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Li H, Fauquignon M, Haddou M, Schatz C, Chapel JP. Interfacial Behavior of Solid- and Liquid-like Polyelectrolyte Complexes as a Function of Charge Stoichiometry. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3848. [PMID: 34771403 PMCID: PMC8588307 DOI: 10.3390/polym13213848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We systematically investigate in this work the surface activity of polyelectrolyte complex (PECs) suspensions as a function of the molar charge ratio Z (= [-]/[+]) from two model systems: the weakly and strongly interacting poly (diallyldimethylammonium chloride)/poly (acrylic acid sodium salt) (PDADMAC/PANa) and poly (diallyldimethylammonium chloride)/poly (sodium 4- styrenesulfonate) (PDADMAC/PSSNa) pairs, respectively. For both systems, the PEC surface tension decreases as the system approaches charge stoichiometry (Z = 1) whenever the complexation occurs in the presence of excess PDADMAC (Z < 1) or excess polyanion (Z > 1) consistent with an increased level of charge neutralization of PEs forming increasingly hydrophobic and neutral surface-active species. The behavior at stoichiometry (Z = 1) is also particularly informative about the physical nature of the complexes. The PDADMAC/PANa system undergoes a liquid-liquid phase transition through the formation of coacervate microdroplets in equilibrium with macroions remaining in solution. In the PDADMAC/PSSNa system, the surface tension of the supernatant was close to that of pure water, suggesting that the PSSNa-based complexes have completely sedimented, consistent with a complete liquid-solid phase separation of an out-of-equilibrium system. Besides, the high sensitivity of surface tension measurements, which can detect the presence of trace amounts of aggregates and other precursors in the supernatant, allows for very accurate determination of the exact charge stoichiometry of the complexes. Finally, the very low water/water interfacial tension that develops between the dilute phase and the denser coacervate phase in the PDADAMAC/PANa system was measured using the generalized Young-Laplace method to complete the full characterization of both systems. The overall study showed that simple surface tension measurements can be a very sensitive tool to characterize, discriminate, and better understand the formation mechanism of the different structures encountered during the formation of PECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Li
- Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal (CRPP), UMR CNRS 5031, University of Bordeaux, 33600 Pessac, France; (H.L.); (M.F.); (M.H.)
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques (LCPO), University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, UMR 5629, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Martin Fauquignon
- Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal (CRPP), UMR CNRS 5031, University of Bordeaux, 33600 Pessac, France; (H.L.); (M.F.); (M.H.)
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques (LCPO), University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, UMR 5629, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Marie Haddou
- Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal (CRPP), UMR CNRS 5031, University of Bordeaux, 33600 Pessac, France; (H.L.); (M.F.); (M.H.)
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques (LCPO), University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, UMR 5629, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Christophe Schatz
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Polymères Organiques (LCPO), University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, UMR 5629, 33600 Pessac, France
| | - Jean-Paul Chapel
- Centre de Recherche Paul Pascal (CRPP), UMR CNRS 5031, University of Bordeaux, 33600 Pessac, France; (H.L.); (M.F.); (M.H.)
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Penfold J, Thomas RK. Counterion Condensation, the Gibbs Equation, and Surfactant Binding: An Integrated Description of the Behavior of Polyelectrolytes and Their Mixtures with Surfactants at the Air-Water Interface. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:6074-6094. [PMID: 32608983 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c02988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
By applying the Gibbs equation to the bulk binding isotherms and surface composition of the air-water (A-W) interface in polyelectrolyte-surfactant (PE-S) systems, we show that their surface behavior can be explained semiquantitatively in terms of four concentration regions, which we label as A, B, C, and D. In the lowest-concentration range A, there are no bound PE-S complexes in the bulk but there may be adsorption of PE-S complexes at the surface. When significant adsorption occurs in this region, the surface tension (ST) drops with increasing concentration like a simple surfactant solution. Region B extends from the onset of bulk PE-S binding to the end of cooperative binding, in which the slow variation of surfactant activity with cooperative binding means that the ST changes relatively little, although adsorption may be significant. This leads to an approximate plateau, which may be at high or low ST. Region C starts where the binding in the bulk complex loses its cooperativity leading to a rapid change of surfactant activity with the total concentration. This, combined with significant adsorption, often leads to a sharp drop in ST. Region D is where precipitation and redissolution of the bulk PE-S complex occur. ST peaks may arise in region D because of loss of the solution complex that matches the value of the preferred surface stoichiometry, which seems to have a well-defined value for each system. The analysis is applied to the experimental systems, sodium polystyrene sulfonate-alkyltrimethylammonium bromides and poly(diallyldimethyl chloride)-sodium alkyl sulfates, with and without the added electrolyte, and includes data from bulk binding isotherms, phase diagrams, aggregation behavior, and direct measurements of the surface excess and stoichiometry of the surface. The successful fits of the Gibbs equation to the data confirm that the surfaces in these systems are largely equilibrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Penfold
- STFC, Rutherford-Appleton Laboratory, Chilton, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0RA, U.K
| | - Robert K Thomas
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, U.K
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pH-Dependent Foam Formation Using Amphoteric Colloidal Polymer Particles. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12030511. [PMID: 32120771 PMCID: PMC7182924 DOI: 10.3390/polym12030511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Near-monodispersed micrometer-sized polystyrene (PS) particles carrying amidino and carboxyl groups on their surfaces were synthesized by soap-free emulsion polymerization using an amphoteric free radical initiator. The resulting amphoteric PS particles were characterized in terms of diameter, morphology, disperibility in aqueous media and surface charge using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), optical microscopy (OM), sedimentation rate and electrophoretic measurements. At pH 2.0, where the amidino groups are protonated (positively charged), and at pH 11.0, where the carboxyl groups are deprotonated (negatively charged), the PS particles were well dispersed in aqueous media via electrostatic repulsion. At pH 4.8, where the surface charges are neutral, the PS particles were weakly aggregated. Furthermore, it was confirmed that the PS particles can function as a pH-sensitive foam stabilizer: foamability and foam stability were higher at pH 2.0 and 4.8, where the PS particles can be adsorbed to the air–water interface, and lower at pH 11.0, where the PS particles tend to disperse in bulk aqueous medium. SEM and OM studies indicated that hexagonally close-packed arrays of PS particles were formed on the bubble surfaces and moiré patterns were observed on the dried foams. Moreover, the fragments of dried foams showed iridescent character under white light.
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Tatry MC, Laurichesse E, Perro A, Ravaine V, Schmitt V. Kinetics of spontaneous microgels adsorption and stabilization of emulsions produced using microfluidics. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 548:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Novikova AA, Vlasov PS, Lin SY, Sedláková Z, Noskov BA. Dynamic surface properties of poly(methylalkyldiallylammonium chloride) solutions. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2017.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Nakayama S, Hamasaki S, Ueno K, Mochizuki M, Yusa S, Nakamura Y, Fujii S. Foams stabilized with solid particles carrying stimuli-responsive polymer hairs. SOFT MATTER 2016; 12:4794-4804. [PMID: 27109907 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm00425c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Submicrometer-sized polystyrene (PS) particles carrying stimuli-responsive poly[2-(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate] (PDEA) hairs with degrees of polymerization of 30, 60 and 90 were synthesized by dispersion polymerization and used as a particulate foam stabilizer. The effects of the composition of these PDEA-PS particles and foam formation conditions on foamability, foam stability and foam microstructures were extensively investigated. The hairy particles were found to work as an effective stabilizer of aqueous foams in basic media, in which the PDEA hairs are not protonated and thus the particle surfaces exhibit suitable wettability at the air-water interface. In contrast, little to no foam or unstable foams were formed in acidic aqueous media, in which the hairs are protonated and are therefore water soluble. Particles carrying longer hairs resulted in greater foamability and more highly stabilized foams that were capable of persisting for more than one month. Foams were found to form in a narrower pH range when using PS particles with longer hairs, due to both entropic and image charge effects. Data obtained from the touch mixer mixing method showed that both foamability and foam stability increased with increases in the concentration of polymer particles up to 10 wt%, because higher concentrations allowed greater air-water interfacial areas to be stabilized. Conversely, only minimal foam was obtained at and above 15 wt% because of the high viscosity of the resulting aqueous particle dispersion. Trials using the homogenizer mixing method showed that foam with a cream-like texture could be formed even at 40 wt% particle concentration as a result of the improved mixing efficiency. Defoamation could be induced by exposing the foams to HCl vapor. Exposure to acidic vapor led to in situ protonation of the 2-(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate residues, rendering the PDEA hairs hydrophilic and water soluble, and desorption of the PDEA-PS particles from the air-water interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Nakayama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1, Omiya, Asahi-ku, Osaka 535-8585, Japan.
| | - S Hamasaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1, Omiya, Asahi-ku, Osaka 535-8585, Japan.
| | - K Ueno
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1, Omiya, Asahi-ku, Osaka 535-8585, Japan.
| | - M Mochizuki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1, Omiya, Asahi-ku, Osaka 535-8585, Japan.
| | - S Yusa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Hyogo, 2167 Shosha, Himeji, Hyogo 671-2280, Japan
| | - Y Nakamura
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1, Omiya, Asahi-ku, Osaka 535-8585, Japan. and Nanomaterials Microdevices Research Center, Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1, Omiya, Asahi-ku, Osaka 535-8585, Japan
| | - S Fujii
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1, Omiya, Asahi-ku, Osaka 535-8585, Japan.
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Direct AFM force measurements between air bubbles in aqueous polydisperse sodium poly(styrene sulfonate) solutions: Effect of collision speed, polyelectrolyte concentration and molar mass. J Colloid Interface Sci 2015; 449:236-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2014.12.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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8
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Park CY, Kim MW. Dynamic mechanical properties of a polyelectrolyte adsorbed insoluble lipid monolayer at the air-water interface. J Phys Chem B 2015; 119:5315-20. [PMID: 25826703 DOI: 10.1021/jp5123773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Polymers have been used to stabilize interfaces or to tune the mechanical properties of interfaces in various contexts, such as in oil emulsions or biological membranes. Although the structural properties of these systems are relatively well-studied, instrumental limitations continue to make it difficult to understand how the addition of polymer affects the dynamic mechanical properties of thin and soft films. We have solved this challenge by developing a new instrument, an optical-tweezer-based interface shear microrheometer (ISMR). With this technique, we observed that the interface shear modulus, G*, of a dioctadecyldimethylammonium chloride (DODAC) monolayer at the air-water interface significantly increased with adsorption of polystyrenesulfonate (PSS). In addition, the viscous film (DODAC monolayer) became a viscoelastic film with PSS adsorption. At a low salt concentration, 10 mM of NaCl in the subphase, the viscoelasticity of the DODAC/PSS composite was predominantly determined by a particular property of PSS, that is, it behaves as a Gaussian chain in a θ-solvent. At a high salt concentration, 316 mM of NaCl, the thin film behaved as a polymer melt excluding water molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Young Park
- †Department of Physics, KAIST, Daejeon 305-701, South Korea.,‡Material Research Laboratory, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Mahn Won Kim
- †Department of Physics, KAIST, Daejeon 305-701, South Korea.,‡Material Research Laboratory, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States.,¶Gwangju College, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 500-712, Korea
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9
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Browne C, Tabor RF, Grieser F, Dagastine RR. Direct AFM force measurements between air bubbles in aqueous monodisperse sodium poly(styrene sulfonate) solutions. J Colloid Interface Sci 2015; 451:69-77. [PMID: 25881266 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2015.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Structural forces play an important role in the rheology, processing and stability of colloidal systems and complex fluids, with polyelectrolytes representing a key class of structuring colloids. Here, we explore the interactions between soft colloids, in the form of air bubbles, in solutions of monodisperse sodium poly(styrene sulfonate) as a model polyelectrolyte. It is found that by self-consistently modelling the force oscillations due to structuring of the polymer chains along with deformation of the bubbles, it is possible to precisely predict the interaction potential between approaching bubbles. In line with polyelectrolyte scaling theory, two distinct regimes of behaviour are seen, corresponding to dilute and semi-dilute polymer solutions. It is also seen that by blending monodisperse systems to give a bidisperse sample, the interaction forces between soft colloids can be controlled with a high degree of precision. At increasing bubble collision velocity, it is revealed that hydrodynamic flow overwhelms oscillatory structural interactions, showing the important disparity between equilibrium behaviour and dynamic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Browne
- Particulate Fluids Processing Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Rico F Tabor
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia.
| | - Franz Grieser
- Particulate Fluids Processing Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | - Raymond R Dagastine
- Particulate Fluids Processing Centre, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia; Melbourne Centre for Nanofabrication, Clayton, Victoria 3168, Australia.
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10
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Fujii S, Akiyama K, Nakayama S, Hamasaki S, Yusa SI, Nakamura Y. pH- and temperature-responsive aqueous foams stabilized by hairy latex particles. SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:572-579. [PMID: 25426611 DOI: 10.1039/c4sm02236j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Polystyrene (PS) particles carrying pH- and temperature-responsive poly[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate] (PDMA) hairs (PDMA-PS particles) were synthesized by dispersion polymerization. The diameter, diameter distribution, morphology, chemical composition and surface chemistry of the particles were characterized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), elemental microanalysis, dynamic light scattering and zeta potential measurements. The hydrophilicity-hydrophobicity balance of the PDMA could be tuned by varying both pH and temperature and therefore these sterically stabilized particles acted as doubly stimuli-responsive stabilizers for aqueous foams by adsorption and desorption to/from the air-water interface. At and above pH 6.0, in which range the PDMA hairs were either non-protonated or partially protonated, particle-stabilized foams were formed at both 23 and 55 °C. The foam prepared at 55 °C was the more stable of the two, lasting for at least 24 h, whereas the 23 °C foam destabilized within 24 h. SEM studies indicated that the particles adsorbed at the air-water interface as monolayers at 23 °C and as multilayers at 55 °C. At and below pH 5, in which range the hairs were cationic, hydrophilic and water-soluble, no foam was formed irrespective of temperature. Rapid defoaming could be induced by lowering the solution pH at both temperatures, due to rapid in situ protonation of the PDMA hairs, prompting the PDMA-PS particles to desorb from the air-water interface. The foaming and defoaming cycles could be repeated at least five times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syuji Fujii
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1 Omiya, Asahi-ku, Osaka 535-8585, Japan.
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11
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Matsuoka H, Onishi T, Ghosh A. pH-responsive non-surface-active/surface-active transition of weakly ionic amphiphilic diblock copolymers. Colloid Polym Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-013-3125-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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12
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Enhanced Ca2+ binding with sulfonic acid type polymers at increased temperatures. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2012.09.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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Matsuoka H, Hachisuka M, Uda K, Onishi T, Ozoe S. Why Ionic Amphiphilic “Block” Copolymer Can Be Non-surface Active? Comparison of Homopolymer, Block and Random Copolymers of Poly(styrenesulfonate). CHEM LETT 2012. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.2012.1063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kyohei Uda
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Kyoto University
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14
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Fujii S, Mochizuki M, Aono K, Hamasaki S, Murakami R, Nakamura Y. pH-responsive aqueous foams stabilized by hairy latex particles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:12902-9. [PMID: 21910465 DOI: 10.1021/la203062b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Polystyrene (PS) latex particles carrying pH-responsive poly[2-(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate] (PDEA) hair (PDEA-PS particles) were synthesized by dispersion polymerization and characterized in terms of diameter, diameter distribution, morphology, chemical composition, surface chemistry, and pH-response using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), elemental microanalysis, (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, the laser diffraction method, and zeta potential measurements. The hairy particles can act as pH-responsive stabilizers of aqueous foams by adsorption at the air-water surface. Above pH 8.0, where particles have nonprotonated PDEA hair, which is relatively hydrophobic, particle-stabilized foams are stable for at least 1 month. Optical microscopy and SEM confirmed that flocculated PDEA-PS latex particles were adsorbed at the air-water interface and stabilized the aqueous foams. At pH 6.1 and 7.1, relatively stable foams can be prepared that remain stable for at least 24 h. SEM studies indicated that the PDEA-PS particles were adsorbed at the air-water interface as a monolayer at pH 6.1. At pH 5.1 and 3.1, where the particles have cationic water-soluble PDEA hairs with hydrophilic character, no foam was formed. Rapid defoamation can be induced by lowering the solution pH; the addition of acid caused the in situ protonation of 2-(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate residues, which impart water-soluble hydrophilic character to the PDEA hair, and the PDEA-PS particles desorbed from the air-water interface. The foaming and defoaming cycles could be repeated at least five times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syuji Fujii
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, 5-16-1 Ohmiya, Asahi-ku, Osaka 535-8585, Japan.
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15
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Metal ion retention by emulsion liquid membrane coupled to liquid-phase polymer-based retention. Colloid Polym Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-011-2490-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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16
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Kaya D, Belyi VA, Muthukumar M. Pattern formation in drying droplets of polyelectrolyte and salt. J Chem Phys 2011; 133:114905. [PMID: 20866155 DOI: 10.1063/1.3493687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We have discovered spectacular patterns formed by drying aqueous drops of sodium poly(styrene sulfonate) containing fixed amounts of sodium chloride. Crystallization of salt molecules takes place at a critical concentration and several factors such as the polyelectrolyte concentration and humidity affect the final patterns formed. The observed patterns include concentric rings, needle-like structures, chains of triangular-shaped crystallites, etc. We describe the observed phenomenology accompanied by a theoretical model for the occurrence of concentric rings.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kaya
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
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17
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Peri SR, Kim H, Akgun B, Enlow J, Jiang H, Bunning TJ, Li X, Foster MD. Structure of copolymer films created by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. POLYMER 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2010.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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18
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Truzzolillo D, Bordi F, Cametti C, Sennato S. Phenomenological surface characterization of cationic-lipid monolayers in the presence of oppositely charged polyions. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2007.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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19
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Douarche C, Sikorav JL, Goldar A. Aggregation and adsorption at the air-water interface of bacteriophage phiX174 single-stranded DNA. Biophys J 2007; 94:134-46. [PMID: 17766344 PMCID: PMC2134866 DOI: 10.1529/biophysj.107.107771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We study the phase behavior of phage phiX174 single-stranded DNA in very dilute solutions in the presence of monovalent and multivalent salts, in both water (H(2)O) and heavy water (D(2)O). DNA solubility depends on the nature of the salts, their concentrations, and the nature of the solvent. The appearance of attractive interactions between the monomers of the DNA chains in the bulk of the solution is correlated with an adsorption of the chains at the air-water interface. We characterize this correlation in two types of aggregation processes: the condensation of DNA induced by the trivalent cation spermidine and its salting out in the presence of high concentrations (molar and above) of monovalent (sodium) cations, both in water and in heavy water. The overall solubility of single-stranded DNA is decreased in D(2)O compared to H(2)O, pointing to a role of DNA hydration in addition to electrostatic factors in the observed phase separations. DNA adsorption involves attractive van der Waals forces, and these forces are also operating in the bulk aggregation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Douarche
- Physique de la Matière Condensée, Ecole Polytechnique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Palaiseau, France
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Yakuninskaya AE, Zorin IM, Bilibin AY, Lin SY, Loglio G, Miller R, Noskov BA. Dynamic properties of the adsorption films of the copolymer of N-isopropylacrylamide and sodium 2-acrylamide-2-methyl-1-propane sulfonate. COLLOID JOURNAL 2007. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061933x07040163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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21
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Ribeiro W, Mata JL, Saramago B. Effect of concentration and temperature on surface tension of sodium hyaluronate saline solutions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2007; 23:7014-7. [PMID: 17506586 DOI: 10.1021/la700269k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The effect of concentration and temperature on the surface tension of sodium hyaluronate (NaHA) saline solutions was investigated using the technique of the shape of pendant drops. The decay rate of the surface tension with the increase of NaHA concentration was well-described by the empirical Hua-Rosen equation. Adsorption at the air-liquid interface was estimated using the Gibbs equation. The temperature dependence of a dilute solution and a semidilute entangled solution was numerically fitted with a second-order polynomial equation. The surface behavior of the NaHA saline solutions was interpreted in terms of their known viscoelastic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walkiria Ribeiro
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Complexo I, Instituto Superior Técnico, T U Lisbon, Avenida Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
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22
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Entry in emulsion polymerization using a mixture of sodium polystyrene sulfonate and sodium dodecyl sulfate as the surfactant. POLYMER 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2007.02.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Sen AK, Roy S, Juvekar VA. Effect of structure on solution and interfacial properties of sodium polystyrene sulfonate (NaPSS). POLYM INT 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.2154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Kaewsaiha P, Matsumoto K, Matsuoka H. Non-surface activity and micellization of ionic amphiphilic diblock copolymers in water. Hydrophobic chain length dependence and salt effect on surface activity and the critical micelle concentration. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2005; 21:9938-45. [PMID: 16229512 DOI: 10.1021/la051584r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We reported previously (Macromolecules 2003, 36, 5321; Langmuir, 2004, 20, 7412) that amphiphilic diblock copolymers having polyelectrolytes as a hydrophilic segment show almost no surface activity but form micelles in water. In this study, to further investigate this curious and novel phenomenon in surface and interface science, we synthesized another water-soluble ionic amphiphilic diblock copolymer poly(hydrogenated isoprene)-b-sodium poly(styrenesulfonate) PIp-h2-b-PSSNa by living anionic polymerization. Several diblock copolymers with different hydrophobic chain lengths were synthesized and the adsorption behavior at the air/water interface was investigated using surface tension measurement and X-ray reflectivity. A dye-solubilization experiment was carried out to detect the micelle formation. We found that the polymers used in this study also formed micelles above a certain polymer concentration (cmc) without adsorption at the air-water interface under a no-salt condition. Hence, we further confirmed that this phenomenon is universal for amphiphilic ionic block copolymer although it is hard to believe from current surface and interface science. For polymers with long hydrophobic chains (more than three times in length to hydrophilic chain), and at a high salt concentration, a slight adsorption of polymer was observed at the air-water interface. Long hydrophobic chain polymers showed behavior "normal" for low molecular weight ionic surfactants with increasing salt concentration. Hence, the origin of this curious phenomenon might be the macroionic nature of the hydrophilic part. Dynamic light scattering analysis revealed that the hydrodynamic radius of the block copolymer micelle was not largely affected by the addition of salt. The hydrophobic chain length-cmc relationship was found to be unusual; some kind of transition point was found. Furthermore, very interestingly, the cmc of the block copolymer did not decrease with the increase in salt concentration, which is in clear contrast to the fact that cmc of usual ionic small surfactants decreases with increasing salt concentration (Corrin-Harkins law). These behaviors are thought to be the special, but universal, characteristics of ionic amphiphilic diblock copolymers, and the key factor is thought to be a balance between the repulsive force from the water surface by the image charge effect and the hydrophobic adsorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ploysai Kaewsaiha
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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Klebanau A, Kliabanova N, Ortega F, Monroy F, Rubio RG, Starov V. Equilibrium Behavior and Dilational Rheology of Polyelectrolyte/Insoluble Surfactant Adsorption Films: Didodecyldimethylammonium Bromide and Sodium Poly(styrenesulfonate). J Phys Chem B 2005; 109:18316-23. [PMID: 16853357 DOI: 10.1021/jp051862v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The surface pressure of monolayers of an insoluble surfactant, didodecyldimethylammonium bromide (DODAB), has been measured onto subphases with different concentrations of poly(styrenesulfonate) (PSS) and at different temperatures. The presence of PSS in the subphase shifts the surface-pressure (Pi) curves to larger areas per DODAB molecule, A, and shifts the surface phase transition to higher Pi's. The presence of PSS chains decreases the surface electric potential; the decrease is higher than expected from the formation of a double layer between the DODAB molecules and the PSS segments. Increasing the temperature shifts the surface-pressure curves to higher areas and also increases the values of Pi of the surface phase transition. The effect of the PSS chains on the Pi versus A curves is contrary to the one induced by the presence of inert electrolytes in the subphase. The behavior is consistent with the existence of a dense layer of PSS segments beneath the DODAB monolayer at low PSS concentrations, c. Two PSS layers exist at higher concentrations, a dense layer immediately below the DODAB and a less-dense layer, below the first one, that protrudes deep into the subphase. The surface-pressure relaxation curves have been found to be bimodal through the whole range of surface pressures and at all the values of polymer concentration studied. These results point out that the adsorption layers behave mainly as elastic bodies, with zero-frequency elasticity, epsilon(omega = 0), which agrees with the equilibrium compressibility modulus. The increase [epsilon(omega = 1) - epsilon(omega = 0)] has been found to be independent of both polymer concentration and molecular weight. The zero-frequency-dilational viscosity, kappa(omega = 0), strongly increases with Pi in the two-dimensional condensed-liquid region. The surface viscosity strongly decreases with increasing frequency; the decreasing rate is higher than the one found for the monolayers of nonionic insoluble polymers. kappa(omega = 0) has also been found to be independent of both polymer concentration and molecular weight. These results seem to indicate that it is the film formed by the DODAB molecules and the first dense polymer layer that determines the surface viscoelastic moduli of this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliaksandr Klebanau
- Departamento de Quimica Fisica I, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Loglio G, Pandolfini P, Miller R, Makievski AV, Krägel J, Ravera F, Noskov BA. Perturbation–response relationship in liquid interfacial systems: non-linearity assessment by frequency–domain analysis. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2004.10.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Mouri E, Matsumoto K, Matsuoka H, Torikai N. Nanostructure of a "carpet"-like dense layer/polyelectrolyte brush layer in a block copolymer monolayer at the air-water interface. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2005; 21:1840-1847. [PMID: 15723480 DOI: 10.1021/la040028e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The "carpet"/brush double layer structure in the polyelectrolyte layer in the amphiphilic diblock copolymer monolayer at the air-water interface was quantitatively studied by in situ neutron reflectometry in addition to X-ray reflectivity measurements. As a result of the higher contrast between polyelectrolyte [poly(methacrylic acid)] and solvent (D(2)O) for the neutron, the brush structure could be estimated more accurately as a function of surface pressure, that is, brush density. The thickness of the carpet layer, which is thought to be formed to reduce the interfacial free energy between water and the hydrophobic layer, was almost constant at 10-20 A at any surface pressure studied. Growth was clearly observed in the whole brush length with increasing surface pressure, and it was estimated to be almost 60% of the full-stretch length of the ionic polymer chain. Furthermore, by the comparison of density profiles by neutron and X-ray reflectometry, an anomalous hydration was suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiko Mouri
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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Mouri E, Kaewsaiha P, Matsumoto K, Matsuoka H, Torikai N. Effect of salt concentration on the nanostructure of weak polyacid brush in the amphiphilic polymer monolayer at the air/water interface. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2004; 20:10604-10611. [PMID: 15544391 DOI: 10.1021/la047847j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The effect of salt concentration on the nanostructure of a spread monolayer of ionic amphiphilic diblock copolymer, (diethylsilacyclobutane)m-b-(methacrylic acid)n, at the air-water interface was directly investigated by in situ X-ray reflectivity and neutron reflectivity techniques. Previously, we had found that a poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA) hydrophilic layer under the water was not in the form of a simple polyelectrolyte brush but consisted of a dense carpet upper layer and a diffuse brush lower layer when the hydrophilic chain was long enough. Here we observed this double layer formation in the monolayer in aqueous NaCl solution at a constant surface pressure. The effect of salt added to the subphase differed with the salt concentrations, that is, below or above 0.1 M. In the presence of NaCl up to 0.1 M, both the hydrophobic layer and brush layer thicknesses decreased. On the other hand, both of them increased in the presence of NaCl above 0.1 M. Also, the carpet layer thickness was almost constant independent of the salt concentration. In addition, the brush top roughness showed a maximum in the presence of 0.1 M NaCl. The increase of the charge number on the PMAA chain and the screening effect of the Coulomb interaction by added salt ions were considered to be responsible for these phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiko Mouri
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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Romet-Lemonne G, Daillant J, Guenoun P, Yang J, Mays JW. Thickness and density profiles of polyelectrolyte brushes: dependence on grafting density and salt concentration. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2004; 93:148301. [PMID: 15524848 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.93.148301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
We have performed neutron reflectivity measurements on a monolayer of charged diblock copolymers in a Langmuir trough, and determined precise density profiles of the polyelectrolyte brush at different densities. We obtain profiles in good agreement with existing self-consistent field computations, both for the osmotic and the salted brush regime. We show that the osmotic brush's thickness increases with density.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Romet-Lemonne
- Service de Physique de l'Etat Condensé, Orme des Merisiers, CEA Saclay, F-91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex, France
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31
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Matsuoka H, Maeda S, Kaewsaiha P, Matsumoto K. Micellization of non-surface-active diblock copolymers in water. Special characteristics of poly(styrene)-block-poly(styrenesulfonate). LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2004; 20:7412-7421. [PMID: 15323484 DOI: 10.1021/la0492153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Strongly ionized amphiphilic diblock copolymers of poly(styrene)-b-poly(styrenesulfonate) with various hydrophilic and hydrophobic chain lengths were synthesized by living radical polymerization, and their properties and self-assembling behavior were systematically investigated by surface tension measurement, foam formation, hydrophobic dye solubilization, X-ray reflectivity, dynamic light scattering, small-angle neutron scattering, small-angle X-ray scattering, and atomic force microscope techniques. These copolymer solutions in pure water did not show a decrease of surface tension with increasing polymer concentration. The solutions also did not show foam formation, and no adsorption at the air/water interface was confirmed by reflectivity experiments. However, in 0.5 M NaCl aq solutions polymer adsorption and foam formation were observed. The critical micelle concentration (cmc) was observed by the dye solubilization experiment in both the solutions with and without added salt, and by dynamic light scattering we confirmed the existence of polymer micelles in solution, even though there was no adsorption of polymer molecules at the water surface in the solution without salt. By the small-angle scattering technique, we confirmed that the micelles have a well-defined core-shell structure and their sizes were 100-150 A depending on the hydrophobic and hydrophilic chain length ratio. The micelle size and shape were unaffected by addition of up to 0.5 M salt. The absence of polymer adsorption at the water surface with micelle formation in a bulk solution, which is now known as a universal characteristic for strongly ionized amphiphilic block copolymers, was attributed to the image charge effect at the air/water interface due to the many charges on the hydrophilic segment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Matsuoka
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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Abstract
Recent applications of neutron reflectometry to the study of wet interfaces are described. An outline is given of the basic principles that allow the techniques to determine composition and structure in a variety of situations. These are the adsorption of surfactant molecules at air/liquid and solid/liquid interfaces, the shape of the segment-density profiles of different types of polymer, including block copolymers and polyelectrolytes, adsorption in mixed surfactant and polymer/surfactant systems, and interfacial systems of biophysical interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- R K Thomas
- Physical Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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Kim H, Foster MD, Jiang H, Tullis S, Bunning TJ, Majkrzak CF. Interface structure of photonic multilayers prepared by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. POLYMER 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2004.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Noskov BA, Nuzhnov SN, Loglio G, Miller R. Dynamic Surface Properties of Sodium Poly(styrenesulfonate) Solutions. Macromolecules 2004. [DOI: 10.1021/ma030319e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. A. Noskov
- Chemical Department, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetsky pr. 2, 198904 St. Petersburg, Russia; Dipartimento di Chimica Organica, Universita degli Studi di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy; and MPI für Kolloid- und Grenzflächenforschung, Forschungcampus Golm, D14476 Golm, Germany
| | - S. N. Nuzhnov
- Chemical Department, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetsky pr. 2, 198904 St. Petersburg, Russia; Dipartimento di Chimica Organica, Universita degli Studi di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy; and MPI für Kolloid- und Grenzflächenforschung, Forschungcampus Golm, D14476 Golm, Germany
| | - G. Loglio
- Chemical Department, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetsky pr. 2, 198904 St. Petersburg, Russia; Dipartimento di Chimica Organica, Universita degli Studi di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy; and MPI für Kolloid- und Grenzflächenforschung, Forschungcampus Golm, D14476 Golm, Germany
| | - R. Miller
- Chemical Department, St. Petersburg State University, Universitetsky pr. 2, 198904 St. Petersburg, Russia; Dipartimento di Chimica Organica, Universita degli Studi di Firenze, Via della Lastruccia 13, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy; and MPI für Kolloid- und Grenzflächenforschung, Forschungcampus Golm, D14476 Golm, Germany
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Nuzhnov SN, Miller R, Noskov BA. Dynamic surface elasticity of sodium poly(styrenesulfonate) solutions. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2003. [DOI: 10.1070/mc2003v013n06abeh001813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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