
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shanxi University; Taiyuan 030006 China
| | - Xin-E Duan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Shanxi University; Taiyuan 030006 China
| | - Lixin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials; Jilin University; Changchun 130012 China
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21
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Alvarez Fernandez A, Kouwer PHJ. Key Developments in Ionic Liquid Crystals. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:E731. [PMID: 27196890 PMCID: PMC4881553 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17050731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionic liquid crystals are materials that combine the classes of liquid crystals and ionic liquids. The first one is based on the multi-billion-dollar flat panel display industry, whilst the latter quickly developed in the past decades into a family of highly-tunable non-volatile solvents. The combination yields materials with a unique set of properties, but also with many challenges ahead. In this review, we provide an overview of the key concepts in ionic liquid crystals, particularly from a molecular perspective. What are the important molecular parameters that determine the phase behavior? How should they be introduced into the molecules? Finally, which other tools does one have to realize specific properties in the material?
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Alvarez Fernandez
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Blk N4.1 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore.
| | - Paul H J Kouwer
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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22
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Goossens K, Lava K, Bielawski CW, Binnemans K. Ionic Liquid Crystals: Versatile Materials. Chem Rev 2016; 116:4643-807. [PMID: 27088310 DOI: 10.1021/cr400334b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 411] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This Review covers the recent developments (2005-2015) in the design, synthesis, characterization, and application of thermotropic ionic liquid crystals. It was designed to give a comprehensive overview of the "state-of-the-art" in the field. The discussion is focused on low molar mass and dendrimeric thermotropic ionic mesogens, as well as selected metal-containing compounds (metallomesogens), but some references to polymeric and/or lyotropic ionic liquid crystals and particularly to ionic liquids will also be provided. Although zwitterionic and mesoionic mesogens are also treated to some extent, emphasis will be directed toward liquid-crystalline materials consisting of organic cations and organic/inorganic anions that are not covalently bound but interact via electrostatic and other noncovalent interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel Goossens
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea.,Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F, P.O. Box 2404, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Kathleen Lava
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F, P.O. Box 2404, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium.,Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University , Krijgslaan 281 S4, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Christopher W Bielawski
- Center for Multidimensional Carbon Materials (CMCM), Institute for Basic Science (IBS) , Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea.,Department of Chemistry and Department of Energy Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST) , Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea
| | - Koen Binnemans
- Department of Chemistry, KU Leuven , Celestijnenlaan 200F, P.O. Box 2404, B-3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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23
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Li T, Xu F, Shi W. Ionic liquid crystals based on 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium cations and perfluorinated sulfonylimide anions. Chem Phys Lett 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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24
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Jiang Y, Geng T, Li Q, Li G, Ju H. Phase behavior and phase structure of 1:1 salt-free catanionic surfactant dodecyltrimethylammonium decanoate. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2014.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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25
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26
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Agra-Kooijman DM, Yoon H, Dey S, Kumar S. Origin of weak layer contraction in de Vries smectic liquid crystals. PHYSICAL REVIEW. E, STATISTICAL, NONLINEAR, AND SOFT MATTER PHYSICS 2014; 89:032506. [PMID: 24730863 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.89.032506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Structural investigations of the de Vries smectic-A (SmA) and smectic-C (SmC) phases of four mesogens containing a trisiloxane end segment reveal a linear molecular conformation in the SmA phase and a bent conformation resembling a hockey stick in the SmC phase. The siloxane and the hydrocarbon parts of the molecule tilt at different angles relative to the smectic layer normal and are oriented along different directions. For the compounds investigated, the shape of orientational distribution function (ODF) is found to be sugarloaf shaped and not the widely expected volcano like with positive orientational order parameters: ⟨P2⟩ = 0.53-0.78, ⟨P4⟩ = 0.14-0.45, and ⟨P6⟩∼0.10. The increase in the effective molecular length, and consequently in the smectic layer spacing caused by reduced fluctuations and the corresponding narrowing of the ODF, counteracts the effect of molecular tilt and significantly reduces the SmC layer contraction. Maximum tilt of the hydrocarbon part of the molecule lies between approximately 18° and 25° and between 6° and 12° for the siloxane part. The critical exponent of the tilt order parameter, β∼0.25, is in agreement with tricritical behavior at the SmA-SmC transition for two compounds and has lower value for first-order transition in the other compounds with finite enthalpy of transition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - HyungGuen Yoon
- TV Development Team, LCD Business, Samsung Display, Chungcheongnam-Do 336-741, Korea
| | - Sonal Dey
- Department of Physics, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, USA
| | - Satyendra Kumar
- Department of Physics, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, USA
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27
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Yu HZ, Li C, Chen BH, Yang CT, Wang D, Fu Y, Hu S, Dang Z. Promising density functional theory methods for predicting the structures of uranyl complexes. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra08264h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
By examining the overall accuracy of different theoretical methods in predicting the U–X bond distances (of a series uranyl complexes), we found that both the global-hybrid meta-GGA functional of BB1K and the range-seperated LC-BLYP functional are fairly good (even better than the popular B3LYP method).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Zhu Yu
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- University of Science and Technology Beijing
- Beijing 100083, China
| | - Can Li
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- University of Science and Technology Beijing
- Beijing 100083, China
| | - Bai-Hua Chen
- Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry
- CAEP
- Mianyang, China
| | - Chu-Ting Yang
- Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry
- CAEP
- Mianyang, China
| | - Dongrui Wang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- University of Science and Technology Beijing
- Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yao Fu
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Science and Technology of China
- Hefei 230026, China
| | - Sheng Hu
- Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry
- CAEP
- Mianyang, China
| | - Zhimin Dang
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering
- University of Science and Technology Beijing
- Beijing 100083, China
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28
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Rao X, Zhang J, Zheng J, Song Z, Shang S. Chiral ionic liquid crystals with a bulky rigid core from renewable camphorsulfonic acid. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra01510j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Renewable chiral d- and l-camphorsulfonic acids were introduced as new building blocks for the design of ionic liquid crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Rao
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forestry Products
- CAF
- Key Lab. of Biomass Energy and Material
- Jiangsu Province
- National Engineering Lab. for Biomass Chemical Utilization
| | - Jinwen Zhang
- School of Mechanical and Materials Engineering
- Composite Materials and Engineering Center
- Washington State University
- Pullman, USA
| | - Jianqiang Zheng
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forestry Products
- CAF
- Key Lab. of Biomass Energy and Material
- Jiangsu Province
- National Engineering Lab. for Biomass Chemical Utilization
| | - Zhanqian Song
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forestry Products
- CAF
- Key Lab. of Biomass Energy and Material
- Jiangsu Province
- National Engineering Lab. for Biomass Chemical Utilization
| | - Shibin Shang
- Institute of Chemical Industry of Forestry Products
- CAF
- Key Lab. of Biomass Energy and Material
- Jiangsu Province
- National Engineering Lab. for Biomass Chemical Utilization
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29
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Butschies M, Neidhardt MM, Mansueto M, Laschat S, Tussetschläger S. Synthesis of guanidinium-sulfonimide ion pairs: towards novel ionic liquid crystals. Beilstein J Org Chem 2013; 9:1093-101. [PMID: 23766823 PMCID: PMC3678594 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.9.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The recently introduced concept of ionic liquid crystals (ILCs) with complementary ion pairs, consisting of both, mesogenic cation and anion, was extended from guanidinium sulfonates to guanidinium sulfonimides. In this preliminary study, the synthesis and mesomorphic properties of selected derivatives were described, which provide the first example of an ILC with the sulfonimide anion directly attached to the mesogenic unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Butschies
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwalring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Manuel M Neidhardt
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwalring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Markus Mansueto
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwalring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sabine Laschat
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwalring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Stefan Tussetschläger
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwalring 55, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
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30
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Setia S, Sidiq S, Pal SK. Microwave-assisted synthesis of novel oligomeric rod-disc hybrids. Tetrahedron Lett 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2012.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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31
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Tschierske C. Microsegregation: From Basic Concepts to Complexity in Liquid Crystal Self-Assembly. Isr J Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201200053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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32
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Takao
- Department of Materials
and Life Science, Seikei University, 3-3-1 Kichijoji-Kitamachi, Musashino-shi, Tokyo 180-8633, Japan
| | - Thomas James Bell
- Research Laboratory for Nuclear
Reactors, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-N1-34 O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Ikeda
- Research Laboratory for Nuclear
Reactors, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-N1-34 O-okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
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33
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Zhang S, Liu S, Zhang Y, Deng Y. Photoinduced Isothermal Phase Transition of Ionic Liquid Crystals. Chem Asian J 2012; 7:2004-7. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201200417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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34
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Effects of alkyl chain length on properties of N-alkyl-N-methylpyrrolidinium fluorohydrogenate ionic liquid crystals. J Fluor Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2012.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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35
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Starkulla GF, Klenk S, Butschies M, Tussetschläger S, Laschat S. Towards room temperature ionic liquid crystals: linear versus bent imidazolium phenylpyrimidines. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm34595a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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36
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Bonchio M, Carraro M, Casella G, Causin V, Rastrelli F, Saielli G. Thermal behaviour and electrochemical properties of bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide and dodecatungstosilicate viologen dimers. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2012; 14:2710-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cp23580c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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37
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Xu F, Matsumoto K, Hagiwara R. Effects of alkyl chain length and anion size on thermal and structural properties for 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorocomplex salts (CxMImAF6, x = 14, 16 and 18; A = P, As, Sb, Nb and Ta). Dalton Trans 2012; 41:3494-502. [DOI: 10.1039/c2dt11693f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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38
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Tariq M, Podgoršek A, Ferguson J, Lopes A, Costa Gomes M, Pádua A, Rebelo L, Canongia Lopes J. Characteristics of aggregation in aqueous solutions of dialkylpyrrolidinium bromides. J Colloid Interface Sci 2011; 360:606-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2011.04.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2010] [Revised: 04/20/2011] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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39
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Getsis A, Mudring AV. Switchable Green and White Luminescence in Terbium-Based Ionic Liquid Crystals. Eur J Inorg Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201100168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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Zhang J, Zhou M, Wang S, Carr J, Li W, Wu L. Thermotropic organization of hydrogen-bond-bridged bolaform amphiphiles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:4134-4141. [PMID: 21361358 DOI: 10.1021/la2000574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
A series of quaternary ammonium amphiphiles (A-n) bearing carboxylic acid groups were designed and synthesized. The branched bolaform structures can be constructed by dimerizations of carboxylic acid groups through intermolecular hydrogen bonding, as demonstrated by the Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra and the temperature-dependent FT-IR spectra. The thermotropic organizations of branched bolaform ammonium dimer complexes were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, polarized optical microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. We investigated the influence of the spacer between the cationic group and the benzene ring on the thermotropic organization. A-6 with short lateral alkyl chains formed a simple layered structure at room temperature and exhibited smectic A mesophase above 145 °C, whereas A-8 with intermediate lateral chain length organized into smectic A phase over a wide temperature range. A further increase of the length (n = 10, 12) of the lateral chains resulted in the formation of lamellar structure with in-plane layered periodicity, which is rare in the organization of ionic compounds. A packing model of the quasi-2D lamellar was proposed on the basis of the experimental data of X-ray diffraction results. Notably, the quasi-2D lamellar structure could evolve into a simple layer with the increase of temperature. The present results showed a direct relationship in which the branched architecture can be applied to tune the self-assembly behavior of ionic amphiphiles and is allowed to construct new layered superstructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
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41
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Goossens K, Wellens S, Van Hecke K, Van Meervelt L, Cardinaels T, Binnemans K. T-Shaped Ionic Liquid Crystals Based on the Imidazolium Motif: Exploring Substitution of the C-2 Imidazolium Carbon Atom. Chemistry 2011; 17:4291-306. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201001921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Cardinaels T, Lava K, Goossens K, Eliseeva SV, Binnemans K. 1,10-Phenanthrolinium ionic liquid crystals. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:2036-2043. [PMID: 21250740 DOI: 10.1021/la1047276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The 1,10-phenanthrolinium cation is introduced as a new building block for the design of ionic liquid crystals. 1,10-Phenanthroline, 5-methyl-1,10-phenanthroline, 5-chloro-1,10-phenanthroline, and 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline were quaternized by reaction with 1,3-dibromopropane or 1,2-dibromoethane. The resulting cations were combined with dodecyl sulfate or dioctyl sulfosuccinate anions. The influence of both the cation and anion type on the thermal behavior was investigated. Several of the complexes exhibit mesomorphic behavior, with smectic E phases for the dodecyl sulfate salts and smectic A phases for the dioctyl sulfosuccinate salts. Structural models for the packing of the 1,10-phenanthrolinium and anionic moieties in the liquid-crystalline phases are presented. The ionic compounds show fluorescence in the solid state and in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Cardinaels
- SCK·CEN, Institute for Nuclear Materials Sciences, Boeretang 200, B-2400 Mol, Belgium
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Yoon H, Agra-Kooijman DM, Ayub K, Lemieux RP, Kumar S. Direct observation of diffuse cone behavior in de Vries smectic-A and -C phases of organosiloxane mesogens. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2011; 106:087801. [PMID: 21405601 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.106.087801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Simultaneous and direct x-ray measurements of the smectic layer spacing, molecular tilt, and orientational order in the de Vries smectic A (SmA) and C (SmC) phases of two organosiloxane mesogens reveal that (i) the SmC (tilt) order parameter exponent β=0.26±0.01 for 2nd order SmA-SmC transition--in excellent agreement with the tricritical behavior, (ii) the siloxane and hydrocarbon parts of the molecules are segregated and oriented parallel to the director with very different degree of orientational order, and (iii) thermal evolution of the effective molecular length is different in the two phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyungguen Yoon
- Department of Physics, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio 44242, USA
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Xu F, Matsumoto K, Hagiwara R. Effects of alkyl chain length on properties of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium fluorohydrogenate ionic liquid crystals. Chemistry 2011; 16:12970-6. [PMID: 20886475 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201001364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A series of 1-alkyl-3-methylimidazolium fluorohydrogenate salts (C(x)MIm(FH)(2)F, x=8, 10, 12, 14, 16, and 18) have been characterized by thermal analysis, polarized optical microscopy, IR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and anisotropic ionic conductivity measurements. Liquid crystalline mesophases with a smectic A interdigitated bilayer structure are observed from C(10) to C(18), showing a fan-like or focal conic texture. The temperature range of the mesophase increases with the increase in the alkyl chain length (from 10.1 °C for C(10)MIm(FH)(2)F to 123.1 °C for C(18)MIm(FH)(2)F). The distance between the two layers in the smectic structure gradually increases with increasing alkyl chain length and decreases with increasing temperature. Conductivity parallel to the smectic layers is around 10 mS cm(-1) regardless of the alkyl chain length, whereas that perpendicular to the smectic layers decreases with increasing alkyl chain length because of the thicker insulating sheet with the longer alkyl chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Xu
- Graduate School of Energy Science, Kyoto University, Yoshida, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
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Axenov KV, Laschat S. Thermotropic Ionic Liquid Crystals. MATERIALS 2011; 4:206-259. [PMID: 28879986 PMCID: PMC5448481 DOI: 10.3390/ma4010206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 12/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The last five years’ achievements in the synthesis and investigation of thermotropic ionic liquid crystals are reviewed. The present review describes the mesomorphic properties displayed by organic, as well as metal-containing ionic mesogens. In addition, a short overview on the ionic polymer and self-assembled liquid crystals is given. Potential and actual applications of ionic mesogens are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill V Axenov
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
| | - Sabine Laschat
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, D-70569 Stuttgart, Germany.
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Czakler M, Litschauer M, Föttinger K, Peterlik H, Neouze MA. Photoluminescence as Complementary Evidence for Short-Range Order in Ionic Silica Nanoparticle Networks. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2010; 114:21342-21347. [PMID: 21151778 PMCID: PMC2999965 DOI: 10.1021/jp109273d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Revised: 10/27/2010] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Recently we published the synthesis of new hybrid materials, ionic silica nanoparticles networks (ISNN), made of silica nanoparticles covalently connected by organic bridging ligands containing imidazolium units owing to a "click-chemistry-like" reaction. Among other techniques small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) experiments were carried out to get a better picture of the network extension. It turned out that the short-range order in ISNN materials was strongly influenced by the rigidity of the bridging ligand, while the position of the short-range order peaks confirmed the successful linking of the bridging ligands. The photoluminescence experiments reported in this communication revealed strongly enhanced emission in the hybrid material in comparison with neat imidazolium salts. Moreover the shift of the emission maximum toward longer wavelengths, obtained when varying the aromatic ring content of the bridging ligand, suggested the existence of strong π-π stacking in the hybrid material. Experiments revealed a stronger luminescence in those samples exhibiting the higher extent of short-range order in SAXS.
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Getsis A, Mudring AV. Lanthanide Containing Ionic Liquid Crystals: EuBr2, SmBr3, TbBr3 and DyBr3 in C12mimBr. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.201000070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Wiggins KM, Kerr RL, Chen Z, Bielawski CW. Retracted article: Design, synthesis, and study of benzobis- and bibenz(imidazolium)-based ionic liquid crystals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm00417k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) have become an important class of solvents and soft materials over the past decades. Despite being salts built by discrete cations and anions, many of them are liquid at room temperature and below. They have been used in a wide variety of applications such as electrochemistry, separation science, chemical synthesis and catalysis, for breaking azeotropes, as thermal fluids, lubricants and additives, for gas storage, for cellulose processing, and photovoltaics. It has been realized that the true advantage of ILs is their modular character. Each specific cation–anion combination is characterized by a unique, characteristic set of chemical and physical properties. Although ILs have been known for roughly a century, they are still a novel class of compounds to exploit due to the vast number of possible ion combinations and one fundamental question remains still inadequately answered: why do certain salts like ILs have such a low melting point and do not crystallize readily? This Review aims to give an insight into the liquid–solid phase transition of ILs from the viewpoint of a solid-state chemist and hopes to contribute to a better understanding of this intriguing class of compounds. It will introduce the fundamental theories of liquid–solid-phase transition and crystallization from melt and solution. Aside form the formation of ideal crystals the development of solid phases with disorder and of lower order like plastic crystals and liquid crystals by ionic liquid compounds are addressed. The formation of ionic liquid glasses is discussed and finally practical techniques, strategies and methods for crystallization of ionic liquids are given.
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Causin V, Saielli G. Effect of asymmetric substitution on the mesomorphic behaviour of low-melting viologen salts of bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)amide. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/b915559g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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